text:
# Half twists and the cohomology of hypersurfaces

## 1. Polarized rational Hodge structures with automorphisms.

### 1.1.

We recall the basic results on half twists from .

### 1.2. Definition.

A (rational) Hodge structure of weight $`k(𝐙_0)`$ is a $`𝐐`$-vector space $`V`$ with a decomposition of its complexification $`V_𝐂:=V_𝐐𝐂`$ (where complex conjugation is given by $`\overline{vz}:=v\overline{z}`$ for $`vV`$ and $`z𝐂`$):

$$V_𝐂=_{p+q=k}V^{p,q},\text{such that}\overline{V^{p,q}}=V^{q,p},(p,q𝐙_0).$$

Note that we insist on $`p`$ and $`q`$ being non-negative integers throughout this paper, so we only consider ‘effective’ Hodge structures.

### 1.3. CM-type.

Recall that a CM-field $`K`$ has $`2r=[K:𝐐]`$ complex embeddings $`K𝐂`$ which are pairwise conjugate and that a CM-type is a subset $`\{\sigma _1,\mathrm{},\sigma _r\}`$ of distinct embeddings with the property that no two are complex conjugate. Hence if we define embeddings $`\sigma _{r+i}(x):=\overline{\sigma _i(x)}`$ then any embedding of $`K`$ in $`𝐂`$ is a $`\sigma _j`$ for some $`j`$, $`1j2r`$.

### 1.4. Half twists.

Let $`V`$ be a Hodge structure of weight $`k`$ on which a CM-field $`K`$ acts and let $`\mathrm{\Sigma }=\{\sigma _1,\mathrm{},\sigma _r\}`$ be a CM-type. The eigenspaces of the $`K`$-action on the $`V^{p,q}`$’s are denoted by:

$$V_j^{p,q}:=\{vV^{p,q}:xv=\sigma _j(x)vxK\},1j2r.$$

We define two subspaces of $`V_𝐂`$ whose direct sum is $`V^{p,q}`$:

$$V_+^{p,q}:=_{i=1}^rV_i^{p,q},V_{}^{p,q}:=_{i=1}^rV_{r+i}^{p,q}.$$

We define the Hodge decomposition of the negative half twist of $`V`$ (w.r.t. $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$) by:

$$V_{1/2}^{p,q}:=V_+^{p1,q}V_{}^{p,q1}.$$

It is not hard to see that this is a Hodge structure of weight $`k+1`$ on $`V`$. By successively performing the negative half twist one obtains $`V_{n/2}`$, a Hodge structure on $`V`$ of weight $`k+n`$. However, half twists do not give Tate twists: $`V_{2m/2}V(m)`$. Half twists and Tate twists are compatible in the sense that $`(V_a)(b)=(V(b))_a`$ for all $`a(1/2)𝐙`$ and $`b𝐙`$.

A classical example is obtained by taking $`V=K`$, with the trivial Hodge structure $`V^{0,0}=V_𝐂`$. Then $`K_{1/2}H^1(A_K,𝐐)`$ for any abelian variety $`A_K`$ of dimension $`r`$ with CM by $`K`$ and CM-type $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$.

### 1.5. Positive half twists.

To define the (positive) half twist one would put:

$$V_{1/2}^{p,q}:=V_+^{p+1,q}V_{}^{p,q+1}.$$

This works if $`V^{k,0}=0`$. However, if $`V^{k,0}0`$, then the subspaces $`V_{}^{k,0}`$ and $`V_+^{0,k}`$ of $`V_𝐂`$ do not appear in $`(V_{1/2})_𝐂`$ and therefore this definition does not define a Hodge structure on $`V`$ (and in general not on any $`𝐐`$-subspace of $`V`$). One can define the half twist of $`V`$ only if $`V_{}^{k,0}=0`$ (the complex conjugate of this space is $`V_+^{0,k}`$ which is then also $`0`$). So one needs the eigenvalues of any $`xK`$ on $`V^{k,0}`$ to be in the set $`\{\sigma (x)\}_{\sigma \mathrm{\Sigma }}`$. The following proposition shows that half twists appear naturally in certain tensor products.

### 1.6. Proposition.

(See .) Let $`V`$ be a Hodge structure with CM by $`K`$ and fix a CM-type $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ of $`K`$. Then we have an inclusion of Hodge structures (both of weight $`k+1`$):

$$V_{1/2}V_𝐐K_{1/2},$$

given by:

$$V_{1/2}=\{wV_𝐐K_{1/2}:(x1)w=(1x)wxK\}.$$

Similarly, if $`V`$ admits a positive half twist, the Hodge structure $`V_{1/2}(1)`$ of weight $`k1+2=k+1`$ is a Hodge substructure of $`VK_{1/2}`$:

$$V_{1/2}(1)=\{wV_𝐐K_{1/2}:(x1)w=(1\overline{x})wxK\}.$$

## 2. Generalities on Hodge structures of hypersurfaces

### 2.1. The Hodge substructure $`V`$.

For a smooth $`(k1)`$-dimensional hypersurface $`X_{k1}`$ of degree $`d`$

$$X_{k1}:=Zeroes(F_d(x_0,\mathrm{},x_k))(𝐏^k),$$

the cyclic $`d`$-fold cover of $`𝐏^k`$ branched along $`X_{k1}`$ is the smooth $`k`$-fold $`Y_k`$ defined by

$$Y_k:=Zeroes(x_{k+1}^d+F_d(x_0,\mathrm{},x_k))(𝐏^{k+1}).$$

We denote by $`\alpha _k`$ the automomorphism of order $`d`$ defined by

$$\begin{array}{ccccc}\alpha _k:& \hfill Y_k& & Y_k\hfill & \\ & \hfill (x_0:\mathrm{}:x_k:x_{k+1})& & (x_0:\mathrm{}:x_k:\zeta x_{k+1})\hfill & (\zeta =e^{2\pi i/d}).\end{array}$$

The action of $`\alpha _k`$ on $`H_0^k(Y_k,𝐐)`$ makes this space a $`𝐐[T]/(T^d1)`$-module. We will denote by

$$VH_0^k(Y_k,𝐐)$$

the largest subspace on which the eigenvalues of $`\alpha _k^{}`$ are primitive $`d`$-roots of unity. If $`d`$ is a prime number we have $`V=H_0^k(Y_k,𝐐)`$. The restriction of $`\alpha _k^{}`$ to $`V`$ is denoted by $`\alpha `$:

$$\alpha :=(\alpha _k^{})_{|V}:VV.$$

The subring $`K:=𝐐[\alpha ]`$ of $`End(V)`$ is isomorphic to the field of $`d`$-th roots of unity. The complex embeddings of $`K`$ are:

$$\sigma _a:K𝐂,x_j\alpha ^jx_j\zeta ^{aj}(x_j𝐐,\zeta =e^{2\pi i/d})$$

with $`a(𝐙/d𝐙)^{}`$. We define the CM-type $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_0`$ for $`K`$ by:

$$\mathrm{\Sigma }_0:=\{\sigma _a\}_{0<a<d/2}.$$

All half twists throughout this paper are taken w.r.t. this CM-type. Thus $`V`$ has a half twist (w.r.t. $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_0`$) if and only if all eigenvalues of $`\alpha `$ on $`V^{k,0}`$ are in the set $`\{\sigma _a(\zeta )\}_{0<a<d/2}`$.

We will often identify $`K`$ with $`𝐐(\zeta )`$ via $`\sigma _1`$. With this convention, Proposition 1.6 implies that the half twist, when it exists, may also be defined via:

$$V_{1/2}(1)=\{wV_𝐐K_{1/2}:(\alpha \zeta )w=w\}$$

since $`1\overline{\zeta }=(1\zeta )^1`$. We observe that if the half twist exists, then the eigenvalues of $`\alpha \zeta `$ on $`V^{k,0}(K_{1/2})^{1,0}`$ are contained in $`\{\sigma _a(\zeta )\sigma _b(\zeta )\}_{0<a,b<d/2}`$, so none of these is equal to $`1`$ and hence $`V_{1/2}`$ is indeed an ‘effective’ Hodge structure of weight $`k1`$.

We now review the basic results on Hodge structures of hypersurfaces and the action of automorphisms on their cohomology and apply them to $`V`$.

### 2.2. Hodge numbers.

The Hodge numbers of a degree $`d`$ hypersurface $`X_k`$ in $`𝐏^{k+1}`$ can be calculated using Griffiths residues (see  page 44):

$$H^{kq,q}(X_k)H^0\left(\frac{𝒪_{^{k+1}}}{J}(d(q+1)k2)\right)$$

where $`J`$ is the jacobian ideal of $`X_k`$, i.e., the ideal generated by the partial derivatives of an equation for $`X_k`$.

### 2.3. Automorphisms.

We compute the dimensions of the eigenspaces in the primitive cohomology

$$H_0^{kq,q}(Y_k)(i):=\{xH_0^{kq,q}(Y_k):\alpha _k^{}x=\zeta ^ix\}$$

where $`\alpha _k`$ is the automorphism of $`Y_k`$ defined in 2.1 above. The following lemma is an immediate consequence of a result of Shioda (cf.  Theorem I).

### 2.4. Lemma.

Let $`J^{}`$ be the Jacobian ideal of $`F_d𝐂[x_0,\mathrm{},x_k]`$. Then we have:

$$h_0^{kq,q}(Y_k)(i)=h^0\left(\frac{𝒪_^k}{J^{}}(d(q+1)k1i)\right).$$

Proof. According to , Theorem I, the dimension of the eigenspace is given by the number of $`(k+1)`$-tuples $`a_0,\mathrm{},a_k`$ with $`1a_jd1`$ such that $`(a_0+\mathrm{}+a_k+i)/d=q+1`$. Moreover $`h_0^{kq,q}(Y_k)(i)=0`$ if $`i=0`$ hence we take $`1id1`$. Writing $`b_j:=a_j1`$, so $`0b_jd2`$, we get $`b_0+\mathrm{}+b_k=d(q+1)k1i`$. To each such $`(k+1)`$-tuple we associate the monomial $`x_0^{b_0}\mathrm{}x_k^{b_k}`$, which is homogeneous of degree $`d(q+1)k1i`$ and has no variable to power $`d1`$. Since these dimensions are constant in families of smooth hypersurfaces, we may assume that $`F_d=x_i^d`$ and we obtain the desired equality. ∎

### 2.5. The half twist for $`V`$.

Since $`V`$ is the subspace of $`H_0^k(Y_k,𝐐)`$ on which the eigenvalues of $`\alpha _k^{}`$ are primititive $`d`$-th roots of unity, we have:

$$V^{kq,q}=_{i(𝐙/d𝐙)^{}}H_0^{kq,q}(Y_k)(i).$$

In case $`V^{k,0}=0`$, the half twist of $`V`$ always exists. It may happen that $`V_{1/2}`$ has higher level than $`V`$ (for example, a cubic surface $`Y_2`$ has $`V_𝐂=V^{1,1}`$ and thus level $`0`$, but $`V_{1/2}`$ has weight one and hence has level $`1`$). In case $`V^{k,0}=0`$, we will therefore also consider the Tate twist $`V(q)`$ of $`V`$ with $`q`$ choosen such that $`V^{kq,q}0`$ but $`V^{u,s}=0`$ if $`u>kq`$. Then $`V_{1/2}`$ has lower level than $`V`$ exactly when $`V(q)`$ has a half twist. Recall that all our half twists are for the CM-type $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_0`$ fixed in 2.1.

### 2.6. Theorem.

Let $`Y_k`$ be a hypersurface of degree $`d`$ in $`𝐏^{k+1}`$ as in Section 2.1.

Define $`q𝐙_0`$ and $`t`$ by:

$$k=qd+t\mathrm{with}t\{1,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0},\mathrm{}d2\}.$$

Then $`H_0^{kq,q}(Y_k)`$ is the ‘extremal’ summand of $`H_0^k(Y_k,𝐂)`$, i.e.,

$$H_0^{kq,q}(Y_k)0,H_0^{u,s}(Y_k)=0\mathrm{if}u>kq.$$

The Tate twist $`V(q)`$ of the Hodge substructure $`V`$ of $`H_0^k(Y_k,𝐐)`$ has a half twist if and only if

1. either $`d2\mathrm{mod}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4}`$ and:

$$t>\frac{d4}{2},$$
2. or $`d2\mathrm{mod}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4}`$ and

$$t>\frac{d6}{2}.$$

Proof. The integer $`q`$ is the smallest nonnegative integer for which $`H_0^{kq,q}(Y_k)0`$. Therefore, by the formula for the Hodge numbers of $`Y_k`$ (Section 2.2), we have that $`q`$ is the nonnegative integer such that $`d(q+1)k20`$ and $`dqk2<0`$, i.e., $`q`$ is the integer satisfying

$$q<\frac{k+2}{d}q+1.$$

Now it is clear that $`k=qd+t`$ as in the statement of the proposition.

We show first that $`dimH_0^{kq,q}(Y_k)(i)dimH_0^{kq,q}(Y_k)(i+1)`$. This implies that if $`V`$ has a half twist, then it has a half twist with the CM-type $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_0=\{\sigma _a\}_{0<a<d/2,a(𝐙/d𝐙)^{}}`$. Put $`a=d(q+1)k2=dt2`$. Recall that (Lemma 2.4)

$$h_0^{kq,q}(Y_k)(i)=h^0\left(\frac{𝒪_^k}{J^{}}(a+1i)\right).$$

We may assume that $`J^{}`$ is generated by $`x_0^{d1},\mathrm{},x_k^{d1}`$, and then $`H^0((𝒪_^k/J^{})(a+1i))`$ is spanned by monomials $`x_0^{a_0}\mathrm{}x_k^{a_k}`$ with $`a_j=a+1i`$ and $`a_jd2`$ for all $`j`$. Since $`a=dt2`$ and $`1td2`$, multiplication by $`x_k`$ induces an injection

$$H_0^{kq,q}(Y_k)(i+1)H_0^{kq,q}(Y_k)(i)$$

except if $`a=d1`$ and $`i=1`$. In this last case we can define a different map which is also injective: we send $`x_k^{d2}`$ to $`x_0^{d2}x_1`$ and we send all other monomials to their product by $`x_k`$. This inclusion is not surjective except when $`d=3`$ and $`k=2`$, in which case $`q=1`$ and $`V(1)`$, of weight $`0`$, does not have a half twist.

Next $`V(q)`$ has a half twist, for our choosen CM type $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_0`$, if and only if $`H_0^{kq,q}(Y_k)(i)=0`$ for $`i(𝐙/d𝐙)^{}`$ and $`d/2<i<d`$. Using that these eigenspaces get smaller as $`i`$ gets bigger, we find that $`V(q)`$ has a half-twist if and only if $`h_0^{kq,q}(Y_k)(j)=0`$ where $`j(𝐙/d𝐙)^{}`$ is the smallest unit with $`j>d/2`$.

If $`d=2e`$ with $`e`$ even or $`d=2e+1`$, the smallest unit in $`(𝐙/d𝐙)^{}`$ larger than $`d/2`$ is $`e+1(𝐙/d𝐙)^{}`$. Therefore $`V`$ has a half twist if and only if $`h_0^{kq,q}(Y_k)(e+1)=0`$. This is equivalent to $`ae<0`$, that is, if $`d=2e`$ with $`e`$ even:

$$(dt2)d/2<0t>\frac{d4}{2}$$

and the same result holds if $`d=2e+1`$.

If $`d=2e`$ with $`e`$ odd, the smallest unit in $`(𝐙/d𝐙)^{}`$ larger than $`d/2`$ is $`e+2`$, hence $`V`$ has a half twist if and only if $`ae1<0`$, that is:

$$(dt2)(d/2)1<0t>\frac{d6}{2}.$$

### 2.7. Corollary.

Let $`Y_k`$ have degree $`d`$. Then $`VH^k(Y_k,𝐐)_0`$ has a half twist if and only if

$$\begin{array}{cccc}\mathrm{either}& \hfill d<2k+4& \mathrm{and}& k0\mathrm{mod}\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2},\hfill \\ \mathrm{or}& \hfill d2k+4& \mathrm{and}& k1\mathrm{mod}\mathrm{\hspace{0.33em}2}.\hfill \end{array}$$

Proof. If $`d<k+2`$, then $`V^{k,0}=0`$ and, as we saw in 2.5, $`V`$ has a half twist. Else $`kd2`$ and we have $`q=0`$ and $`t=k`$. Therefore $`V`$ has a half twist if and only if either $`k>(d4)/2`$, that is $`d<2k+4`$, or $`d2\mathrm{mod}\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4}`$ in which case $`k>(d6)/2`$ hence $`d<2k+6`$. In the last case we must actually have $`d2k+4`$ with equality only if $`k`$ is odd. ∎

## 3. The half twist of a cyclic cover

### 3.1. Cyclic covers

In Section 2.1 we defined a Hodge substructure $`VH_0^k(Y_k,𝐐)`$ which has CM by the field $`K`$ of $`d`$-th roots of unity. In case $`V`$ has a positive half twist $`V_{1/2}`$, we saw in Proposition 1.6 that we have an embedding

$$V_{1/2}(1)VK_{1/2}H_0^k(Y_k,𝐐)K_{1/2}.$$

Recall that $`\alpha _k`$ is the automorphism of $`Y_k=Zeroes(x_{k+1}^d+F_d(x_0,\mathrm{},x_k))`$ defined by

$$\alpha _k:Y_kY_k,(x_0:\mathrm{}:x_k:x_{k+1})(x_0:\mathrm{}:x_k:\zeta x_{k+1})$$

where $`\zeta =e^{2\pi i/d}`$. In particular, the Fermat curve $`Y_1`$ has the automorphism $`\alpha _1`$ (taking $`F_d:=x_0^d+x_1^d`$).
The following lemma shows that we have a geometric realization of the half twist:

$$V_{1/2}(1)H_0^k(Y_k,𝐐)H^1(Y_1,𝐐)H^{k+1}(Y_k\times Y_1).$$

### 3.2. Lemma.

The Hodge structure $`K_{1/2}`$ is a Hodge substructure of $`H^1(Y_1,𝐐)`$.

Proof. On the Fermat curve $`Y_1`$ defined by $`x_2^d+x_1^d+x_0^d`$ consider the automorphism

$$\gamma :Y_1Y_1,(x_0:x_1:x_2)(x_0:\zeta ^1x_1:\zeta x_2).$$

The holomorphic one forms on $`Y_1`$ are the $`y_1^{a(d1)}y_2^b\mathrm{d}y_2`$ (where we put $`y_i=\frac{x_i}{x_0}`$), with $`0a+bd3`$ and $`a,b0`$. The $`\gamma `$-invariants have $`a+(d1)+b+10`$ mod $`d`$, that is $`ab`$ mod $`d`$. Hence the possible values for $`(a,b)`$ are $`(0,0),(1,1),\mathrm{},([\frac{d3}{2}],[\frac{d3}{2}])`$. In particular $`h^1(Y_1,𝐐)^\gamma =2[\frac{d1}{2}]`$ and the eigenvalues of $`\alpha _1^{}`$ on $`H^{1,0}(Y_1)^\gamma `$ are $`\zeta ,\zeta ^2,\mathrm{},\zeta ^{[(d1)/2]}`$. Since $`\alpha _1^d=1`$ and $`\alpha _1`$ commutes with $`\gamma `$, the space $`H^1(Y_1,𝐐)^\gamma `$ is a $`𝐐[T]/(T^d1)`$-module (via $`T\alpha _1`$). The eigenvalue $`\zeta `$ has multiplicity one, hence $`H^1(Y_1,𝐐)^\gamma `$ has a unique submodule $`M`$ isomorphic to $`K=𝐐(\zeta )`$. As a Hodge structure, $`MK_{1/2}`$ since both have the same CM-type. This concludes the proof of the lemma. ∎

### 3.3.

In fact we have a better result which will allow us (see below) to embed $`V_{1/2}(1)`$ in $`H^{k+1}(Z_{k+1},𝐐)`$ where

$$Z_{k+1}:=Zeroes(x_{k+2}^d+x_{k+1}^d+F_d(x_0,\mathrm{},x_k))(𝐏^{k+2}).$$

### 3.4. Theorem.

With the notation of 2.1 and 3.1, assume that the half twist $`V_{1/2}`$ of the Hodge structure $`V(H_0^k(Y_k,𝐐)`$) exists. Let $`W`$ be the Hodge substructure of $`H_0^k(Y_k,𝐐)H^1(Y_1,𝐐)`$ on which the automorphism $`\beta :=(\alpha _k^{},\alpha _1^{})`$ acts trivially:

$$W:=\left(H_0^k(Y_k,𝐐)H^1(Y_1,𝐐)\right)^\beta .$$

Then there is an inclusion of Hodge structures of weight $`k+1`$:

$$V_{1/2}(1)W=\left(H_0^k(Y_k,𝐐)H^1(Y_1,𝐐)\right)^\beta .$$

Proof. We have that

$$W=\left(VK_{1/2}\right)^\beta \mathrm{}.$$

Since $`\beta (v)=(\alpha _k^{}\alpha _1^{})v`$ for $`vH_0^k(Y_k,𝐐)H^1(Y_1,𝐐)`$ we also have:

$$\beta (v)=v\text{if and only if}(\alpha _k^{}1)v=(1\overline{\alpha _1^{}})v$$

hence, by Proposition 1.6, we have $`\left(VK_{1/2}\right)^\beta V_{1/2}(1)`$ and thus $`V_{1/2}(1)W`$. ∎

We have the following immediate consequence of results of Shioda.

### 3.5. Proposition.

(Shioda.) The primitive cohomology of $`Z_{k+1}`$ has a direct sum decomposition

$$H_0^{k+1}(Z_{k+1},𝐐)H_0^{k1}(X_{k1},𝐐)(1)^{(d1)}W.$$

Proof. In the case of Fermat varieties the direct sum decomposition of $`H_0^{k+1}(Z_{k+1},𝐐)`$ is proved in , Theorem II and it applies in this case as well since we deal with a topological property. ∎

### 3.6. Corollary

We have an inclusion of Hodge structures of weight $`k1`$:

$$H_0^{k1}(X_{k1},𝐐)^{(d1)}V_{1/2}H_0^{k+1}(Z_{k+1},𝐐)(1).$$

Proof. Immediate consequence of 3.5 and 3.4. ∎

We could then ask whether we can have

$$V_{1/2}(1)=W.$$

The following dimension computation shows that this is the case if and only if $`d=3`$.

### 3.7. Lemma.

For all $`k2`$ we have the identity

$$h_0^{k+1}=(d1)h_0^{k1}+(d2)h_0^k.$$

where $`h_0^k`$ is the dimension of the primitive cohomology of a smooth $`k`$-dimensional hypersurface of degree $`d`$ in $`𝐏^{k+1}`$. Therefore, by Proposition 3.5

$$dimW=(d2)h_0^k.$$

Proof. It suffices to prove that $`h_0^{k+1}=(d1)h_0^{k1}+(d2)h_0^k`$ for special hypersurfaces $`X_k`$ which are cyclic degree $`d`$ covers of $`^k`$ totally ramified along a degree $`d`$ hypersurface $`X_{k1}`$. Then the Zeuthen-Hurwitz formula gives

$$\chi _{top}(X_k)=d\chi _{top}(^k)(d1)\chi _{top}(X_{k1})$$

or

$$k+1+(1)^kh_0^k=d(k+1)(d1)(k+(1)^{k1}h_0^{k1})$$

or

$$(1)^kh_0^k=(d1)(1(1)^{k1}h_0^{k1}).$$

From this we calculate

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill (1)^{k+1}h_0^{k+1}+(1)^k(d2)h_0^k& =& (d1)(1(1)^kh_0^k)+(1)^k(d2)h_0^k\hfill \\ & =& (d1)(1)^kh_0^k\hfill \\ & =& (d1)(d1)(1(1)^{k1}h_0^{k1})\hfill \\ & =& (d1)(1)^{k1}h_0^{k1},\hfill \end{array}$$

multiplying by $`(1)^{k+1}`$ gives the desired result. ∎

### 3.8. Cohomology of cubics.

In case $`Y_k`$ has degree $`3`$, we have $`V=H_0^k(Y_k,𝐐)`$. Since for $`k>1`$ we have $`V^{k,0}=0`$, its half twist exists and 3.5, 3.4 and 3.7 imply that

$$H_0^{k+1}(Z_{k+1},𝐐)(1)=H_0^{k1}(X_{k1},𝐐)^2H_0^k(Y_k,𝐐)_{1/2}.$$

To see for which values of $`k`$ we can apply a half twist to $`V(q)`$, we apply Theorem 2.6 and find that $`k=3q+1`$. In that case we have $`h_0^{kq,q}(Y_k)=1`$.

### 3.9. Cohomology of Quartics.

In case $`Y_k`$ has degree 4, Theorem 2.6 with $`d=4`$ shows that the Hodge substructure $`V(q)H^k(Y_k,𝐐)`$ has a half twist if and only if $`k=4q+1`$ or $`4q+2`$. In case $`k=4q+2`$ we have $`dimV^{kq,q}=h_0^{kq,q}(Y_k)=1`$. From Corollary 2.7 it follows that $`V`$ has a half twist for any $`k`$ (in fact $`V^{k,0}=0`$ for $`k>2`$). We have:

### 3.10. Lemma.

The Hodge structure $`W`$ splits as follows:

$$W(1)=V_{1/2}^2\left(V^{}K_{1/2}\right),$$

where $`V^{}H_0^k(Y_k,𝐐)`$ is the Hodge substructure on which $`\alpha _k`$ acts as $`1`$. Therefore by 3.5

$$H_0^{k+1}(Z_{k+1},𝐐)(1)H_0^{k1}(X_{k1},𝐐)^3V_{1/2}^2\left(V^{}K_{1/2}\right).$$

Proof. We have $`H_0^k(Y_k,𝐐)=VV^{}`$ and $`H^1(Y_1,𝐐)K_{1/2}^3`$ because the action of $`\alpha _1^{}`$ on $`H^{1,0}(Y_1)`$ has eigenvalue $`i`$ with multiplicity $`2`$ and eigenvalue $`1`$ with multiplicity $`1`$ (the $`(1)`$-eigenspace is a copy of $`K_{1/2}`$, using permutations of the coordinates one finds the other two copies). Hence:

$$W=\left(H_0^k(Y_k,𝐐)H^1(Y_1,𝐐)\right)^\beta =V_{1/2}^2\left(V^{}K_{1/2}\right).$$

## 4. Surfaces.

### 4.1.

We consider surfaces $`Y_2𝐏^3`$ of degree $`d`$. The Hodge substructure $`VH^2(Y_2,𝐐)`$ has a half twist if and only if $`d<8`$ (see Corollary 2.7). We briefly discuss various cases.

### 4.2. Quartic surfaces.

We study the case $`d=4`$ in some detail since it is related to recent work of Kondo . Start with a curve $`C:=X_1(𝐏^2)`$ of degree 4. The surface $`Y_2`$ is a K3 surface, in particular $`H^{2,0}(Y_2)=1`$. The primitive cohomology of a general $`Y_2`$ decomposes into the direct sum of its transcendental part $`V`$ and its algebraic part $`NS_0(Y_2)_𝐐`$:

$$H_0^2(Y_2,𝐐)=VNS_0(Y_2)_𝐐,dim_𝐐V=14,dimNS_0(Y_2)_𝐐=7.$$

Kondo  proves, (using the Torelli theorem for K3 surfaces) that the map $`CV_𝐙`$ defines an injective morphism from the moduli space of non-hyperelliptic curves of genus 3 to a 6-ball quotient and studies its extension to hyperelliptic curves of genus 3 and to nodal plane quartics. This ball quotient is a moduli space of abelian varieties of dimension 7 with (1,6)-action by $`K=𝐐(i)`$.

Kondo’s construction can also be done with half-twists: We can apply the half twist to the transcendental part $`V`$. The Hodge structure $`V_{1/2}`$ is of weight one, has dimension 14 and defines an (isogeny class of) abelian variety $`A_C`$ of dimension 7 on which the action of the field $`K`$ is of type (1,6):

$$V_{1/2}=H^1(A_C,𝐐),dimA_C=7.$$

Since we can also carry out the half twist over $`𝐙`$, that is we can define $`(V_𝐙)_{1/2}`$ by the same formula as for $`V_{1/2}`$, we can in fact define an abelian variety $`A_C`$ (with $`H^1(A_C,𝐙)=(V_𝐙)_{1/2}`$ and polarization induced by the polarization $`\psi `$ on $`V_𝐙`$ via $`E(v,w):=\psi (v,iw)`$). We can of course recover $`V_𝐙`$ from $`H^1(A_C,𝐙)`$. This abelian variety is in fact Kondo’s abelian variety.

Since $`V_{1/2}H^3(Z_3,𝐐)`$, Kondo’s abelian variety is isogeneous to a subvariety of the intermediate jacobian of the quartic threefold $`Z_3`$. It is well-known that

$$H^3(Z_C,𝐂)=H^{2,1}(Z_C)H^{1,2}(Z_C),\mathrm{and}h^{2,1}(Z_C)=30.$$

In particular, the intermediate Jacobian $`J_C`$ of $`Z_C`$ is a (principally polarized) abelian variety. Lemma 3.10 implies that

$$J_CJ(C)^3\times A_C^2\times A_K^7$$

since now $`V^{}𝐐(1)^7NS_0(Y_2)_𝐐`$ is a trivial Hodge structure. Here $`A_K`$ is an elliptic curve with CM by $`K`$.

### 4.3. Quintic surfaces.

Since $`d`$ is prime we have $`V=H_0^k(Y_k,𝐐)`$. Theorem 2.6 implies that $`V`$ has a half twist if and only if $`k=5q+2`$ or $`k=5q+3`$. In the last case $`h_0^{kq,q}=1`$, but if $`k=5q+2`$ then:

$$h_0^{kq,q}(Y_k)=h^0\left(\frac{𝒪_{^{k+1}}}{J}(5(q+1)(5q+2)2)\right)=h^0\left(𝒪_{^{k+1}}(1)\right)=k+2$$

and the eigenspaces have dimensions (cf. Lemma 2.4):

$$h_0^{kq,q}(1)=h^0(𝒪_^k(1))=k+1,h_0^{kq,q}(2)=h^0(𝒪_^k(0))=1.$$

We restrict our attention to a quintic surface $`Y_2`$, a 5:1 cover of $`𝐏^2`$ branched along a plane quintic. Then $`V_{1/2}(1)H^3(Z_3,𝐐)`$, but since $`H^{3,0}(Z_3)0`$ we cannot expect to see $`V_{1/2}`$ easily. However, the folowing geometric construction seems to induce the inclusion $`V=H_0^2(Y_2,𝐐)V_{1/2}H^1(A_K)`$.

Consider a general line $`l`$ in $`𝐏^2`$. Its inverse image under the cover $`Y_2𝐏^2`$ is isomorphic to a plane curve $`C=C_l`$ defined by an equation of type $`y^5=f_5(x)`$ from some quintic polynomial $`f_5𝐂[x]`$. The moduli space of such curves is 2-dimensional. We can decompose the cohomology of $`C`$ with respect to the automorphism of order 5 (cf. 2.4) and obtain:

$$h^{1,0}(C)(1)=3,h^{1,0}(C)(2)=2,h^{1,0}(C)(3)=1,h^{1,0}(C)(4)=0.$$

The moduli space of abelian 6-folds with this type of automorphism, let’s call it $``$, also has dimension 2 (since the space of invariants for the automorphism in $`S^2H^{1,0}(C)`$ is also 2-dimensional, see also  for this example). In $``$ we have curves parametrizing abelian varieties isogeneous to products $`A_2\times A_4`$ where $`A_2`$ is the jacobian of $`C_2:y^2=x^51`$ (and $`h^{1,0}(C_2)(1)=h^{1,0}(C_2)(2)=1`$, the other $`h^{1,0}(i)`$’s being zero) and $`A_4`$ is an abelian 4-fold with automorphism of order 5 with eigenvalues $`\zeta ,\zeta ,\zeta ^2,\zeta ^3`$ on $`H^{1,0}(A_4)`$. In particular, we can take $`A_K=A_2`$.

We have a rational map

$$(𝐏^2)^{},lJac(C_l).$$

The inverse image $`Z`$ of a curve in $``$ as above carries a family of curves $`𝒞`$ which maps onto $`Y_2`$:

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill 𝒞& & Y_2\hfill \\ \hfill & & \\ \hfill Z& & \end{array}\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill 𝒞_l=C_l& & Y_2\hfill \\ \hfill & & \\ \hfill \{l\}& & \end{array}$$

The Jacobians of the $`C_l`$’s have a constant factor $`A_2`$ and one expects that the pull-back of $`V`$ lies in $`H^1(A_2,𝐐)H^1(Z,𝐐)`$ and that $`V_{1/2}H^1(Z,𝐐)`$.

### 4.4. Sextic surfaces.

The surface $`Y_2`$ is a 6:1 cover of $`𝐏^2`$ branched along a plane sextic curve. The action of the automorphism $`\alpha _2`$ splits the 105-dimensional primitive cohomology in 3 subspaces:

$$H_0^2(Y_2,𝐐)=V_6V_3V_2,V:=V_6,$$

where the eigenvalues of $`\alpha _k^{}`$ on the $`V_i`$ are primitive $`i`$-th roots of unity and, by definition, $`V=V_6`$. From Proposition 2.6 we see that $`V`$ has a half twist. From the formulae from section 2 it follows that

$$dimV=42,dimV^{2,0}=h^{2,0}(Y_k)(1)=6,$$

$$dimV^{1,1}=h^{1,1}(Y_k)(1)+h^{1,1}(Y_k)(5)=15+15=30.$$

Moreover, in this case $`V_2`$, which has CM by the field of cube roots of unity, also has a half twist:

$$dimV_2=42,dimV_2^{2,0}=h^{2,0}(Y_k)(2)=3,$$

$$dimV_2^{1,1}=h^{1,1}(Y_k)(2)+h^{1,1}(Y_k)(4)=18+18=36.$$

We do not know a geometrical interpretation for the half twists of $`V_2`$ and $`V_3`$.

### 4.5. Septic surfaces.

Since $`7`$ is a prime number, $`V=H_0^2(Y_2,𝐐)`$. The main problem here is to find a correspondance which induces the inclusion $`VV_{1/2}K_{1/2}`$. In this case we can take $`K_{1/2}=H^1(C,𝐐)`$ where $`C:y^2=x^71`$ ($`\zeta K`$ acts on the curve via $`(x,y)(x,\zeta y)`$). Since $`V_{1/2}`$ has weight one it may be identified with a Hodge substructure of the $`H^1`$ of some curve $`C^{}`$. Of course, we also have $`V_{1/2}(1)H^3(Z_3,𝐐)`$ but it seems difficult to describe this Hodge substructure geometrically (via an abel-jacobi map).

The Hodge conjecture predicts the existence of a cycle on $`Y_2\times (C\times C^{})`$ which induces an inclusion $`H_0^2(Y_2,𝐐)H^1(C,𝐐)H^1(C^{},𝐐)`$.

## 5. Kuga-Satake correspondances

### 5.1. Kuga-Satake varieties: general.

For a polarized Hodge structure $`V`$ of weight 2 with $`dimV^{2,0}=1`$ Kuga and Satake  defined an abelian variety $`J_{KS}(V)`$ with the property that

$$VH^1(J_{KS}(V),𝐐)^2.$$

Voisin  observed that if $`V`$ is of CM-type for an imaginary quadratic field $`K`$, then $`J_{KS}`$ has abelian subvarieties of dimension $`1`$ and $`n`$, where $`dim_𝐐V=2n`$. More precisely (cf. ), there is an inclusion of Hodge structures:

$$K_{1/2}V_{1/2}H^1(J_{KS},𝐐).$$

For such a Hodge structure $`V`$ the inclusion of $`V`$ into $`H^1(J_{KS}(V),𝐐)^2`$ is now simply a consequence of Propositon 1.6 which gives an inclusion:

$$VV_{1/2}K_{1/2}(H^1(J_{KS}(V),𝐐)H^1(J_{KS}(V),𝐐)).$$

In case $`VH^{2k}(Y,𝐐)(k1)`$, a basic problem in Hodge theory is to find a cycle, a Kuga-Satake correspondance, on the product of $`Y`$ and $`J_{KS}(V)^2`$ which induces this inclusion of Hodge structures. The existence of such a cycle is predicted by the Hodge conjecture. The following theorem shows that such a cycle exists for example in the case where $`V`$ is the primitive cohomology of a cubic fourfold $`Y=Y_4`$; the case of a quartic surface $`Y_2`$ was already considered in .

### 5.2. Theorem.

In the cases $`d=3`$, $`k=4`$ and $`d=4`$, $`k=2`$, there is a cycle $`U`$ on the product of $`Y_k`$ and $`Y_k\times Y_1\times A_K`$ such that the map

$$[U]:H^k(Y_k,𝐐)H^{k+1}(Y_k\times Y_1,𝐐)H^1(A_K,𝐐)(H^{k+2}(Y_k\times Y_1\times A_K,𝐐))$$

induces

$$V\stackrel{}{}V(1)V_{1/2}(1)K_{1/2}H^{k+1}(Y_k\times Y_1,𝐐)H^1(A_K,𝐐)$$

where $`VH_0^k(Y_k,𝐐)`$ is as in 2.1.

In particular, $`U`$ is a Kuga-Satake correspondance.

Proof. In these cases the Hodge substructure $`VH^k(Y_k,𝐐)`$ has level two and, after a Tate twist in case $`k=4`$, we have $`dimV^{2,0}=1`$. Moreover $`V`$ is a vector space over $`K`$.

Let $`\gamma `$ be the automorphism of the Fermat curve $`Y_1`$ which appears in the proof of Lemma 3.2. If $`d=3,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}4}`$ then $`Y_1/\gamma A_K`$ where $`A_K`$ is an elliptic curve with CM by $`K`$, i.e., $`H^1(A_K,𝐐)K_{1/2}`$. So if $`f:Y_1A_K`$ is the quotient map then $`f^{}H^1(A_K,𝐐)=H^1(Y_1,𝐐)^\gamma `$. Let $`\mu _f`$ be the composition of $`1f^{}`$ and the projection onto the space of $`\beta `$-invariants:

$$\mu _f:H^k(Y_k,𝐐)H^1(A_K,𝐐)(H^k(Y_k,𝐐)H^1(Y_1,𝐐))^\beta =WH^k(Y_k,𝐐)H^1(Y_1,𝐐).$$

Then $`VK_{1/2}`$ is mapped onto $`V_{1/2}(1)`$ and $`\mu _f`$ is induced by a correspondance.

Now consider the map:

$$H^k(Y_k)K_{1/2}K_{1/2}\stackrel{\mu _f1}{}WK_{1/2}H^k(Y_k,𝐐)H^1(Y_1,𝐐)K_{1/2}.$$

It maps $`VK_{1/2}K_{1/2}`$ onto $`V_{1/2}(1)K_{1/2}`$. We define a Hodge substructure of $`H^k(Y_k)K_{1/2}K_{1/2}`$ by:

$$S:=\{wVK_{1/2}K_{1/2}:(\alpha \zeta 1)w=w,(1\zeta \zeta )w=w\}.$$

Obviously we have $`SV_{1/2}(1)K_{1/2}`$ and therefore $`\mu _f`$ embeds $`S`$ into $`WK_{1/2}`$. Since the $`(\zeta \zeta )`$-invariant subspace of $`K_{1/2}K_{1/2}`$ is $`K(1)`$, a trivial Hodge structure of weight 2 and rank 2, we have that $`SV(1)^2`$. For dimension reasons it follows that $`SV(1)`$ and thus $`(\mu _f1)(S)V(1)`$. Since the Hodge substructure $`K(1)K_{1/2}K_{1/2}H^1(A_K)H^1(A_K)`$ is trivial there is an algebraic cycle $`\mathrm{\Gamma }Y_k\times (Y_k\times A_K^2)`$ such that $`[\mathrm{\Gamma }]:H^k(Y_k)H^{k+2}(Y_k\times A_K^2)`$ induces the (twisted) isomorphism $`VSV(1)`$.

The desired correspondance is the composition of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ and $`\mu _f1`$. On cohomology and restricted to $`VH^k(Y_k,𝐐)`$ one has:

$$V\stackrel{\mathrm{\Gamma }}{}VK_{1/2}K_{1/2}\stackrel{\mu _f1}{}V(1)(H^{k+1}(Y_k\times Y_1)H^1(A_K)).$$

### 5.3. Corollary.

In the cases $`d=3`$, $`k=4`$ and $`d=4`$, $`k=2`$, there is a cycle $`U_Z`$ on the product of $`Y_k`$ and $`Z_{k+1}\times A_K`$ such that the map

$$[U_Z]:H^k(Y_k,𝐐)H^{k+1}(Z_{k+1},𝐐)H^1(A_K,𝐐)(H^{k+2}(Z_{k+1}\times A_K,𝐐))$$

induces

$$V\stackrel{}{}V(1)V_{1/2}(1)K_{1/2}H^{k+1}(Z_{k+1},𝐐)H^1(A_K,𝐐)$$

where $`VH_0^k(Y_k,𝐐)`$ is as in 2.1.

In particular, $`U_Z`$ is a Kuga-Satake correspondance.

Proof. In the cases under consideration, $`H_0^{k+1}(Z_{k+1},𝐐)`$ is a Hodge structure of level one (so, after a Tate twist, it is of weight one). Thus the intermediate jacobian of $`Z_{k+1}`$ is an abelian variety and $`V_{1/2}(1)`$ defines an abelian subvariety.

The work of Shioda ( Theorem II) provides a correspondance (a blow up of $`Y_k\times Y_1`$) which induces a map (as in Proposition 3.5)

$$\mu :H^k(Y_k)H^1(Y_1)H^{k+1}(Z_{k+1},𝐐).$$

This map embeds the subspace $`\left(H^k(Y_k)H^1(Y_1)\right)^\beta `$ into $`H^{k+1}(Z_{k+1},𝐐)`$.

The composition of $`[U]`$ in the previous theorem and $`\mu 1`$ is a correspondance $`[U_Z]`$ as required. ∎

### 5.4. Remark.

The cohomology of a cubic fourfold $`Y`$ with equation $`x_5^3+x_4^3=G(x_0,\mathrm{},x_3)`$ was considered by Voisin , she shows that a Kuga-Satake correspondance exists using the variety of lines on the cubic threefold defined by $`x_4^3=G(x_0,\mathrm{},x_3)`$. Our result is a generalization of hers. See also  for Kuga-Satake varieties of weight two Hodge structures on which an imaginary quadratic field acts.

## 6. Cubic fourfolds and the geometry of cubic cyclic covers.

### 6.1.

We again consider a cubic 4-fold $`Y_4𝐏^5`$ with equation $`x_5^3=F_3(x_0,\mathrm{},x_4)`$ where $`F=0`$ defines a smooth cubic 3-fold in $`𝐏^4`$. We already obtained an interesting result on the cohomology of $`Y_4`$ in Theorem 5.2 and Corollary 5.3.

The Hodge numbers of $`Y_4`$ are:

$$h^{4,0}(Y_4)=0,h^{3,1}(Y_4)=1,h_0^{2,2}(Y_4)=20.$$

The Hodge structure $`V:=H_0^4(Y_4,𝐐)(1)`$ has weight 2 and $`h^{2,0}=1`$. We can define a half twist of $`V`$

$$V:=H_0^4(Y_4,𝐐)(1),V_{1/2}:=H_0^4(Y_4,𝐐)(1)_{1/2}.$$

Thus $`V_{1/2}`$ is a 22-dimensional polarized weight 1 Hodge structure of CM-type with field $`K`$. Let $`J(V_{1/2})`$ be an abelian variety such that

$$V_{1/2}H^1(J(V_{1/2}),𝐐).$$

Note that $`dimJ(V_{1/2})=11`$ and that $`KEnd_𝐐(J(V_{1/2}))`$.

The middle cohomology of the cubic 5-fold $`Z_5`$ has level 1, that is, the intermediate Jacobian of $`Z_5`$ is an abelian variety. By 3.4, 3.5 and 3.7 the 21-dimensional intermediate jacobian $`J(Z_5)`$ of the cubic five-fold $`Z_5`$ is isogeneous to 2 copies of the 5-dimensional intermediate Jacobian $`J(X_3)`$ of the cubic 3-fold $`X_3`$ and one copy of $`J(V_{1/2})`$:

$$J(Z_5)J(X_3)^2\times J(V_{1/2}).$$

### 6.2. Lemma.

The eigenvalues of $`xK`$ on the tangent space to $`J(V_{1/2})`$ at the origin are $`x`$ with multiplicity 1 and $`\overline{x}`$ with multiplicity 10.

Proof. By definition, we have $`V_{1/2}^{1,0}=H_0^{3,1}(Y_4,𝐂)_+H_0^{2,2}(Y_4,𝐂)_{}`$ on which $`xK`$ acts via diagonal matrices $`diag(\sigma (x),\overline{\sigma }(x))`$. Since $`V^{1,0}`$ is the dual of the tangent space to the origin, the lemma follows if we choose the right embedding $`K𝐂`$. ∎

### 6.3. Ball quotients.

The moduli space of Hodge structures of weight one and of type (1,10) for the field $`K`$ is the 10-ball. Also cubic threefolds depend on 10 moduli. By Lemma 7.4 below, a general cubic threefold is sent to a general abelian variety in this 10-dimensional family which is simple, and, in particular, it is not (directly) related to the 5-dimensional intermediate jacobian of the cubic 3-fold.

In this context one needs to work with $`𝐙`$-Hodge structures. One can take $`H^1(J(V_{1/2},𝐙))=H_0^4(Y_4,𝐙)`$, and the polarization $`E`$ on $`H^1(J(V_{1/2},𝐙))`$ is determined by the polarization $`Q`$ on $`H_0^4(Y_4,𝐙)`$, which was determined by Hassett  following work of Beauville and Donagi , and the action of the order three automorphism of $`Y_4`$ on the polarized Hodge structure $`H_0^4(Y_4,𝐙)`$. Unfortunately, this action (i.e. its conjugacy class in $`O(Q)(𝐙)`$) is not known.

Independently, Allcock, Carlson and Toledo have extended their results (private communication): they can show that the moduli spaces of cubic threefolds and that of all Del-Pezzo surfaces are ball quotients. For cubic threefolds, they show that the moduli space of the Hodge structures of $`H^4(Y_4)`$ is an arithmetic quotient of a $`10`$-ball (if, instead, one uses half-twists as above, this is immediate since $`V_{1/2}`$ has weight $`1`$) and (using Voisin’s Torelli theorem ) that the period map $`X_3H^4(Y_4)`$ is injective. The case of Del-Pezzo surfaces of degree $`2`$ is in the paper  by Carlson and Toledo and is equivalent to Kondo’s construction. The aim of Allcock, Carlson and Toledo is to use the ball quotients to determine the fundamental groups of the corresponding moduli spaces and their monodromy representations.

### 6.4. Geometry of cubic cyclic covers.

We consider again a cubic $`k`$-fold $`Y_k`$. As we observed before (see 2.5), $`V`$ has a half twist for all $`k`$, but its level will be one more than that of $`V`$ except if $`k=3q+1`$ in which case it will be one less (cf. 3.8). In particular, for any $`k`$, there is an inclusion

$$VV_{1/2}K_{1/2}.$$

It is easy to construct a variety $`B`$ of dimension $`k1`$ and a dominant rational map $`B\times A_KY_k`$ where $`A_K`$ is, as before, an elliptic curve with CM by $`K`$, i.e., $`H^1(A_K)K_{1/2}`$. We cannot prove however that the closure of the graph of this rational map induces an inclusion $`VH^{k1}(B,𝐐)H^1(A_K)`$. In any case, here is the construction.

Recall that $`Y_k`$ is the cyclic $`3:1`$ cover of $`𝐏^k`$ totally branched over a cubic hypersurface $`X_{k1}`$. The main idea is that if $`l𝐏^k`$ is a line, then its inverse image in $`𝐏^k`$ is an elliptic curve with an automorphism of order three with three fixed points, so we can take that curve as $`A_K`$. Considering all lines through a point (which we choose to be on $`X_{k1}`$), we obtain an isotrivial fibration on $`Y_k`$ which we trivialize after a 6:1 base change; the base will be $`B`$.

In terms of formulae we have the following. Choose coordinates on $`𝐏^k`$ such that $`(0:0:\mathrm{}:0:1)X_k`$ and write the equation of $`X_{k1}`$ as:

$$X_{k1}:Lx_k^2+2Qx_k+R=0,$$

with $`L,Q,R𝐂[x_0,\mathrm{},x_{k1}]`$ homogeneous of degrees $`1,\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2},\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}3}`$ respectively. Then $`Y_k`$ has equation

$$Y_k:x_{k+1}^3+Lx_k^2+2Qx_k+R=0.$$

Let $`\overline{B}`$ be the (singular) sextic subvariety of a $`𝐏^{k+1}`$, with coordinates $`x_0,\mathrm{},x_{k1},x_{k+1},y`$ defined by

$$\overline{B}:y^6+L^2(LR+Q^2)=0,$$

and let $`A_K`$ be the elliptic curve defined by $`u^3+v^2+1=0`$. Then we have a dominant rational map

$$\overline{B}\times A_KY_k,$$

$$((x_0:\mathrm{}:x_{k1}:x_{k+1}:y),(u,v))(x_0:\mathrm{}:x_{k1}:x_k:x_{k+1})=(x_0:\mathrm{}:x_{k1}:\frac{vy^3LQ}{L^2}:\frac{uy^2}{L}).$$

## 7. Torelli theorems via the half twist.

### 7.1.

Let $`X_{k1}𝐏^k`$ be a hypersurface such that $`VH_0^k(Y_k,𝐙)`$ allows a half twist. Then we can associate to $`X_{k1}`$ two polarized Hodge structures of weight $`k1`$, one would be its primitive cohomology $`H_0^{k1}(X_{k1},𝐐)`$ and the other $`V_{1/2}`$. We would like to know if one can recover $`X_{k1}`$ from $`V_{1/2}`$. We know this is the case for example if $`k=2`$ and $`d=4`$ by the work of Kondo  and if $`k=4`$ and $`d=3`$ by recent work of Allcock, Carlson and Toledo.

In case we do not only have the polarized Hodge structure $`V_{1/2}`$ but we also know the action of $`\zeta =e^{2\pi i/d}`$ on its underlying $`𝐙`$-module (this action comes from the action of $`\alpha `$ on $`V`$, which has the same underlying $`𝐙`$-module), we show that $`V`$ can be recovered from $`V_{1/2}`$. In case $`d`$ is prime we thus recover $`H_0^k(Y_k,𝐙)`$ which in many case determines $`Y_k`$. In case $`d`$ is not prime we do not know to what extent $`V`$ determines $`H_0^k(Y_k,𝐙)`$ and thus, via the Torelli theorems for hypersurfaces, the variety $`Y_k`$.

### 7.2. Lemma.

Let $`V`$ be a Hodge structure of weight $`k`$ which allows a half twist $`V_{1/2}`$. Then we recover $`V`$ from $`V_{1/2}`$ in the following way

$$V=(V_{1/2})_{1/2}=\{wV_{1/2}K_{1/2}:(\alpha \zeta ^1)w=w\}.$$

Proof. This follows from 1.6 (cf. ). ∎

### 7.3. Cubics.

For the cubic $`(k1)`$-fold $`X_{k1}`$, the Hodge structures $`V_{1/2}(1)`$ and $`W`$ are equal because they have the same dimension (see 3.7). In this case we obtain a result which does not require the knowledge of the automorphism of $`V_{1/2}`$.

### 7.4. Lemma.

Suppose $`k>3`$. The differential of the period map which to $`X_{k1}`$ associates the polarized Hodge structure $`W`$ is generically injective. In particular, this period map is generically finite.

Proof. The tangent space to the space of periods for $`W`$ is the space of compatible $`(k1)`$-tuples of homomorphisms $`W^{p,r}W^{p1,r+1}`$ which preserve the polarization. The space of infinitesimal deformations of $`X_{k1}`$ is isomorphic to

$$H^0\left(\frac{𝒪_^k}{J^{}}(3)\right).$$

Given a cubic polynomial $`G_3`$ (modulo $`J^{}`$), the image of the corresponding deformation in the tangent space to the space of periods for $`W`$ is the $`(k1)`$-tuple of homomorphisms given by multiplication by $`G_3`$ in the description

$$W^{k+1p,p}\frac{H^0\left(\frac{𝒪_{^{k+2}}}{J^{}}(k+3p+3)\right)}{\left(x_{k+1}+x_{k+2}\right)H^0(𝒪_^k(k+3p+2))}.$$

To show that the differential is injective, it suffices to show that one such homomorphism is non-zero, i.e., there is a $`p`$ and an element of the above space which is not sent to zero by multiplication by $`G_3`$. Again, as before, it is enough to check this for the Fermat cubic. In this case, a basis of the above vector space is given by the square-free monomials of degree $`k+3p+3`$ in $`x_0,\mathrm{},x_{k1}`$ and products $`x_{k+1}x_{k+2}M`$ where $`M`$ is a square-free monomial of degree $`k+3p+1`$ in $`x_0,\mathrm{}x_{k1}`$. An infinitesimal deformation of the Fermat cubic can be uniquely represented by a square-free cubic polynomial $`G_3`$ in the variables $`x_0,\mathrm{},x_{k1}`$. After renaming the variables and possibly dividing $`G_3`$ by a non-zero constant, we can assume that

$$G_3=x_0x_1x_2+H_3$$

where $`H_3`$ is a square-free cubic polynomial in the variables $`x_0,\mathrm{},x_{k1}`$ where the monomial $`x_0x_1x_2`$ does not appear. Then, the image of any monomial $`x_{k+1}x_{k+2}M`$ where $`M`$ is a square-free monomial in the variables $`x_3,\mathrm{},x_{k1}`$ by multiplication by $`G_3`$ is non-zero in $`W^{k1p,p}`$. ∎


format: text

text:
# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

Spherically symmetric solutions to Einstein’s equations admitting a self-similarity of the first kind are characterized by the fact that the spacetime possesses a homothetic Killing vector. This means that they can be put into a form in which every dimensionless variable is a function of some dimensionless combination of the cosmic time coordinate $`t`$ and the comoving radial coordinate $`r`$. Such solutions have attracted considerable attention in recent decades. This is partly for mathematical reasons, since the governing equations reduce to ordinary differential equations from partial differential equations. In particular, in the case of a perfect fluid, the only barotropic equation of state compatible with the similarity assumption is one of the form $`p=\alpha \mu `$, where $`\alpha `$ is a constant, and the equations then simplify still further. However, it is also for physical reasons, since such solutions play a crucial role in many cosmological and astrophysical contexts and are important in the context of the “critical” phenomena discovered in recent gravitational collapse calculations (Evans and Coleman 1994, Carr et al. 1999, Neilsen and Choptuik 1998). Indeed the “similarity hypothesis” proposes that spherically symmetric solutions may naturally evolve to similarity form in a wide variety of situations. The arguments for this have been reviewed by Carr & Coley (1999a).

The possibility that self-similar models may be singled out in this way from more general spherically symmetric solutions means that it is essential to study the full family of such solutions. Two main approaches have been used in such studies. The first uses the “comoving” approach, pioneered by Cahill & Taub (1971), in which the coordinates are adapted to the fluid 4-velocity vector and the solutions are parametrized by the similarity variable $`z=r/t`$. At a given value of $`t`$, this specifies the spatial profile of the various quantities. At a given value of $`r`$ (i.e. for a given fluid element), it specifies their time evolution. The second uses the “homothetic” approach, introduced by Bogoyavlensky (1977). In this, the coordinates are adapted to the homothetic vector and solutions can be treated as orbits in a compactified 3-dimensional phase space.

The purpose of this paper is to delineate all possible asymptotic behaviours of spherically symmetric $`p=\alpha \mu `$ similarity solutions using the comoving approach. This provides the first step in our “complete” classification of all such solutions with $`\alpha >0`$ in another paper (Carr & Coley 1999b; CC). The classification is complete, subject to the requirement that the solutions are physical everywhere and do not contain shocks. However, our claim for completeness in that paper is based on the assumption that all solutions must have an asymptotic form in which any dimensionless quantity has a power-law dependence on $`z`$ at large and small values of $`z`$ or a power-law dependence on $`lnz`$ at finite $`z`$ (whenever this corresponds to zero or infinite distance from the origin). We do not prove this assumption in CC but take it as our starting point. We then find that the behaviour of solutions in the asymptotic limits can only take one of a few simple forms for $`\alpha >0`$: asymptotically Friedmann, asymptotically Kantowski-Sachs, asymptotically Minkowski (for $`\alpha >1/5`$), asymptotically singular or what we term asymptotically “quasi-static”.

In this paper we also obtain the asymptotic behaviours but in a different way and, in the process, we provide a rigorous proof of the “power-law” assumption in the physically important positive $`\alpha `$ case. This paper therefore crucially complements the classification paper. Indeed we sometimes refer to equations in CC below. Both papers end up with the same asymptotic behaviours for $`\alpha >0`$ but the analysis in this paper is more rigorous and more comprehensive. In addition, this paper also covers the negative $`\alpha `$ case. However, we do not consider the physical significance of any of the solutions in this paper. The positive $`\alpha `$ solutions are discussed in more detail elsewhere (CC, Carr et al. 1999). The physical significance of the negative $`\alpha `$ solutions are less clear; some applications are discussed in Carr & Coley (1999a) and we note that for $`1<\alpha <1/3`$ the asymptotically Friedmann (AF) solutions (for example – see Table 1) are inflationary (Olive, 1990)

It should be stressed that Goliath et al. (1998a & b; GNU) have also implicitly provided a classification of spherically symmetric self-similar solutions with positive $`\alpha `$ using the homothetic approach. However, the nature of their classification is rather different in that they emphasize the equilibrium points of the associated dynamical system. These always lie on the boundary of the 3-dimensional phase space, whereas the condition $`z\mathrm{}`$ emphasized by CC usually corresponds to the interior of the phase space and so does not play a crucial role in the GNU analysis (for example, there are no equilibrium points corresponding to CC’s asymptotically quasi-static solutions which occur as $`|z|\mathrm{}`$). However, some of these equilibrium points do have a straightforward connection to CC’s analysis. Thus what GNU term the “F point” corresponds to solutions which are asymptotically Friedmann as $`z\mathrm{}`$, their “$`C^0`$ point” corresponds to solutions which are asymptotically Friedmann as $`z0`$ (or regular at the origin), their “T point” corresponds to the static solution, and their “K point” corresponds to (asymptotically Kasner) solutions with a central singularity (occuring at a finite value of $`z`$). The two approaches are therefore complementary and the value of using a combined approach has been emphasized by Carr et al. (1999).

The outline of this paper is the following. In Section 2 we introduce the general spherically symmetric similarity equations for a perfect fluid and highlight the features necessary for our analysis. In Section 3 we provide the analysis itself; this comprises an exhaustive case-by-case consideration of the different possible behaviours of various key functions. In Section 4 we draw some general conclusions and point out some more subtle issues which are not covered explictly in Section 3.

## 2 Spherically Symmetric Similarity Solutions

In the spherically symmetric situation one can introduce a time coordinate $`t`$ such that surfaces of constant $`t`$ are orthogonal to fluid flow lines and comoving coordinates ($`r,\theta ,\varphi `$) which are constant along each flow line. The metric can then be written in the form

$$ds^2=e^{2\nu }dt^2e^{2\lambda }dr^2R^2d\mathrm{\Omega }^2,d\mathrm{\Omega }^2d\theta ^2+\mathrm{sin}^2\theta d\varphi ^2$$
(2.1)
where $`\nu `$, $`\lambda `$ and $`R`$ are functions of $`r`$ and $`t`$. For a perfect fluid the Einstein equations are

$$G^{\mu \nu }=8\pi [(\mu +p)U^\mu U^\nu pg^{\mu \nu }]$$
(2.2)
where $`\mu (r,t)`$ is the energy density, $`p(r,t)`$ the pressure, $`U^\mu =(e^\nu ,0,0,0)`$ is the comoving fluid 4-velocity, and we choose units in which $`c=G=1`$. The equations have a first integral

$$m(r,t)=\frac{1}{2}R\left[1+e^{2\nu }\left(\frac{R}{t}\right)^2e^{2\lambda }\left(\frac{R}{r}\right)^2\right]$$
(2.3)
and this can be interpreted as the mass within comoving radius $`r`$ at time $`t`$:

$$m(r,t)=4\pi _0^r\mu R^2\frac{R}{r^{}}𝑑r^{}.$$
(2.4)
Unless $`p=0`$, this quantity decreases with increasing $`t`$ because of the work done by the pressure.

A self-similar solution is one in which the spacetime admits a homothetic Killing vector $`𝝃`$ such that

$$\xi _{\mu ;\nu }+\xi _{\nu ;\mu }=2g_{\mu \nu }.$$
(2.5)
This means that the solution is unchanged by a transformation of the form $`tat`$, $`rar`$ for any constant $`a`$. Solutions of this type were first investigated by Cahill & Taub (1971), who showed that by a suitable coordinate transformation they can be put into a form in which all dimensionless quantities such as $`\nu `$, $`\lambda `$,

$$S\frac{R}{r},M\frac{m}{R},PpR^2,W\mu R^2$$
(2.6)
are functions only of the dimensionless variable $`zr/t`$. Then we have

$$\frac{}{t}=\frac{z^2}{r}\frac{d}{dz},\frac{}{r}=\frac{z}{r}\frac{d}{dz},$$
(2.7)
so the field equations reduce to a set of ordinary differential equations in $`z`$. Another important quantity is the function

$$V(z)=e^{\lambda \nu }z,$$
(2.8)
which represents the velocity of the surfaces of constant $`z`$ relative to the fluid. These surfaces have the equation $`r=zt`$ and therefore represent a family of spheres moving through the fluid. The spheres contract relative to the fluid for $`z<0`$ and expand for $`z>0`$. Special significance is attached to values of $`z`$ for which $`|V|=1`$ and $`M=1/2`$. The first corresponds to a Cauchy horizon (either a black hole event horizon or a cosmological particle horizon), the second to a black hole or cosmological apparent horizon.

The only barotropic equation of state compatible with the similarity ansatz is one of the form $`p=\alpha \mu `$ ($`1\alpha 1`$). It is convenient to introduce a dimensionless function $`x(z)`$ defined by

$$x(z)(4\pi \mu r^2)^{\alpha /(1+\alpha )}.$$
(2.9)
The conservation equations $`T_{;\nu }^{\mu \nu }=0`$ can then be integrated to give

$$e^\nu =\beta xz^{2\alpha /(1+\alpha )}$$
(2.10)
$$e^\lambda =\gamma x^{1/\alpha }S^2$$
(2.11)
where $`\beta `$ and $`\gamma `$ are integration constants. The remaining field equations reduce to a set of ordinary differential equations in $`x`$ and $`S`$:

$$\ddot{S}+\dot{S}+\left(\frac{2}{1+\alpha }\frac{\dot{S}}{S}\frac{1}{\alpha }\frac{\dot{x}}{x}\right)[S+(1+\alpha )\dot{S}]=0,$$
(2.12)
$$\left(\frac{2\alpha \gamma ^2}{1+\alpha }\right)S^4+\frac{2}{\beta ^2}\frac{\dot{S}}{S}x^{(22\alpha )/\alpha }z^{(22\alpha )/(1+\alpha )}\gamma ^2S^4\frac{\dot{x}}{x}\left(\frac{V^2}{\alpha }1\right)=(1+\alpha )x^{(1\alpha )/\alpha },$$
(2.13)
$$M=S^2x^{(1+\alpha )/\alpha }\left[1+(1+\alpha )\frac{\dot{S}}{S}\right],$$
(2.14)
$$M=\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2\beta ^2}x^2z^{2(1\alpha )/(1+\alpha )}\dot{S}^2\frac{1}{2}\gamma ^2x^{(2/\alpha )}S^6\left(1+\frac{\dot{S}}{S}\right)^2,$$
(2.15)
where the velocity function is given by

$$V=(\beta \gamma )^1x^{(1\alpha )/\alpha }S^2z^{(1\alpha )/(1+\alpha )}$$
(2.16)
and an overdot denotes $`zd/dz`$.

We can envisage how these equations generate solutions by working in the $`3`$-dimensional $`(x,S,\dot{S})`$ space (Carr and Yahil 1990). At any point in this space, for a fixed value of $`\alpha `$, eqns (2.14) and (2.15) give the value of z; eqn (2.13) then gives the value of $`\dot{x}`$ unless $`|V|=\sqrt{\alpha }`$ and eqn (2.12) gives the value of $`\ddot{S}`$. Thus the equations generate a vector field $`(\dot{x},\dot{S},\ddot{S})`$ and this specifies an integral curve at each point of the 3-dimensional space. Each curve is parametrized by $`z`$ and represents one particular similarity solution. This shows that, for a given equation of state parameter $`\alpha `$, there is a $`2`$-parameter family of spherically symmetric similarity solutions. Special significance is attached to points where $`|V|=\sqrt{\alpha }`$, which specifies a 2-dimensional surface in $`(x,S,\dot{S})`$ space. This corresponds to a sonic point, so there can be a discontinuity in the pressure gradient (i.e. the value of $`\dot{x}`$) here. The requirement that solutions be regular at the sonic point (in the sense that they can be extended beyond there) places severe restrictions on the nature of the solutions (Bogoyavlensky 1977, Bicknell & Henriksen 1978, Carr & Yahil 1990, Ori & Piran 1990) but these restrictions are not relevant to the present asymptotic analysis.

## 3 Asymptotic Classification

In this section we will provide a complete analysis of spherically symmetric similarity solutions in the limits $`R0`$ and $`R\mathrm{}`$. (We will assume $`z>0`$ throughout since the $`z<0`$ solutions are just the time reverse of the $`z>0`$ ones.) This may correspond to $`z0`$, $`z\mathrm{}`$ or $`zz_{}`$ (finite) since the correspondence between the comoving radial coordinate $`r`$ and the physical distance $`R`$ may not be straightforward. In particular, $`r0`$ need not imply $`R0`$ (eg. some dust solutions), $`R0`$ need not imply $`r0`$ (eg. black hole singularities), $`r\mathrm{}`$ need not imply $`R\mathrm{}`$ (eg. the Kantowski-Sachs solution) and $`R\mathrm{}`$ need not imply $`r\mathrm{}`$ (eg. asymptotically Minkowski solutions). We categorize solutions according to whether $`V0`$, $`V\mathrm{}`$ or $`VV_{}`$ (finite) in each of the $`z`$ limits. A key role is played by eqn (2.13), which can be written as

$$\frac{\dot{x}}{x}=\frac{2V^2\alpha }{V^2\alpha }\frac{\dot{S}}{S}+\frac{2\alpha ^2}{1+\alpha }\frac{1}{V^2\alpha }\xi ,\xi \frac{\alpha (1+\alpha )}{\gamma ^2}\frac{S^4x^{(1\alpha )/\alpha }}{V^2\alpha }.$$
(3.1)
One has different possible behaviours according to whether $`\xi 0`$, $`\xi \mathrm{}`$ or $`\xi \xi _{}`$ (finite). In principle we need to analyse 27 cases, corresponding to the three limiting behaviours of each of $`z`$, $`V`$ and $`\xi `$. However, in practice, many of these do not lead to a consistent solution. In the discussion below, we usually only derive the self-consistent ones.

Our procedure is as follows: for each limiting value of $`z`$, $`V`$ and $`\xi `$, we use eqn (3.1) to eliminate $`\dot{x}/x`$ in eqn (2.12) and thereby obtain a second order ODE for $`S`$. Not every solution of this ODE may be consistent with the other equations, so we first confirm that $`\xi `$ has the correct limiting value and then check that the integral condition associated with eqns (2.14, 2.15) is satisfied. This procedure not only identifies the possible asymptotic behaviours but also indicates the number of free parameters in each case. The results are summarized in Table 1.

|  | $`z0`$ | $`zz_{}`$ | $`z\mathrm{}`$ |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | AKS (0/1) ($`1>\alpha >1/3`$) |  |  |
| $`V0`$ | AF (1) ($`1>\alpha >1/3`$) | No soln | AF (1) ($`1<\alpha <1/3`$) |
|  | ES (0) ($`1>\alpha >0`$) |  | AKS (1) ($`1<\alpha <1/3`$) |
|  | AX (1) ($`0.17<\alpha <1/7`$) |  | AX (1) ($`1>\alpha >1/7`$) |
| $`VV_{}`$ | No soln | AM (2) ($`1>\alpha >1/5`$) | AM (1) ($`1>\alpha >1/5`$) |
|  |  | AKS (1) ($`1>\alpha >0`$) | AM (1) ($`1<\alpha <0`$) |
|  |  |  | AQS (2) ($`1>\alpha >0`$) |
| $`V\mathrm{}`$ | AKS (1) ($`1<\alpha <1/3`$) | AK (2) ($`1>\alpha >1/3`$) | AKS (0/1) ($`1>\alpha >1/3`$) |
|  | AF (1) ($`1<\alpha <1/3`$) |  | AF (1) ($`1>\alpha >1/3`$) |
|  |  |  | AY (1) ($`1<\alpha <0`$) |

Table 1. This summarizes the asymptotic (A) behaviour of spherically symmetric perfect fluid similarity solutions for different ranges of $`\alpha `$. The number of arbitrary parameters for each solution is given in parentheses. KS, F, M, K, ES and QS denote Kantowski-Sachs, Friedmann, Minkowski, Kasner, Exact Static and Quasi-Static respectively. X and Y correspond to the two new solutions in which either $`V`$ or $`M`$ is negative. The AKS solution is described by one parameter for $`\alpha >0`$ and $`1<\alpha <1/3`$ but there is only the exact KS solution for $`1/3<\alpha <0`$; $`V`$ and $`M`$ are positive only for $`1<\alpha <1/3`$.

In the following analysis a differential equation of the form

$$\ddot{S}+a\dot{S}+b\frac{\dot{S}^2}{S}=0,$$
(3.2)
where $`a`$ and $`b`$ are constants, will frequently arise. When $`a0`$, we can divide through by $`S`$ and integrate this equation to obtain

$$\dot{S}S^bz^a.$$
(3.3)
If $`b1`$, we can then integrate a second time to obtain the exact solution

$$S=(c_1+c_2z^a)^{1/(1+b)},$$
(3.4)
where $`c_1`$ and $`c_2`$ are integration constants. The dominant asymptotic solution is then determined by the sign of $`a`$. Note that the first order perturbation to the dominant solution (which is not derived in the present analysis) will often be larger than the subdominant solution.

$``$ $`V0`$ as $`z0`$

In this case, eqn (3.1) becomes

$$\frac{\dot{x}}{x}=\frac{2\alpha }{1+\alpha }\xi ,\xi \frac{1+\alpha }{\gamma ^2}S^4x^{(1\alpha )/\alpha }.$$
(3.5)
If $`\xi 0`$, this implies $`xz^{2\alpha /(1+\alpha )}`$, so eqn (2.12) gives

$$\ddot{S}+\left(\frac{5+3\alpha }{1+\alpha }\right)\dot{S}+\frac{2\dot{S}^2}{S}+\frac{2S}{1+\alpha }=0.$$
(3.6)
Defining $`\sigma (z)zS(z)`$, this becomes

$$\ddot{\sigma }\left(\frac{1+3\alpha }{1+\alpha }\right)\dot{\sigma }+\frac{2\dot{\sigma }^2}{\sigma }=0.$$
(3.7)
This differential equation is of the form of (3.2) and, from eqn (3.4), we therefore obtain the exact solution

$$S=z^1[c_1+c_2z^{(1+3\alpha )/(1+\alpha )}]^{1/3}.$$
(3.8)
For $`c_1=0`$, we obtain the exact power-law solution

$$S=Az^{2/3(1+\alpha )},x=Bz^{2\alpha /(1+\alpha )},$$
(3.9)
where the constants $`A`$ and $`B`$ are constrained by eqns (2.14, 2.15) and can be taken to be $`1`$ with a suitable choice of the scaling constants $`\beta `$ and $`\gamma `$ in eqns (2.10, 2.11) \[see CC eqn (3.10)\]. This corresponds to the k=0 Friedmann model. Note that $`V0`$ and $`\xi 0`$ (as assumed) providing $`\alpha >1/3`$. As indicated in Table (1) and discussed in CC, there is also a 1-parameter family of solutions asymptotic to this. This involves modifying the constants $`A`$ and $`B`$, as well as adding higher order terms in $`z`$. However, demonstrating this depends on a higher order analysis than presented here.

For $`c_2=0`$, one obtains another power-law solution

$$S=Az^1,x=Bz^{2\alpha /(1+\alpha )},$$
(3.10)
which corresponds to a Kantowski-Sachs (KS) model. Eqns (2.14, 2.15) determine the constants $`A`$ and $`B`$ in terms of $`\alpha `$ once $`\beta `$ and $`\gamma `$ are specified \[see CC eqn (3.18)\]. However, as explained in CC, one requires $`\beta `$ and $`\gamma `$ to be imaginary for $`\alpha >0`$, which means that $`V`$ is negative (i.e. the solution is tachyonic). Furthermore, eqn (2.14) implies that $`M`$ is negative for $`\alpha >1/3`$, so the solution given by eqn (3.10) may be unphysical. Nevertheless, $`V0`$ and $`\xi 0`$ providing $`\alpha >1/3`$, so this solution is still formally valid. As indicated in Table (1) and discussed in CC, one can perturb this solution to obtain a 1-parameter family of solutions which asymptote towards it. This involves modifying the constants $`A`$ and $`B`$, as well as adding higher order terms. If both constants $`c_1`$ and $`c_2`$ in eqn (3.8) are non-zero, the $`c_1`$ term in eqn (3.8) dominates as $`z0`$ but the other term should not be interpreted as giving the perturbation to KS.

If $`\xi \xi _{}`$ (constant), then $`xS^{4\alpha /(1\alpha )}`$ and eqn (2.12) becomes

$$\ddot{S}\left(\frac{1+6\alpha +\alpha ^2}{1\alpha ^2}\right)\dot{S}2\left(\frac{1+3\alpha }{1\alpha }\right)\frac{\dot{S}^2}{S}=0.$$
(3.11)
This is again of the form (3.2) and hence has the exact solution

$$S=[c_1+c_2z^{(1+6\alpha +\alpha ^2)/(1\alpha ^2)}]^{(\alpha 1)/(1+7\alpha )}.$$
(3.12)
If $`c_2=0`$, this leads to the exact static solution with (cf. Misner & Zapolsky 1964)

$$x=x_0(\alpha ),S=S_0(\alpha ).$$
(3.13)
This solution is specified uniquely for a given equation of state since eqn (3.5) and eqns (2.14, 2.15) give two independent relationships between $`x_o`$ and $`S_o`$. \[See CC eqn (3.30) for the explicit form of eqn (3.13).\] However, these values are real and the mass is positive only for $`\alpha >0`$.

If $`c_1=0`$, then

$$S=Az^{(1+6\alpha +\alpha ^2)/(1+\alpha )(1+7\alpha )},x=Bz^{4\alpha (1+6\alpha +\alpha ^2)/(1\alpha ^2)(1+7\alpha )},$$
(3.14)
where the constants $`A`$ and $`B`$ are related by eqns (2.14, 2.15) and by eqn (3.5). From eqns (2.14) and (2.16) one also has

$$Vz^{(3\alpha +1)^2/(1+\alpha )(1+7\alpha )},Mz^{2(3\alpha +1)(1+6\alpha +\alpha ^2)/(1\alpha ^2)(1+7\alpha )},$$
(3.15)
so this is only consistent with the assumption that $`V0`$ as $`z0`$ if $`1<\alpha <1/7`$. However, eqns (3.5) and (3.14) require $`2\alpha (1+3\alpha )^2/(1\alpha ^2)(1+7\alpha )=(1+\alpha )\gamma ^2A^4B^{(1\alpha )/\alpha }`$, and this is only satisfied for $`1<\alpha <1/7`$ if $`\gamma `$ (and hence $`\beta `$) are imaginary. In this case, $`M`$ is positive but $`V`$ is negative (as in the KS case), which might be regarded as unphysical. However, one can show that eqns (2.14, 2,15) are still satisfied, and indeed give the same relationship between $`A`$ and $`B`$ as above, providing $`1/7>\alpha >2\sqrt{2}3=0.17`$. Since this does not seem to correspond to any well-known solution, we describe it as asymptotically “X” in Table (1). If both constants $`c_1`$ and $`c_2`$ in eqn (3.12) are non-zero, then the $`c_1`$ term dominates as $`z0`$ for $`\alpha >2\sqrt{2}3`$. Although one might regard this as an asymptotically static solution, it is not equivalent to a perturbed static solution.

If $`\xi \mathrm{}`$, it can be shown that there is no consistent solution.

$``$ $`V\mathrm{}`$ as $`z\mathrm{}`$

In this case, eqn (3.1) implies

$$\frac{\dot{x}}{x}=2\alpha \frac{\dot{S}}{S}+\left\{\frac{2\alpha ^2}{1+\alpha }\frac{1}{V^2}\right\}\xi ,\xi \alpha (1+\alpha )\beta ^2x^{(\alpha 1)/\alpha }z^{2(1\alpha )/(1+\alpha )},$$
(3.16)
where we have used eqn (2.16) to eliminate $`V`$ in the expression for $`\xi `$ The term in curly brackets is included to allow for the possibility that $`\dot{x}/x0`$ and $`\dot{S}/S0`$. If $`\xi 0`$, this implies $`xS^{2\alpha }`$ and so eqn (2.12) becomes

$$\ddot{S}+\left(\frac{1\alpha }{1+\alpha }\right)\dot{S}2\alpha \frac{\dot{S}^2}{S}=0.$$
(3.17)
Eqn (3.2) implies that the solution of this equation is given by

$$S=[c_1+c_2z^{(\alpha 1)/(1+\alpha )}]^{1/(12\alpha )}.$$
(3.18)
The case $`c_2=0`$ gives the the exact static model, in which case $`x_o`$ and $`S_o`$ have the values indicated by eqn (3.13) and one needs the term in curly brackets in eqn (3.16). The case $`c_1=0`$ gives another 1-parameter solution,

$$S=Az^{(\alpha 1)/(1+\alpha )(12\alpha )},x=Bz^{2\alpha (\alpha 1)/(1+\alpha )(12\alpha )},$$
(3.19)
where $`A`$ and $`B`$ are related by eqns (2.14, 2.15). However, this leads to

$$Vz^{(1\alpha )/(1+\alpha )(12\alpha )},\xi z^{2\alpha (1\alpha )/(1+\alpha )(12\alpha )},$$
(3.20)
so $`V\mathrm{}`$ and $`\xi 0`$ as $`z\mathrm{}`$ only for $`\alpha <0`$. In this case, eqns (2.14, 2.15) can be satisfied only if $`\beta `$ and $`\gamma `$ are imaginary, so that $`V`$ is negative, but $`M`$ is still positive. Since this does not seem to correspond to any well-known solution, we describe it as asymptotically “Y” in Table (1).

For $`c_10`$ and $`c_20`$, eqn (3.18) leads to a solution

$$S=A+Bz^{(1\alpha )/(1+\alpha )},x=C+Dz^{(1\alpha )/(1+\alpha )}.$$
(3.21)
In this case, the term in curly brackets in eqn (3.16) can still be neglected since $`\dot{x}/x`$ and $`\dot{S}/S`$ go to zero more slowly than $`V^2`$. There are two relationships between the four integration constants A, B, C, D, eqn (3.21) requiring $`D=2\alpha B`$ and eqns (2.14, 2.15) giving another relationship, so these solutions are described by two independent parameters. Note that $`S`$ tends to a constant as $`z\mathrm{}`$ but this constant is different from the value $`S_0`$ given by eqn (3.13), so these solutions are described as asymptotically “quasi-static”. Indeed eqns (3.21) corresponds to the full family of such solutions discussed by CC and also (implicitly) by Ori & Piran (1990) and Foglizzo & Henriksen (1992).

If $`\xi \xi _{}`$ (constant), then $`xz^{2\alpha /(1+\alpha )}`$ and so eqn (3.18) again applies. For $`\alpha >1/3`$, this leads to either the Friedmann solution, given by eqn (3.9), or the KS solution, given by eqn (3.10). Although the general solution with $`c_10`$ and $`c_20`$ can be written as

$$S=Az^{2/3(1+\alpha )}[1+Bz^{(1+3\alpha )/(1+\alpha )}]$$
(3.22)
and might therefore be regarded as being asymptotic to the Friedmann solution, the second term is not equivalent to the first order perturbation of the Friedmann solution. CC show that this pertubation goes like $`z^{2(1+3\alpha )/3(1+\alpha )}`$ and this dominates the second term in eqn (3.22) as $`z\mathrm{}`$.

If $`\xi \mathrm{}`$, there is no consistent solution.

$``$ $`V\mathrm{}`$ as $`z0`$

In this case, eqn (3.16) applies. If $`\xi 0`$, one again obtains eqn (3.18). However, the static solution with $`c_2=0`$ has $`V0`$ for all $`\alpha `$, while eqn (3.20) implies that no solution with $`c_1=0`$ has both $`V\mathrm{}`$ and $`\xi 0`$. If $`\xi \xi _{}`$, one gets both a Friedmann solution of the form (3.9) and a KS solution of the form (3.10) with $`V\mathrm{}`$ and $`\xi 0`$ providing $`1<\alpha <1/3`$. Furthermore, unlike the $`\alpha >0`$ case, the KS solution is now physical in that $`M`$ and $`V`$ are positive. If $`\xi \mathrm{}`$, there is no consistent solution.

$``$ $`V0`$ as $`z\mathrm{}`$

In this case, eqn (3.5) applies. If $`\xi 0`$, one again obtains eqn (3.8) and one gets both a Friedmann solution and a (physical) KS solution with $`V0`$ and $`\xi 0`$ providing $`1<\alpha <1/3`$. If $`\xi \xi _{}`$, one gets a solution of the form (3.12). However, the static solution with $`c_2=0`$ has $`V\mathrm{}`$ for all $`\alpha `$, while eqn (3.5) cannot be satisfied for $`c_1=0`$ because

$$\frac{\dot{x}}{x}+\frac{2\alpha }{1+\alpha }=\frac{2\alpha (1+3\alpha )^2}{(1\alpha ^2)(1+7\alpha )}$$
(3.23)
and therefore has the same sign as $`\xi `$. If $`\xi \mathrm{}`$, there is no consistent solution.

$``$ $`V\mathrm{}`$ as $`zz_{}`$

In this case, eqn (3.1) implies

$$\frac{\dot{x}}{x}=2\alpha \frac{\dot{S}}{S}\xi ,\xi \alpha (1+\alpha )\beta ^2x^{(\alpha 1)/\alpha }z_{}^{2(1\alpha )/(1+\alpha )},$$
(3.24)
(cf. eqn (3.16) without the term in curly brackets). If $`\xi \mathrm{}`$, then $`\dot{x}/x`$, $`\dot{S}/S`$ and $`\xi `$ must all diverge at the same rate (i.e. there is no self-consistent solution with $`\dot{x}/x<<\dot{S}/S`$ or $`\dot{x}/x>>\dot{S}/S`$). Hence,

$$\frac{\dot{x}}{x}x^{(\alpha 1)/\alpha },$$
(3.25)
which integrates to

$$x=(d_1+d_2lnz)^{\alpha /(1\alpha )}.$$
(3.26)
To ensure $`\xi \mathrm{}`$ as $`zz_{}`$, one requires $`x0`$ for $`\alpha >0`$ or $`x\mathrm{}`$ for $`\alpha <0`$. In both cases, one needs $`d_1=d_2lnz_{}`$ and hence

$$x[ln(z/z_{})]^{\alpha /(1\alpha )}.$$
(3.27)
Defining

$$Lln(z/z_{}),$$
(3.28)
it is easy to show that the only consistent solution is then

$$S=AL^{2/3(1\alpha )},x=BL^{\alpha /(1\alpha )}$$
(3.29)
where A and B are constants related by eqns (2.14, 2.15) and eqn (3.24). Thus the scale factor goes to zero, while the density diverges for $`\alpha >0`$ and goes to zero for $`\alpha <0`$. However, we also have

$$VL^{(1+3\alpha )/3(1\alpha )}$$
(3.30)
and this diverges as $`zz_{}`$ (as required) only for $`\alpha >1/3`$. Eqn (2.14) implies

$$ML^{2/3(1+\alpha )},$$
(3.31)
so $`M\mathrm{}`$ at $`z=z_{}`$ and $`MS`$ constant. Eqn (2.14) also implies that $`M`$ is positive providing the sign of $`\dot{S}/S`$ is positive, so this requires that $`zz_{}`$ from above. Note that eqn (3.24) yields the same relation between A, B and $`z_{}`$ as eqns (2.14, 2.15), so these solutions are described by two independent parameters. Eqns (2.10) and (2.11) imply that the metric components are

$$e^\nu L^{\alpha /(1\alpha )}0,e^\lambda L^{\alpha /3(1\alpha )}\mathrm{},RL^{2/3(1\alpha )}0.$$
(3.32)
corresponding to a singularity of infinite density (cf. Schwarzschild).

If $`\xi 0`$ or $`\xi _{}`$ (constant), it can be shown that there is no consistent solution.

$``$ $`VV_{}`$ as $`zz_{}`$

In this case, eqn (3.1) implies

$$\frac{\dot{x}}{x}=\frac{2V^2\alpha }{V^2\alpha }\frac{\dot{S}}{S}+\frac{2\alpha ^2}{1+\alpha }\frac{1}{V_{}^2\alpha }\xi ,\xi \frac{\alpha (1+\alpha )\beta ^2V_{}^2}{V_{}^2\alpha }z_{}^{2(1\alpha )/(1+\alpha )}x^{(\alpha 1)/\alpha },$$
(3.33)
where $`V`$ rather than $`V_{}`$ appears in the first term on the right because the product $`(V^2V_{}^2)(\dot{S}/S)`$ may tend to a finite limit. If $`\xi 0`$, this implies

$$xS^{2V_{}^2\alpha /(V_{}^2\alpha )}$$
(3.34)
providing $`\dot{x}/x`$ and $`\dot{S}/S`$ diverge. However, unless $`\dot{V}/V\mathrm{}`$, eqn (2.16) also implies $`xS^{2\alpha /(1\alpha )}`$, so we require $`V_{}^2=1`$. Eqn (2.12) then becomes

$$\ddot{S}+\left(\frac{14\alpha \alpha ^2}{1\alpha ^2}\right)\dot{S}\frac{4\alpha }{1\alpha }\frac{\dot{S}^2}{S}=0.$$
(3.35)
This is of the form of eqn (3.2), so the exact solution for $`\alpha 1/5`$ and $`\alpha \sqrt{5}2`$ is given by

$$S=[c_1+d(z/z_{})^{(\alpha ^2+4\alpha 1)/(1\alpha ^2)}]^{(1\alpha )/(15\alpha )}.$$
(3.36)
In order to have $`\xi 0`$ as $`zz_{}`$, eqn (3.33) implies that one needs $`S`$ to go to infinity, whatever the sign of $`\alpha `$. One therefore requires $`d=c_1`$ and $`\alpha >1/5`$. This excludes $`\alpha <0`$ and also the special cases $`\alpha =1/5`$ and $`\alpha =\sqrt{5}2`$. Noting that to first order

$$1\left(\frac{z}{z_{}}\right)^{\frac{\alpha ^2+4\alpha 1}{1\alpha ^2}}\left(\frac{\alpha ^2+4\alpha 1}{1\alpha ^2}\right)L,$$
(3.37)
we obtain the asymptotic form

$$S=AL^{(1\alpha )/(15\alpha )},x=BL^{2\alpha /(15\alpha )}$$
(3.38)
where $`A`$ and $`B`$ are constants. Thus the scale factor diverges and the density goes to zero. The condition $`V_{}=1`$ gives a relationship between the constants $`A`$, $`B`$ and $`z_{}`$, so these solutions are described by two parameters.

Eqn (2.14) implies that

$$ML^{(1\alpha )/(5\alpha 1)},$$
(3.39)
so these solutions have zero mass at $`z=z_{}`$ and $`MS`$ tends to a constant. Furthermore the sign of $`\dot{S}/S`$ implies that $`z`$ must approach $`z_{}`$ from below in order that the mass be positive. Eqn (2.15) can be written as

$$M=\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2}\gamma ^2x^{2/\alpha }S^6\left\{\left(\frac{\dot{S}}{S}\right)^2(V^21)\frac{2\dot{S}}{S}1\right\}.$$
(3.40)
Since $`x^{2/\alpha }S^6L^{2(3\alpha 1)/(5\alpha 1)}`$ goes to infinity for $`\alpha <1/3`$ and zero for $`\alpha >1/3`$, one requires the term in curly brackets to go to to zero and infinity, respectively, in these two cases. However, the last term in eqn (3.40) also scales as

$$L^{(\alpha 1)/(5\alpha 1)}\left[\frac{\dot{S}}{S}(V^21)2\frac{S}{\dot{S}}\right],$$
(3.41)
so we need the term in square brackets to go to zero as $`L^{(1\alpha )/(5\alpha 1)}`$ in both cases. We therefore need

$$\frac{\dot{S}}{S}(V^21)2.$$
(3.42)
Using eqns (2.16) and (3.33), together with the relation

$$\frac{V^2}{V^2\alpha }\frac{1}{1\alpha }\left[1\frac{\alpha }{1\alpha }(V^21)\right],$$
(3.43)
one then obtains

$$\frac{\dot{V}}{V}\frac{15\alpha }{1\alpha }.$$
(3.44)
Condition (3.41) also determines the second order terms in the expressions for $`x`$ and $`S`$ but does not impose any further relationship between $`A`$, $`B`$ and $`z_{}`$. Note that the metric can be written as

$$ds^2L^{4\alpha /(15\alpha )}[dt^2dr^2r^2L^{2(3\alpha 1)/(5\alpha 1)}d\mathrm{\Omega }^2].$$
(3.45)
This resembles the open Friedmann model and is related to Minkowski spacetime by a time-transformation (as in the Milne model). These solutions can therefore be regarded as asymptotically flat, or, more precisely, as aymptotically Schwarzschild since the mass ($`MS`$) tends to a non-zero constant.

If $`\xi \mathrm{}`$ or constant, it can be shown that there is no consistent solution.

$``$ $`VV_{}`$ as $`z\mathrm{}`$

In this case, we require $`\dot{V}0`$ and eqn (2.16) then implies

$$\frac{\dot{S}}{S}=\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{1\alpha }{\alpha }\right)\frac{\dot{x}}{x}+\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{1\alpha }{1+\alpha }\right).$$
(3.46)
The exact solution of this differential equation is

$$S^2=S_0z^{\frac{1\alpha }{1+\alpha }}x^{\frac{1\alpha }{\alpha }}$$
(3.47)
which can then be combined with eqn (3.1) to give

$$\frac{\dot{x}}{x}=\frac{V_{}^2(1\alpha )+2\alpha }{(V_{}^21)(1+\alpha )}\xi ^{},\xi ^{}\frac{(1+\alpha )\beta ^2V_{}^2}{V_{}^21}z^{2(1\alpha )/(1+\alpha )}x^{(\alpha 1)/\alpha }$$
(3.48)
where $`\xi ^{}`$ differs slightly from $`\xi `$. If $`\xi ^{}0`$, this implies

$$x=Bz^m,m=\frac{V_{}^2(1\alpha )+2\alpha }{(V_{}^21)(1+\alpha )}$$
(3.49)
and eqn (2.16) then gives

$$S=Az^n,n\frac{(1\alpha )(V_{}^2+\alpha )}{2\alpha (1+\alpha )(V_{}^21)}$$
(3.50)
where $`A`$ and $`B`$ are integration constants. For $`\alpha >0`$, these solutions are consistent with the condition $`\xi ^{}0`$ as $`z\mathrm{}`$ providing $`x\mathrm{}`$ and, from eqn (3.48), this requires $`V_{}^2>1`$. This in turn implies $`S\mathrm{}`$. Eqn (2.14) gives

$$M\frac{(V^2\alpha )(1+\alpha )}{2\alpha (V^21)}z^{[V_{}^2(1\alpha )+1+3\alpha ]/(V_{}^21)(1+\alpha )}$$
(3.51)
and so the mass is positive and tends to zero for $`V_{}^2>1`$. On the other hand, eqns (2.15), (3.48) and (3.49) imply

$$M\frac{1}{2}z^{[V_{}^2(1\alpha )\alpha (1+3\alpha )]/(V_{}^21)\alpha (1+\alpha )}\left\{\left(\frac{\dot{S}}{S}\right)^2(V^21)\frac{2\dot{S}}{S}1\right\}.$$
(3.52)
If the exponent of $`z`$ in this expression is positive, $`M`$ can go to zero only if the term in curly brackets does and this requires $`\dot{S}/S1/(V_{}1)`$. Equating this with the value of $`\dot{S}/S`$ implied by eqn (3.48) gives a quadratic equation for $`V_{}`$:

$$(1\alpha )V_{}^22\alpha (1+\alpha )V_{}\alpha (1+3\alpha )=0$$
(3.53)
with the solution

$$V_{}=\frac{\alpha (1+\alpha )+\sqrt{\alpha (\alpha ^3\alpha ^2+3\alpha +1)}}{1\alpha }.$$
(3.54)
As $`\alpha `$ decreases from $`1`$ to $`0`$, $`V_{}`$ decreases from $`\mathrm{}`$ to $`0`$ and it exceeds $`1`$ (as required) only for $`\alpha >1/5`$. Note that eqn (3.52) implies that the exponent of $`z`$ in eqn (3.51) is indeed positive (as assumed).

The value of $`V_{}`$ is also well-defined for $`1>\alpha >1/3`$. However, if one seeks solutions of this kind, then the condition $`\xi ^{}0`$ as $`z\mathrm{}`$ implies $`x0`$ and eqn (3.48) would then give $`1>V_{}^2>2\alpha /(1\alpha )`$. The lower limit is incompatible with eqn (3.53), so there are no $`\alpha <0`$ solutions. One can also formally obtain a negative value of $`V_{}`$ by taking the negative square root in eqn (3.53). This is relevant if one is considering asymptotically KS solutions with $`\alpha >0`$.

Eqns (3.48), (3.49) and (3.53) impose a relationship between the constants $`A`$ and $`B`$ and so these solutions are described by one-parameter and they all tend to the same value of $`V`$ for a given $`\alpha `$. The requirement that the term in curly brackets in eqn (3.52) goes to zero also determines the second order terms in the expansions for $`x`$ and $`S`$. These solutions, like the previous ones, are asymptotically flat: the metric components can be expressed as

$$e^\nu z^{V_{}^2/(V_{}^21)},e^\lambda z^{1/(V_{}^21)},Rz^{1/(V_{}1)}$$
(3.55)
and the metric can be reduced to the Minkowski form with a suitable change of coordinates.

If $`\xi \mathrm{}`$ or constant, there is no consistent solution.

$``$ $`VV_{}`$ as $`z0`$

In this case, eqns (3.46) - (3.53) still apply but, for $`\alpha >0`$, the condition $`\xi ^{}0`$ requires $`V_{}^2<1`$. Eqn (3.50) then implies that the mass is negative unless $`V_{}<1/\sqrt{\alpha }`$. However, eqn (3.53) requires that one always has $`V_{}>1/\sqrt{\alpha }`$, thus excluding this case. For $`\alpha <0`$, the condition $`\xi ^{}0`$ requires either $`V_{}^2>1`$ or $`V_{}^2<2\alpha /(1\alpha )`$. The first possibility is excluded because the mass is negative but, the second possibility is allowed providing $`1<\alpha <1/3`$, so that $`V_{}`$ is defined.

## 4 Discussion

In this paper we have focussed on establishing the asymptotic forms of spherically symmetric perfect fluid similarity solutions. The results are summarized in Table 1. Only those cases that give rise to self-consistent and physically reasonable solutions have been described explicitly (none of the remaining cases give rise to self-consistent solutions). Although some of the details of the calculations have been omitted, the analysis presented can be regarded as a rigorous justification for the underlying assumption of our complete classification of positive $`\alpha `$ solutions in Carr & Coley (1999b). Although our description of these solutions has been rather brief, their physical properties have been further studied by Goliath et al. (1998a, 1998b) and Carr et al. (1999). Our analysis has covered all equations of state with $`|\alpha |<1`$ but the stiff fluid case ($`\alpha =1`$) has not been explicitly included (although many of the results carry through in this case); this is because different mathematical techniques are more appropriate in this case and the analysis will be presented elsewhere.

It should be stressed that our analysis is not completely rigorous since we have implicitly assumed that certain regularity conditions are satisfied. For example, in Section 3 we always presupposed that $`V`$ has a well-defined asymptotic limit. Also our analysis has assumed certain properties for the derivatives of small quantities. However, an asymptotic relationship of the form $`XY`$ does not necessarily imply $`\dot{X}\dot{Y}`$ asymptotically. In order to “prove” the results of Section 3 we must show that this type of behaviour is not possible and this must be done on a case-by-case basis. For example, suppose an asymptotic solution of the form $`xz^l`$ is deduced. In principle

$$xz^l(1+\epsilon )$$
(4.1)
where

$$\frac{\dot{x}}{x}=l+E,E\frac{\dot{\epsilon }}{1+\epsilon }.$$
(4.2)
However, the condition $`\epsilon 1`$ does not necessarily imply $`E1`$. To prove the result, we must keep $`\epsilon `$ and $`\dot{\epsilon }`$ in all of the equations and show that the only self-consistent solutions must have $`\epsilon 1`$. Suffice it to say that all cases have been checked and the only self-consistent solutions are those given in this paper. In fact, studying solutions of the form given by eqn (4.2) is precisely what we do in CC in deriving solutions which are asymptotic to the Friedmann and Kantowski-Sachs models (although in practice this calculation was divided up into different separate cases than in that of section 3–and this served as a further check of the validity of our results).

The results of Section 3, and the existence of well-defined limits and sufficient regularity, also follow from the mathematically more rigorous dynamical systems analyses of Bogoyavlensky (1985) and Goliath et al. (1998a, 1998b), at least in the positive $`\alpha `$ case. In these analyses, monotone functions and Dulac functions were found to exist, thereby prohibiting periodic orbits and limit cycles in the corresponding phase spaces. This rules out the possibility of kinds of asymptotic behaviour different from those discussed in this paper. Also, many of the results apply to the case $`\alpha =0`$ and are consistent with the results of the analytic study of the dust models (Carr 1999); indeed, this serves as a further check of the validity of our results here.

Finally, we should emphasis that our analysis has demonstrated that all self-similar spherically symmetric perfect fluid solutions are asymptotically of power-law form for $`z\mathrm{}`$ or $`z0`$ and of log-power-law form for $`zz_{}`$. This provides the basis of the work presented in our classification paper.

Acknowledgments

We thank Martin Goliath, Ulf Nilsson and Claes Uggla for helpful discussions. AAC was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.

References

1. G. V. Bicknell and R. N. Henriksen, 1978a, Ap. J. 219, 1043.
2. O. I. Bogoyavlenski, 1977, Sov. Phys. JETP 46, 634.
3. O. I. Bogoyavlenski, 1985, Methods in the Qualitative Theory of Dynamical Systems in Astrophysics and Gas Dynamics (Springer-Verlag).
4. A. H. Cahill and M. E. Taub, 1971, Comm. Math. Phys. 21, 1.
5. B. J. Carr, 1999, preprint.
6. B. J. Carr and A. A. Coley, 1999a, Class. Quant. Grav. 16, R31.
7. B. J. Carr and A. A. Coley, 1999b, Phys. Rev. D, in press; gr-qc/9901050 (CC).
8. B. J. Carr and A. Koutras, 1993, Ap. J. 405, 34.
9. B. J. Carr and A. Yahil, 1990, Ap. J. 360, 330.
10. B. J. Carr, A. A. Coley, M. Goliath, U.S. Nilsson and C. Uggla, 1999, gr-qc/9901031.
11. C. R. Evans and J. S. Coleman, 1994, Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 1782.
12. T. Foglizzo and R. N. Henriksen, 1992, Phys. Rev. D. 48, 4645.
13. M. Goliath, U. S. Nilsson and C. Uggla, 1998a, Class. Quant. Grav. 15, 167.
14. M. Goliath, U. S. Nilsson and C. Uggla, 1998b, Class. Quant. Grav. 15, 2841.
15. C. W. Misner and H. S. Zapolsky, 1964, Phys. Rev. Lett. 12, 635.
16. D. W. Neilsen and M. W. Choptuik, 1999, gr-qc/9812053.
17. K. A. Olive, 1990, Phys. Rep. 190, 307.
18. A. Ori and T. Piran, 1990, Phys. Rev. D. 42, 1068.