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# On Lame’s equation of a particular kind

## 1 Introduction

Lame’s equation

$$\frac{d^2}{dz^2}X+(R_1+R_2sn^2(z,K))X=0,$$
$`1`$
where $`sn(z,K)`$ is the standard Jacobian elliptic sine function of modulus $`K`$ 111The elliptic sine function $`sn(u,K)`$ and the elliptic cosine function $`cn(u,K)`$ are defined with help of the elliptic integral $`u=_0^\varphi \frac{d\alpha }{\sqrt{1K^2\mathrm{sin}^2(\alpha )}}`$. Then, $`sn(u,K)=\mathrm{sin}(\varphi )`$ and $`cn(u,K)=\mathrm{cos}(\varphi )`$., and $`R_1`$, $`R_2`$ are numerical parameters, is common in many branches of mathematical physics.

Attention to this equation has been called recently by the fact that it plays an important role in certain problems of particle physics and cosmology of the Very Early Universe. In particular, it was shown  that in the theory of two fields $`\varphi `$ and $`\chi `$ with potential $`V(\varphi ,\chi )=\frac{\lambda \varphi ^4}{4}+\frac{g^2\varphi ^2\chi ^2}{2}`$ the equation of motion of the field $`\chi `$ in the Heisenberg representation can be reduced to Lame’s equation under certain assumptions. More concretely, for the Minkowski space-time in the linear approximation for the field $`\chi `$, it is found that after expansion of this field over the eigenfunctions of the Laplace operator, the equation of motion for an eigenfunction corresponding to a particular wavenumber has the form

$$\frac{d^2}{dz^2}X+(k^2+\frac{g^2}{\lambda }cn^2(z,\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}))X=0,$$
$`2`$
where $`cn(z,\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}})`$ is the Jacobian elliptic cosine function of modulus $`K=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}`$, the parameter $`k`$ is proportional to the wavenumber, and the “time” $`z`$ is proportional to the ordinary Minkowski time coordinate. In fact, the same equation is valid in the expanding Universe in a certain regime provided that the eigenfunctions are rescaled in a proper way, and the coordinate $`z`$ plays the role of so-called conformal time.

Along the real axis, $`cn(z,\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}})`$ is a periodic function with period $`T=4𝐊(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}})=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }^2(1/4)}{\sqrt{\pi }}7.416`$, where $`𝐊(K)`$ is the complete elliptic integral of modulus $`K`$ of first type and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(x)`$ is the gamma function. It follows from general theorem that the equation (2) must contain solutions in the form $`X_{1,2}=e^{\mu _{1,2}z}P(z)`$, where $`P(z)`$ is a periodic function of the period $`T`$, and the coefficients $`\mu _{1,2}`$ are called characteristic exponents. If one of these coefficients is real and positive, the corresponding solution describes an exponential growth of the amplitude of the eigenfunction $`X`$. In modern theories of matter creation in the Universe \[2-4\] this growth is interpreted as a production of “particles” of the field $`\chi `$. The rate of production of the “particles” is determined by the values of characteristic exponents, and therefore the calculation of these exponents is very important for such theories. Usually the calculation of characteristic exponents is performed by numerical means, and only a few cases are known with analytical solutions. In particular, the characteristic exponents have been calculated analytically in the paper  for the case $`\frac{g^2}{\lambda }=\frac{n(n+1)}{2}`$ (n is an integer).

In this note we would like to point out that the special case of the equation (2) with $`k=0`$:

$$\frac{d^2}{dz^2}X+\kappa ^2cn^2(z,\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}})X=0,$$
$`3`$
($`\kappa =\frac{g^2}{\lambda }`$) can be reduced to the hyper-geometric equation. This allows for exact calculation of the characteristic exponents for that important case 222Which corresponds to a long wave approximation from viewpoint of particle physics and cosmology., representing them in a remarkably simple form (see eqs. 21, 25 below).

## 2 Reduction of the equation to the hyper-geometric equation and the characteristic exponents

Let us consider the equation of form (3), and make the following change of the independent variable:

$$y=cn^4(z,\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}).$$
$`4`$
Then, we use the well known relation

$$\frac{d}{dz}cn(z,K)=\sqrt{(1cn^2(z,K))(K^{}_{}{}^{}2+K^2cn^2(z,K))},$$
$`5`$
where $`K^{^{}}=\sqrt{(1K^2)}`$. Taking into account that in our case $`K^{^{}}=K=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}`$, we obtain

$$\frac{d}{dz}=\pm 2\sqrt{2}y^{3/4}\sqrt{(1y)}\frac{d}{dy},$$
$`6`$
where the $`+`$ sign ($``$ sign) should be taken if $`y`$ increases (decreases) with $`z`$. Also, we have

$$\frac{d^2}{dz^2}=8y^{1/2}\{y(1y)\frac{d^2}{dy^2}+(\frac{3}{4}\frac{5}{4}y)\frac{d}{dy}\}.$$
$`7`$
Substituting the last operator into equation (3), we see that the factor $`y^{1/2}`$ cancels and that this equation is transformed to the standard hyper-geometric form:

$$y(1y)\frac{d^2}{dy^2}X+(\gamma (\alpha +\beta +1)y)\frac{d}{dy}X\alpha \beta X=0,$$
$`8`$
where $`\gamma =\frac{3}{4}`$, and $`\alpha ,\beta =\frac{1}{8}(1\pm \sqrt{(1+8\kappa ^2)})`$. The general solution to eq. (8) can be written in terms of two elementary solutions valid in the vicinity of the singular point $`y=0`$:

$$X=c_1\varphi _1+c_2\varphi _2,$$
$`9`$
where

$$\varphi _1=F(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma ;y)$$
$`10`$
is the Gaussian hyper-geometric function, and

$$\varphi _2=y^{1\gamma }F(\alpha +1\gamma ,\beta +1\gamma ,2\gamma ;y).$$
$`11`$
Alternatively, the solution to eq (8) can be written in terms of two elementary solutions valid in the vicinity of the singular point $`y=1`$:

$$X=c_3\varphi _3+c_4\varphi _4,$$
$`12`$
where

$$\varphi _3=F(\alpha ,\beta ,\alpha +\beta +1\gamma ;1y),$$
$`13`$
and

$$\varphi _4=(1y)^{\gamma \alpha \beta }F(\gamma \alpha ,\gamma \beta ,\gamma +1\alpha \beta ;1y).$$
$`14`$
The pairs of solutions $`\varphi _1`$, $`\varphi _2`$ and $`\varphi _3`$, $`\varphi _4`$ are connected by the well known relations (e. g. )

$$\varphi _1=A\varphi _3+B\varphi _4,\varphi _2=C\varphi _3+D\varphi _4,$$
$`15`$
$$A=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma \delta )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma \alpha )\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma \beta )},B=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma )\mathrm{\Gamma }(\delta \gamma )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\alpha )\mathrm{\Gamma }(\beta )}$$
$`16`$
$$C=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(2\gamma )\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma \delta )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(1\alpha )\mathrm{\Gamma }(1\beta )},D=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(2\gamma )\mathrm{\Gamma }(\delta \gamma )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\alpha +1\gamma )\mathrm{\Gamma }(\beta +1\gamma )},$$
$`17`$
where $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(x)`$ is the Gamma function, and $`\delta =\alpha +\beta `$.

Let us point out that the transformation (4) is singular at the points where the function y is equal to zero or unity ($`\frac{dy}{dz}0`$ when $`y0,1`$). A simple analysis shows that the coefficient $`c_2`$ must change its sign at the points $`z_i`$ defined by $`y(z_i)=0`$, and the coefficient $`c_4`$ must change its sign at the points $`z_j`$ satisfying $`y(z_j)=1`$. To show that, let us consider the behavior of the function $`X`$ near the points $`z_i`$. Near these points, we can approximately write

$$Xc_1+c_2y^{1/4},$$
$`18`$
and taking into account equation (6), we have

$$\frac{dX}{dz}\frac{c_2}{\sqrt{2}},$$
$`19`$
provided $`\frac{dy}{dz}<0`$, and

$$\frac{dX}{dz}\frac{c_2}{\sqrt{2}},$$
$`20`$
provided $`\frac{dy}{dz}>0`$. The function $`X`$ and its derivative with respect to “time” $`z`$ must be continuous functions of $`z`$. Therefore, the coefficient $`c_2`$ must change its sign at the points $`z_i`$. Similar arguments can be used to prove that the coefficient $`c_4`$ must change its sign at the points $`z_j`$ where $`y(z_j)=1`$.

Thus $`z`$ changed over half a period of $`cn(z,\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}})`$, a new decomposition of the solution of eq. (8) should be made:

$$X=\stackrel{~}{c}_1\varphi _1+\stackrel{~}{c}_2\varphi _2,$$
$`21`$
where in general the coefficients $`\stackrel{~}{c}_{1,2}`$ do not coincide with the coefficients $`c_{1,2}`$. The rules for changing of these coefficients follow directly from the arguments mentioned above if one uses eqs (9-15) taking into account the explicit form of the connection coefficients (16,17). It is straightforward to obtain the relation:

$$\stackrel{~}{c}^i=t_j^ic^j,$$
$`22`$
where the components of the matrix $`t_j^i`$ have the following explicit form:

$$t_1^1=t_2^2=\sqrt{2}\mathrm{cos}\pi (\alpha \beta ),$$
$`23`$
$$t_2^1=\frac{8\pi \mathrm{\Gamma }^2(2\gamma )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(1\alpha )\mathrm{\Gamma }(1\beta )\mathrm{\Gamma }(1+\alpha \gamma )\mathrm{\Gamma }(1+\beta \gamma )},$$
$`24`$
$$t_1^2=\frac{8\pi \mathrm{\Gamma }^2(\gamma )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\alpha )\mathrm{\Gamma }(\beta )\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma \alpha )\mathrm{\Gamma }(\gamma \beta )},$$
$`25`$
The eigenvalues of the matrix $`t_j^i`$ are

$$\lambda _{1,2}=\sqrt{2}\mathrm{cos}\pi (\alpha \beta )\pm \sqrt{\mathrm{cos}2\pi (\alpha \beta )},$$
$`26`$
and $`\alpha \beta =\frac{\sqrt{1+8\kappa ^2}}{4}`$ 333To obtain the eigenvalues $`\lambda _{1,2}`$, we use the well known relations $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(x+1)=x\mathrm{\Gamma }(x)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(1x)\mathrm{\Gamma }(x)=\frac{\pi }{\mathrm{sin}(\pi x)}`$.

Obviously, the multiplicators $`\rho _{1,2}`$ are equal to $`\lambda _{1,2}^2`$, and the characteristic exponents are

$$\mu _{1,2}=\frac{1}{T}\mathrm{ln}\rho _{1,2}=\frac{2}{T}\mathrm{ln}(\sqrt{2}\mathrm{cos}\pi (\alpha \beta )\pm \sqrt{\mathrm{cos}2\pi (\alpha \beta )}).$$
$`27`$
In actual applications it is very important to know under which conditions a particular solution to eq. (3) experiences parametric amplification, that is under which conditions its amplitude increases when the “time” $`z`$ changes over the period of $`cn(z,\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}})`$. To characterize the parametric amplification, we introduce the real quantity

$$\stackrel{~}{\mu }(\kappa )=Max(Re(\mu _{1,2})),$$
$`28`$
Obviously, $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }(\kappa )>0`$ is the condition for parametric amplification. It is easy to see that it is satisfied when $`\lambda _{1,2}`$ are real, that is when

$$n\frac{1}{4}<\alpha \beta <n+\frac{1}{4},$$
$`29`$
where n is an integer $`1`$. In terms of the parameter $`\kappa `$, these inequalities can be rewritten as

$$\sqrt{n(2n1)}<\kappa <\sqrt{n(2n+1)}.$$
$`30`$
The expression for the quantity $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }`$ follows from eq. (27) and the definitions of the parameters $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$ and the expression for the period $`T=4𝐊(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}})=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }^2(1/4)}{\sqrt{\pi }}`$:

$$\stackrel{~}{\mu }(\kappa )=\frac{2\sqrt{\pi }}{\mathrm{\Gamma }^2(\frac{1}{4})}\mathrm{ln}\{\sqrt{2}|\mathrm{cos}(\frac{\pi \sqrt{1+8\kappa ^2}}{4})|+\sqrt{\mathrm{cos}(\frac{\pi \sqrt{1+8\kappa ^2}}{2})}\}$$
$`31`$
The quantity $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }`$ attains its maximal value at

$$\kappa =\sqrt{2n^2\frac{1}{8}},$$
$`32`$
where its value is

$$\stackrel{~}{\mu }_{max}=\frac{2\sqrt{\pi }}{\mathrm{\Gamma }^2(\frac{1}{4})}\mathrm{ln}(1+\sqrt{2})0.2377.$$
$`33`$
Note that the same value has been obtained in  in the asymptotic limit $`\kappa \mathrm{}`$.

## 3 Discussion

We were not able to find the simple formulae derived in the standard reference books on the Lame’s equation \[6-8\]. However, a very similar transformation between another equation of Lame’s type and a hyper-geometric equation has been discussed recently by Clarkson and Olver  (see also ). They show that the hyper-geometric equation

$$t(1t)\frac{d^2}{dt^2}\mathrm{\Psi }+(\frac{1}{2}\frac{7}{6}t)\frac{d}{dt}\mathrm{\Psi }\sigma \mathrm{\Psi }=0,$$
$`34`$
and Lame’s equation

$$\frac{d^2}{du^2}\mathrm{\Psi }+36\sigma W(u)\mathrm{\Psi }=0,$$
$`35`$
where $`W(u)`$ is the Weierstrass elliptic function with parameters $`g_2=0,g_3=\frac{1}{3^{3/2}16}`$, are related to each other by the transformation

$$cn(u,K)=\frac{\sqrt{3}1+(1t)^{1/3}}{\sqrt{3}+1(1t)^{1/3}},$$
$`36`$
where $`K=\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}+\frac{\sqrt{3}}{4}}`$. Obviously, the characteristic exponents of equation (29) can be obtained by a method similar to that described above. In general, it would be very interesting to find a general solution to the following problem: under what condition can Lame’s equation of the general form be transformed to a hyper-geometric equation? The solution could be applied in many problems of modern particle physics and cosmology.

Finally, it is interesting to note that in principle the same line of argument could be applied to Lame’s equation of the general form. It is well known that after the change of variable $`y_1=cn^2(z,K)`$ Lame’s equation is reduced to a particular form of the Heun’s equation. Then the calculation of the characteristic exponents is reduced to solving of the connection problem for Heun’s equation between the elementary solutions corresponding to the singular points $`y_1=0`$ and $`y_1=1`$ (e.g. . This problem can indeed be solved , but the connection coefficients analogous to coefficients (16,17) are now expressed in terms of complicated series which look rather difficult for analytic treatment of the general case.

## acknowledgments

I am grateful to A. Illarionov, A. Kirillov and A. Starobinsky for remarks. This work has been supported in part by RFBR grant N 00-02-16135 and in part by the Danish Research Foundation through its establishment of the Theoretical Astrophysics Center.

##

## References


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# Contemporaneous UV and Optical Observations of Direct and Raman Scattered O VI Lines in Symbiotic Stars

## 1 INTRODUCTION

Roughly half of all known symbiotic stars exhibit two strong, broad emission lines at 6825 and 7082Å (Allen 1980). These emission features are much broader than other emission features ($``$ 20Å) and are often among the ten strongest lines in the optical spectrum. These lines are only observed in symbiotic stars and, of those, only in systems that exhibit other high excitation features such as \[Ne V\] and \[Fe VII\]. For years the identity of these lines remained uncertain and they simply became known as the“unidentified” lines.

Schmid (1989) proposed that the long unidentified emission lines in the optical spectra of some symbiotic stars at 6825, 7082Å result from the Raman scattering of O VI resonance photons at 1032, 1038Å by neutral hydrogen. The Raman process involves the inelastic scattering of O VI photons produced near the hot component by neutral hydrogen atoms near the cool component of the binary system. An O VI photon excites a neutral hydrogen atom from the ground state to a virtual state between the n=2 and n=3 levels, followed by an immediate emission of a photon, which leaves the hydrogen atom in the excited 2s2 S-state. From energy conservation, the frequency of the scattered photon is the difference between the energy of the virtual and final states of the atom or, in wavelength terms: $`\lambda _{\mathrm{O}\mathrm{VI}}^1\lambda _{\mathrm{Ly}\alpha }^1=\lambda _{\mathrm{Raman}}^1`$. This change in energy by $``$6.7 also results in a corresponding increase in the linewidth of the scattered lines, producing two broad lines in the red region of the spectrum (Nussbaumer, Schmid, & Vogel 1989).

Raman scattering is a dipole process which produces polarization. The Raman lines at 6825 and 7082 Å are generally observed to be strongly polarized, typically being 6% (Schmid 1996 and references therein). This strong polarization results because the scattering geometry in symbiotic systems is anisotroptic. The O VI far-UV photons are produced near the hot star and Raman scattered near the cool star. Additionally, all the Raman photons are produced by a scattering process, so the polarization is not diluted by light coming from an unscattered source. The strong polarization of the emission lines at 6825 and 7082 Å has been observed and extensively investigated in a number of symbiotics by several authors (Schmid & Schild 1994, 1997a,b, 2000; Harries & Howarth 1996a,b) and modeled in a number of papers (Schmid 1996, Harries & Howarth (1997), Lee & Lee 1997a,b).

Due to the small cross-section of Raman scattering, the main prerequisite for the production of the 6825, 7082Å emission is the presence of strong O VI emission. Indirect evidence of O VI emission in symbiotic systems includes the presence of O V $`\lambda `$ 1371 emission that arises in part from dielectronic recombination from O VI (Hayes & Nussbaumer 1986), and the presence of Fe II transitions which are excited by O VI photons (Johansson 1988; Fiebelman, Bruhweiler, & Johansson 1991). Far-UV observations of a few symbiotic stars using Voyager found strong evidence for Ly$`\beta `$/O VI emission ( Li & Leahy 1997), however, the low resolution, $``$20 Å, made it difficult to determine the exact amount of O VI and Ly$`\beta `$ present in each object. In 1993 the ORFEUS-I mission made unambiguous detections of O VI in a small number of symbiotic stars (Schmid et al. 1999) and, during the flight of the Astro-2 in 1995, Espey et al. (1995) used far-UV data from the Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope or HUT and optical data from the Anglo-Austrialian Telescope (AAT) to provide the first simultaneous observations of both the O VI 1032, 1038 Å and scattered 6825, 7082 Å lines in the symbiotic star RR Tel. More recently, Birriel et al. (1998) used far-UV data from the HUT and near-simultaneous optical data to determine the Raman scattering efficiency in the symbiotic star Z And. Schmid et al. (1999) presented far-UV observations from ORFEUS-I and II showing strong O VI emission for six symbiotic stars and used available, though not necessarily contemporaneous, optical observations to determine scattering efficiencies for the Raman process.

In this paper we examine contemporaneous ultraviolet and optical observations for nine symbiotic stars taken with the HUT (Astro-2) and various ground-based optical telescopes. In support of the Schmid Raman scattering hypothesis, we find no case in which the 6825, 7082 Å lines appear in the optical without the O VI 1032, 1038Å emission simultaneously occuring in the far-UV spectral region. We calculate scattering efficiencies where possible, compare these to the results of Schmid et al. (1998) and discuss possible scattering geometries. In addition, we make the first determinations of the efficiency for the Bowen fluorescence process in which a O VI 1032 Å photon excites the Fe II 1776.5 Å line (actually an unresolvable blend of the 1776.660 Å and 1776.418 Å lines).

## 2 OBSERVATIONS

Far-UV data from the HUT were obtained during the Astro-2 mission in March 1995 (see Table 1). HUT data cover the wavelength range of 825-1850Å with a nominal resolution of $`3`$ Å. A detailed description of the HUT and its calibration and performance during the Astro-2 mission can be found in Davidsen et al. (1992) and Kruk et al. (1995), respectively. Kruk et al. (1999) provide a description of the acquisition of the ultraviolet spectrum of each object. Espey et al. (1995) describe the data processing for HUT spectra.

The HUT spectra used in this study are listed in Table 1a. We list relevant details for each observation including acquisition date, exposure time, slit diameter, and photometric corrections. The HUT symbiotic spectra were obtained during orbital day and hence contain strong airglow emission lines. In some observations, pointing errors resulted in flux loss. The HUT team determined photometric correction factors to acount for these losses and the final calibrated spectra for most symbiotic stars have flux accuracies of $``$5% (Kruk et al. 1999). During the observation of CH Cyg the measured flux varied gradually, rising and falling by almost 50%. The pointing was fairly stable and the flux variations were not correlated with any changes in pointing, thus the photometric correction listed in Table 1 is probably not meaningful. For most objects, the signal-to-noise in the continuum region near the O VI emission is $``$10 per pixel ($``$0.51Å).

Many of the optical observations for this study were taken around the time of the Astro-2 mission by Mikołajewska & Kenyon (see Table 1b). The data were obtained using the FAST spectrograph mounted on the 1.5-m telescope at the Fred L. Whipple Observatory on Mount Hopkins, AZ. These data cover a spectral range 3800-7500Å at a resolution of $``$3 Å. The symbiotic spectra were calibrated using FAST spectra of several Hayes & Latham (1975) flux standards.

Some of the optical observations on 3 Jan 1995 and 3 April 1995 were affected by the presence of thin clouds which resulted in inaccurate spectrophotometry. We used a synthetic photometry program written by one of us (BRE) to estimate the scalar correction required to bring the derived photometry into agreement with the broad-band photometry of Hric et al. (1996a; 1996b). The applied photometric scale factor is indicated in Table 1b. For Z And and CH Cyg, both of which have very good photometric coverage, agreement between observed and synthetic photometry (using B, V, and sometimes R magnitudes) is better than 10%, giving us confidence in our synthetic photometry estimates. For EG And, the photometric coverage is sparse, but brackets the time of observation. Amateur observations by the Association Français d’Etoiles Variables (available on the web at ftp://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/pub/afoev/) were used to estimate the variation between the photometric data. For AG Dra and AX Per, on the other hand, very good coverage exists, with photometric observations within a week or two of the ground-based data. Simple linear interpolation was used to estimate the fluxes at the time the spectroscopic data were taken. In view of the calibration required for these data, flux errors of $`20`$% are probably a reasonable assumption. We compared our recalibrated spectra with others obtained close in time (or phase) to these observations and found that continuum and emission line fluxes agree to within $``$20%.

Contemporaneous optical observations are not available for HM Sge. Schmid & Schild obtained an optical spectrum of HM Sge on the night of 15 July 1995 with the 4.2-m telescope of the Royal Greenwich Observatory on La Palma, Canary Islands. The spectral resolution was 0.65 Å. The emission at $`\lambda \lambda `$ 6825, 7082 is very weak, and the data are not fluxed, thus we cannot derive an estimate for the scattering efficiency. Lower resolution spectra obtained using the WIYN telescope nearly a year later also show a very weak feature in the region of $`\lambda `$ 6825 Å while the emission feature at $`\lambda `$7082 Å is not visible.

## 3 ANALYSIS

The data were measured using the SPECFIT $`\chi ^2`$-minimization routine (Kriss 1994) running under the IRAF111The Image Reduction and Analysis Facility (IRAF) is distributed by the National Optical Astronomy Observatories, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc. (AURA) under cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation. data reduction package. SPECFIT has the advantage that a variety of functional forms can be used to describe the continuum, emission lines, and absorption lines. Additionally, user-defined functions can be used to model the absorption features and airglow emission lines. Observed fluxes for the O VI lines were measured assuming a simple linear fit to the continuum and Gaussian profiles for the 1032, 1038Å lines. At the modest resolution of the HUT, ($``$3 Å at the O VI doublet), the O VI lines are partially blended and the linewidths unresolved (see Figure 1). To measure the O VI components, we tied the ratio of the emission line wavelengths at the theoretical value (Morton 1991) and the width of the weaker line was tied to that of the stronger line.

Observed fluxes for the optical lines at 6825, 7082 Å were measured using a similar approach. However, the fit to the continuum depended on the spectral type of the cool red giant star. For objects with a K-type giant star, such as AG Dra, V1016 Cyg, HM Sge, and RR Tel, the continuum was modelled with a simple linear fit in the region near the emission features. The 6825, 7082Å emission lines were fitted with Gaussian profiles. In the case of Z And, EG And, BF Cyg, CH Cyg, and AX Per the optical continuum is that of a M-type giant star. Kenyon & Fernandez-Castro (1987) examined the depth of TiO and VO absorption bands in the red spectra of symbiotics and concluded that most symbiotic stars contain normal red giants. We used SPECFIT to find the best-fit spectra from the observed sample of Fluks et al. (1994) to the optical continua of the Z And, EG And, BF Cyg, CH Cyg, and AX Per. Table 5 shows our derived optical spectral types for these objects and compares them to the results of Kenyon & Fernandez-Castro. The spectral type of the red giant probably depends on illumination effects and so we give the orbital phase of the optical observations used here; Kenyon & Fernandez-Castro give spectral types based on spectra obtained near the photometric minimum for each object. The 6825, 7082Å lines were represented by Gaussians which were tied together by width and by their rest wavelength ratio.

Table 2 gives the observed fluxes of both the direct and Raman scattered O VI lines. In general the UV line fluxes are good to 10% or better and the optical line fluxes to 20% or better. The HUT far-UV spectra and the optical spectra are presented in Figures 1–3.

### 3.1 Interstellar H2 Absorption in the O VI Line Region

For comparison with other authors, we list in Table 2 the observed fluxes of the O VI lines as measured relative to a local linear continuum in the HUT spectra. We expect the ratio of the O VI 1032Å and the 1038Å lines to be somewhere between the optically thin (2:1) and thick (1:1) values, but a quick glance at Table 2 shows that the observed ratios for Z And, V1016 Cyg, and AG Dra exceed the optically thin value of 2:1. Schmid et al. (1999) also find that the observed O VI flux ratios exceed the optically thin ratio; in addition, their observed ratios are rather different than those found in this study. The discrepancies between the HUT and ORFEUS data may due to variations in the O VI line fluxes; this is discussed further in §3.4.

We attribute these anomalously high (f(1032)/f(1038) $`>`$2.0) O VI flux ratios for Z And, V1016 Cyg, and AG Dra, to attenuation by interstellar absorption. The far-ultraviolet wavelength region where the O VI emission lies is subject to significant absorption due to interstellar atoms and molecules, in particular H2. The 1032 Å line is relatively uncontaminated, whereas the line at 1038 Å sits in a strong absorption band (Morton 1975). In the HUT data for Z And and V1016 Cyg we see absorption features attributable to H2 at wavelengths below 1130 Å, though these features are not quite as evident in the spectrum of AG Dra. The spectra of CH Cyg and RR Tel show only weak, if any, absorption as these objects are located high above the Galactic plane.

Determination of scattering efficiencies for both the 1032 Å and 1038 Å lines requires that we know the actual fluxes emitted within the region near the hot star, before any extinction and/or absorption due to interstellar dust and gas. Hence we must account for interstellar H I and H2 absorption in order to determine the scattering efficiencies for the Raman process in Z And, V1016 Cyg, and AG Dra. A fit to the UV continuum of each object allows us to estimate the amount of absorption due to these species. We can then perform a simple calculation to correct the emission line fluxes for H2 absorption.

### 3.2 UV Continuum Fits

Two sources contribute to the ultraviolet continuum in the HUT spectral region: the hot star and the nebula. We use a simple blackbody spectrum for the hot star and model the nebular contribution assuming that the dominant source is H I Balmer recombination radiation. The resultant continuum is attenuated using the extinction curve of Cardelli, Clayton and Mathis (1989, hereafter CCM). For continuum fitting we choose regions free of both emission and absorption line features.

The free parameters for the fitting procedure are the blackbody temperature, the flux emitted by the hot star at 5500 Å, the electron temperature of the nebula, the flux at the Balmer edge (3646 Å), and the extinction. The flux emitted by the hot star is a function of the hot star temperature, the stellar radius, and the star’s distance; likewise, the flux emitted by the nebula is a function of the nebular electron temperature, nebular size, etc. In order to reduce the number of free parameters, and thus the complexity of the fitting procedure, we fix the values of the hot star temperature and the nebular electron temperature. We applied the modified Zanstra method of Mürset et al. (1991) together with the equivalent width of the He II 1640 Å line to determine the hot star temperature. In Table 3 we compare our derived values with those of Mürset et al. For AG Dra and CH Cyg, our derived temperatures are much lower than found by Mürset et al. We use their value because our observations of AG Dra and CH Cyg were obtained during outburst (Tomova & Tomov 1999, González-Riestra et al. 1999, Greiner et al. 1997; Espey et al. 1995b, Munari et al. 1996). The modified Zanstra method is not valid during outburst as the enhancement in the continuum is greater than that in the He II line, and the continuum shape changes rapidly during outburst; this problem is discussed in greater detail in Mürset et al. (1991). Additionally, Mikołajewska et al. (1995) point out that the intensities of various high ionization lines such as He II and N V require a hot star temperature in excess of 105 K. In modeling the nebular recombination continuum radiation, we must specify the electron temperature, typically $`1.5\times 10^4`$ K; here we chose values found in the literature (Mikołajewska & Kenyon 1996, Mikołajewska et al. 1995, and Nussbaumer & Schild 1981).

The spectrum below 1130 Å is affected by the presence of interstellar H I and H2. We fit the absorption lines by scaling a template consisting of optical depth vs. wavelength. Our template is derived from recent theoretical data of H2 rotational transitions of Abgrall et al. (1993a, b), broadened to a FWHM of 5 $`\mathrm{km}\mathrm{s}^1`$ which is typical of cool interstellar gas (Morton 1975, van Dishoeck & Black 1986 and references therein). The relative scaling of the optical depths comes from the observed interstellar H2 column densities obtained from ORFEUS-II observations of Galactic stars (Dixon et al. 1998). The resulting theoretical model is convolved with the instrumental resolution (Kruk et al. 1998), before fitting to spectral regions affected solely by H2. Once the overall H2 column density is obtained, its contribution is fixed, and absorption due to H I is determined by fitting the spectral regions affected by its influence alone.

We successfully fit the HUT UV continua of Z And, EG And, BF Cyg, V1016 Cyg, AG Dra, and AX Per and the derived extinction values for these objects are found in Table 4. The fit to the UV-spectra in the O VI line region is displayed in figures 1-3 as a dotted line overplotted on the HUT data. We did not fit the HUT UV continuum of RR Tel as described above; its observed line ratio does not indicate significant H2 absorption and there are no observable H2 absorption bands in its far-UV spectral region. We were unable to obtain continuum fits for the HUT spectra of HM Sge and CH Cyg. The continuum of HM Sge is too flat and too weak in the far-UV region to allow for fitting. Above 1200Å the HUT UV spectrum of CH Cyg shows P-Cygni absorption features and a continuum shape typical for late A-type supergiants and we therefore do not fit this object’s continuum with our hot star-nebular continuum model.

We are mostly concerned with those objects which exhibit the Raman scattering effect, i.e. those objects with both the O VI in the far-UV and the emission at 6825Å and 7082Å. Our best fits to the continua of Z And, V1016 Cyg, and AG Dra are found in Table 6; here we list the derived parameters of extinction, H I column density, and H2 column density and the values of the adopted hot star temperature and nebular electron temperature. The continuum fits for the region below 1130Å are illustrated in Figure 4; these fits consist of a blackbody spectrum reddened by the CCM (1989) extinction curve and include interstellar H I and H2 absorptions and terrestrial N I, O I, and Ly $`\beta `$ airglow.

### 3.3 O VI Emission Lines and H2 Absorption Corrections

Our method of correcting for unresolved molecular hydrogen absorption will not work for emission lines. In the emission line case, the discrete nature of the emission lines, and their finite width relative to the absorption, precludes direct estimation of the contamination from their unresolved profiles. Correcting the O VI emission lines for molecular absorption requires a number of steps and follows the approach discussed in Birriel, Espey, and Schulte-Ladbeck (1998). The absorbed O VI line strength is measured using the absorbed continuum discussed in Section 3.3, next a correction factor is determined, then the final line flux is obtained by correcting the flux for the presence of molecular hydrogen lines.

The H2 template is generated at 0.01 Å resolution with column density set to the values used for the continuum fit (Table 6). The emission lines are modeled as Gaussians with intrinsic widths of $``$70 km/s based on the prelimary estimates from Orfeus-I and -II data (Schmid et al. 1999). It is most likely that the relative velocity of any molecular cloud and the emitting symbiotic will be non-zero; since the cloud lies somewhere between the earth and the symbiotic, we expect that its velocity will be somewhere between that of the sun and the symbiotic star. We assume the relative velocity of the absorption and emission components to be about half the heliocentric radial velocity of the symbiotic system. Heliocentric radial velocities for Z And, V1016 Cyg, and AG Dra are taken from the high-resolution echelle spectra of Ivison, Bode, & Meaburn (1994). The amount of absorption of each far-UV emission line is estimated by integrating the product of the emission and absorption line profiles across each emission line. In general, the $`\lambda `$1032 line suffers only slight absorption ($``$10%) while the flux in $`\lambda `$1038 line is significantly reduced.

Table 7 lists the transmission factors which have also been incorporated into the corrected O VI flux values shown in Table 8. The corrections for H2 made in this study assume a single cloud along the line of sight and thus do not account for multiple cloud absorptions or circumstellar absorption. The revised flux ratios for Z And, V1016 Cyg, and AG Dra are closer to the optically thin ratio (2:1), see Table 8. We point out that under the Raman scattering model of Schmid (1996) the in-situ relative flux emitted by the gas can be altered by subsequent passage through the scattering medium. Because of the larger Rayleigh scattering and photon-destruction cross-sections, the $`\lambda `$ 1032 line photons undergo much more interaction. Thus, the simple 2:1 flux ratio which is expected under nebular conditions can actually be somewhat higher or lower than 2, depending on phase angle. In particular Schmid finds f(1032)/f(1038)$`<`$2 for phase angles where absorption is important and $`>`$2 for phase angles where the reflection effect is significant.

### 3.4 O VI Line Flux Variations

In symbiotic stars, emission line fluxes vary on time scales from as little as a few weeks to as long as years. These variations are the result periodic obscuration due to the binary orbit or of outburst activity of the hot star. Many of the same symbiotic systems were observed using the HUT (Astro-2) and ORFEUS-I and -II instruments in March 1995, September 1993, and November 1996, respectively. In order to assure consistency with Schmid et al. (1999) we will compare the fluxes of the O VI lines from the HUT data measured relative to the local linear continuum in the O VI region. For the discussion that follows we are careful to adopt Orfeus-I and -II fluxes from measurements which are free of losses due to saturation or misplacement of the target in the aperature (Schmid et al. 1999). If we compare the spectra from 1993 to 1996, we see clear variations in the O VI line fluxes for Z And, AG Dra, V1016 Cyg, and RR Tel, see Table 9. In AG Dra, the 1032Å line flux decreases steadily from 1993 to 1996; the 1038Å flux decreases by almost 50% from 1993 to 1995 but does not appear to change significantly from 1995 to 1996. In the case of Z And, the 1032Å line flux remains relatively constant from 1993 to 1995 but increases by $``$40% from 1995 to 1996 while the 1038Å line flux increases by $``$70% from 1993 to 1995 and remains unchanged from 1995 to 1996. For RR Tel, the fluxes of both O VI lines decreased slightly over the period from 1993 to 1996. In V1016 Cyg, the flux of the 1032Å line remained constant from 1995 to 1996, while the 1038Å line flux doubled.

Given the differences in both resolution and signal-to-noise between the HUT and the ORFEUS-I and -II instruments, it is natural to wonder if these variations in flux are real. In each study, the observed O VI line fluxes are measured relative to the local linear continuum on either side of the O VI emission (Schmid et al. 1999). The continuum in each object is so weak relative to the O VI emission that differences in the choice of the continuum level and the signal-to-noise in the continuum are not particularly critical for the determination of the O VI line fluxes. The higher resolution ORFEUS data show no lines in the vicinity of the O VI emission which could be blended with the O VI lines, and hence unresolved, in the lower resolution HUT data. Thus, we believe that the observed flux variations between the HUT and ORFEUS data are real and not an artifact of either differences in instrumental properties or analysis technique.

In principle, the observed O VI line fluxes can vary for a number of reasons. Many symbiotic stars show variations in emission line fluxes with orbital phase (Kenyon 1986) and these variations are associated with the binary nature of the systems. Part or all of the line emitting portion of the ionized nebula surrounding the hot star can be completely occulted by the red giant, resulting in decreased emission line fluxes. Additionally, Shore & Aufdenberg (1993) have shown that the outer atmosphere of the red giant star can effectively absorb flux from many emission lines; such “atmospheric eclipses” would also result in flux variations in observed emission lines over the course of the binary orbital period. In the models of Schmid (1996) the simple O VI flux ratio (2:1 under optically thin conditions) is sensitive to the orbital phase of the system. The $`\lambda `$1032 line photons undergo much more interaction in the H0 region than the $`\lambda `$1038 line photons; this is due to the fact that the shorter wavelength photons have a 5.2 times larger Rayleigh scattering cross-section and a 2.3 times greater photon-destruction cross-section. Thus, depending on the orbital phase, the flux ratio f(1032)/f(1038) can sometimes be either less or greater than 2. This is the most likely explanation for the variations in the observed flux ratios for Z And, V1016 Cyg, and AG Dra. Outburst activity also results in changes in emission line fluxes as well as continuum emission (Kenyon 1986): many emission lines weaken considerably as the brightness increases during an outburst and strengthen as the brightness fades.

The decreasing flux in both O VI lines of RR Tel is consistent with the slow evolution of the RR Tel spectrum which has been observed over a number of years (Nussbaumer & Dumm 1997, Contini & Formiggini 1999); but, the source of flux variations in the other three objects is more complicated. The UV emission lines of O VI and N V should show similar flux variations with orbital phase because they have similar properties: both are resonance doublets of highly ionized species and both have wavelengths close to a Lyman transition where the Rayleigh scattering cross-sections are large (Schmid 1995, 1996; Schmid et al. 1999). The N V 1240Å line in Z And varies markedly with orbital phase (Fernández-Castro et al. 1988, 1995). In AG Dra, the N V 1240Å line also shows significant variations with orbital phase (Mikołajewska et al. 1995, González-Riestra et al. 1999). The HUT observations in March 1995 were obtained after outburst activity from June to November 1994 and before a secondary outburst which began in July 1995. The Orfeus-II observations in 1996 were obtained near the end of an outburst. The variations in observed O VI line flux in AG Dra from 1993 to 1996 are probably the result of both outburst activity and orbital variation. On the other hand, Z And was in quiescent state from 1988 to 1997 and V1016 Cyg has been in quiescence since about 1985, so it would seem that the variations in O VI line fluxes are the result of orbital motion in these systems.

## 4 Raman Scattered O VI Lines

Raman scattering of O VI photons can occur only in high-excitation symbiotic systems where O+5 ions exist. To give rise to Raman scattered emission, a high-excitation source is required to produce the O VI photons, and a large H I column is necessary in order to provide the scattering source. Of the total sample of high excitation systems examined to date, roughly 70% exhibit the Raman scattered features at 6825, 7082 Å (Schmid 1992). Of the six systems in our study that have O VI 1032, 1038 Å emission, four (Z And, V1016 Cyg, AG Dra, and RR Tel) exhibit Raman-scattered O VI emission, one (HM Sge) shows occasional evidence for the scattered lines, and one (CH Cyg) has never been seen to exhibit the scattered features. The statistics of our (admittedly small) sample are therefore consistent with Schmid’s results (1992).

As mentioned previously, no simultaneous optical observations of HM Sge were available for comparison with the HUT far-UV data. Schmid et al. (2000) report that the Raman features have only recently emerged in the optical spectrum of HM Sge. Their optical spectrum from July 1995 shows weak emission features at $`\lambda \lambda `$ 6825, 7082. The data are not fluxed but the measured relative strengths of the Raman lines EW(6825)=(4.6$`\pm `$0.3)$`\times `$EW(7082) are consistent with the results of Allen (1980). A lower resolution observation of HM Sge taken over a year later with the WIYN is fluxed, see Table 2; the $`\lambda `$6825 feature is again weak and the $`\lambda `$7082 feature is not visible. The variation in HM Sge photometry (ftp://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/pub/afoev/) for Astro-2/La Palma/WIYN observations quoted as a flux ratio is 1.00/0.97/1.03. We take the continuum flux of the WIYN observations to be the same as the La Palma observation, consistent with the photometry. The observed flux during the La Palma observation is thus 1.4$`\times `$10-14 erg cm-2 S-1. Taking E(B-V)=0.65, 0.40 the estimated scattering efficiencies are 0.5 to 0.7%, respectively. As HM Sge is one of the hottest white dwarf symbiotic systems, this is consistent with the picture requiring a high density region of H I. In the case of HM Sge, the H I is probably nearly totally ionized. Schmid et al. (2000) explain the sudden appearance of the Raman lines by a strong decrease of the absorption of the far-UV emission lines at Ly$`\beta `$ and O VI by dust associated with the system itself. This implies that further correction to the Raman scattering efficiency factor might be necessary.

CH Cyg also exhibits strong O VI emission but no Raman features and, to our knowledge, has never exhibited the Raman lines. A WIYN spectropolarimetry observation taken on 9 April 1996 shows a strong polarization variation in H$`\alpha `$, but no polarization in excess of the continuum polarization in the regions of the Raman lines. In addition, CH Cyg has been monitored at the Pine Bluff Observatory (http://www.sal.wisc.edu/HPOL) for a number of years and neither Raman line has been observed either in the flux or polarization spectra. The models of Schmid (1996) and Harries & Howarth (1997) indicate that the bulk of the Raman scattered photons are produced in the region between the hot and cool components of the symbiotic system. Thus, in order for the Raman scattering process to be effective, the region between the two stars must contain a high density of H0 scatterers. CH Cyg shows P-Cygni features indicating an extensive outflow of gas and has undergone several outbursts since 1965 (Mikołajewska, Mikołajewska, and Khudyakova, 1990; Skopal et al. 1996). Why then does CH Cyg not exhibit the Raman features in the optical? Munari et al. (1996) identified several episodes of dust condensation in the wind of the red giant and one of these occured during the period spanning 1995 and 1996. According to Munari et al. the spectroscopic and photometric observations of CH Cyg suggest that the dust condensation occurs in a spherically symmetric wind around the red giant star and that the white dwarf stars lies well outside the dust. We suggest then that the absence of the Raman features in CH Cyg is, like the case of HM Sge, due to the absorption of the far-UV O VI photons by circumstellar dust in or near the neutral scattering region. Interestingly, CH Cyg is an S-type symbiotic system whereas HM Sge is a D-type system so it seems that the supression of the Raman effect by circumstellar dust is not limited to the D-type systems.

### 4.1 Extinction Re-examined

The extinction values for symbiotic stars are notoriously difficult to derive. Many of the extinction values obtained from our fits to the HUT UV data are quite different from the values derived by previous authors using a variety of methods. Since the accuracy of the scattering efficiencies depends sensitively on the extinction correction, we feel that it is appropriate to re-examine extinction values at this point. Table 4 summarizes the extinction estimates of other researchers and those derived in this study. The extinction values adopted for use in line flux corrections for objects which exhibit the Raman scattering effect are indicated in bold in the table.

As noted in $`\mathrm{\S }`$4, data for both CH Cyg and HM Sge are consistent with the presence of dust in or around the symbiotic system. To derive extinction estimates appropriate to the O VI lines, then, it is necessary to choose a diagnostic arising from material within the same gas. Emission lines provide easily measured features and lines from He II and \[Ne V\] are good candidates. As the O VI region is also likely to be concentrated around the hot star, stellar continuum fits provide an alternative measurement technique.

As a starting point, we assume Case B conditions and utilize the He II line ratios to determine extinctions for each object. Proga et al. (1996) point out that illumination effects in symbiotics can result in significant deviations from Case B conditions, making the He II line ratios poor reddening diagnostics unless the hot star luminosity and temperature are well known. Nonetheless, we believe that the He II line ratios can still be used as an effective indicator of reddening if the results derived from the three line ratios 1085/1640, 1085/4684, 1640/4686 are consistent with their case B values. We derive extinctions by comparing the observed He II line ratios to the theoretical Case B line ratios of Storey & Hummer (1995). We assume that the emitting gas is optically thin. For individual objects we assume nebular conditions as follows: Z And, T$`{}_{e}{}^{}`$ 20,000 K, N$`{}_{e}{}^{}`$ 109 cm-3 (Birriel, Espey, Schulte-Ladbeck 1998); V1016 Cyg T$`{}_{e}{}^{}`$ 20,000 K, N$`{}_{e}{}^{}`$ 107–108 cm-3 (Nussbaumer & Vogel 1990); AG Dra T$`{}_{e}{}^{}`$ 15,000 K, N$`{}_{e}{}^{}`$ 109 – 1010 cm-3 (Mikołajewska & Kenyon 1992); RR Tel T$`{}_{e}{}^{}`$ 20,000 K, N$`{}_{e}{}^{}`$ 106 cm-3 (Espey et al. 1995a). In Z And and V1016 Cyg, the three He II line ratios yield consistent reddening values and we conclude that the assumption of Case B conditions is valid for these objects. On the other hand, the derived reddening for RR Tel and AG Dra varies considerably depending on which He II line ratio is used (Table 4). The He II 1085 line suffers only nominal absorption (less than 5%) from interstellar H2, and thus absorption cannot explain the discrepancies among the derived reddening values. Our conclusion is that the nebular gas of both AG Dra and RR Tel departs from simple Case B conditions.

Schlegel, Finkbeiner, and Davis 1998 (hereafter SFD) have recently constructed a full-sky map of the Galactic dust. Their map is a reprocessed composite of the COBE/DIRBE and IRAS/ISSA maps and has a resolution of 6’.1 and are shown to predict reddening with an accuracy of 16%. The new dust map leads to reddening estimates which are consistent with the Burstein-Heiles maps in most regions of the sky but are twice as accurate and appear to be much more reliable in regions of high extinction (SFD). The authors have made the map and software for deriving extinctions readily available for general use. In Table 4, we have listed the extinctions based on this new dust map for each of our nine symbiotic stars.

For each object, with the exceptions of CH Cyg and HM Sge, we obtain an extinction value from our fitting of the HUT UV continuum. A quick perusal of Table 4 shows that the extinction values derived from a fit to the HUT UV continuum are generally rather different from the values obtained by previous fits to the IUE UV continuum (Mürset et al. 1991) and other methods. Our fits to the HUT continuum assume the extinction curve of Cardelli, Clayton, and Matthis (1989) while Mürset et al. assume the extinction curve of Seaton. These two extinction parameterizations differ significantly for $`\lambda <`$ 1500Å. In addition, Mürset et al. fit the IUE spectra by eye and apply no reasonable numerical criterion for the quality of the fit whereas our results are based on a $`\chi ^2`$-minimization technique. The differences between our derived extinction values and those of Mürset et al. are most likely a combination of the above mentioned differences in fitting technique. However, the results of our continuum fitting generally agree well the extinction values derived from the dust maps of SFD. The results of our continuum fits for AG Dra, 0.08$`\pm `$0.01, and RR Tel, 0.08$`\pm `$0.02, respectively, are in good agreement with previous studies as well as with the recent results of SFD.

In the case of Z And, we derive an extinction of 0.21$`\pm `$0.01 from our continuum fit and 0.24$`\pm `$0.03 taking the theoretical Case B He II line ratios from Storey and Hummer (1995). While these values are consistent with one another, they are slightly lower than the values generally adopted by other groups (Table 4). Mikołajewska & Kenyon (1996) give a thorough discussion on the various determinations of the extinction for Z And. Since our results are also in agreement with the extinction estimates from the recent results of SFD, we assume an extinction of 0.24$`\pm `$0.03 for Z And as derived from our He II ratios.

Previous estimates for the reddening of V1016 Cyg range from 0.20$`\pm `$0.10 to 0.30$`\pm `$0.10, see Table 4. We derive 0.24$`\pm `$0.03 from our fit to its HUT UV continuum. Assuming Case B recombination conditions (Storey & Hummer 1995), the He II line ratios 1640Å/4686Å and 1085Å/4686Å yield a reddening of 0.35$`\pm `$0.04. Using the dust maps of SFD, the reddening in the direction of V1016 Cyg is 0.25$`\pm `$0.04. We adopt the extinction derived from our continuum fit for V1016 Cyg, E(B-V)=0.24$`\pm `$0.03, as this is more consistent with the SFD results than the higher results derived using the He II ratios.

### 4.2 Raman Scattering Efficiencies

The Raman scattering efficiency is defined as the photon ratio of the Raman scattered line and the initial O VI line component, NRaman/N$`_{\mathrm{O}\mathrm{VI}}`$, i.e. the fraction of emitted O VI photons converted to Raman photons. From the ratios of the dereddened fluxes, Fλ6825/Fλ1032 and Fλ7082/Fλ1038, we derive the photon ratios and hence the scattering efficiencies for each O VI line (see Table 10). The uncertainties in the conversion efficiencies are dominated by the uncertainties in the extinction values. RR Tel and AG Dra have fairly well determined extinctions and thus their derived scattering efficiencies are relatively accurate. For RR Tel, V1016 Cyg, and Z And, the conversion efficiency for the $`\lambda `$1032 $``$ $`\lambda `$6825 process is higher than the $`\lambda `$1038 $``$ $`\lambda `$7082, as a result of the larger scattering cross section for the former process relative to the latter. In the case of AG Dra, the scattering efficiencies are very similar. This is in qualitative agreement with Schmid et al. (1999), whose contemporaneous far-UV and optical data for AG Dra in 1995 also yielded a similar scattering efficiency for both the 1032 Å and 1038 Å line photons. Given the difference in orbital phases for the AG Dra observations in this study and those of Schmid et al., it is difficult to explain the similarity of the two Raman processes as a result of orbital effects (Schmid 1996). One possible explanation is that the circumstellar material in the AG Dra system is such that a 1032Å photon is absorbed or scattered much more than a 1038Å photon, resulting apparently similar scattering efficiencies for both processes.

Our scattering efficiencies for the Raman process in RR Tel and Z And agree well with those of Schmid et al. (1999) while our results for V1016 Cyg and AG Dra are quite different. For V1016 Cyg our scattering efficiency is $``$2 times larger for the $`\lambda `$1032 $``$ $`\lambda `$6825 process and $``$3 times larger for the $`\lambda `$1038 $``$ $`\lambda `$7082 process. In the case of AG Dra, our derived efficiencies for both Raman processes are $``$3 times smaller than those determined by Schmid et al., though the similarity in scattering efficiency for both O VI doublet lines is consistent with their findings. For V1016 Cyg and AG Dra, our derived scattering efficiencies differ from those of Schmid et al. through our adoption of a different extinction estimate for each object and our use of optical spectra contemporaneous with our far-UV data.

The derived scattering efficiencies can be compared to the models of Schmid (1996). For the discussion that follows, we assume the “basic” model: in this model the photons are initially released as far-UV O VI line photons from an extended emission region in the ionized nebula and may undergo multiple scatterings before escaping. The scattering efficiency depends strongly on the ionization geometry as described by the X$`_{H^+}`$-parameter defined by Seaquist et al. (1984). The dimensionless X$`_{H^+}`$-parameter is related to the ionizing photon luminosity of the hot source LH, the binary separation p, and the wind parameters of the cool giant ($`\dot{M}`$, $`v_{\mathrm{}}`$) according to

$$X{}_{H^+}{}^{}pL_H\left(\frac{v_{\mathrm{}}}{\dot{M}}\right)^2.$$

The scattering efficiencies for RR Tel and Z And suggest that about one in every three emitted O VI photons interacts with the scattering region either via Raman scattering, Rayleigh scattering or absorption. The inferred scattering geometry is a cone-shaped neutral hydrogen region around the cool giant which is irradiated by an extensive O VI emitting region surrounding the hot star, somewhere between the XB3 and XC3 models of Schmid (i.e. X$`_{H^+}`$ between 4.0 and 0.4). For V1016 Cyg and AG Dra, which exhibit similar scattering efficiencies, about 50% (or roughly one in two) of the emitted O VI photons interact with the scattering region. For V1016 Cyg and AG Dra the suggested scattering geometry appears to be quite close to the XC3 model of Schmid, i.e. a large neutral hydrogen region irradiated by a much more confined O VI emission zone surrounding the hot star (i.e. X$`{}_{H^+}{}^{}`$0.4). The X$`_{H^+}`$ parameters derived here are in qualitative agreement with the results of Mürset et al. (1991) in that 0.3$``$X$`{}_{H^+}{}^{}`$4 for these four symbiotic systems. However, the Raman scattering efficiency for V1016 Cyg implies that X$`_{H^+}`$ is very close to 0.4 whereas Müsert et al. derive a much larger value of X$`{}_{H^+}{}^{}`$ 2.3–3.7.

The models of Schmid (1996) and Harries & Howarth (1997) show that, as expected, the production of Raman-scattered O VI photons is increased for more extended and dense neutral scattering regions. Speaking quite generally, our derived Raman efficiencies imply that V1016 Cyg and AG Dra have higher mass loss rates than Z And and RR Tel. Using Figure 12 of Schmid (1996), the derived efficiencies for AG Dra and V1016 Cyg yield a mass loss rate of $``$3$`\times `$10-6M and for Z And and RR Tel $``$1$`\times `$10-6M. From radio measurements at 3.6 cm, Seaquist, Krogulec, & Taylor (1993) report mass loss rates of 1.3$`\times `$10-5M for V1016 Cyg, 6.3$`\times `$10-6M for RR Tel, 1.8$`\times `$10-6M for Z And, and $`<2.4\times `$10-8M for AG Dra. These authors point out that the Wright and Barlow (1975) formula effectively measures the mass loss associated with the ionized gas only and thus underestimates the true mass-loss rate. They find that even for symbiotic stars with very extended ionized regions, i.e. X$`{}_{H^+}{}^{}>`$1, the Wright-Barlow formula underestimates mass-loss rates by $``$20%. For systems with X$`{}_{H^+}{}^{}<`$1, the mass-loss rate is underestimated by a factor of two or more. We suggest that the Raman efficiencies can be used to provide an independent determination of the X$`_{H^+}`$ parameter in symbiotic systems providing another useful method by which mass-loss rates of cool giants are examined.

## 5 O VI Induced Fe II Bowen Fluorescence

Early indirect evidence for the far-UV O VI lines in symbiotic stars included the presence of Fe II transitions ($`\lambda `$1776.56, $`\lambda `$1881.20, $`\lambda `$1884.12) that are selectively photoexcited by the strongest member of the O VI resonance doublet at 1031.9Å (Johansson 1988). As is the case with the Raman scattered lines in the optical, the Fe II Bowen lines at 1776.56, 1881.20, and 1884.12 Å are found in the spectra of symbiotic systems which exhibit other high-exitation lines (Johansson 1988 and Fiebelman, Bruhweiler, & Johansson 1991, hereafter FBJ). Weak Fe II Bowen lines have been observed in the IUE spectra of Z And, V1016 Cyg, and RR Tel (Feibelman, Bruhweiler, and Johansson 1991).

We searched for the Fe II Bowen line at 1776 Å in the HUT spectra of our symbiotic stars. One of the lines in the region near the expected location of the Fe II Bowen line is the Si II multiplet near 1814 Å. The ionization potentials of these two species are quite similar and these lines should be formed in roughly the same region. We tied the wavelength of the Fe II Bowen line at 1776Å to the theoretical wavelength of the $`\lambda `$ 1817 member of the Si II multiplet and fixed the FWHM of the lines to the resolution of the HUT as the Bowen lines are narrow (FBJ).

The Fe II $`\lambda `$ 1776 line is clearly visible in the HUT data for Z And, and is present but extremely weak in V1016 Cyg, and RR Tel, see Figure 5. We did not find evidence for Fe II 1776 Å flourescent emission in the HUT data for the six remaining systems (i.e., EG And, BF Cyg, CH Cyg, AG Dra, AX Per, HM Sge) to a 3$`\sigma `$ upper limit of 1.0$`\times 10^{13}\mathrm{erg}\mathrm{cm}^2\mathrm{s}^1`$. The non-detections in CH Cyg, AG Dra, and HM Sge are consistent with the IUE results of FBJ, although the authors did report detections of the longer wavelength fluorescent features in HM Sge and AG Dra in the earlier IUE data.

We define the Bowen efficiency, similarly to the Raman efficiency, as the ratio of the number of Fe II $`\lambda `$1776 photons to the initially emitted number of O VI $`\lambda `$1032 photons. Table 11 lists the extinction corrected fluxes for the Fe II $`\lambda `$1776.56 line and the efficiency of the Bowen fluorescence mechanism for each object. The efficiency of the Bowen mechanism is considerably smaller than that for the Raman process, less than 2% in each object. Our derived efficiencies for the production of the Fe II Bowen line at 1776.56Å are consistent with the efficiencies for the Bowen process in which the C IV $`\lambda `$ 1548.2 line photons photoexcite the Fe II 1975.5Å line. Simultaneous IUE fluxes for the C IV 1548.2Å and the Fe II 1975.5Å lines are reported in FBJ for RR Tel, Z And, and V1016 Cyg and the efficiencies derived from these fluxes are also $`<`$ 2% in each object.

## 6 Summary

From HUT observations and simultaneous or near-simultaneous optical observations we confirm the contemporaneous presence of the O VI 1032, 1038Å resonance doublet and the Raman scattered O VI emission at 6825, 7082Å in four of the nine target symbiotic systems, namely Z And, V1016 Cyg, AG Dra, and RR Tel. We calculate scattering efficiencies for each system (Table 9). Our observations show that in no case do we observe the Raman scattered lines in the optical without the simultaneous occurence of the far-UV O VI emission lines (see Table) thus giving the strongest support to date that the optical emission lines at 6825, 7082Å are the product of Raman-scattered O VI photons.

The existence of strong O VI and neutral hydrogen in a symbiotic system is a necessary but insufficient condition for the Raman scattering process to occur. Models (Schmid 1996, Harries & Howarth 1997) indicate that the majority of Raman scattered photons are produced in the neutral region between the hot star and the red giant. If the neutral region surrounding the red giant also forms heavy dust condensation, then the far-UV O VI photons may be heavily absorbed and no Raman scattering occurs. This is a strong possibility for HM Sge which has only recently developed Raman lines in the optical (Schmid et al. 2000) and for CH Cyg, which despite evidence for strong O VI emission and significant mass loss from the red giant, does not and apparently never has exhibited the Raman lines. In support of this, both objects have apparently experienced several periods of strong dust condensation around the red giant component (Schmid et al. 2000, Munari et al. 1996).

The Raman scattering efficiency depends strongly on the geometry of the neutral hydrogen scattering region and the mass loss rate (Schmid 1996, Harries & Howarth 1997, Lee & Lee 1997). Schmid has derived efficiencies for various shapes of ionization fronts based on the X$`_{H^+}`$-parameterization. For the four systems in which we observed the Raman process, the derived Raman scattering efficiencies imply that X$`_{H^+}`$ 0.4–4.0, in qualitative agreement with Mürset et al. (1991) and the previously published ORFEUS results (Schmid et al. 1999). The relative mass loss rates of Z And, V1016 Cyg, AG Dra, and RR Tel based on their Raman efficiencies are not in general agreement with those derived from radio measurements (Seaquist et al. 1993). As both the Raman line intensity and polarization profiles are very sensitive to the mass loss rate (Harries & Howarth 1997), detailed studies of these profiles may provide another method to examine mass loss in symbiotic systems.

The presence of Fe II transitions ($`\lambda `$1776.56, $`\lambda `$1881.20, $`\lambda `$1884.12) that are selectively photoexcited by the strongest member of the O VI resonance doublet at 1031.9Å was presented as early indirect evidence for the presence of the the far-UV O VI lines at 1032, 1038 Å (Johansson 1988). In our small sample of symbiotic systems, we find no case in which the Fe II 1776.56Å line is present without the simultaneous occurence of the O VI line at 1032Å. Thus, the HUT data provide the first observational support for the Bowen fluoresence origin of the Fe II 1776.56Å line. Furthermore, the data enable us to make the first estimates of the efficiency for the Bowen fluorescence mechanism responsible for the production of the 1776.56Å in the symbiotic systems Z And, RR Tel, and V1016 Cyg. The derived efficiency is less than 2% in each system.

The prerequisites for the Raman scattering process and the Bowen fluoresence process are quite similar. Both require the presence of strong O VI emission and sufficient amounts of H I and Fe II. Additionally, H I and Fe II have similar ionization potentials, 13.6 eV and 16.2 eV, respectively. Therefore the Raman scattering and Bowen fluorescence processes must both occur in roughly the same region, close to the red giant. Observations from our small sample of symbiotic systems support this: each object which exhibits the Raman scattering process (i.e. Z And, V1016 Cyg, AG Dra, HM Sge, RR Tel) also exhibits some or all of the Fe II Bowen lines (FBJ). CH Cyg shows strong O VI emission but does not exhibit either the Raman lines or the Bowen lines. It might make an interesting study to see if the mutual presence of the Fe II Bowen and Raman lines holds over a larger sample of symbiotics and also if the efficiences of the two processes are correlated in any way.

The authors wish to thank Drs. Kenyon and Mikołajewska and Drs. Schild & Schmid for providing the optical data for this study. The WIYN data were obtained in a collaboration with Drs. J. Johnson and C. Anderson. We also wish to thank Dr. Dixon for supplying data in advance of publication and Dr. McCandliss for generating the H2 optical depth templates from the laboratory molecular hydrogen data. We thank the observers of the AFOEV for making their data public and hence aiding in the calibration of our spectroscopic data. This work was supported by Astro-2 Guest Investigator grant NAG8-1049 to the University of Pittsburgh. Jennifer Birriel acknowledges the support of NASA Graduate Student Researcher Grant NGT5-50174.