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# Stability of the solutions to 3D inverse scattering problems with fixed-energy data. key words: inverse scattering, stability estimates Math subject classification:35R30, 35R25, 47H17, 65M30, 65L20, 34C35, 34G20

## 1 Introduction

In this paper 3D inversion scattering problems with fixed-energy data are discussed. These problems include inverse problems of potential, obstacle, and geophysical scattering (IPS, IOS, IGS).

Inverse potential scattering problem is discussed in detail: uniqueness of its solution, reconstruction formulas for inversion of the exact data and for inversion of noisy data are given and error estimates for these formulas are obtained. These estimates yield the stability estimates for the solution of the inverse scattering problem.

For the inverse obstacle scattering the uniqueness theorem is proved for rough domains, stability estimates are obtained for $`C^{2,\lambda }`$ domains, $`0<\lambda <1`$, that is, for domains whose boundary in local coordinates is a graph of $`C^{2,\lambda }`$ function. Reconstruction formulas are discussed.

For inverse geophysical scattering the inverse scattering problem is reduced to inverse scattering problem for a potential.

Construction of the Dirichlet-to -Neumann map from the scattering data and vice versa is given. Analytical example of nonuniqueness of the solution of an inverse 3D problem of geophysics is given.

The results discussed in this paper were obtained mostly by the author, see , -, however the presentation and some of the estimates are improved in this paper. Only some selected results from the cited papers are included in this review.

### 1.1 The direct potential scattering problem.

We want to study the inverse potential scattering problem of finding $`q(x)`$ given some scattering data.

Consider the direct scattering problem first and let us formulate some basic results which we need.

Let

$$[^2+k^2q(x)]u(x,\alpha ,k)=0\text{ in }^3,x^3,$$
(1.1)
$$u=e^{ik\alpha x}+A(\alpha ^{},\alpha ,k)\frac{e^{ikr}}{r}+o\left(\frac{1}{r}\right),r:=|x|\mathrm{},\alpha ^{}:=\frac{x}{r}$$
(1.2)
Here $`u(x,k)`$ is the scattering solution, $`k=\text{ const }>0`$ is fixed. Without loss of generality we take $`k=1`$ in what follows unless other choice is suggested explicitly. A unit vector $`\alpha S^2`$ is given, where $`S^2`$ is the unit sphere in $`^3`$. Vector $`\alpha `$ has a physical meaning of the direction of the incident plane wave, while $`\alpha ^{}S^2`$ is the direction of the scattered wave, $`k^2`$ is the fixed energy. The function $`A(\alpha ^{},\alpha ,k)`$ is called the scattering amplitude. It describes the first term of the asymptotics of the scattered field as $`r\mathrm{}`$ along the direction $`\alpha ^{}=\frac{x}{r}`$.

The function $`q(x)`$ is called the potential. We assume that

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill qQ& :=Q_aL^{\mathrm{}}(^3),\hfill \\ \hfill Q_a& :=\{q:q(x)=\overline{q(x)},q(x)L^2(B_a),q(x)=0\text{ if }|x|>a\},\hfill \end{array}$$
(1.3)
where $`a>0`$ is an arbitrary large fixed number which we call the range of $`q(x)`$, and the overbar stands for complex conjugate.

In many results $`qQ_a`$ is sufficient, but $`qQ`$ is used in the proof of a crucical estimate (2.17) below.

### 1.2 Review of the known results.

Let us formulate some of the known results about the solution to problem (1.1)-(1.2), the scattering solution. These results can be found in many books, for example, in the appendix to , where a brief but self-contained presentation of the scattering theory is given.

#### 1.2.1 The scattering problem has a unique solution if $`qQ_a`$.

In fact, the above result is proved for much larger class of $`q`$ (, ), but for inverse scattering problem with noisy data it is necessay to assume $`q(x)`$ compactly supported . Indeed, represent the potential $`q(x)`$ as $`q=q_1+q_2`$, where $`q_1=0`$ for $`|x|>a`$ and $`q_1=q`$ for $`|x|a`$. Call $`q_2`$ the tail of the potential $`q`$. If one assumes a priori that $`q=O(|x|^b),`$ where $`b>3`$, then the contribution of the tail of the potential to the scattering amplitude is of order $`O(|a|^{3b})`$ and tends to $`0`$ as $`a\mathrm{}.`$ At some value of $`a,`$ say at $`a=a_0,`$ this contribution becomes of the order of the noise in the scattering data. One cannot, in principle, discriminate between the noise and the contribution of the tail of the potential for $`a>a_0`$. Therefore the tail of $`q`$ for $`a>a_0`$ cannot be determined from noisy data.

One has

$$\underset{x^3}{sup}|u(x,k)|c,k=\text{ const }>0.$$
(1.4)
By $`c>0`$ we denote various constants. If $`qQ_a`$ then $`u(x,k)`$ extends as a meromorphic function to the whole complex $`k`$-plane. Let $`G(x,y,k)`$ denote the resolvent kernel of the self-adjoint Schrödinger operator $`Lu=^2+q(x)`$ in $`L^2(R^3)`$:

$$(Lk^2)G(x,y,k)=\delta (xy)\text{ in }^3,$$
(1.5)
$$\underset{r\mathrm{}}{lim}_{|x|=r}\left|\frac{G}{|x|}ikG\right|^2𝑑s=0,y\text{ is }\text{ fixed },k>0.$$
(1.6)
The function $`u(x,k)`$ can be defined by the formula:

$$G(x,y,k)=\frac{e^{ik|y|}}{4\pi |y|}u(x,\alpha ,k)+o\left(\frac{1}{|y|}\right),\frac{y}{|y|}=\alpha ,$$
(1.7)
where $`o\left(\frac{1}{|y|}\right)=O\left(\frac{1}{|y|^2}\right)`$ is uniform with respect to $`x`$ varying in compact sets and formula (1.7) can be differentiated with respect to $`x`$ , .

The function $`G(x,y,k)`$ is a meromorphic function of $`k`$ on the whole complex $`k`$-plane. It has at most finitely many simple poles $`ik_j`$, $`k_j>0`$, $`1jJ`$ in $`_+:=\{k:Imk>0\}`$ and if $`q(x)0`$, $`qQ_a`$, infinitely many poles, possibly not simple, in $`_{}=\overline{_+}`$. There are no poles on the real line except, possibly at $`k=0`$.

The functions $`u_j(x)L^2(^3)`$, solving (1.1) with $`k=ik_j`$, are called eigenfunctions of the discrete spectrum of $`L`$, $`k_j^2`$ are the negative eigenvalues of $`L`$. There are at most finitely many of these if $`qQ_a`$.

The eigenfunction expansion formulas are known:

$$f(x)=\underset{j}{}f_ju_j(x)+_^3\stackrel{~}{f}(\xi )u(x,\xi )𝑑\xi ,|\xi |=k,\xi =k\alpha ,$$

where

$$f_j:=(f,u_j)_{L^2(^3)},\stackrel{~}{f}(\xi )=\frac{1}{(2\pi )^3}_^3f(x)\overline{u(x,\alpha ,k)}𝑑x,$$

(see e.g. ).

If $`E_\lambda `$ is the resolution of the identity of the selfadjoint operator $`L`$, and $`E_\lambda (x,y)`$ is its kernel, then

$$\frac{dE_\lambda (x,y)}{d\lambda }=\frac{1}{\pi }ImG(x,y,\sqrt{\lambda })=\frac{\sqrt{\lambda }}{16\pi ^3}_{S^2}u(x,\alpha ,\sqrt{\lambda })\overline{u(y,\alpha ,\sqrt{\lambda })}𝑑\alpha ,\lambda >0.$$

#### 1.2.2 Properties of the scattering amplitude

The scattering amplitude has the following well-known properties (see e.g. ):

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill A(\alpha ^{},\alpha ,k)& =A(\alpha ,\alpha ^{},k)\text{(reciprocity)},\hfill \\ \hfill \overline{A(\alpha ^{},\alpha ,k)}& =A(\alpha ^{},\alpha ,k),k>0\text{(reality)},\hfill \\ \hfill ImA(\alpha ^{},\alpha ,k)& =\frac{k}{4\pi }_{S^2}A(\alpha ^{},\beta ,k)\overline{A(\alpha ,\beta ,k)}𝑑\beta ,k>0\text{(unitarity)}.\hfill \end{array}$$

In particular,

$$ImA(\alpha ,\alpha ,k)=\frac{k}{4\pi }_{S^2}|A(\alpha ,\beta ,k)|^2𝑑\beta \text{(optical theorem)}.$$

If $`qQ_a`$, and $`k=1`$, then the scattering amplitude is an analytic function of $`\alpha ^{}`$ and $`\alpha `$ on the algebraic variety

$$M:=\{\theta :\theta ^3,\theta \theta =1\},\theta w:=\underset{j=1}{\overset{3}{}}\theta _jw_j.$$
(1.8)
This variety is non-compact, intersects $`^3`$ over $`S^2`$, and, given any $`\xi ^3`$, there exist (many) $`\theta ,\theta ^{}M`$ such that

$$\theta ^{}\theta =\xi ,|\theta |\mathrm{},\theta ,\theta ^{}M.$$
(1.9)
In particular, if one chooses the coordinate system in which $`\xi =te_3`$, $`t>0`$, $`e_3`$ is the unit vector along the $`x_3`$-axis, then the vectors

$$\theta ^{}=\frac{t}{2}e_3+\zeta _2e_2+\zeta _1e_1,\theta =\frac{t}{2}e_3+\zeta _2e_2+\zeta _1e_1,\zeta _1^2+\zeta _2^2=1\frac{t^2}{4},$$
(1.10)
satisfy (1.9) for any complex numbers $`\zeta _1`$ and $`\zeta _2`$ satisfying the last equation in (1.10) and such that $`|\zeta _1|^2+|\zeta _2|^2\mathrm{}`$. There are infinitely many such $`\zeta _1,\zeta _2`$. If $`qQ_a`$ than the function $`A(\alpha ^{},\alpha ,k)`$ is a meromorphic function of $`k`$ which has poles at the same points as $`G(x,y,k)`$.

One has

$$4\pi A(\alpha ^{},\alpha ,k)=_{B_a}e^{ik\alpha ^{}x}q(x)u(x,\alpha ,k)𝑑x.$$
(1.11)
The $`S`$-matrix is defined by the formula

$$S=I+\frac{ik}{2\pi }A,S^{}S=SS^{}=I,$$
(1.12)
and is a unitary operator in $`L^2(S^2)`$.

If $`qQ_a`$ then

$$\varphi (x,\alpha ,k):=e^{ik\alpha x}u(x,\alpha ,k)=1+\frac{1}{2ik}_0^{\mathrm{}}q(xr\alpha )𝑑r+o\left(\frac{1}{k}\right),k\mathrm{}.$$
(1.13)
Therefore

$$q(x)=\alpha _x\underset{k\mathrm{}}{lim}\left\{2ik[\varphi (x,\alpha ,k)1]\right\},$$
(1.14)
and

$$A(\alpha ,\alpha ,k)=\frac{1}{4\pi }_^3q(x)𝑑x+o(1),k+\mathrm{}.$$
(1.15)
#### 1.2.3 The fundamental equation.

Denote $`u^+:=u(x,\alpha ,k),u^{}:=u(x,\alpha ,k)`$, $`k>0`$. Then $`u^+=Su^{}`$, that is

$$u^+=u^{}+\frac{ik}{2\pi }_{S^2}A(\alpha ^{},\alpha ,k)u^{}(x,\alpha ^{},k)𝑑\alpha ^{}.$$
(1.16)
#### 1.2.4 Completeness properties of the scattering solutions.

If $`h(\alpha )L^2(S^2)`$ and

$$_{S^2}h(\alpha )u(x,\alpha ,k)𝑑\alpha =0xB_R^{}:=\{x:|x|>R\},k>0\text{ is }\text{ fixed }$$
(1.17)
then $`h(\alpha )=0`$.

Let $`N_D(L)=\{w:Lw=0`$ in $`D`$, $`wH^2(D)\}`$, where $`D^3`$ is a bounded domain, $`H^2(D)`$ is the Sobolev space.

The set $`\left\{u(x,\alpha ,k)\right\}_{\alpha S^2}`$ is total in $`N_D(Lk^2)`$, that is, for any $`\epsilon >0`$, however small, and any fixed $`wN_D(Lk^2)`$, there exists $`\nu _\epsilon (\alpha )L^2(S^2)`$ such that

$$w(x)_{S^2}u(x,\alpha ,k)\nu _\epsilon (\alpha )𝑑\alpha _{H^2(D)}<\epsilon .$$
(1.18)
The $`\nu _\epsilon (\alpha )`$ depends on $`w(x)`$.

#### 1.2.5 Special solutions

There exists $`\psi (x,\theta ,k)`$, $`\psi N_D(Lk^2)`$, such that

$$[^2+k^2q(x)]\psi =0\text{ in }^3,\psi =e^{ik\theta x}[1+R(x,\theta ,k)],\theta M,$$
(1.19)
$$R_{L^{\mathrm{}}(D)}c\frac{(\mathrm{ln}|\theta |)^{\frac{1}{2}}}{|\theta |^{\frac{1}{2}}},|\theta |\mathrm{},\theta M,$$
(1.20)
$$R_{L^2(D)}\frac{c}{|\theta |},|\theta |\mathrm{},\theta M,$$
(1.21)
where $`D^3`$ is an arbitrary bounded domain.

#### 1.2.6 Property $`C`$ for the pair $`\{L_1k^2,L_2k^2\}`$

Let $`L_jw:=_{|m|=0}^{M_j}a_{jm}(x)^{|m|}w(x)`$, $`x^n`$, $`n2`$, $`j=1,2,`$ be linear formal partial differential operators, that is, formal differential expressions.

Let $`N_j=N_{jD}(L_j):=\{w:L_jw=0\text{ in }D\}`$, where $`DR^n`$ is an arbitrary fixed bounded domain and the equation is understood in the sense of the distribution theory. Consider the subsets of $`N_j`$, $`j=1,2,`$ which form an algebra in the sense that the products $`w_1w_2L^p^{}(D)`$, where $`w_jN_j`$, $`p^{}=\frac{p}{p1}`$, and $`1p\mathrm{}`$. If $`p=1`$ define $`p^{}=\mathrm{}`$, and if $`p=\mathrm{}`$ define $`p^{}=1`$. We write $`w_jN_j`$ meaning that $`w_j`$ run through the above subsets of $`N_j`$.

###### Definition 1.1.

We say that the pair of linear partial differential operators $`\{L_1,L_2\}`$ has property $`C_p`$ if and only if the set $`\{w_1w_2\}`$ is total in $`L^p(D)`$, that is, if $`f(x)L^p(D)`$ and

$$_Df(x)w_1(x)w_2(x)𝑑x=0w_jN_j,j=1,2,$$
(1.22)
then

$$f(x)=0.$$
(1.23)
If the above holds for any $`p1,`$ we say that property $`C`$ holds for the pair $`\{L_1,L_2\}`$.

###### Theorem 1.1.

1.1 . Let $`L_j=^2+q_j(v)`$, $`q_j(x)Q_a`$, $`k=\text{ const }0`$ is arbitrary fixed. Then the pair $`\{L_1k^2,L_2k^2\}`$ has property $`C`$.

###### Proof.

Note that $`\psi _jN_j`$, $`j=1,2`$, where $`\psi _j`$ are defined in section 1.2.5 above. Without loss of generality take $`k=1`$, let $`\psi (x,\theta ,1):=\psi (x,\theta )`$. One has

$$\psi _1(x,\theta ^{})\psi _2(x,\theta )=e^{i(\theta ^{}\theta )x}(1+R_1)(1+R_2).$$

Choose $`\theta ^{},\theta M`$ such that (1.9) holds with an arbitrary fixed $`\xi ^3`$. Then

$$\psi _1(x,\theta ^{})\psi _2(x,\theta )=e^{i\xi x}(1+o(1))\text{ as }|\theta |\mathrm{}.$$
(1.24)
Since the set $`\{e^{i\xi x}\}_{\xi ^3}`$ is total in $`L^p(D)`$, $`p1`$, $`D^n`$ is a bounded domain, the conclusion of Theorem 1.1 follows. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Remark 1.1.

One cannot take unbounded domain $`D`$ in the above argument because $`o(1)`$ in (1.24) holds for bounded domains.

One can take the space of $`f(x)`$ larger than $`L^1(D)`$, for example, the space of distribution of finite order of singulartiy if $`q(x)`$ is sufficiently smooth .

###### Theorem 1.2.

The set $`\{u_1(x,\alpha ,k)u_2(x,\beta ,k)\}_{\alpha ,\beta S^2,k>0}`$ is complete in $`L^p(D)`$, where $`D^3`$ is an arbitrary fixed bounded domain, and $`p1`$ is fixed.

###### Proof.

The conclusion of Theorem 1.2 follows from Theorem 1.1 and (1.18). $`\mathrm{}`$

#### 1.2.7 Properties of the Fourier coefficients of $`A(\alpha ^{},\alpha )`$.

We denote $`A(\alpha ^{},\alpha ,k)|_{k=1}:=A(\alpha ^{},\alpha )`$, and write

$$A(\alpha ^{},\alpha )=\underset{\mathrm{}=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}A_{\mathrm{}}(\alpha )Y_{\mathrm{}}(\alpha ^{}),A_{\mathrm{}}(\alpha ):=_{S^2}A(\alpha ^{},\alpha )\overline{Y_l(\alpha ^{})}𝑑\alpha ^{},$$
(1.25)
where $`Y_{\mathrm{}}(\alpha ^{})=Y_{\mathrm{},m}(\alpha ^{}),\mathrm{}m\mathrm{}`$, summation over $`m`$, is understood in (1.25) and similar formulas below, e.g. (1.31), (1.37), etc,

$$\begin{array}{cc}& Y_{\mathrm{},m}(\alpha )=\frac{(1)^mi^{\mathrm{}}}{\sqrt{4\pi }}\left[\frac{(2\mathrm{}+1)(\mathrm{}m)!}{(\mathrm{}+m)!}\right]^{\frac{1}{2}}e^{im\phi }P_{\mathrm{},m}(\mathrm{cos}\vartheta ),\hfill \\ & \overline{Y_{\mathrm{},m}(\alpha )}=(1)^{\mathrm{}+m}Y_{\mathrm{},m}(\alpha ),Y_{\mathrm{},m}(\alpha )=(1)^{\mathrm{}}Y_{\mathrm{},m}(\alpha ).\hfill \end{array}$$
(1.26)
Here $`P_{\mathrm{},m}(\mathrm{cos}\vartheta )=(\mathrm{sin}\vartheta )^m\frac{d^mP_{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{cos}\vartheta )}{(d\mathrm{cos}\vartheta )^m}`$, $`0m\mathrm{}`$, $`P_{\mathrm{}}(x)`$ is the Legendre polynomial, $`(\vartheta ,\phi )`$ are the angles corresponding to the point $`\alpha S^2,`$ $`P_{\mathrm{},m}(\mathrm{cos}\vartheta )=(1)^m\frac{(\mathrm{}m)!}{(\mathrm{}+m)!}P_{\mathrm{},m}(\mathrm{cos}\vartheta )`$, $`0m\mathrm{}`$.

Consider a subset $`M^{}M`$ consisting of the vectors $`\theta =(\mathrm{sin}\vartheta \mathrm{cos}\phi ,\mathrm{sin}\vartheta \mathrm{sin}\phi ,\mathrm{cos}\vartheta )`$ where $`\vartheta `$ and $`\phi `$ run through the whole complex plane. Clearly $`\theta M`$, but $`M^{}`$ is a proper subset of $`M`$. Indeed, any $`\theta M`$ with $`\theta _3\pm 1`$ is an element of $`M^{}`$. If $`\theta _3=\pm 1`$, then $`\mathrm{cos}\vartheta =\pm 1`$, so $`\mathrm{sin}\vartheta =0`$ and one gets $`\theta =(0,0,\pm 1)M^{}`$. However, there are vectors $`\theta =(\theta _1,\theta _2,1)M`$ which do not belong to $`M^{}`$. Such vectors one obtains choosing $`\theta _1,\theta _2`$ such that $`\theta _1^2+\theta _2^2=0`$. There are infinitely many such vectors. The same is true for vectors $`(\theta _1,\theta _2,1)`$. Note that in (1.9) one can replace $`M`$ by $`M^{}`$ for any $`\xi ^3`$, $`\xi 2e_3`$.

Let us state two estimates ():

$$\underset{\alpha S^2}{sup}\left|A_{\mathrm{}}(\alpha )\right|c\left(\frac{a}{\mathrm{}}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}\left(\frac{ae}{2\mathrm{}}\right)^{\mathrm{}+1},$$
(1.27)
and

$$\left|Y_{\mathrm{}}(\theta )\right|\frac{1}{\sqrt{4\pi }}\frac{e^{r|Im\theta |}}{|j_{\mathrm{}}(r)|},r>0,\theta M^{},$$
(1.28)
where

$$j_{\mathrm{}}(r):=\left(\frac{\pi }{2r}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}J_{\mathrm{}+\frac{1}{2}}(r)=\frac{1}{2\sqrt{2}}\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\left(\frac{er}{2\mathrm{}}\right)^{\mathrm{}}[1+o(1)]\text{ as }\mathrm{}\mathrm{},$$
(1.29)
and $`J_{\mathrm{}}(r)`$ is the Bessel function regular at $`r=0`$. Note that $`Y_{\mathrm{}}(\alpha ^{})`$, defined by (1.26), admits a natural analytic continuation from $`S^2`$ to $`M`$ by taking $`\vartheta `$ and $`\phi `$ in (1.26) to be arbitrary complex numbers. The resulting $`\theta ^{}M^{}M`$.

#### 1.2.8 A global perturbation formula.

Let $`A_j(\alpha ^{},\alpha )`$ be the scattering amplitude corresponding to $`q_jQ_a`$, $`j=1,2`$. Define $`A:=A_1A_2`$, $`p:=q_1(x)q_2(x)`$. Then

$$4\pi A(\alpha ^{},\alpha )=_{B_a}p(x)u_1(x,\alpha )u_2(x,\alpha ^{})𝑑x.$$
(1.30)
#### 1.2.9 Formula for the scattering solution outside the support of the potential.

Let $`\text{ supp }(q)B_a`$. The fixed-energy scattering data $`A(\alpha ^{},\alpha )\alpha ^{},\alpha `$, or, equivalently, the data $`\{A_{\mathrm{}}(\alpha )\}_{\mathrm{}=0,1,2,\mathrm{}}\alpha S^2`$, allow one to write an analytic formula for the scattering solution $`u(x,\alpha )`$ in the region $`B_a^{}:=^3\backslash B_a`$:

$$u(x,\alpha )=e^{i\alpha x}+\underset{\mathrm{}=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}A_{\mathrm{}}(\alpha )Y_{\mathrm{}}(\alpha ^{})h_{\mathrm{}}(r),r:=|x|>a,\alpha ^{}:=\frac{x}{r},$$
(1.31)
where $`A_{\mathrm{}}(\alpha )`$ are defined in (1.25), $`Y_{\mathrm{}}(\alpha ^{})`$ are defined in (1.26),

$$h_{\mathrm{}}(r):=e^{i\frac{\pi }{2}(\mathrm{}+1)}\sqrt{\frac{\pi }{2r}}H_{\mathrm{}+\frac{1}{2}}^{(1)}(r),$$

$`H_{\mathrm{}}^{(1)}(r)`$ is the Hankel function, and the normalizing factor is chosen so that

$$h_{\mathrm{}}(r)=\frac{e^{ir}}{r}[1+o(1)]\text{ as }r\mathrm{}.$$
(1.32)
Note that \[2, formula (7.1463\]:

$$|H_{\mathrm{}}^{(1)}(r)|^2=\frac{4}{\pi ^2}_0^{\mathrm{}}K_0(2rsht)(e^{2\mathrm{}t}+e^{2\mathrm{}t})𝑑t,$$
(1.33)
where $`sht:=\frac{e^te^t}{2}`$. This formula implies that $`|h_{\mathrm{}}(r)|`$ is a monotonically increasing function of $`\mathrm{}`$.

It is known \[, formula 8.478\] that $`r|h_{\mathrm{}}(r)|^2`$ is a monotonically decreasing function of $`r`$ if $`\mathrm{}>0`$, and

$$h_{\mathrm{}}(r)=\frac{i^{\mathrm{}}\sqrt{2}}{r}\left(\frac{2\mathrm{}}{er}\right)^{\mathrm{}}\left[1+o(1)\right],\mathrm{}+\mathrm{},r>0.$$
(1.34)
The following known estimate can be useful:

$$|Y_{\mathrm{},m}(\alpha )|c\mathrm{}^{\frac{m}{2}1},\alpha S^2,$$
(1.35)
where $`Y_{\mathrm{},m}(\alpha )`$ are the normalized in $`L^2(S^2)`$ spherical harmonics (1.26).

Let us give a formula for the Green function $`G(x,y,k)`$ (see (1.5), (1.6)) in the region $`|x|>a`$, $`|y|>a`$, where $`\text{ supp }q(x)B_a`$. Let $`g(x,y,k):=\frac{e^{ik|xy|}}{4\pi |xy|}`$ and denote by $`A_{\mathrm{}^{}\mathrm{}}`$ the Fourier coefficients of the scattering amplitude:

$$A(\alpha ^{},\alpha )=\underset{\mathrm{}=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}A_{\mathrm{}}(\alpha )Y_{\mathrm{}}(\alpha ^{})=\underset{\mathrm{}^{},\mathrm{}=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}A_{\mathrm{}^{}\mathrm{}}Y_{\mathrm{}^{}}(\alpha )Y_{\mathrm{}}(\alpha ^{}).$$
(1.36)
Then

$$G(x,y,k)=g(x,y,k)+\frac{k^2}{4\pi }\underset{\mathrm{}^{},\mathrm{}=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}A_{\mathrm{}^{}\mathrm{}}Y_{\mathrm{}^{}}(\alpha )Y_{\mathrm{}}(\alpha ^{})h_{\mathrm{}}(k|x|)h_{\mathrm{}^{}}(k|y|),|x|>a,|y|>a,$$
(1.37)
where $`\alpha ^{}:=\frac{x}{|x|}`$, $`\alpha :=\frac{y}{|y|}`$.

Indeed, clearly the function (1.37) solves (1.5) in the region $`|x|>a`$, $`|y|>a`$, where $`q(x)=0`$, it satisfies (1.6), and

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill G(x,y,k)=& \frac{e^{ik|y|}}{4\pi |y|}\left[e^{ik\alpha x}+k^2\underset{\mathrm{}^{},\mathrm{}=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}A_{\mathrm{}^{}\mathrm{}}Y_{\mathrm{}^{}}(\alpha )Y_{\mathrm{}}(\alpha ^{})h_{\mathrm{}}(k|x|)\right]+o\left(\frac{1}{|y|}\right),\hfill \\ & \text{ as }|y|\mathrm{},\frac{y}{|y|}=\alpha .\hfill \end{array}$$
(1.38)
By (1.36), (1.31),(1.25), and (1.7), it follows that the function (1.37) has the same main term of asymptotics (1.38) as the Green function of the Schrödinger operator. Therefore the function (1.37) is identical to the Green function (1.5)-(1.6) in the region $`|x|>a`$, $`|y|>a`$.

## 2 Inverse potential scattering problem with fixed-energy data

The IPS problem can now be formulated: given $`A(\alpha ^{},\alpha )`$ $`\alpha ^{},\alpha S^2`$, find $`q(x)Q_a`$. Throughout this section $`k=1`$.

### 2.1 Uniqueness theorem.

The first result is the uniqueness theorem of Ramm , .

###### Theorem 2.1.

If $`q_1,q_2Q_a`$ and $`A_1(\alpha ^{},\alpha )=A_2(\alpha ^{},\alpha )`$ $`\alpha ^{}S_1^2`$, $`\alpha S_2^2`$, where $`S_j^2`$ $`j=1,2,`$ are arbitrary small open subsets of $`S^2`$, then $`q_1(x)=q_2(x)`$.

###### Proof.

The function $`A(\alpha ^{},\alpha )`$ is analytic with respect to $`\alpha ^{}`$ and $`\alpha `$ on the variety (1.8). Therefore its values on $`S_1^2\times S_2^2`$ extend uniquely by analyticity to $`M\times M`$. In particular $`A(\alpha ^{},\alpha )`$ is uniquely determined in $`S^2\times S^2`$. By (1.30) one gets:

$$_{B_a}p(x)u_1(x,\alpha )u_2(x,\alpha ^{})𝑑x=0\alpha ,\alpha ^{}S^2.$$
(2.1)
By property $`C`$ (section 1.2.6), formulas (1.22) -(1.23)) and by (1.18), the orthogonality relation (2.1) implies $`p(x)0`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

### 2.2 Reconstruction formula for exact data.

Fix an arbitrary $`\xi ^3`$ and choose arbitrary $`\theta ^{},\theta `$ satisfying (1.9).

Denote

$$\stackrel{~}{q}(\xi ):=_{B_a}e^{i\xi x}q(x)𝑑x.$$
(2.2)
Multiply (1.11) by $`\nu (\alpha ,\theta )L^2(S^2)`$, where $`\nu (\alpha ,\theta )`$ will be fixed later, and integrate over $`S^2`$ with respect to $`\alpha `$:

$$4\pi _{S^2}A(\alpha ^{},\alpha )\nu (\alpha ,\theta )𝑑\alpha =_{B_a}e^{i\alpha ^{}x}_{S^2}u(x,\alpha )\nu (\alpha ,\theta )𝑑\alpha q(x)𝑑x.$$
(2.3)
If $`qQ_a`$, then estimates (1.27) and (1.28) imply that the series (1.25) converges, when $`\alpha ^{}`$ is replaced by $`\theta ^{}M`$, uniformly and absolutely on $`S^2\times M_c`$. where $`M_cM`$ is an arbitrary compact subset of $`M`$. Formula (1.11) implies that $`\alpha ^{}`$ can be replaced by $`\theta ^{}M`$, since $`B_a`$ is a compact set in $`^3`$.

Define

$$\rho (x):=\rho (x;\nu ):=e^{i\theta x}_{S^2}u(x,\alpha )\nu (\alpha ,\theta )𝑑\alpha 1,$$
(2.4)
and rewrite (2.3), with $`\alpha ^{}=\theta ^{}`$, as

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill 4\pi _{S^2}A(\theta ^{},\alpha )\nu (\alpha ,\theta )𝑑\alpha & =_{B_a}e^{i\theta ^{}x+i\theta x}[\rho (x)+1]q(x)𝑑x\hfill \\ & =\stackrel{~}{q}(\xi )+_{B_a}e^{i\xi x}\rho (x)q(x)𝑑x=\stackrel{~}{q}+\epsilon ,\hfill \end{array}$$
(2.5)
where

$$|\epsilon |q_a\rho _a,q_a:=q_{L^2(B_a)}.$$
(2.6)
The following estimate (see , estimate (2.17) and its proof in section 6 below) holds for a suitable choice of $`\nu (\alpha ,\theta )`$:

$$\rho _ac|\theta |^1,|\theta |\mathrm{},\theta M.$$
(2.7)
From (2.5) and (2.7) one gets the reconstruction formula for inversion of exact fixed-energy 3D scattering data:

$$\underset{\begin{array}{c}|\theta |\mathrm{}\\ \theta ^{}\theta =\xi ,\\ \theta ,\theta ^{}M.\end{array}}{lim}\left\{4\pi _{S^2}A(\theta ^{},\alpha )\nu (\alpha ,\theta )𝑑\alpha \right\}=\stackrel{~}{q}(\xi ),$$
(2.8)
and the error estimate:

$$4\pi _{S^2}A(\theta ^{},\alpha )\nu (\alpha ,\theta )𝑑\alpha =\stackrel{~}{q}(\xi )+O\left(\frac{1}{|\theta |}\right),|\theta |\mathrm{},\theta M,$$
(2.9)
where (1.9) is always assumed.

Let us give an algorithm for computing the function $`\nu (\alpha ,\theta )`$ for which (2.7), and therefore (2.9), hold, given the scattering data $`A(\alpha ^{},\alpha )`$ $`\alpha ^{},\alpha S^2`$.

Fix arbitrarily two numbers $`a_1`$ and $`b`$ such that

$$a<a_1<b,$$
(2.10)
and define the $`L^2`$-norm in the annulus:

$$\rho ^2:=_{a_1|x|b}|\rho |^2𝑑x.$$
(2.11)
Consider the minimization problem

$$\rho =inf:=d(\theta ),$$
(2.12)
where the infimum is taken over all $`\nu L^2(S^2)`$.

It is proved in  (see also section (6.3) below) that

$$d(\theta )c|\theta |^1\text{ if }\theta M,|\theta |1.$$
(2.13)
The symbol $`|\theta |1`$ means that $`|\theta |`$ is sufficiently large. The constant $`c>0`$ in (2.13) depends on the norm $`q_a`$ but not on the potential $`q(x)`$ itself. An algorithm for computing a function $`\nu (\alpha ,\theta )`$, which can be used for inversion of the fixed-energy 3D scattering data by formula (2.9), is as follows:

a) Find any approximate solution to (2.12) in the sense

$$\rho (x,\nu )<2d(\theta ),$$
(2.14)
where in place of 2 in (2.14) one could put any fixed constant greater than 1.

b) Any such $`\nu (\alpha ,\theta )`$ generates an estimate of $`\stackrel{~}{q}(\xi )`$ with the error $`o\left(\frac{1}{|\theta |}\right)`$, $`|\theta |\mathrm{}`$. This estimate is calculated by the formula

$$\widehat{q}:=4\pi _{S^2}A(\theta ^{},\alpha )\nu (\alpha ,\theta )𝑑\alpha ,$$
(2.15)
where $`\nu (\alpha ,\theta )L^2(S^2)`$ is any function satisfying (2.14).

We have obtained the following result:

###### Theorem 2.2.

One has

$$\left|\widehat{q}\stackrel{~}{q}(\xi )\right|\frac{c}{|\theta |},|\theta |\mathrm{},\theta M,$$
(2.16)
provided that (2.14) and (1.9) hold.

###### Proof.

The proof is the same as the proof of (2.5) - (2.7) and is based on the following estimate , :

$$\rho _ac\left(\rho +|\theta |^1\right),|\theta |1,\theta M.$$
(2.17)
The proof of (2.17) is not simple . It is given in section 6. $`\mathrm{}`$

### 2.3 Stability estimate for inversion of the exact data.

Let the potentials $`qQ`$, $`j=1,2`$, generate the scattering amplitudes $`A_j(\alpha ^{},\alpha )`$.

Let us assume that

$$\underset{\alpha ^{},\alpha S^2}{sup}\left|A_1(\alpha ^{},\alpha )A_2(\alpha ^{},\alpha )\right|<\delta .$$
(2.18)
We want to estimate $`p(x):=q_1(x)q_2(x)`$.

The main tool is formula (1.30).

The result is (, ):

###### Theorem 2.3.

If $`q_jQ`$ and (2.18) holds then

$$\underset{|\xi |<\xi _0}{sup}|\stackrel{~}{q_1}(\xi )\stackrel{~}{q_2}(\xi )|c\frac{\mathrm{ln}|\mathrm{ln}\delta |}{|\mathrm{ln}\delta |},\delta 0,$$
(2.19)
where $`\xi _0>0`$ is an arbitrary large fixed number and the constant $`c>0`$ does not depend on $`\delta >0`$, $`\delta 0`$.

###### Proof.

Multiply both sides of (1.30) by $`\nu _1(\alpha ,\theta )\nu _2(\alpha ^{},\theta _2)`$, where $`\theta _jM`$, $`j=1,2,`$ $`\theta _1+\theta _2=\xi `$, $`|\theta _1|\mathrm{}`$, and integrate with respect to $`\alpha `$ and $`\alpha ^{}`$ over $`S^2`$, to get:

$$\begin{array}{cc}& 4\pi _{S^2}_{S^2}A(\alpha ^{},\alpha )\nu _1(\alpha ,\theta _1)\nu _2(\alpha ^{},\theta _2)𝑑\alpha 𝑑\alpha ^{}=\hfill \\ & _{B_a}𝑑xp(x)_{S^2}u_1(x,\alpha )\nu _1(\alpha ,\theta _1)𝑑\alpha _{S^2}u_2(x,\beta )\nu _2(\beta ,\theta _2)𝑑\beta ,\beta =\alpha ^{}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(2.20)
Choose $`\nu _1`$ and $`\nu _2`$ such that

$$\rho _j(\nu _j)\frac{c}{|\theta _j|},|\theta _j|\mathrm{},\theta _jM,$$
(2.21)
where $`\rho _j(\nu _j):=\rho _j(x,\nu _j):=e^{i\theta _jx}_{S^2}u_j(x,\alpha )\nu _j(\alpha ,\theta _j)𝑑\alpha 1`$, and note that $`\frac{|\theta _1|}{|\theta _2|}1`$ as $`|\theta _1|\mathrm{}`$, $`\theta _1,\theta _2M`$, $`\theta _1+\theta _2=\xi `$, $`|\xi |\xi _0`$, $`\xi _0`$ is an arbitrary large but fixed number. From (2.18), (2.20) and (2.21) one gets

$$|\stackrel{~}{p}(\xi )|c\left(|\theta |^1+c\delta \nu _1_{L^2(S^2)}\nu _2_{L^2(S^2)}\right),$$
(2.22)
where $`\theta :=\theta _1`$. One can choose $`\nu _1`$ and $`\nu _2`$ such that (, see also section 6.7 below)

$$\nu _j(\alpha ,\theta _j)_{L^2(S^2)}ce^{c|\theta |\mathrm{ln}|\theta |},\theta =\theta _1,|\theta |\mathrm{},\theta _2=\xi \theta ,$$
(2.23)
where $`c>0`$ stands for various different constants.

Thus (2.22) yields:

$$\underset{|\xi |\xi _0}{sup}\left|\stackrel{~}{p}(\xi )\right|c\underset{s1}{\mathrm{min}}\left[s^1+c_1\delta e^{c_2s\mathrm{ln}|s|}\right],0<\delta <<1,$$
(2.24)
where $`c,c_1`$ and $`c_2`$ are some positive constants, $`s:=|\theta |`$, $`\delta 1`$ means that $`\delta >0`$ is small and $`s1`$ means that $`s>0`$ is large. However, our argument is valid for $`s1`$ and $`0<\delta \frac{1}{2}`$.

One gets

$$\underset{s>0}{\mathrm{min}}\left[s^1+c_1\delta e^{c_2s\mathrm{ln}|s|}\right]:=\eta (\delta )c_3\frac{\mathrm{ln}|\mathrm{ln}\delta |}{|\mathrm{ln}\delta |},\delta 0,$$
(2.25)
and the minimizer is

$$s=s(\delta )=c_2^1\frac{\mathrm{ln}|\delta |}{\mathrm{ln}|\mathrm{ln}\delta |}\left[1+o(1)\right],\delta 0.$$
(2.26)
From (2.24)-(2.26) one gets (2.19). $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Remark 2.1.

In the above proof the difficult part is the proof of (2.23). Estimate (2.23) can be derived for $`\nu (\alpha ,\theta )`$ such that

$$\psi (x,\theta )_{S^2}u(x,\alpha )\nu (\alpha ,\theta )𝑑\alpha _{L^2(B_b)}c\frac{e^{b\kappa }}{\kappa },\kappa :=|Im\theta |,\theta M,\theta 1,$$
(2.27)
and $`\nu (\alpha ,\theta )_{L^2(S^2)}=inf`$, where the infimum is taken over all $`\nu L^2(S^2)`$.

In section 6.7 we consider the problem of finding $`\nu L^2(S^2)`$ with minimal norm $`\nu _{L^2(S^2)}:=a(\nu )`$ among all $`\nu (\alpha ,\theta )`$ which satisfy the inequality:

$$\psi (x)_{S^2}u(x,\alpha )\nu (\alpha ,\theta )𝑑\alpha _{L^2(B_b)}\epsilon .$$
(2.28)
The necessity to consider the $`\nu `$ with the minimal norm $`\nu _{L^2(S^2)}`$ comes from the simple observation: there exists a sequence of $`\nu _nL^2(S^2)`$, $`\nu _n_{L^2(S^2)}=1`$, such that

$$_{S^2}u(x,\alpha )\nu _n(\alpha )𝑑\alpha _{L^2(B_b)}0\text{ as }n\mathrm{}.$$
(2.29)
To prove (2.29) note that

$$u(x,\alpha )=e^{i\alpha x}_{B_b}\frac{e^{i|xy|}}{4\pi |xy|}q(y)u(y,\alpha )𝑑y:=e^{i\alpha x}Tu,$$
(2.30)
where the operator $`(I+T)^1:=I+T_1`$ is a continuous bijection of $`C(B_b)`$ onto itself, and $`C(B_b)`$ is the usual space of continuous in $`B_b`$, $`ba`$, functions equipped with the sup-norm . Since $`T`$ is compact in $`C(B_b)`$, the above statement follows from the injectivity of $`I+T`$, which we now prove:

If $`f+Tf=0`$, then $`f`$ is extended to $`C(^3)`$ by the formula $`f=Tf`$, and satisfies the following equation $`(^2+1q(x))f=0`$ in $`^3`$ and the radiation condition of the type (1.6) with $`k=1`$. Therefore $`f(x)0`$ and the injectivity of $`I+T`$ is proved.

Thus $`I+T`$ and $`I+T_1`$ are continuous bijections of $`C(B_b)`$ into itself for any $`ba`$.

Writing $`u(x,\alpha )=(I+T_1)e^{i\alpha x}`$, one concludes that (2.29) is equivalent to

$$_{S^2}e^{i\alpha x}\nu _n(\alpha )𝑑\alpha _{L^2(B_b)}0\text{ as }n\mathrm{}.$$
(2.31)
Existence of a normalized sequence $`\nu _n(\alpha )`$ satifying (2.31) follows from the compactness of the operator

$$Q:L^2(S^2)L^2(B_b),Q\nu :=_{S^2}e^{i\alpha x}\nu (\alpha )𝑑\alpha .$$

Of course, the same argument is applicable to the operator $`Q_1\nu :=_{S^2}u(x,\alpha )\nu (\alpha )𝑑\alpha `$, but the bijectivity of $`I+T`$ in $`C(B_b)`$, $`ba`$, is of independent interest.

It follows from (2.29) that, for a given $`\epsilon >0`$, one can find $`\nu `$ in (2.29) with an arbitrary large norm $`\nu _{L^2(S^2)}`$. By this reason we are interested in $`\nu `$ with minimal norm. Estimate (2.23) gives a bound on the growth of the minimal value of the norm $`\nu _{L^2(S^2)}`$, where $`\nu =\nu (\alpha ,\theta )`$ satisfies (2.28) with $`\epsilon =\frac{e^{b\kappa }}{\kappa }`$, $`\kappa :=|Im\theta |`$, $`|\theta |\mathrm{}`$, $`\theta M`$.

### 2.4 Stability estimate for inversion of noisy data.

Assume now that the scattering data are given with some error: a function $`A_\delta (\alpha ^{},\alpha )`$ is given such that

$$\underset{\alpha ^{},\alpha S^2}{sup}\left|A(\alpha ^{},\alpha )A_\delta (\alpha ^{},\alpha )\right|\delta .$$
(2.32)
We emphasize that $`A_\delta (\alpha ^{},\alpha )`$ is not necessarily a scattering amplitude corresponding to some potential, it is an arbitrary function in $`L^{\mathrm{}}(S^2\times S^2)`$ satisfying (2.32). It is assumed that the unknown function $`A(\alpha ^{},\alpha )`$ is the scattering amplitude corresponding to a $`qQ`$.

The problem is: Give an algorithm for calculating $`\widehat{q}`$ such that

$$\underset{|\xi |\xi _0}{sup}\left|\widehat{q}\stackrel{~}{q}(\xi )\right|\eta (\delta ),\eta (\delta )0\text{ as }\delta 0,$$
(2.33)
where $`\xi _0>0`$ is an arbitrary large fixed number, and estimate the rate at which $`\eta (\delta )`$ tends to zero.

An algorithm for inversion of noisy data will now be described.

Let

$$N(\delta ):=\left[\frac{|\mathrm{ln}\delta |}{\mathrm{ln}|\mathrm{ln}\delta |}\right],$$
(2.34)
where $`[x]`$ is the integer nearest to $`x>0`$,

$$\widehat{A}_\delta (\theta ^{},\alpha ):=\underset{\mathrm{}=0}{\overset{N(\delta )}{}}A_\delta \mathrm{}(\alpha )Y_{\mathrm{}}(\theta ^{}),A_\delta \mathrm{}(\alpha ):=_{S^2}A_\delta (\alpha ^{},\alpha )\overline{Y_{\mathrm{}}(\alpha ^{})}𝑑\alpha ^{},$$
(2.35)
$$u_\delta (x,\alpha ):=e^{i\alpha x}+\underset{\mathrm{}=0}{\overset{N(\delta )}{}}A_\delta \mathrm{}(\alpha )Y_{\mathrm{}}(\alpha ^{})h_{\mathrm{}}(r),$$
(2.36)
$$\rho _\delta (x;\nu ):=e^{i\theta x}_{S^2}u_\delta (x,\alpha )\nu (\alpha )𝑑\alpha 1,\theta M,$$
(2.37)
$$\mu (\delta ):=e^{\gamma N(\delta )},\gamma =\text{ const }>0,$$
(2.38)
$$a(\nu ):=\nu _{L^2(S^2)},\kappa :=|Im\theta |.$$
(2.39)
Consider the variational problem with constraints:

$$|\theta |=sup:=\vartheta (\delta ),$$
(2.40)
$$|\theta |\left[\rho _\delta (\nu )+a(\nu )e^{\kappa b}\mu (\delta )\right]c,\theta M,$$
(2.41)
where the norm is defined in (2.11), and it is assumed that

$$\theta ^{}\theta =\xi ,\theta ,\theta ^{}M,$$
(2.42)
where $`\xi ^3`$ is an arbitrary fixed vector, $`c>0`$ is a sufficiently large constant, and the supremum is taken over $`\theta M`$ and $`\nu L^2(S^2)`$ under the constraints (2.41).

Given $`\xi ^3`$ one can always find $`\theta `$ and $`\theta ^{}`$ such that (2.42) holds.

We prove that $`\vartheta (\delta )\mathrm{}`$, in fact

$$\vartheta (\delta )c\frac{|\mathrm{ln}\delta |}{(\mathrm{ln}|\mathrm{ln}\delta |)^2},\delta 0.$$
(2.43)
Let $`\theta (\delta )`$, $`\nu _\delta (\alpha )`$ be any approximate solution to problem (2.40)-(2.41) in the sense that

$$|\theta (\delta )|\frac{\vartheta (\delta )}{2}.$$
(2.44)
Calculate

$$\widehat{q}_\delta :=4\pi _{S^2}\widehat{A}_\delta (\theta ^{},\alpha )\nu _\delta (\alpha )𝑑\alpha .$$
(2.45)
###### Theorem 2.4.

One has

$$\underset{|\xi |\xi _0}{sup}\left|\widehat{q}_\delta \stackrel{~}{q}(\xi )\right|c\frac{(\mathrm{ln}|\mathrm{ln}\delta |)^2}{|\mathrm{ln}\delta |}\text{ as }\delta 0.$$
(2.46)
###### Proof.

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \widehat{q_\delta }\stackrel{~}{q}(\xi )=& 4\pi _{S^2}\widehat{A}_\delta (\theta ^{},\alpha )\nu _\delta (\alpha )𝑑\alpha \stackrel{~}{q}(\xi )\hfill \\ \hfill =& 4\pi _{S^2}A(\theta ^{},\alpha )\nu _\delta (\alpha )𝑑\alpha \stackrel{~}{q}(\xi )\hfill \\ & +4\pi _{S^2}[A(\theta ^{},\alpha )\widehat{A}_\delta (\theta ^{},\alpha )]\nu _\delta (\alpha )𝑑\alpha .\hfill \end{array}$$
(2.47)
The rest of the proof consists of the following steps:

Step 1. We prove that

$$\rho (x,\nu _\delta )c[\rho _\delta (x,\nu _\delta )+a(\nu _\delta )e^{\kappa b}\mu (\delta )]\frac{c}{\vartheta (\delta )},$$
(2.48)
where the norm is defined in (2.11).

This estimate and (2.43) imply (see the proof of (2.19) and (2.26)) that

$$\left|4\pi _{S^2}A(\theta ^{},\alpha )\nu _\delta (\alpha )𝑑\alpha \stackrel{~}{q}(\xi )\right|c\frac{(\mathrm{ln}|\mathrm{ln}\delta |)^2}{|\mathrm{ln}\delta |}.$$
(2.49)
Step 2. We prove that

$$|_{S^2}[A(\theta ^{},\alpha )\widehat{A}_\delta (\theta ^{},\alpha ]\nu _\delta (\alpha )d\alpha |ca(\nu _\delta )e^{\kappa b}\mu (\delta )\frac{c}{\vartheta (\delta )}c\frac{(\mathrm{ln}|\mathrm{ln}\delta |)^2}{|\mathrm{ln}\delta |},$$
(2.50)
where $`\theta ^{}=\theta ^{}(\delta )=\xi +\theta (\delta )`$, and the pair $`\{\theta (\delta ),\nu _\delta (\alpha )\}`$ solves (2.40)-(2.41) approximately in the sense specified above. (See formula (2.44)).

This estimate follows from (2.41) and from the inequality

$$A(\theta ^{},\alpha )\widehat{A}_\delta (\theta ^{},\alpha )_{L^2(S^2)}ce^{\kappa b}\mu (\delta ).$$
(2.51)
Let us prove (2.51). One has

$$\begin{array}{cc}& \widehat{A}_\delta (\theta ^{}(\delta ),\alpha )A(\theta ^{}(\delta ),\alpha )_{L^2(S^2)}\underset{\mathrm{}=0}{\overset{N(\delta )}{}}\left[\widehat{A}_\delta \mathrm{}(\alpha )A_l(\alpha )\right]Y_{\mathrm{}}(\theta ^{})_{L^2(S^2)}\hfill \\ & +\underset{\mathrm{}=N(\delta )+1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}A_{\mathrm{}}(\alpha )Y_{\mathrm{}}(\theta ^{})_{L^2(S^2)}:=I_1+I_2,\hfill \end{array}$$
(2.52)
where $`N(\delta )`$ is given in (2.34) and $`\theta ^{}:=\theta ^{}(\delta )`$. Using (1.28), (1.29) one gets

$$I_1c\delta N^2(\delta )\frac{e^{\kappa b}(2N)^{N(\delta )+1}}{(eb)^{N(\delta )}}.$$
(2.53)
Here we have used the estimate

$$\underset{\alpha S^2}{sup}\underset{\mathrm{}=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\left|A_{\mathrm{}}(\alpha )\widehat{A}_\delta \mathrm{}(\alpha )\right|^24\pi \delta ^2,$$

which follows from (2.32) and the Parseval equality, and implies

$$\underset{\alpha S^2}{sup}\left|A_\delta (\alpha )\widehat{A}_\delta \mathrm{}(\alpha )\right|\sqrt{4\pi }\delta .$$
(2.54)
We also took into account that there are $`(N+1)^2`$ spherical harmonics $`Y_{\mathrm{}}=Y_{\mathrm{},m}`$ with $`0\mathrm{}N`$, because $`_{m=\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}1=2\mathrm{}+1`$, and $`_{\mathrm{}=0}^N(2\mathrm{}+1)=(N+1)^2`$. For large $`N`$ one has $`(N+1)^2=N^2[1+o(1)]`$, $`N\mathrm{}`$, so we write $`(N+1)^2cN^2`$, $`c>1`$.

To estimate $`I_2`$, use (1.27) -(1.29) and get:

$$I_2c\underset{\mathrm{}=N+1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\left(\frac{ea}{2\mathrm{}}\right)^{\mathrm{}+1}\frac{e^{\kappa a_1}}{\left(\frac{ea_1}{2\mathrm{}}\right)^{\mathrm{}+1}}ce^{\kappa a_1}\left(\frac{a}{a_1}\right)_.^{N+1}$$
(2.55)
Minimizing with respect to $`N>1`$ the function

$$\delta N^2\frac{(2N)^{N+1}}{(eb)^N}+s^{N+1},0<s:=\frac{a}{a_1}<1.$$
(2.56)
one gets

$$\underset{N>1}{\mathrm{min}}\left[\delta N^2\frac{(2N)^{N+1}}{(eb)^N}+s^{N+1}\right]ce^{\gamma N(\delta )}=c\mu (\delta ),\gamma =\mathrm{ln}\frac{a_1}{a}>0,$$
(2.57)
where $`N(\delta )`$ is given in (2.34) and $`\mu (\delta )`$ is defined by (2.38). Thus, from (2.52) -(2.56) one gets (2.51). Theorem 2.4 is proved. $`\mathrm{}`$

### 2.5 Stability estimate for the scattering solutions.

Let us assume (2.18) and derive the following estimate:

###### Theorem 2.5.

If $`q_1,q_2Q_a`$ and (2.18) holds then

$$\underset{\begin{array}{c}xB_a^{}\\ \alpha S^2\end{array}}{sup}|u_1(x,\alpha )u_2(x,\alpha )|c\mu (\delta ),|x|>a,$$
(2.58)
where $`\mu (\delta )`$ is defined by (2.38) and (2.34), and $`c>0`$ is a constant.

###### Proof.

Using (1.31), one gets:

$$u_1u_2=\underset{\mathrm{}=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\left[A_\mathrm{}1(\alpha )A_\mathrm{}2(\alpha )\right]Y_{\mathrm{}}(\alpha ^{})h_{\mathrm{}}(r),r>a.$$
(2.59)
As stated below formula (1.33), one has

$$\left|h_{\mathrm{}}(r)\right|\left|h_{\mathrm{}+1}(r)\right|,r>0.$$
(2.60)
From (2.58) one gets:

$$u_1u_2_{L^2(B_b\backslash B_{a_1})}^2=\underset{\mathrm{}=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}|A_\mathrm{}1(\alpha )A_\mathrm{}2(\alpha )|^2_{a_1}^br^2|h_{\mathrm{}}(r)|𝑑r,a<a_1<b.$$
(2.61)
It follows from (2.60) and (1.34) that

$$\begin{array}{c}\hfill \underset{0\mathrm{}N}{sup}_{a_1}^br^2|h_{\mathrm{}}(r)|^2𝑑r=_{a_1}^br^2|h_N(r)|^2𝑑r\\ \hfill c\left(\frac{2N}{e}\right)^{2N}_{a_1}^b\frac{dr}{r^{2N}}c\left(\frac{2N}{e}\right)^{2N}a_1^{2N},b>a_1.\end{array}$$
(2.62)
From (2.60)-(2.61) one gets

$$u_1u_2_{L^2(B_b\backslash B_a)}^2c\delta ^2\left(\frac{2N}{ea_1}\right)^{2N}+c\underset{\mathrm{}=N+1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\left(|A_\mathrm{}1|^2+|A_\mathrm{}2|^2\right)\left(\frac{2\mathrm{}}{ea_1}\right)^2\mathrm{},$$
(2.63)
where we have used the monotone decrease of $`r|h_{\mathrm{}}(r)|^2`$ as a function of $`r`$. Using estimate (1.27)in order to estimate $`|A_\mathrm{}j(\alpha )|`$, $`j=1,2,`$ one gets:

$$u_1u_2_{L^2(B_b\backslash B_{a_1})}^2c\delta ^2\left(\frac{2N}{ea_1}\right)^{2N}+c\left(\frac{a}{a_1}\right)^{2N},a<a_1.$$
(2.64)
Minimization of the right-hand side of (2.63) with respect to $`N1`$ yields, as in (2.56), the estimate similar to (2.56):

$$u_1u_2_{L^2(B_b\backslash B_{a_1})}^2ce^{\gamma N(\delta )},\gamma =\mathrm{ln}\frac{a_1}{a}>0.$$
(2.65)
Since $`u_1u_2:=w`$ solves the equation

$$(^2+1)w=0\text{ in }B_a^{}:=^3\backslash B_a,$$
(2.66)
one can use the known elliptic estimate:

$$w_{H^2(D_1)}c\left((^2+1)w_{L^2(D_2)}+w_{L^2(D_2)}\right),D_1D_2,$$
(2.67)
where $`D_1`$ is a strictly inner subset of $`D_2`$ and $`c=c(D_1,D_2)`$, and get:

$$w_{H^2(D_1)}ce^{\gamma N(\delta )},$$
(2.68)
where $`D_1`$ is any annulus $`a_1<a_2|x|a_3<b`$. By the embedding theorem, (2.68) implies (2.58) in $`^3`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

### 2.6 Spherically symmetric potentials.

If $`q(x)=q(r)`$, $`r:=|x|`$, then

$$A(\alpha ^{},\alpha )=A(\alpha ^{}\alpha ),A_{\mathrm{}}(\alpha )=A_{\mathrm{}}Y_{\mathrm{}}(\alpha ).$$
(2.69)
In  the converse is proved: if $`qQ_a`$ and (2.69) holds then $`q(x)=q(r)`$.

The scattering data $`A(\alpha ^{},\alpha )`$ in the case of the spherically summetric potential is equivalent to the set of the phase shifts $`\delta _{\mathrm{}}`$. The phase shifts are defined as follows:

$$1+\frac{i}{2\pi }A_{\mathrm{}}=e^{2i\delta _{\mathrm{}}},A_{\mathrm{}}=4\pi e^{i\delta _{\mathrm{}}}\mathrm{sin}\delta _{\mathrm{}},k=1.$$
(2.70)
From Theorem 2.1 it follows that is $`q=q(r)Q_a`$ then the set $`\{\delta _{\mathrm{}}\}_{\mathrm{}=0,1,2,\mathrm{}}`$ determines uniquley $`q(r)`$. A much stronger result is proved by the author in . To formulate this result, denote by $``$ any subset of nonnegative integers such that

$$\underset{\mathrm{},\mathrm{}0}{}\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}=\mathrm{}.$$
(2.71)
###### Theorem 2.6.

() If $`q(x)=q(r)Q_a`$ then the data $`\{\delta _{\mathrm{}}\}_\mathrm{}L`$ determine $`q(r)`$ uniquely.

In  an example is given of two quite different potentials $`q_1(r)`$ and $`q_2(r)`$, piecewise-constant, $`q_j(r)=0`$ for $`r>5`$, for which

$$\underset{\mathrm{}0}{sup}\left|\delta _{\mathrm{}}^{(1)}\delta _{\mathrm{}}^{(2)}\right|<10^5\text{ and }\underset{r0}{sup}\left|q_1(r)q_2(r)\right|1,\text{ where }q_1\text{ and }q_2$$

are of order of magnitude of 1.

This result shows that the stability estimate (2.19) is accurate.

## 3 The direct obstacle scattering problem with fixed-frequency data

Let $`D^3`$ be a bounded domain (an obstacle) with boundary $`S`$. We want to study the obstacle scattering problem under minimal smoothness assumptions on $`S`$.

Recall that if $`S`$ is $`C^{1,\lambda }`$, $`0<\lambda 1`$, that is, in local coordinates $`S`$ is a graph of a $`C^{1,\lambda }`$\- function $`x_3=g(x^{})`$, $`x^{}:=(x_1,x_2)`$, $`gC^{1,\lambda }`$, then the obstacle scattering problem consists of finding the scattering solution $`u(x,\alpha )`$, which satisfies the equations:

$$(^2+1)u=0\text{ in }D^{}:=^3\backslash D,$$
(3.1)
$$\mathrm{\Gamma }u=0,$$
(3.2)
$$u=e^{i\alpha x}+A(\alpha ^{},\alpha )\frac{e^{ir}}{r}+o\left(\frac{1}{r}\right),r:=|x|\mathrm{},\frac{x}{r}=\alpha ^{},$$
(3.3)
where $`\alpha S^2`$ is given and (3.2) is the Dirichlet condition if $`\mathrm{\Gamma }u=u`$, the Neumann condition if $`\mathrm{\Gamma }u=u_N`$, or the Robin condition if $`\mathrm{\Gamma }u:=u_N+\sigma (s)u`$, $`\sigma (s)L^{\mathrm{}}(S)`$, $`Im\sigma (s)=0`$, $`N`$ is the exterior normal to $`S`$. We took the wavenumber $`k=1`$ without loss of generality.

If $`S`$ is very rough (non-smooth), $`N`$ may be not defined on $`S`$. The minimal assumptions on the smoothness of $`S`$, under which the existence and uniqueness of the solution to the direct scattering problem are established, were introduced in  and . These assumptions are:

$`A_1`$) If $`\mathrm{\Gamma }u=u`$ then $`D`$ is an arbitrary bounded domain, that is a bounded open set.

$`A_2`$) If $`\mathrm{\Gamma }u=u_N`$ then the assumption on $`S`$ is:

$$i:H^1(D_a^{})L^2(D_a^{})\text{ is }\text{ compact },D_a^{}:=D^{}B_a.$$
(3.4)
Here $`i`$ is the embedding operator, $`H^1`$ is the Sobolev space, $`a>0`$ is such a number that the ball $`B_a:=\{x:|x|a\}`$ contains $`D`$, and $`D^{}:=^3\backslash D`$.

$`A_3`$) If $`\mathrm{\Gamma }u=u_N+\sigma (s)u`$, then the assumption on $`S`$ is:

$$i:H^1(D_a^{})L^2(D_a^{})\text{ and }i_1:H^1(D_a^{})L^2(S)\text{ are }\text{ compact.}$$
(3.5)
Here the integration on $`S`$ in the definition of $`L^2(S)`$ is understood with respect to the two-dimensional Hausdorff measure on $`S`$.

The usual classes of domains in the theory of Sobolev spaces are:

1) domains satisfying the cone condition,

2) Lipschitz domains,

and

3) extension domains, (see , ).

They all are such that the above assumptions $`A_2`$) and $`A_3`$) hold. Let us recall the definitions of these domains: $`D`$ satisfies the cone condition if each point of $`D`$ is the vertex of a cone contained in $`D`$ along with its closure, the cone in the local coordinates is the region $`x^2<ax_3^2`$, $`0<x_3<b`$, and $`a,b>0`$ are fixed positive constants. A domain $`D`$ is Lipschitz if each point of $`S:=D`$ has a neighborhood $`U^n`$, such that $`UD`$ can be mapped onto a cube by a quasi-isometric map.

A homeomorphic $`f:D_1D_2`$ is called quasi-isometric if

$$\underset{xx_0}{lim}sup\frac{|f(x)f(x_0)|}{|xy_0|}M,\underset{yy_0}{lim}sup\frac{|f^1(y)f^1(y_0)|}{|yy_0|}M$$

for any $`x_0D_1`$ and any $`y_0D_2`$ and the Jacobian $`detf^{}(x)`$ preserves its sign in $`D_1`$.

A domain $`D`$ is an extension domain in $`H^1`$ if there exists a linear continuous operator $`E:H^1(D)H^1(^3)`$, $`Eu=u`$ on $`D`$ for all $`uH^1(D)`$.

An extension domain may fail to satisfy the cone condition, but a bounded domain satisfying the cone condition is the union of a finite number of extension domains.

We will use also the domains with finite perimeter. A domain $`D`$ has finite perimeter if and only if $`\chi _D(x)_{BV(^3)}<\mathrm{}`$, where $`\chi _D(x)`$ is the characteristic function of $`D`$ and $`BV`$ is the space of functions of bounded variation .

Let us state the result from .

###### Theorem 3.1.

Problem (3.1) - (3.3) has a unique weak solution if:

a) $`D`$ is an arbitrary bounded domain (open set) in $`^3`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }u=u`$,

b) $`D`$ is a bounded domain, condition $`A_2`$) holds and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }u=u_N`$

c) $`D`$ is a bounded domain, condition $`A_3`$) holds and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }u=u_N+\sigma (s)u`$, $`\sigma (s)L^{\mathrm{}}(S)`$, $`Im\sigma (s)=0`$.

The solution to (3.1) - (3.3) for rough boundaries is understood in the weak sense and has the following properties:

a) if $`\mathrm{\Gamma }u=u`$ then $`u\stackrel{}{H}{}_{}{}^{1}(D_R^{})C_{\mathrm{}oc}^{\mathrm{}}(D^{})`$, $`uL^2(D^{},\frac{1}{1+|x|^a})`$, $`a>1`$, and (3.3) holds with

$$A(\alpha ^{},\alpha )=\frac{1}{4\pi }_Se^{i\alpha ^{}s}u_N(s,\alpha )𝑑s,$$
(3.6)
where $`\stackrel{}{H}{}_{}{}^{1}(D_R^{})`$ is the Sobolev space of functions which vanish on $`S`$,

b) if $`\mathrm{\Gamma }u=u_N`$, then $`uH^1(D_R^{})C_{\mathrm{}oc}^{\mathrm{}}(D^{})`$, $`uL^2(D^{},\frac{1}{1+|x|^a})`$, $`a>1`$, and (3.3) holds with

$$A(\alpha ^{},\alpha )=\frac{1}{4\pi }_S\frac{e^{i\alpha ^{}s}}{N}u(s,\alpha )𝑑s,$$
(3.7)
c) if $`\mathrm{\Gamma }u=u_N+\sigma (s)u`$, then $`uH^1(D_R^{})C_{\mathrm{}oc}^{\mathrm{}}(D^{})`$, $`uL^2(D^{},\frac{1}{1+|x|^a})`$, $`a>1`$, and (3.3) holds with

$$A(\alpha ^{},\alpha )=\frac{1}{4\pi }_S\left[\frac{e^{i\alpha s}}{N_s}+\sigma (s)e^{i\alpha ^{}s}\right]u(s,\alpha )𝑑s.$$
(3.8)
In  and  Theorem 3.1 was proved with the operator $`^2`$ replaced by a general second-order selfadjoint elliptic operator. The weak solution is defined in the case $`\mathrm{\Gamma }u=u_N+\sigma (s)u`$, as a function $`uH^1(D_R^{})C_{\mathrm{}oc}^{\mathrm{}}(D^{})`$ for any $`R>R_0`$, $`B_{R_0}D`$, which satisfies (3.3) and satifies the integral relation:

$$_D^{}(u\varphi u\varphi )𝑑x_S\sigma (s)u\varphi 𝑑s=0\varphi H_0^1(D^{}).$$
(3.9)
Here $`H_0^1(D^{})`$ is the set of $`H^1(D^{})`$ functions vanishing near infinity and $`ds`$ is the two-dimensional Hausdorff measure on $`S`$. Formula (3.9) makes sense for domains $`D`$ with finite perimeter.

### 3.1 Uniqueness theorem for inverse obstacle scattering.

The inverse obstacle scattering problem consists of finding $`S`$ and the boundary condition on $`S`$ given $`A(\alpha ^{},\alpha )\alpha ^{}S^2`$. The scattering amplitude $`A(\alpha ^{},\alpha )`$ in the obstacle scattering problem satisfies conditions listed in section 1.2.2. In particular, it admits unique analytic continuation from $`S^2\times S^2`$ onto $`M\times M`$.

Let us outline the proof of the uniqueness theorem for inverse obstacle scattering problem with fixed-frequency data. This theorem belongs to the author , but we give a new proof , see also .

###### Theorem 3.2.

If $`A(\alpha ^{},\alpha )=A_2(\alpha ^{},\alpha )`$ $`\alpha ^{},\alpha ,`$ running through arbitrary small open subsets of $`S^2`$, then $`D_1=D_2:=D`$, and the boundary condition on $`S:=D`$ are uniquely determined.

###### Proof.

As in the proof of Theorem 2.1, the data determine uniquely $`A_j(\alpha ^{},\alpha )`$ on $`S^2\times S^2`$ so that $`A_1(\alpha ^{},\alpha )=A_2(\alpha ^{},\alpha )\alpha ^{},\alpha S^2`$. If one has already proved that $`D_1=D_2`$, that is, $`S_1=S_2:=S`$, then the boundary condition on $`S`$ is uniquely determined because the scattering solution $`u(x,\alpha )`$ is uniquely determined by the scattering amplitude in $`D^{}`$ (and is analytically determined by formula (1.31) in $`B_a^{}`$). Thus, the limiting values of $`\frac{u_N}{u}`$ on $`S`$ are uniquely determined. If the limit is zero (almost everywhere on $`S`$) then $`\mathrm{\Gamma }u=u_N`$, if the limit is infinity (almost everywhere on $`S`$) then $`\mathrm{\Gamma }u=u`$, and if the limit is a function $`\sigma (s)`$, then $`\mathrm{\Gamma }u=u_N+\sigma (s)u`$. Therefore the main point is to prove that $`S`$ is uniquely determined by $`A(\alpha ^{},\alpha )\alpha ^{},\alpha S^2`$. Let us prove this.

Assume the contrary: $`S_1S_2`$. Let $`D_{12}:=D_1D_2`$, $`S_{12}=D_{12}`$, $`D^{12}:=D_1D_2`$. Denote by $`\stackrel{~}{D}_1`$ a connected component of $`D_{12}\backslash D_2`$. We want to show that $`D_{12}\backslash D_2`$ is an empty set. An important tool is the formula  similar to (1.30):

$$\begin{array}{cc}& 4\pi \left[A_1(\alpha ^{},\alpha )A_2(\alpha ^{},\alpha )\right]=\hfill \\ & _{S_{12}}\left[u_{1N}(s,\alpha ^{})u_2(s,\alpha )u_1(s,\alpha ^{})u_{2N}(s,\alpha )\right]𝑑s.\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.10)
This formula holds for domains with finite perimeter.

If $`A_1=A_2\alpha ^{},\alpha S^2`$, then (3.10) yields:

$$_{S_{12}}\left[u_{1N}(s,\alpha ^{})u_2(s,\alpha )u_1(s,\alpha ^{})u_{2N}(s,\alpha )\right]𝑑s=0\alpha ^{},\alpha S^2.$$
(3.11)
From (3.11) and (1.7) one derives:

$$_{S_{12}}\left[G_{1N}(x,s)G_2(s,y)G_1(x,s)G_{2N}(s,y)\right]𝑑s=0x,yD_{12}^{}.$$
(3.12)
From (3.12) and Green’s formula one gets:

$$G_1(x,y)=G_2(x,y)x,yD_{12}^{}.$$
(3.13)
This leads to a contradiction unless $`D_1=D_2`$.

Indeed, if $`D_1D_2`$, i.e., if $`\stackrel{~}{D_1}`$ is not empty, take a point $`s`$ on the boundary of $`\stackrel{~}{D_1}`$ which belongs to $`S_1`$. This point is an interior point for $`D_2^{}`$. Thus

$$G_2(s,y)\mathrm{}\text{ as }ys.$$
(3.14)
On the other hand, since $`sS_1`$ one has $`\mathrm{\Gamma }G_1(s,y)=0`$, i.e., $`G_1(s,y)=0`$ if $`\mathrm{\Gamma }u=u`$, $`G_{1N}(s,y)=0`$ if $`\mathrm{\Gamma }u=u_N`$, $`G_{1N}(s,y)+\sigma (s)G_1(s,y)=0`$ if $`\mathrm{\Gamma }u=u_N+\sigma (s)u`$. In all the three cases

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }G_2(s,y)\mathrm{},\text{ as }ys,$$
(3.15)
while

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }G_1(s,y)=0.$$
(3.16)
From (3.13), (3.15) and (3.16) one gets a contradiction. Theorem 3.1 is proved. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Remark 3.1.

In  a uniqueness theorem is proved for inverse obstacle problem with the transmission boundary condition: the boundary condition and the boundary and the wavenumber in the interior of the obstacle are uniquely determined by the fixed-frequency scattering data $`A(\alpha ^{},\alpha )`$ $`\alpha ^{},\alpha S^2`$.

###### Remark 3.2.

The basic reason to consider the domains with finite perimeter is the validity of the Green formula in such domains .

In  it is proved that is $`D_1`$ and $`D_2`$ are domains with finite perimeter then $`\stackrel{~}{D_1}`$ is also such a domain.

### 3.2 Stability estimate for inverse obstacle scattering.

Consider the scattering problem (3.1) - (3.3) with $`\mathrm{\Gamma }u=u`$, for example. Let $`D_1`$ and $`D_2`$ be two arbitrary obstacles in the class $`𝒪^\lambda `$ which consists of the bounded domains whose boundaries can be covered by finitely many balls $`B_j`$, on the patch $`S_j=SB_j`$ the boundary is described in the local coordinates by the equation $`x_3=g_j(x^{})`$, $`x^{}=(x_1,x_2)`$, where $`g_j(x^{})C^{2,\lambda }`$, $`0<\lambda 1`$, and

$$\underset{j}{sup}g_j_{C^{2,\lambda }(S_j)}c_0,$$
(3.17)
where $`c_0`$ does not depend on the choice of $`D𝒪^\lambda `$.

Let $`A_j(\alpha ^{},\alpha )`$ be the scattering amplitude corresponding to the obstacle $`D_j`$, $`j=1,2`$.

Assume that (2.18) holds. Define the symmetric Hausdorff distance between $`S_1=D_1`$ and $`S_2=D_2`$:

$$\rho :=\rho (\delta ):=\mathrm{max}\{\underset{xS_2}{sup}\underset{yS_1}{inf}|xy|,\underset{xS_1}{sup}\underset{yS_2}{inf}|xy|\}.$$
(3.18)
The basic stability estimate  can now be formulated. Let $`A_m(\alpha ^{},\alpha )`$ be the acattering amplitude corresponding to $`D_m`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }u=u`$ on $`S_m:=D_m,m=1,2`$.

###### Theorem 3.3.

If (2.18) and (3.17) hold then

$$\rho (\delta )c_1\left(\frac{\mathrm{ln}|\mathrm{ln}\delta |}{|\mathrm{ln}\delta |}\right)^{c_2},\delta 0,$$
(3.19)
where $`c_1,c_2`$ are positive constants independent of $`\delta >0`$.

###### Proof.

Let us sketch the steps of the proof.

Step 1.

$$\rho (\delta )0\text{ as }\delta 0.$$
(3.20)
This follows from the uniquness theorem 3.2 and from the compactness of the set $`𝒪^\lambda `$ in the space $`C^{2,\mu }`$, $`\mu <\lambda `$. For simplicity of the presentation we assume that $`j=1`$, that is, there is just one patch in the covering of $`S`$, for example, $`S`$ is star-shaped.

Step 2. There exists an integer $`m`$ such that

$$cd^m(x)|w(x)|c\epsilon ^{cd^c(x)},w(x):=u_1(x,\alpha )u_2(x,\alpha ),$$
(3.21)
where $`d(x)`$ is the distance from a point $`xD_{12}^{}`$ to $`S_{12}`$, we assume that $`d(x)\rho `$, $`\epsilon =ce^{\gamma N(\delta )}`$, $`\gamma =\text{ const }>0`$, $`N(\delta )=\frac{|\mathrm{ln}\delta |}{\mathrm{ln}|\mathrm{ln}\delta |}`$, and $`c>0`$ here and below stand for various constants indepent of $`\delta `$ and $`x`$, and we assume that $`d(x)\rho `$. Symbol $`d(x)\rho `$ means that $`c_1d(x)\rho c_2d(x)`$ with some constants $`c_1,c_2>0`$.

Let us show that (3.21) implies (3.19). From (3.21) one gets, replacing $`d`$ by $`\rho `$, dropping $`w`$ and taking $`\mathrm{log}`$:

$$\mathrm{ln}\rho c+c\rho ^c\mathrm{ln}\epsilon .$$
(3.22)
Recall that $`c`$ stands for different constants.

From (3.22) one gets

$$\frac{\rho ^c}{\mathrm{ln}\frac{1}{\rho }}\frac{c}{\mathrm{ln}\frac{1}{\epsilon }}.$$
(3.23)
Since $`\rho ^\beta <\frac{1}{\mathrm{ln}\frac{1}{\rho }}`$ as $`\rho 0`$ and $`\beta >0`$, estimate (3.23) implies

$$\rho c\left(\frac{1}{\mathrm{ln}\frac{1}{\epsilon }}\right)^{\frac{1}{c}}=c_1\left(\frac{\mathrm{ln}|\mathrm{ln}\delta |}{|\mathrm{ln}\delta |}\right)^{c_2},$$

where we have used the definition of $`\epsilon `$, namely $`\epsilon =ce^{\gamma N(\delta )}`$, which implies $`\frac{1}{\mathrm{ln}\frac{1}{\epsilon }}\frac{\mathrm{ln}|\mathrm{ln}\delta |}{|\mathrm{ln}\delta |}`$.

Let us give the details of the proof.

Step 1. Assume that (3.20) is false. Then $`\rho (\delta )c>0`$ as $`\delta 0`$. Since $`𝒪^\lambda `$ is a compact set in $`C^{2,\mu }`$, $`\mu <\lambda `$, one can select sequences $`S_{1n(\delta )}`$ and $`S_{2n(\delta )}`$ which converge in $`C^{2,\mu }`$ to $`S_1`$ and $`S_2`$ correspondingly, as $`\delta 0`$. Since $`A(\alpha ^{},\alpha )`$ depends continuously on $`S`$ (see , ) in the sense

$$\underset{n\mathrm{}}{lim}\underset{\alpha ^{},\alpha S^2}{sup}|A_n(\alpha ^{},\alpha )A(\alpha ^{},\alpha )|=0,$$
(3.24)
where the limit is taken in the process $`S_nS`$ in $`C^{2,\mu }`$, $`0<\mu <\lambda `$, one concludes that $`A_1(\alpha ^{},\alpha )=A_2(\alpha ^{},\alpha )`$ for the limiting surfaces $`S_1`$ and $`S_2`$. By the uniqueness theorem 3.1 it follows that $`S_1=S_2`$. Therefore $`\rho :=\rho (S_1,S_2)=0`$. However, $`\rho =lim_{\delta 0}\rho (\delta )c>0`$. This is a contradiction which proves (3.20).

Step 2. The function $`w(x):=u_1(x,\alpha )u_2(x,\alpha )`$, where $`u_j(x,\alpha )`$ is the scattering solution corresponding to the obstacle $`D_j`$, $`j=1,2,`$ solves the equation

$$(^2+1)w=0\text{ in }D_{12}^{},D_{12}:=D_1D_2,$$
(3.25)
satifies the radiation condition

$$\underset{r\mathrm{}}{lim}_{|s|=r}\left|\frac{w}{|x|}iw\right|^2𝑑s=0,$$
(3.26)
and

$$w_{C^{2,\lambda }(D_{12}^{})}c.$$
(3.27)
It is proved in ,vol.3, p.14, that solutions to elliptic second order equations with smooth coefficients cannot have zeros of infinite order up to the boundary without vanishing identically. This implies existence of an integer $`m>0`$ for which the left inequality (3.21) holds.

The proof of the right inequality requires some preparations.

Let us sketch the steps of this proof.

Step 3. By the result of Theorem 2.5 one gets estimate (2.58) in the region $`|x|>a`$, $`B_aD`$.

Although in Theorem 2.5 the functions $`u_1`$ and $`u_2`$ were the solutions to the Schrödinger equations with potentials vanishing in $`B_a^{}`$, the estimate (2.58) is proved for any solutions to equation (3.25) whose difference satisfy (3.26) and (2.18). In particular, estimate (2.58) holds for our $`w`$. Let us define $`\epsilon =c\mu (\delta )=ce^{\gamma N(\delta )}`$, $`N(\delta )=\frac{|\mathrm{ln}\delta |}{\mathrm{ln}|\mathrm{ln}\delta |}`$.

Step 4. Let us prove the right inequality (3.21). Extend $`w`$ from $`D_{12}^{}`$ into $`D_{12}`$ so that the estimate similar to (3.27) holds:

$$w_{C^{2,\lambda }(^3)}c_1.$$
(3.28)
This is possible: using, for example, the known Stein’s theorem one can extend $`u_j`$ into $`D_j`$ since $`S_j`$ is $`C^{2,\lambda }`$ \- smooth, $`j=1,2,`$ and then $`w:=u_1u_2`$ will be the $`C^{2,\lambda }`$\- smooth extension of $`w`$ from $`D_{12}^{}`$ into $`D_{12}`$. Define

$$f(x):=(^2+1)w\text{ in }^3,$$
(3.29)
where we denoted by $`w`$ the extended to $`^3`$ function $`w(x)`$. Then $`f(x)=0`$ in $`D_{12}^{}`$, $`f(x)C^\lambda (^3)`$, and

$$w(x)=_{D_{12}}\frac{e^{i|xy|}}{4\pi |xy|}f(y)𝑑y,x^3.$$
(3.30)
Denote $`|x|=r`$, $`|y|=\rho `$. Set $`z:=re^{i\phi }`$. Choose any point $`xD_{12}^{}`$, in a neighborhood of $`\stackrel{~}{D_1}`$, a connected component of $`D_{12}\backslash D_2`$, such that $`d(x):=dist(x,S_1)\rho :=\rho (\delta )`$. By step 1, $`\rho (\delta )0`$ as $`\delta 0`$, so that $`\rho (\delta )`$ is small for small $`\delta `$.

Consider analytic continuation of $`w(x)`$, defined by (3.30), on the complex $`z`$-plane (as in ). Let $`\omega `$ be the angle between vectors $`x`$ and $`y`$, $`xD_{12}^{}`$. Since

$$|xy|=\sqrt{(r\rho e^{i\omega })(r\rho e^{i\omega })},$$

this analytic continuation, that is, replacement $`rz`$, in the expression $`|xy|,`$ is possible if $`re^{i\phi }\rho e^{i\omega }0`$ and $`re^{i\phi }\rho e^{i\omega }0`$. Choose a point $`O`$ on $`S_1`$ closest to $`x`$ and the coordinate system in which the origin is at $`O`$, and the $`x_1x_2`$ plane is tangent to $`S_1`$ at the point $`O`$. Since $`S_1`$ is sufficiently smooth, there exists a cone $`K`$ with an opening $`\theta _0>0`$ and vertex at $`O`$ which belongs to $`D_{12}^{}`$ and its axis passes through the point $`x`$. The function $`|xy|`$ admits analytic continuation in the $`z`$-plane from the ray $`r>0`$ to the sector $`|\phi |<\theta _0`$. Since there are no points of $`D_{12}`$ inside the cone $`K`$, the expression

$$\zeta :=\left[(re^{i\phi }\rho e^{i\omega })(re^{i\phi }\rho e^{i\omega })\right]^{\frac{1}{2}},Im\zeta 0,r>0,|\mathrm{arg}z|=|\phi |<\theta _0,$$

does not vanish in the region $`r>0`$, $`|\mathrm{arg}z|:=|\phi |<\theta _0`$. Therefore the function (3.30), which we denote $`W(z)`$, considered as a function of $`z`$, admits analytic continuation in the sector $`|\mathrm{arg}\phi |<\theta _0,r>0`$, and satisfies the following inequalities there:

$$|W(z)|c,|\mathrm{arg}z|<\theta _0,r0,$$
(3.31)
$$|W(z)|\epsilon ,\mathrm{arg}z=0,ra,$$
(3.32)
where

$$\epsilon =ce^{\gamma \frac{|\mathrm{ln}\delta |}{\mathrm{ln}|\mathrm{ln}\delta |}}.$$
(3.33)
One can map the sector $`|\mathrm{arg}z|<\theta _0`$, conformally onto the half-plane, $`zt=z^{\frac{\pi }{2\theta _0}}`$, $`|\mathrm{arg}t|<\frac{\pi }{2}.`$ Then $`W(z):=v(t)`$, where $`v(t)`$ is analytic in the half-plane $`|\mathrm{arg}t|<\frac{\pi }{2}`$, and satisfies there the inequalities

$$|v(t)|c,|\mathrm{arg}t|<\frac{\pi }{2},|v(t)|<\epsilon ,ta_1.$$
(3.34)
The known two-constants- theorem (see ) and (3.34) imply:

$$|v(t)|c_1\epsilon ^{h(t)},$$
(3.35)
where $`h(t)`$ is the harmonic measure corresponding to the domain $`R`$ on the complex plane $`t`$ with the boundary consisting of the lines $`\{Ret=0,\mathrm{}<Imt<\mathrm{}\}`$ and $`\{Imt=0,Ret>a_1>0\}`$. Recall that $`h=h(t_1,t_2)`$, the harmonic measure, is a harmonic function which solves the problem:

$$\mathrm{\Delta }h:=h_{t_1t_1}+h_{t_2t_2}=0\text{ in }R,$$
(3.36)
$$h=0\text{ at }t_1=0,\mathrm{}<t_2<\mathrm{},h=1\text{ at }t_2=0,t_1a,$$

$`h(t_1,t_2)`$ is bounded at infinity, $`t=t_1+it_2`$.

By the maximum principle, $`1>h(t_1,t_2)>0`$ in $`R`$, and, by the Hopf lemma, (see  p.34),

$$\frac{h}{t_1}>0\text{ at }t_1=0.$$
(3.37)
Thus

$$h(t_1,0)ct_1,0<t_1t_0,c=\text{ const }>0,$$
(3.38)
where $`t_0>0`$ is a sufficiently small number.

From (3.35) and (3.38) it follows that in a sufficiently small neighborhood of the origin one has $`|v(t_1,0)|c\epsilon ^{ct_1}`$. Returning to the $`z`$-variable one gets

$$|W(z)|c\epsilon ^{c|z|^c},z=r=|x|>0,$$
(3.39)
where $`c>0`$ stands for various constants.

Since $`W(r)=w(x)`$, inequality (3.39) is identical to the right inequaltiy (3.21).

Theorem 3.2 is proved. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Remark 3.3.

An interesting open problem is to construct $`S`$ in the inverse obstacle scattering problem analytically from noisy data $`A_\delta (\alpha ^{},\alpha )`$ in the way it is done in section (2.4), formula (2.45), for the reconstruction of the potential in the inverse potential scattering problem, or even from exact data in the way it was done in section 2.2, formula (2.8). In the next section we prove that such a reconstruction formula does exist for exact data for the inverse obstacle scattering problem.

### 3.3 Existence of a reconstruction formula.

Let $`A(\alpha ^{},\alpha )`$ be the scattering amplitude corresponding to an obstacle $`D`$, and assume, for example, that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }u=u`$, so that the Dirichlet condition holds on $`S`$. Take $`\alpha ^{}=\theta ^{}M`$ in (3.6), multiply (3.6) by a $`\nu (\alpha ,\theta )`$ and integrate with respect to $`\alpha `$ over $`S^2`$ to get:

$$4\pi _{S^2}A(\theta ^{},\alpha )\nu (\alpha ,\theta )𝑑\alpha =_Se^{i\theta ^{}s}_{S^2}u_N(s,\alpha )\nu (\alpha ,\theta )𝑑\alpha 𝑑s.$$
(3.40)
Here $`\nu (\alpha ,\theta )L^2(S^2)`$ is some function which is chosen so that (3.41) holds. We prove below the following lemma:

###### Lemma 3.1.

The set $`\{u_N(s,\alpha )\}_{\alpha S^2}`$ is total in $`L^2(S)`$.

This implies that, given an arbitrary small number $`\eta >0`$ and $`\theta M`$, there exists a $`\nu _\eta (\alpha ,\theta )L^2(S^2)`$ such that

$$_{S^2}u_N(s,\alpha )\nu _\eta (\alpha ,\theta )𝑑\alpha \frac{e^{i\theta s}}{N}_{L^2(S)}\eta .$$
(3.41)
From (3.40), with $`\nu =\nu _\eta `$, and (3.41) one gets:

$$4\pi \underset{\eta 0}{lim}_{S^2}A(\theta ^{},\alpha )\nu _\eta (\alpha ,\theta )𝑑\alpha =_Se^{i\theta ^{}s}\frac{e^{i\theta s}}{N}𝑑s$$
(3.42)
Let us assume $`\theta ,\theta ^{}M`$, $`\theta \theta ^{}=\xi `$, $`\xi ^3`$ is an arbitrary fixed vector.

By Green’s formula one gets:

$$_Se^{i\theta ^{}s}\frac{e^{i\theta s}}{N}𝑑s=\frac{1}{2}_S\frac{e^{i(\theta \theta ^{})s}}{N}𝑑s=\frac{|\xi |^2}{2}_De^{i\xi x}𝑑x=\frac{|\xi |^2}{2}\stackrel{~}{\chi _D}(\xi ),$$
(3.43)
where $`\chi _D(x)=1`$ in $`D`$, $`\chi _D(x)=0`$ in $`D^{}`$.

From (3.42) and (3.43) one gets an inversion formula for finding $`D`$ from the data $`A(\alpha ^{},\alpha )`$:

$$\stackrel{~}{\chi _D}(\xi )=8\pi |\xi |^2\underset{\eta 0}{lim}_{S^2}A(\theta ^{},\alpha )\nu _\eta (\alpha ,\theta )𝑑\alpha .$$
(3.44)
Before proving the basic Lemma 3.1, a remark is in order: in contrast to our theory for inverse potential scattering problem (see the inversion formula (2.8) and the algorithm for calculating the function $`\nu (\alpha ,\theta )`$ in (2.15)) we do not give an algorithm for calculating the function $`\nu _\eta (\alpha ,\theta )`$ in (3.44).

Finding such an algorithm is an open problem.

We now prove Lemma 3.1: assume the contrary. Then there exists a function $`fL^2(S)`$ such that

$$_Sf(s)u_N(s,\alpha )𝑑s=0\alpha S^2.$$
(3.45)
Define

$$v(y):=_Sf(s)G_N(s,y)𝑑s,$$
(3.46)
where $`G(x,y)`$ is the Green function:

$$(^2+1)G(x,y)=\delta (xy)\text{ in }D^{},$$
(3.47)
$$G(x,y)=0,xS,$$
(3.48)
$`G`$ satisfies the radiation condition (1.6).

We claim that (3.45) implies

$$v(y)=0\text{ in }D^{},$$
(3.49)
where $`v(y)`$ is defined in (3.46).

Indeed,

$$(^2+1)v=0\text{ in }D^{},$$
(3.50)
and

$$v(y)=o\left(\frac{1}{|y|}\right)\text{ as }|y|\mathrm{}.$$
(3.51)
The relation (3.51) follows from (3.45) and (1.7).

It is well known , p. 25, that (3.50) and (3.51) imply (3.49).

If (3.49) holds, then, taking $`y\sigma S`$ (along the normal to $`S`$ at the point $`\sigma `$) in (3.46), one gets

$$f(s)=0.$$
(3.52)
Indeed, if $`\sigma S`$ then

$$G_N(s,y)\delta _S(s\sigma )\text{ as }y\sigma ,$$
(3.53)
where $`\delta _S(s\sigma )`$ is the delta-function on the surface $`S`$ (see formula (3.58) below).

From (3.53), and (3.49) and (3.46) formula (3.52) follows.

Let us give a proof of (3.53).

Consider the problem:

$$(^2+1)v=0\text{ in }D^{},$$
(3.54)
$$v=f(s)\text{ on }S,$$
(3.55)
$$v\text{ satisfies }\text{ the }\text{ radiation }\text{ condition }(3.26).$$
(3.56)
This problem has a unique solution representable by the Green formula:

$$v(x)=_Sf(s)G_N(s,x)𝑑s.$$
(3.57)
Since (3.55) holds for this unique solution (3.57) taking $`x\sigma S`$ one gets (3.53), where $`\delta _S(s\sigma )`$ is the distribution which acts by the formula

$$_Sf(s)\delta _S(s\sigma )𝑑s=f(\sigma ).$$
(3.58)
This argument requires $`f(s)`$ to be continuous if one understands the delta-function in the usual sense. However, if $`\delta _S(s\sigma )`$ is understood as the kernel (in the distributional sense) of the identity operator in some space of functions $`f(s)`$, for which problem (3.54)-(3.56) has a unique solution, then (3.58) makes sense in the space for example, in $`L^2(S)`$, and (3.58) is understood in this case as equality of the elements of this space. In the case of $`L^2(S)`$ this means that the equality holds almost everywhere on $`S`$ with respect to two-dimensional Hausdorff measure on $`S`$. Lemma 3.1 is proved.

Thus, formula (3.44) is proved. $`\mathrm{}`$

## 4 Limiting procedure and stability estimates

Let $`D^3`$ be a bounded domain, $`\chi (x)`$ be the characteristic function of $`D`$, $`t>0`$ be a parameter, $`q(x)=t\chi (x)`$ be the potential. Consider the potential scattering problem (1.1)–(1.2). We prove that the scattering solution $`u(x,\alpha ;t)`$ converges, as $`t+\mathrm{}`$, to $`u(x,\alpha )`$, the scattering solution corresponding to the obstacle $`D`$, and $`u(x,\alpha )`$ satisfies the Dirichlet boundary condition on $`S:=D`$. This result is old . We also prove the following, more recent estimates :

$$u(x,\alpha ;t)_{L^2(D)}\frac{c}{t^{\frac{1}{2}}},u(x,\alpha ;t)u(x,\alpha )_{L^2(\stackrel{~}{D}^{})}\frac{c}{t^{\frac{1}{2}}},$$
(4.1)
$$u(x,\alpha ;t)_{L^2(B_R)}c(R),B_RD,$$
(4.2)
$$u(x,\alpha ;t)_{L^2(S)}\frac{c}{t^{\frac{1}{2}}},$$
(4.3)
where $`\stackrel{~}{D}^{}`$ is a strictly inner compact subdomain of $`D^{}:=^3\backslash D`$.

Assume there are two obstacles $`D_1`$ and $`D_2`$, $`D_j𝒪^{2,\lambda }`$, $`0<\lambda 1`$. Let

$$A(\alpha ^{},\alpha ;t_1,t_2):=A_1(\alpha ^{},\alpha ;t_1)A_2(\alpha ^{},\alpha ;t_2).$$

Then we prove the following stability estimate:

$$\underset{\alpha ^{},\alpha S^2}{sup}\left|A(\alpha ^{},\alpha ;t_1,t_2)\right|c\left(\frac{1}{t_{12}^{\frac{1}{2}}}+\rho \right),$$
(4.4)
where $`t_{12}=\mathrm{min}(t_1,t_2)`$ and $`\rho `$ is the symmetric Hausdorff distance between $`S_1`$ and $`S_2`$, defined by (3.18).

Let us prove the above estimates.

One has

$$\left[^2+1t\chi (x)\right]u(x,\alpha ;t)=0\text{ in }^3.$$
(4.5)
Define

$$u^2:=_^3\frac{|u(x)|^2dx}{(1+|x|^2)^{\frac{\sigma }{2}}},\sigma >1.$$
(4.6)
We drop the $`\alpha `$-dependence in $`u(x,\alpha ;t)`$.

Assume that

$$u(x;t)c,$$
(4.7)
where $`c=\text{ const }>0`$ does not depend on $`t`$.

As $`t+\mathrm{}`$, one can select, using (4.7), a weakly convergent in the norm (4.6) sequence, denoted again $`u`$. Thus

$$u(x,t)u.$$
(4.8)
By elliptic estimates (see formula (6.1) below), formulas (4.8) and (4.5) imply

$$u(x;t)_{H^2(\stackrel{~}{D}^{})}c,u(x,t)u(x)_{H^2(\stackrel{~}{D}^{})}0\text{ as }t\mathrm{}.$$
(4.9)
Multiply (4.5) by $`\overline{u}(x,t)`$ and integrate over a ball $`B_RD`$, to get

$$_{B_R}\left[|u(x;t)|^2+t|u(x;t)|^2\right]𝑑x=_{B_R}|u(x;t)|^2𝑑x+_{B_R}\frac{u}{N}\overline{u}𝑑s$$
(4.10)
where the bar stands for complex conjugate.

From (4.10), (4.7) and (4.9) one gets

$$_{B_R}|u(x;t)|^2𝑑xc(R),_{B_R}|u(x;t)|^2𝑑t\frac{c(R)}{t}.$$
(4.11)
This yields (4.2) and the first inequality in (4.1).

Let us prove (4.3). The embedding theorem yields (see, e.g.,, p. 66):

$$u(x;t)_{L^2(S)}c\left(\epsilon u(x;t)_{L^2(D)}+\epsilon ^1u(x;t)_{L^2(D)}\right),0\epsilon <1.$$
(4.12)
Take $`\epsilon =t^{\frac{1}{2}}`$ and use (4.11). Then (4.12) yields (4.3). Let us prove the second inequality (4.1).

Denote $`v:=u(x;t)u(x)`$. Then

$$^2v+v=0\text{ in }D^{};v\text{ satisfies }(3.26),$$
(4.13)
$$v=u(x;t)\text{ on }S.$$
(4.14)
By Green’s formula, one gets

$$v(x)=_Su(s;t)\frac{G(s,x)}{N_s}𝑑s,$$
(4.15)
where $`G(x,y)`$ is the Green function for the Dirichlet operator $`^2+1`$ in $`D^{}`$.

$$|v(x)|u(s;t)_{L^2(S)}\frac{G(s,x)}{N_s}_{L^2(S)}.$$
(4.16)
From (4.16) and (4.3) the second estimate (4.1) follows.

It is clear that the function $`u=u(x)`$ in (4.8) is the scattering solution $`u(x,\alpha )`$ corresponding to the obstacle scattering problem with the Dirichlet condition on $`S`$. Indeed, $`u=0`$ on $`S`$ (see(4.3)), $`u`$ solves equation (4.13) in $`D^{}`$, $`ue^{i\alpha x}`$ satisfies the radiation condition. These three conditions determine $`u`$ uniquely, and since $`u(x,\alpha )`$ satisfies these conditions, it follows that $`u(x,\alpha )`$.

Let us prove (4.4).

If $`D_1=D_2=D`$, then formula (1.30) yields

$$\left|A(\alpha ^{},\alpha ;t_1,t_2)\right|\left|t_2t_1\right|u_1(x,\alpha ;t_1)_{L^2(D)}u_2(x,\alpha ^{};t_2)_{L^2(D)}c\frac{|t_2t_1|}{(t_1t_2)^{\frac{1}{2}}}.$$
(4.17)
If $`t_1=t_2=+\mathrm{}`$, then formula (3.4) yields:

$$|A(\alpha ^{},\alpha )|c\rho (S_1,S_2).$$
(4.18)
In the general case a combination of the above estimates yields (4.4) (see ) and also the estimate

$$|A(\alpha ^{},\alpha ;t_1,t_2)|c\left[|t_1t_2|+\rho (S_1,S_2)\right]$$
(4.19)
useful when $`|t_1t_2|`$ is small and $`t_1,t_2[1,t_0]`$, where $`t_0>1`$ is fixed.

If $`D_1=D_2`$, then (4.19) yields

$$|A(\alpha ^{},\alpha ;t_1,t_2)|c|t_1t_2|.$$
(4.20)
## 5 Inverse geophysical scattering with fixed-frequency data

Consider the problem

$$\left[^2+1+v(x)\right]w=\delta (xy)\text{ in }^3,$$
(5.1)
$$\underset{r\mathrm{}}{lim}_{|S|=r}\left|\frac{w}{|x|}iw\right|^2𝑑s=0,$$
(5.2)
where $`v(x)L^2(^3)`$ is a compactly supported real-valued function with support in $`_{}^3`$, the lower half-space. In acoustics $`u`$ has the physical meaning of the pressure, $`v(x)`$ is the inhomogeneity in the velocity profile. We took the fixed wavenumber $`k=1`$ without loss of generality. The source $`y`$ is on the plane $`P:=\{x:x_3=0\}`$, i.e., on the surface of the Earth, the receiver $`xP`$.

The data are the values $`\{w(x,y)\}_{x,yP}`$.

The inverse geophysical scattering problem is: given the above data, find $`v(x)`$.

The uniqueness theorem for the solution to this problem is obtained in , .

Problem (5.1) -(5.2) differs from the inverse potential scattering by the source: it is a point source in (5.1) and a plane wave in (1.2). Let us show how to reduce the inverse geophysical scattering problem to inverse potential scattering problem using the “lifting” , . Suppose the data $`w(x,y)`$, $`xP`$, $`yP`$, are given. Fix $`y`$ and solve the problem:

$$(^2+1)w=0\text{ in }_+^3=\{x:x_3>0\},$$
(5.3)
$$w=w(x,y),xP,$$
(5.4)
$$w\text{ satifies }(5.2).$$
(5.5)
This problem has a unique solution and there is a Poisson-type analytical formula for the solution to (5.3)-(5.5), since the Green function of the Dirichlet operator $`^2+1`$ in the half-space $`_+^3`$ is known explicitly, analytically:

$$G_1(x,y)=\frac{e^{i|xy|}}{4\pi |xy|}\frac{e^{ik|x\overline{y}|}}{4\pi |x\overline{y}|},\overline{y}:=(y_1,y_2,y_3).$$
(5.6)
Therefore the data $`w(x,y)xP`$ determine uniquely and explicitly (analytically) the data $`w(x,y)x_+^3`$, $`yP`$. We have lifted the data from $`P`$ to $`_+^3`$ as far as $`x`$-dependence is concerend and get $`w(x,y)x,y_+^3`$ given $`w(x,y)x,yP`$.

If $`w(x,y)`$ is known for all $`x,y_+^3`$, then one uses formula (1.7) and calculates analytically the scattering solution $`u(x,\alpha )`$ corresponding to the potential $`q(x):=v(x)`$ and $`k=1`$, where $`\alpha S_{}^2:=\{\alpha :\alpha S^2,\alpha _30\}`$. Given $`u(x,\alpha )`$ for all $`x_+^3`$ and $`\alpha S_{}^2`$, one can calculate the scattering amplitude $`A(\alpha ^{},\alpha )`$ $`\alpha ^{}S_+^2:=\{\alpha :\alpha S^2,\alpha _30\}`$.

If the scattering amplitude $`A(\alpha ^{},\alpha )`$, corresponding to the compactly supported $`q(x)=v(x)L^2(^3)`$ is known $`\alpha ^{}S_+^2,\alpha S_{}^2`$, then the uniqueness of the solution to inverse geophysical problem follows from theorem 2.1.

Stability estimates obtained for the solution to inverse potential scattering problem with fixed-energy data remain valid for the inverse geophysical problem: via the lifting process one gets the scattering amplitude $`A(\alpha ^{},\alpha )`$ corresponding to the potential $`q(x)=v(x)`$, and the stability estimates for $`\stackrel{~}{q}(\xi )`$, obtained in sections 2.3 and 2.4, yield stability estimates for $`\stackrel{~}{v}(\xi )=\stackrel{~}{q}(\xi )`$.

Practically, however, there are two points to have in mind. The first point is: if the noisy data $`u_\delta (x,y)`$ are given, where $`sup_{x,yP}|u_\delta (x,y)u(x,y)|<\delta `$, then one has to overcome the following difficuly in the lifting process: data $`\phi (x,y),x,yP`$, such that $`|\phi (x,y)|<\delta `$, may not decay as $`|x|\mathrm{}`$, $`|y|\mathrm{}`$ on $`P`$, and this brings the main difficulty.

The second point is: if one uses the inversion algorithms presented in sections 2.2-2.4, then one uses the data $`A(\alpha ^{},\alpha )\alpha ^{},\alpha S^2`$. Of course, the exact data $`A(\alpha ^{},\alpha )\alpha ^{}S_+^2,\alpha S^2`$, determine uniquely the data $`A(\alpha ^{},\alpha )`$ $`\alpha ^{},\alpha S^2`$, but practically finding the full data from the partial data is an ill-posed problem.

## 6 Proofs of some estimates.

Here we prove some technical results used above: estimates (1.18), (1.19), (1.20), (1.30), (2.13), and (2.17).

### 6.1 Proof of (1.18).

It is sufficient to prove (1.18) with $`L^2(D)`$ in place of $`H^2(D)`$: since $`w(x)`$ and

$$_{S^2}u(x,\alpha )\nu _\epsilon (\alpha )𝑑\alpha $$

solve equation (1.1), the elliptic estimate (see )

$$\phi _{H^2(D_1)}c\left[L\phi _{L^2(D_2)}+\phi _{L^2(D_2)}\right],D_1D_2,$$
(6.1)
where $`L=^2+1q(x)`$, $`D_1`$ is strictly inner subdomain of $`D_2`$ and $`c=c(D_1,D_2)=\text{ const }>0`$, implies that $`\phi _{H^2(D_1)}c\phi _{L^2(D_2)}`$ if $`L\phi =0`$. If (1.18), with $`k=1`$ and $`L^2(D)`$ in place of $`H^2(D)`$, is false then

$$_Dw(x)_{S^2}u(x,\alpha )\nu (\alpha )𝑑\alpha =0\nu (\alpha )L^2(S^2).$$
(6.2)
Therefore

$$_Dw(x)u(x,\alpha )𝑑x=0\alpha S^2.$$
(6.3)
This implies

$$_Dw(x)G(x,y)𝑑x=0yD^{},$$
(6.4)
where $`G(x,y)`$ is the Green function of the operator $`L`$.

Indeed, denote the integral on the left-hand side of (6.4) by $`\phi (y)`$. Then

$$L\phi =0\text{ in }D^{};\phi =o\left(\frac{1}{|y|}\right)\text{ as }|y|\mathrm{}.$$
(6.5)
The second relation (6.5) follows from (6.3) and (1.7). From (6.5) one gets (6.4) by lemma 1 on p.25 in . From (6.4) it follows that

$$L\phi =w(x)\text{ in }D,\phi =0\text{ in }D^{},\phi H_{loc}^2(^3).$$
(6.6)
Thus

$$L\phi =w\text{ in }D,\phi =\phi _N=0\text{ on }S.$$
(6.7)
Multiply (6.7) by $`\overline{w}`$, integrate over $`D`$, then by parts using the boundary conditions (6.7), use the equation $`Lw=0`$ and get

$$_D|w(x)|^2𝑑x=0.$$
(6.8)
Thus $`w(x)=0`$. Estimate (1.18) is proved. $`\mathrm{}`$

### 6.2 Proof of (1.20) and (1.21).

From (1.19) one gets

$$^2R+2i\theta Rq(x)R=q(x)\text{ in }^3.$$
(6.9)
Denote $`L=^2+2i\theta `$, and define

$$w(x):=L^1f=\frac{1}{(2\pi )^3}_^3\frac{\stackrel{~}{f}(\xi )e^{i\xi x}}{\xi ^2+2\xi \theta }𝑑\xi .$$
(6.10)
Note that $`Lw=f(x)`$. We will prove below that (see , ):

$$L^1f_{L^{\mathrm{}}(D_1)}c\left(\frac{\mathrm{ln}|\theta |}{|\theta |}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}f_{L^2(D)},\theta M,|\theta |\mathrm{},$$
(6.11)
where $`D_1`$ is an arbitrary compact domain $`c=c(D_1,q_{L^2(B_a)})`$, $`DB_a`$.

We will also prove that

$$L^1f_{L^2(D_1)}\frac{c}{|\theta |}f_{L^2(D)},|\theta |\mathrm{},\theta M.$$
(6.12)
Let us show that (6.11) implies existence of the special solutions (1.19).

If (6.11) and (6.12) hold, then (1.20) and (1.21) are easily derived.

Indeed, rewrite (6.9) as

$$R=L^1qR+L^1q.$$
(6.13)
From (6.11) and (6.13) it follows that

$$L^1qR_{L^{\mathrm{}}(D)}c\left(\frac{\mathrm{log}|\theta |}{|\theta |}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}qR_{L^2(D)}c\left(\frac{\mathrm{log}|\theta |}{|\theta |}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}q_{L^2(D)}R_{L^{\mathrm{}}(D)}.$$
(6.14)
Therefore the operator $`L^1q:L^{\mathrm{}}(D)L^{\mathrm{}}(D)`$ has the norm going to zero as $`|\theta |\mathrm{}`$, $`\theta M`$. Thus equation (6.13) is uniquely solvable in $`L^{\mathrm{}}(D)`$ if $`|\theta |1`$, $`\theta M`$. Moreover, the following estimate holds:

$$R_{L^{\mathrm{}}(D)}cL^1q_{L^{\mathrm{}}(D)}c\left(\frac{\mathrm{ln}|\theta |}{|\theta |}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}q_{L^2(D)}.$$
(6.15)
Estimate (1.20) follows.

To derive (1.21) from (6.12) one writes

$$L^1qR_{L^2(D)}\frac{c}{|\theta |}qR_{L^2(D)}\frac{c}{|\theta |}q_{L^2(D)}R_{L^{\mathrm{}}(D)}.$$
(6.16)
Therefore (6.13), (6.15) and (6.16) yield (1.21):

$$R_{L^2(D)}\frac{c}{|\theta |}q_{L^2(D)}^2\left(\frac{\mathrm{log}|\theta |}{|\theta |}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}+L^1q_{L^2(D)}\frac{c}{|\theta |}.$$
(6.17)
Proof of (6.11). If $`\theta M`$ then $`\theta =a+ib`$, $`a,b^3`$, $`ab=0`$, $`a^2b^2=1`$. Choose the coordinate system such that $`a=\tau e_2`$, $`b=te_1`$, $`\tau =(1+t^2)^{\frac{1}{2}}`$, $`e_j`$, $`1j3`$, are the orthonormal basis vectors. Then

$$\xi ^2+2\theta \xi =\xi _1^2+\xi _2^2+\xi _3^2+2\tau \xi _2+2it\xi _1=\xi _1^2+(\xi _2+\tau )^2+\xi _3^2\tau ^2+2it\xi _1.$$
(6.18)
This function vanishes if and only if

$$\xi _1=0,(\xi _2+\tau )^2+\xi _3^2=\tau ^2.$$
(6.19)
Equation (6.19) defines a circle $`C_\tau `$ or radius $`\tau `$ in the plane $`\xi _1=0`$ centered at $`(0,\tau ,0)`$. Let $`T_\delta `$ be a toroidal neighborhood of $`C_\tau `$, where the section of the torus by a plane orthogonal to $`C_\tau `$ is a square with size $`2\delta `$ and the center at $`C_\tau `$.

Denote $`u(x):=L^1f`$, where $`L^1f`$ is defined in (6.10). One has

$$\left|u(x)\right|\frac{1}{(2\pi )^3}\left|_{T_\delta }\frac{\stackrel{~}{f}(\xi )e^{i\xi x}d\xi }{\xi ^2+2\xi \theta }\right|+\frac{1}{(2\pi )^3}\left|_{^3T_\delta }\frac{\stackrel{~}{f}(\xi )e^{i\xi x}d\xi }{\xi ^2+2\xi \theta }\right|:=I_1+I_2,$$
(6.20)
$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill I_1& c\stackrel{~}{f}_{L^{\mathrm{}}(^3)}_{T_\delta }\frac{d\xi }{|\xi ^2+2\xi \theta |}\hfill \\ & cf_{L^1(^3)}_\delta ^\delta 𝑑\xi _1_0^{2\pi }𝑑\phi _{\tau \delta }^{\tau +\delta }\frac{\rho d\rho }{\sqrt{4t^2\xi _1^2+(\xi _1^2+\rho ^2\tau ^2)^2}}\hfill \\ & =cf_{L^1(^3)}_0^\delta _{\xi _1^22\tau \delta +\delta ^2}^{xi_1^2+2\tau \delta +\delta ^2}\frac{d\mu }{\sqrt{4t^2\xi _1^2+\mu ^2}}\hfill \\ & c(D)f_{L^2(D)}_0^\delta 𝑑\xi _1_0^{3\tau \delta }\frac{d\mu }{\sqrt{4t^2\xi _1^2+\mu ^2}},0<\delta <\frac{\tau }{2},\hfill \end{array}$$
(6.21)
where $`\rho ^2=(\xi _2+\tau )^2+\xi _3^2`$ and we have used the Cauchy inequality $`f_{L^1(^3)}=f_{L^1(D)}c(D)f_{L^2(D)}`$ and an elementary inequality $`\xi _1^2+2\tau \delta +\delta ^23\tau \delta `$, which holds if $`\xi _1^2\delta ^2`$ and $`\tau >2\delta `$.

Let $`\beta :=2t\xi _1`$. Then

$$\frac{1}{2t}_0^{2t\delta }𝑑\beta _0^{3\tau \delta }\frac{d\mu }{\sqrt{\beta ^2+\mu ^2}}\frac{1}{2t}_0^{3(t+\tau )\delta }𝑑\rho \rho _0^{\frac{\pi }{2}}𝑑\phi \frac{1}{\rho }=\frac{\pi }{4t}3(t+\tau )\delta c\delta ,$$
(6.22)
where we have used the relations $`\frac{\tau }{t}1`$ as $`t\mathrm{}`$ and took into account that $`t\mathrm{}`$ if $`|\theta |\mathrm{}`$. From (6.21) and (6.22) one gets

$$I_1cf_{L^2(D)}\delta .$$
(6.23)
By $`c>0`$ we denote various constants independent of $`\delta `$ and $`t`$.

Let us estimate $`I_2`$:

$$I_2^2c\stackrel{~}{f}_{L^2(^3)}_{^3\backslash T_\delta }\frac{d\xi }{|\xi ^2+2\theta \xi |^2}=cf_{L^2(D)}^2𝒥,$$
(6.24)
where the Parseval equality was used and by $`𝒥`$ the integral in (6.24) is denoted. One has

$$𝒥_{|\xi _1|>\delta }\frac{d\xi }{|\xi ^2+2\theta \xi |^2}+_{|\xi _1<\delta ,|\rho \tau |\delta }\frac{d\xi }{|\xi ^2+2\theta \xi |^2}:=j_1+j_2.$$
(6.25)
Let us estimate $`j_1`$:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill j_1& c_\delta ^{\mathrm{}}𝑑\xi _1_0^{\mathrm{}}\frac{\rho d\rho }{4\xi _1^2t^2+(\xi _1^2+\rho ^2\tau ^2)^2}\hfill \\ & c_\delta ^{\mathrm{}}𝑑\xi _1_{\xi _1^2\tau ^2}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\mu }{4\xi _1^2t^2+\mu ^2}c_\delta ^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\xi _1}{\xi _1t}\left(\frac{\pi }{2}\text{ arctg }\frac{\xi _1^2\tau ^2}{2\xi _1t}\right)\hfill \end{array}$$
(6.26)
Let $`\frac{\xi _1}{2t}=x`$. Then the integral on the right-hand side of (6.26) can be written as:

$$j_1\frac{c}{t}_{\frac{\delta }{2t}}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{dx}{x}\left[\frac{\pi }{2}\text{ arctg }\left(x\frac{\tau ^2}{4t^2}\frac{1}{x}\right)\right].$$
(6.27)
If $`t\mathrm{}`$, then $`\frac{\tau ^2}{4t^2}\frac{1}{4}`$. Let us use the elementary inequalities:

$$\frac{\pi }{2}x\text{ arctg }\frac{1}{x},0<x\frac{\pi }{2};$$
(6.28)
$$\text{ arctg }\frac{1}{x}\frac{\pi }{2}\frac{x}{2},x+0.$$
(6.29)
Then

$$\frac{\pi }{2}\frac{1}{y}\text{ arctg }y\frac{\pi }{2}\frac{1}{2y},y+\mathrm{}.$$
(6.30)
Thus, with $`A:=\frac{\tau ^2}{4t^2}`$, one gets

$$\frac{1}{x}\left[\frac{\pi }{2}\text{ arctg }\left(x\frac{A}{x}\right)\right]\frac{1}{x}\left(x\frac{A}{x}\right)^1\frac{c}{x^2},x+\mathrm{},$$
(6.31)
and

$$\frac{1}{x}\left[\frac{\pi }{2}\text{ arctg }\left(x\frac{A}{x}\right)\right]\frac{c}{x},x+0.$$
(6.32)
From (6.3), (6.4) and (6.27) one gets

$$j_1\frac{c}{t}\left(_{\frac{\delta }{2t}}^1\frac{dx}{x}+c\right)\frac{c}{t}\mathrm{ln}\frac{\delta }{2t},t+\mathrm{},$$

so

$$j_1c\frac{\mathrm{ln}\frac{\delta }{2t}}{t},t+\mathrm{}.$$
(6.33)
Let us estimate $`j_2`$:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill j_2=& _\delta ^\delta 𝑑\xi _1_{\begin{array}{c}\rho >\tau +\delta \\ 0<\rho \tau \delta \end{array}}𝑑\rho \rho _0^{2\pi }𝑑\phi \frac{1}{4\xi _1^2t^2+(\xi _1^2+\rho ^2\xi ^2)^2}\hfill \\ & c_0^\delta 𝑑\xi _1\left\{_{\xi _1^2+(\tau +\delta )^2\tau ^2}^{\mathrm{}}\frac{d\mu }{4\xi _1^2t^2+\mu ^2}+_{2\tau \delta \delta ^2\xi _1^2}^{\tau ^2\xi _1^2}\frac{d\nu }{4\xi _1^2t^2+\nu ^2}\right\}\hfill \end{array}$$
(6.34)
where $`\mu =\xi _1^2+\rho ^2\tau ^2`$ and $`\nu =\tau ^2\rho ^2\xi _1^2`$.

One has:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill j_2& \frac{c}{t}_0^\delta \frac{d\xi _1}{\xi _1}\left(\frac{\pi }{2}\text{ arctg }\frac{\xi _1^2+2\delta \tau +\delta ^2}{2\xi _1t}+\text{ arctg }\frac{\tau ^2\xi _1^2}{2\xi _1t}\text{ arctg }\frac{2\tau \delta \delta ^2\xi _1^2}{2\xi _1t}\right)\hfill \\ \hfill & \frac{c}{t}_0^\delta \frac{d\xi _1}{\xi _1}\left(\frac{\pi }{2}\text{ arctg }\frac{\delta }{\xi _1}+\text{ arctg }\frac{t}{\xi _1}\text{ arctg }\frac{\delta }{2\xi _1}\right):=\frac{c}{t}j_3,\hfill \end{array}$$
(6.35)
where we have used the monotonicity of $`\text{ arctg }x`$, for example,

$$\text{ arctg }\frac{\xi _1^2+2\delta \tau +\delta ^2}{2\xi _1t}\text{ arctg }\frac{\delta }{\xi _1},$$

etc., and the relation $`\frac{\tau }{t}1`$ as $`t+\mathrm{}`$, $`\tau >t`$.

By (6.28),

$$\frac{\pi }{2}\text{ arctg }\frac{\delta }{\xi _1}\frac{\xi _1}{\delta },\text{ arctg }\frac{t}{\xi _1}\frac{\pi }{2}\frac{\xi _1}{2t},\text{ arctg }\frac{\delta }{2\xi _1}\frac{\pi }{2}\frac{2\xi _1}{\delta }.$$
(6.36)
From (6.35) and (6.36) one gets:

$$j_2\frac{c}{t}_0^\delta \frac{d\xi _1}{\xi _1}\left(\frac{\xi _1}{\delta }\frac{\xi _1}{2t}+\frac{2\xi _1}{t}\right)=\frac{c}{t}\left(1\frac{\delta }{2t}+\frac{2\delta }{t}\right)=\frac{c}{t}\left(1+\frac{3\delta }{t}\right).$$
(6.37)
Thus

$$j_2\frac{c}{t},t+\mathrm{}.$$
(6.38)
From (6.20), (6.23), (6.25), (6.33) and (6.37) one gets:

$$|u(x)|cf_{L^2(D)}\left[\delta +\left(\frac{|\mathrm{ln}\frac{\delta }{2t}|}{t}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}+\frac{1}{t^{\frac{1}{2}}}\right].$$
(6.39)
Choose $`\delta =\frac{1}{t}`$. Then (6.39) yields

$$|u(x)|cf_{L^2(D)}\left(\frac{\mathrm{ln}|\theta |}{|\theta |}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}},|\theta |\mathrm{},\theta M.$$
(6.40)
Estimate (6.11) is proved. $`\mathrm{}`$

Let us prove (6.12).

Let $`L(\xi )=\xi ^2+2\theta \xi `$, $`=i`$.

Define $`(\xi ):=\left(_{|j|0}\left|L^{(j)}(\xi )\right|^2\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}`$. Then

$$(\xi )=(|\xi ^2+2\theta \xi |^2+4|\xi +\theta |^2+36)^{\frac{1}{2}}|Im\theta |+3.$$

In , vol. 2, p. 31, it is proved that $`L^1f_{L^2(D_1)}\frac{1}{\mathrm{min}_\xi |(\xi )|}f_{L^2(D)}`$. Therefore

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill L^1f_{L^2(D_1)}& \frac{c}{\mathrm{min}_{\xi ^3}|(\xi )|}f_{L^2(D)}\hfill \\ \hfill & \frac{c}{|\theta |}f_{L^2(D)},DD_1,\theta M,|\theta |\mathrm{},\hfill \end{array}$$
(6.41)
where $`c=c(D_1,D)>0`$ is a constant and we have used the relation

$$c_1|\theta ||Im\theta ||\theta |,c_1>0,\text{ if }\theta M,|\theta |\mathrm{}.$$

Estimate (6.41) is identical to (6.12). $`\mathrm{}`$

### 6.3 Proof of (2.17).

If $`\rho `$ is defined by (2.4), where $`u(x,\alpha )`$ solves (1.1) then $`\rho `$ solves the equation

$$^2\rho +2i\theta \rho q(x)\rho =q(x)\text{ in }^3,\theta M.$$
(6.42)
Let $`h=|\theta |^1`$, $`h0`$, $`\rho (\xi ):=\xi ^2+2\beta \xi `$, $`\beta =h\theta `$, $`\beta \beta =h^2`$, $`|\beta |=1`$,

$$N:=\{\xi :\rho (\xi )=0,\xi ^3\},N_h:=\{\xi :dist(\xi ,N)h,\xi ^3\},N_h^{}:=^3\backslash N_h,$$

$`P=P_1+iP_2`$, $`P_1=ReP`$. Note that $`dP_10`$ on $`N`$, where $`dP_1`$ is the differential of $`P_1`$.

Define

$$F_hu:=\widehat{u}=\frac{1}{(2\pi )^{\frac{3}{2}}}_^3u(x)e^{i\xi xh^1}𝑑x.$$
(6.43)
Then

$$F_h(i_ju(x))=\xi _j\widehat{u}(\xi );ih_{\xi _j}\widehat{u}(\xi )=\widehat{x_ju}.$$
(6.44)
Denote

$$\rho _a:=\rho _{L^2(B_a)},\rho :=\rho _{L^2(^3)},\rho _{a,b}=\rho _{L^2(B_a\backslash B_a)},b>a,$$
(6.45)
$$g(<hD>)\rho :=g(\sqrt{1+\xi ^2})\widehat{\rho }(\xi ),D=i.$$
(6.46)
The following Hardy-type inequality will be useful:

If $`f(t)C^1(h,h)`$, $`f(0)=0`$, then

$$_h^ht^2|f(t)|^2𝑑t4_h^h|f^{}(t)|^2𝑑t,h>0.$$
(6.47)
Let us sketch the basic steps of the proof of (2.17)

Step 1. If $`\rho C_0^2(B_r)`$ and

$$P(hD)\rho :=(hD)^2\rho +2\beta hD\rho =h^2v,vL_0^2(B_r),$$
(6.48)
where $`L_0^2(B_r)`$ is the set of $`L^2(B_r)`$ functions with compact support in the ball $`B_r`$, then

$$h<hD>^2\rho cP(hD)\rho h(0,h_0),$$
(6.49)
where $`h_0>0`$ is a sufficiently small number.

Step 2. Let $`A_1`$ be a bounded domain with a smooth boundary and $`AA_1`$, $`\eta C_0^{\mathrm{}}(A_1)`$, $`0\eta 1`$, $`\eta (x)=1`$ in $`A`$, $`A`$ is a strictly inner subdomain of $`A_1`$.

If

$$P(hD)\rho =0\text{ in }A_1,$$
(6.50)
then

$$hD\rho _{L^2(A)}c\rho _{L^2(A_1)}.$$
(6.51)
Step 3. Write (6.42) as

$$P(hD)\rho =h^2(q\rho +q).$$
(6.52)
Let

$$\eta C_0^{\mathrm{}}(B_b),0\eta (x)1,$$

$$\eta (x)=1xB_{a_1},a<a_1<b.$$

Then

$$P(\eta \rho )=(P\eta \eta P)\rho h^2\eta (q\rho +q),P=P(hD).$$
(6.53)
Apply (6.49) to (6.53) and get

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill h& <hD>^2(\rho \eta )c(P\eta \eta P)\rho +\hfill \\ \hfill ch^2& q_{L^{\mathrm{}}(B_a)}\rho _{L^2(B_a)}+ch^2q_{L^2(B_a)}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(6.54)
Since $`\eta =1`$ in $`B_a`$, one gets:

$$h\rho _ah<hD>^2(\eta \rho )ch^2\rho _a+ch^2+c(P\eta \eta P)\rho .$$
(6.55)
So

$$\rho _ach+ch^1(P\eta \eta P)\rho .$$
(6.56)
Since $`D\eta =0`$ in $`B_a`$ one gets:

$$\begin{array}{cc}& \left(P\eta \eta P\right)\rho =\rho (hD)^2\eta +2h^2D\eta D\rho +2h\rho \beta D\eta \hfill \\ & c(h^2+h)\rho _{a_1,b}+ch^2D\rho _{a_1,b}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(6.57)
Using (6.57), one gets

$$hD\rho _{a_1,b}c\rho _{a_1\epsilon ,b+\epsilon }.$$
(6.58)
From (6.58), (6.57) and (6.55) one obtains:

$$\rho _ac\left(h+\rho _{a_1\epsilon ,b+\epsilon }\right).$$
(6.59)
Since $`\epsilon >0`$ is arbitrarily small, the desired inequality (2.17) follows. $`\mathrm{}`$

To complete the proof one has to prove (6.49) and (6.51).

### 6.4 Proof of (6.49).

Write (6.49), using Parseval’s equality, as

$$h(1+|\xi |^2)\widehat{\rho }cP(\xi )\widehat{\rho }.$$
(6.60)
If $`\xi N_h^{}`$, then $`h(1+|\xi |^2)c|P(\xi )|`$, so

$$\begin{array}{cc}& h^2_{N_h^{}}(1+|\xi |^2)^2|\widehat{\rho }(\xi )|^2𝑑\xi c^2_{N_h^{}}|P(\xi )|^2|\widehat{\rho }(\xi )|^2𝑑\xi \hfill \\ & c^2_^3|P(\xi )\widehat{\rho }(\xi )|^2𝑑\xi =c^2_^3|P(hD)\rho |^2𝑑x.\hfill \end{array}$$
(6.61)
If $`\xi N_h`$, then use the local coordinates in which the set $`N`$ is defined by the equations:

$$t=0,\xi _1=0,t=P_1(\xi ),$$
(6.62)
and the $`\xi _1`$-axis is along vector $`\mu `$ defined by the equation $`\beta =m+i\mu `$. Since $`dP_10`$ on $`N`$, these local coordinates can be defined.

Put $`f:=P_1(\xi )\widehat{\rho }(\xi )`$. Then $`f=0`$ at $`t=0`$, $`fC^{\mathrm{}}(^3)`$ if $`\rho (x)`$ has compact support, and (6.47) yields:

$$_h^h|\widehat{\rho }(\xi )|^2𝑑t4_h^h|f_t^{}|^2𝑑t.$$
(6.63)
Integrating (6.63) over the remaining variables, one gets:

$$_{N_h}|\widehat{\rho }(\xi )|^2𝑑\xi c_{N_h}\left|_\xi \left(P_1(\xi )\widehat{\rho }(\xi )\right)\right|^2𝑑\xi c_^3\left|_\xi \left(P_1(\xi )\widehat{\rho }(\xi )\right)\right|^2𝑑\xi .$$
(6.64)
Since $`N_h`$ is compact, one has

$$h^2_{N_h}(1+|\xi |^2)^2|\widehat{\rho }(\xi )|^2𝑑\xi ch^2_{N_h}|\widehat{\rho }(\xi )|^2𝑑\xi .$$
(6.65)
Using Parseval’s equality, S. Bernstein’s inequality for the derivative of entire functions of exponential type, and the condition $`\text{ supp }\rho (x)B_r`$, one gets:

$$\begin{array}{c}\hfill h^2_^3\left|_\xi \left(P_1(\xi )\widehat{\rho }(\xi )\right)\right|^2𝑑\xi =_^3|x|^2|P_1(hD)\rho (x)|^2𝑑x=r^2_{B_r}\left|P_1(hD)\rho (x)\right|^2𝑑x\\ \hfill r^2_^3\left|P(hD)\rho (x)\right|^2𝑑x.\end{array}$$
(6.66)
From (6.64)-(6.66) it follows that

$$h^2_{N_h}(1+|\xi |^2)^2|\widehat{\rho }(\xi )|^2𝑑\xi c_^3|P(hD)\rho (x)|^2𝑑x.$$
(6.67)
Inequality (6.49) is proved. $`\mathrm{}`$

### 6.5 Proof of (6.51).

Multiply (6.50) by $`\eta \overline{\rho }`$, take the real part and integrate by parts to get:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill h_{A_1}\eta |\rho |^2𝑑x& =\frac{h}{2}_{A_1}\left(\overline{\rho }\rho +\rho \overline{\rho }\right)\eta dx+2Re\left(i\beta _j_{A_1}\rho _j\overline{\rho }\eta 𝑑x\right)\hfill \\ & =\frac{h}{2}_{A_1}|\rho |^2^2\eta dx+2Re\left(i\beta _j_{A_1}\rho _j\overline{\rho }\eta 𝑑x\right),\hfill \end{array}$$
(6.68)
where $`\rho _j:=\frac{\rho }{x_j}`$ and summation is done over the repeated indices.

One has

$$|^2\eta |c,|\beta _j|1,|2\rho _j\overline{\rho }|\frac{h}{2}|\rho _j|^2+\frac{2}{h}|\rho |^2.$$
(6.69)
From (6.69) and (6.68) one gets:

$$h_{A_1}\eta |\rho |^2𝑑xch_{A_1}|\rho |^2𝑑x+\frac{h}{2}_{A_1}\eta |\rho |^2𝑑x+\frac{2}{h}_{A_1}\eta |\rho |^2𝑑x.$$
(6.70)
Thus

$$h^2_A|\rho |^2𝑑xh^2_{A_1}\eta |\rho |^2𝑑xc_{A_1}|\rho |^2𝑑x.$$
(6.71)
Inequality (6.51) is proved. $`\mathrm{}`$

Let us prove that

$$\psi (x,\theta )_{S^2}u(x,\alpha )\nu _\epsilon (\alpha )𝑑\alpha _{L^2(D)}\epsilon ,\theta M,|\theta |\mathrm{},$$
(6.72)
implies

$$\nu _\epsilon _{L^2(S^2)}ce^{\frac{\kappa d}{2}},\kappa =|Im\theta |,d=diamD,|\theta |+\mathrm{}.$$
(6.73)
Indeed, (6.72), (1.19) and (1.20) imply:

$$_{S^2}u(x,\alpha )\nu _\epsilon (\alpha )𝑑\alpha _{L^2(D)}\psi (x,\theta )_{L^2(D)}\epsilon ce^{\frac{\kappa d}{2}},\theta M,|\theta |1.$$
(6.74)
If (6.73) is false for some $`\epsilon >0`$, then there is a sequence $`\theta _nM`$, $`|\theta _n|\mathrm{}`$, such that

$$\nu _\epsilon _{L^2(S^2)}e^{\frac{\kappa _nd}{2}}0,n\mathrm{}.$$
(6.75)
This contradicts (6.74) since (6.75) implies

$$_{S^2}u(x,\alpha )\nu _\epsilon (\alpha )𝑑\alpha _{L^2(D)}c\nu _\epsilon (\alpha )_{L^2(S^2)}=o\left(e^{\frac{\kappa _nd}{2}}\right)\text{ as }n\mathrm{}.$$
(6.76)
Therefore estimate (6.73) is proved. $`\mathrm{}`$

### 6.6 Proof of (2.13).

One has

$$_{S^2}u(x,\alpha )\nu (\alpha )𝑑\alpha =e^{i\theta x}(1+\rho ),$$

where

$$\rho :=e^{i\theta x}_{S^2}u(x,\alpha )\nu (\alpha )𝑑\alpha 1,$$

$$\psi (x,\theta )=e^{i\theta x}(1+R),R_{L^2(B_{b_1})}\frac{c}{|\theta |},\theta M,|\theta |1,$$

where $`b_1>b`$.

By (1.18), there exist a $`\nu (\alpha )`$ such that

$$e^{i\theta x}(1+\rho )e^{i\theta x}(1+R)_{L^2(B_{b_1})}\frac{e^{\kappa b_1}}{\kappa },\kappa =|Im\theta |.$$

Therefore

$$(\rho R)e^{i\theta x}_{L^2(B_{b_1})}\frac{e^{\kappa b_1}}{\kappa },$$

so that

$$e^{\kappa b_1}\rho R_{L^(B_{b_1})}\frac{e^{\kappa b_1}}{\kappa },$$

and

$$\rho R_{L^2(B_{b_1})}\frac{1}{\kappa }.$$

This implies

$$\rho _{L^2(B_{b_1})}\rho R_{L^2(B_{b_1})}+R_{L^2(B_{b_1})}\frac{c}{|\theta |}.$$

Thus, inequality (2.13) follows. We claim that $`\rho _{L^2(B_b)}`$ is of order $`O(\frac{1}{|\theta |})`$.

Using the above inequalities, one gets:

$$e^{b\kappa }\rho R_{L^2(B_b)}(\rho R)e^{i\theta x}_{L^2(B_b)}(\rho R)e^{i\theta x}_{L^2(B_{b_1})}\frac{e^{\kappa b_1}}{\kappa }.$$

Thus

$$\rho R_{L^2(B_b)}\frac{e^{(b_1b)\kappa }}{\kappa }.$$

Recall that $`c_1|\theta |\kappa |\theta |`$, $`0<c_1<\frac{1}{2}`$, as $`|\theta |\mathrm{}`$, $`\theta M`$. Therefore,

$$\rho _{L^2(B_b)}R_{L^2(B_b)}\rho R_{L^2(B_b)}\frac{c}{|\theta |}\frac{e^{\gamma \kappa }}{\kappa },\gamma =b_1b>0.$$

Thus, the above claim is verified, since, as $`|\theta |\mathrm{}`$, $`\theta M`$, one has $`\frac{|\theta |}{\kappa }\sqrt{2}`$ and $`\frac{e^{\gamma \kappa }}{\kappa }=o\left(\frac{1}{|\theta |}\right)`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

Uniqueness class for the solution to the equation $`L\rho =0`$.

$$L\rho :=(^2+2i\theta )\rho =0\text{ in }^3,_^3|\rho (x)|^2(1+|x|^2)^{\mathrm{}}𝑑x<\mathrm{},1<\mathrm{}<0.$$
(6.77)
Taking the distributional Fourier transform of (6.77) one gets:

$$L(\xi )\stackrel{~}{\rho }=(\xi ^2+2\theta \xi )\stackrel{~}{\rho }=0.$$
(6.78)
Thus $`\text{ supp }\stackrel{~}{\rho }=C_\tau :=\{\xi :\xi ^3,L(\xi )=0\}`$, and $`C_\tau `$ is the circle (6.19). By theorem 7.1.27 in \[, vol 1, p.174\] one has:

$$_{C_\tau }|\stackrel{~}{\rho }|^2𝑑sc\underset{r\mathrm{}}{lim}sup\left(\frac{1}{R^2}_{|x|R}|\rho (x)|^2𝑑x\right).$$
(6.79)
Using (6.77) we derive for $`1<\mathrm{}<0`$:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathrm{}>c>& _^3|u|^2(1+|x|^2)^{\mathrm{}}𝑑x_{|x|R}\frac{|u|^2dx}{(1+|x|^2)^{|\mathrm{}|}}\hfill \\ \hfill & \frac{1}{(1+R^2)^{|\mathrm{}|}}_{|x|R}|u|^2𝑑x\frac{c}{R^{2|\mathrm{}|}}_{|x|R}|u|^2𝑑x.\hfill \end{array}$$
(6.80)
Combining (6.79) and (6.80) one gets

$$_{C_\tau }|\stackrel{~}{\rho }|^2𝑑sc\underset{R\mathrm{}}{lim}sup\frac{R^{2|\mathrm{}|}}{R^2}=0,|\mathrm{}|<1.$$

Thus $`\stackrel{~}{\rho }(\xi )=0`$, as claimed. $`\mathrm{}`$

The above argument is valid in $`^n`$, $`n2`$. It was used in  and .

### 6.7 Proof of (2.23)

Let $`\nu _\epsilon :=\nu _\epsilon _{L^2(S^2)}`$ and $`m(\epsilon ,\theta ):=inf\nu `$ where the infimum is taken over all $`\nu L^2(S^2)`$ such that (6.72) holds.

We wish to prove that

$$m(\epsilon ,\theta )ce^{c|\theta |\mathrm{ln}|\theta |}\text{ as }|\theta |\mathrm{},\theta M,\epsilon =\frac{e^{b\kappa }}{\kappa },b>a,$$
(6.81)
where $`\theta M`$, $`|\theta |\mathrm{}`$, $`\kappa =|Im\theta |`$, and $`c>0`$ stands for various constants.

Let us describe the steps of the proof.

Step 1. Prove the estimate

$$m(\epsilon ,\theta )ce^{\kappa r}\left(\frac{2n(\epsilon )}{er}\right)^{n(\epsilon )}n^2(\epsilon ),rb,\theta M,\epsilon >0,$$
(6.82)
where

$$\mathrm{ln}(n(\epsilon ))=\mathrm{ln}(|\mathrm{ln}\epsilon |)[1+o(1)],\epsilon +0.$$
(6.83)
The choice of $`n(\epsilon )`$ in (6.83) is justified below (see (6.97)) and estimate (6.82) is proved also below.

Step 2. Minimize the right-hand side of (6.82) with respect to $`rb`$ to get

$$m(\epsilon ,\theta )c(2\kappa )^{n(\epsilon )}n^2(\epsilon ).$$
(6.84)
The minimizer is $`r=\frac{n(\epsilon )}{\kappa }`$.

Step 3. Take $`\epsilon =\epsilon (\theta )=\frac{e^\kappa }{\kappa }`$, $`\kappa \mathrm{}`$, in (6.84). Then

$$\mathrm{ln}n=\mathrm{ln}(\kappa b+\mathrm{ln}\kappa )[1+o(1)]=(\mathrm{ln}\kappa )\left[1+O\left(\frac{1}{\mathrm{ln}\kappa }\right)\right],\kappa +\mathrm{},$$
(6.85)
so, for $`\epsilon =\frac{e^{\kappa b}}{\kappa }`$ one has:

$$c_1\kappa nc_2\kappa ,\kappa +\mathrm{},c_1>0.$$
(6.86)
From (6.84) and (6.85) one gets:

$$m(\theta )=m(\epsilon (\theta ),\theta )ce^{c|\theta |\mathrm{ln}|\theta |},|\theta |\mathrm{},\theta M.$$
(6.87)
Estimate (6.81) is obtained.

Proof of (6.82). Since $`u(x,\alpha )=(I+T_1)e^{i\alpha x}`$ where $`I+T_1`$ is a bijection of $`C(B_b)`$ onto $`C(B_b)`$, inequality (6.72) with $`D=B_b`$ is equivalent to

$$(I+T_1)^1\psi _{S^2}e^{i\alpha x}\nu _\epsilon (\alpha )𝑑\alpha _{L^2(B_b)}c\epsilon ,$$
(6.88)
where $`c=\text{ const }>0`$ does not depend on $`\epsilon `$ and $`\theta `$, $`(I+T_1)^1\psi =(I+T)\psi `$,

$$T\psi =_{B_a}\frac{e^{i|xy|}}{4\pi |xy|}q(y)\psi (y)𝑑y.$$

We take $`b>a`$, therefore the function $`\phi :=\psi +T\psi `$, has the maximal values, as $`|\theta |\mathrm{}`$, of the same order of magnitude as the function $`\psi `$. The function $`\phi `$ solves the equation

$$\left(^2+1\right)\phi =0\text{ in }^3.$$
(6.89)
Indeed, $`(^2+1)\phi =(^2+1)\psi q\psi =q\psi q\psi =0`$, as claimed.

Therefore on can write:

$$\phi :=\phi (x,\theta )=\underset{\mathrm{}=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}4\pi i^{\mathrm{}}\phi _{\mathrm{}}Y_{\mathrm{}}(\alpha ^{})j_{\mathrm{}}(r),r=|x|,\alpha ^{}=\frac{x}{|x|},$$
(6.90)
where $`Y_{\mathrm{}}`$ are defined in (1.26), $`j_{\mathrm{}}(r)`$ are defined in (1.29), and $`\phi _{\mathrm{}}=\phi _{\mathrm{}}(\theta )`$ are some coefficients.

It is known that

$$e^{i\alpha x}=\underset{\mathrm{}=o}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}4\pi i^{\mathrm{}}\overline{Y_{\mathrm{}}(\alpha )}Y_{\mathrm{}}(\alpha ^{})j_{\mathrm{}}(r),$$
(6.91)
so

$$_{S^2}e^{i\alpha x}\nu _\epsilon (\alpha )𝑑\alpha =\underset{\mathrm{}=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}4\pi i^{\mathrm{}}\nu _\epsilon \mathrm{}Y_{\mathrm{}}(\alpha ^{})j_{\mathrm{}}(r),$$
(6.92)
where $`\nu _\epsilon \mathrm{}=(\nu _\epsilon ,Y_{\mathrm{}})_{L^2(S^2)}`$.

Choose

$$\nu _\epsilon \mathrm{}=\phi _{\mathrm{}}\text{ for }\mathrm{}n(\epsilon ),\nu _\epsilon \mathrm{}=0\text{ for }\mathrm{}>n(\epsilon ),$$
(6.93)
where $`n(\epsilon )`$ is the same as in (6.83).

Then (6.88) implies:

$$\begin{array}{cc}& \phi _{S^2}e^{i\alpha x}\nu _\epsilon (\alpha )𝑑\alpha _{L^2(B_b)}^2\hfill \\ & =\underset{\mathrm{}=n(\epsilon )+1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}16\pi ^2_0^br^2|j_{\mathrm{}}(r)|^2𝑑r|\phi _{\mathrm{}}|^2c\underset{\mathrm{}=n(\epsilon )+1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{1}{\mathrm{}^2}|\phi _{\mathrm{}}|^2\left(\frac{eb}{2\mathrm{}}\right)^2\mathrm{}<c\epsilon ,\hfill \end{array}$$
(6.94)
where formula (1.29) was used.

From (6.92) and formula (6.91) with $`\alpha =\theta M`$, one gets:

$$\nu _\epsilon ^2=\underset{\mathrm{}=0}{\overset{n(\epsilon )}{}}|\phi _{\mathrm{}}|^2c\underset{\mathrm{}=0}{\overset{n(\epsilon )}{}}\underset{m=\mathrm{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\left|Y_{\mathrm{}}(\theta )\right|^2cn^2(\epsilon )\frac{e^{2\kappa r}}{|j_{n(\epsilon )}(r)|^2},r>0,$$
(6.95)
where we have used the formula $`_{\mathrm{}=0}^n`$ $`_{m=\mathrm{}}^{\mathrm{}}=(n+1)^2`$, we estimated $`|\phi _{\mathrm{}}|`$ by the coefficient $`|(e^{i\theta x},Y_{\mathrm{}})_{L^2(S^2)}|^2=16\pi ^2|Y_{\mathrm{}}(\theta )|^2`$ of the main term of $`\phi `$, that is, the function $`e^{i\theta x}`$, we used estimate (1.28), which gives $`|\phi _{\mathrm{}}|^2c\frac{e^{2\kappa r}}{|j_{\mathrm{}}(r)|^2}`$ $`r>0`$, and we replaced $`|j_{\mathrm{}}(r)|`$ by $`|j_{n(\epsilon )}(r)|`$, the smaller quantity.

Choose $`r>b`$ and use (1.29) to get the inequality:

$$\underset{\mathrm{}=n(\epsilon )+1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}|\phi _{\mathrm{}}|^2\left(\frac{eb}{2\mathrm{}}\right)^2\mathrm{}\underset{\mathrm{}=n(\epsilon )+1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}e^{2\kappa r}\left(\frac{b}{r}\right)^2\mathrm{}c_1e^{2\kappa r}\left(\frac{b}{r}\right)^{2n(\epsilon )}<c\epsilon ,r>b,$$
(6.96)
which implies (6.94). Thus (6.94) holds if $`e^{\kappa r}\left(\frac{b}{r}\right)^{n(\epsilon )}c\sqrt{\epsilon }`$, where $`c`$ stands for various constants. One has $`\mathrm{min}_{r>b}e^{\kappa r}\left(\frac{b}{r}\right)^n=e^n\left(\frac{b\kappa }{n}\right)^n`$, and the minimizer is $`r=\frac{n}{\kappa }`$. Consider therefore the equation $`e^n\left(\frac{b\kappa }{n}\right)^n=c\sqrt{\epsilon }`$ and solve it asymptotically for $`n=n(\epsilon )`$ as $`\epsilon 0`$, where $`\kappa >1`$ is arbitrary large but fixed. Taking logarithm, one gets $`\mathrm{ln}c\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{ln}\frac{1}{\epsilon }=nn\mathrm{ln}n+n\mathrm{ln}(b\kappa )`$.

Thus $`|\mathrm{ln}\epsilon |=\mathrm{ln}\frac{1}{\epsilon }=2n\mathrm{ln}n[1+o(1)]`$, and

$$\mathrm{ln}|\mathrm{ln}\epsilon |=(\mathrm{ln}n)(1+o(1)),\epsilon +0.$$
(6.97)
Hence, we have justified (6.83).

From (6.94), (6.96) and (1.29), one gets

$$\nu _\epsilon cn^2(\epsilon )\frac{e^{\kappa r}(2n(\epsilon ))^{n(\epsilon )}}{(er)^{n(\epsilon )}}r>b,\kappa =|Im\theta |,\theta M.$$
(6.98)
Estimate (6.82) is established. $`\mathrm{}`$

### 6.8 Proof of (1.30).

Let $`G_j`$ be the Green function corresponding to $`q_j(x)`$, $`j=1,2`$. By Green’s formula one gets

$$G_2(x,y)G_1(x,y)=_{B_a}p(z)G_1(x,z)G_2(z,y)𝑑z,p:=q_1(x)q_2(x).$$
(6.99)
Take $`|y|\mathrm{}`$, $`\frac{y}{|y|}=\alpha `$ and use (1.7) to get:

$$u_2(x,\alpha )u_1(x,\alpha )=_{B_a}p(z)G_1(x,z)u_2(z,\alpha )𝑑z.$$
(6.100)
Take $`|x|\mathrm{}`$, $`\frac{x}{|x|}=\alpha ^{}`$, use (1.7) and (1.2) and get:

$$A_2(\alpha ^{},\alpha )A_1(\alpha ^{},\alpha )=\frac{1}{4\pi }_{B_a}u_1(z,\alpha ^{})u_2(z,\alpha )p(z)𝑑z.$$
(6.101)
Since $`A(\alpha ^{},\alpha )=A(\alpha ,\alpha ^{})`$, formula (6.101) is equivalent to (1.30). $`\mathrm{}`$

## 7 Construction of the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map from the scattering data and vice versa.

Consider a ball $`B_aD=\text{ supp }q(x)`$ and assume that the problem

$$\left[^2+1q(x)\right]w=0\text{ in }B_a,w=f\text{ on }S_a:=B_a,$$
(7.1)
is uniquely sovable for any $`fH^{\frac{3}{2}}(S_a)`$, where $`H^{\mathrm{}}(S_a)`$ is the Sobolev space.

Then the $`DN`$ map is defined as

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }:fw_N$$
(7.2)
where $`w_N`$ is the normal derivative of $`w`$ on $`S_a`$, $`N`$ is the normal to $`S_a`$ pointing into $`B_a^{}:=^3\backslash B_a`$.

If $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is known, then $`q(x)`$ can be found as follows.

The special solution (1.19)-(1.22) satisfies the equation:

$$\psi (x)=e^{i\theta x}_{B_a}G(xy)q(y)\psi (y)𝑑y,$$
(7.3)
where $`G(x)=e^{i\theta x}G_0(x)`$ and $`^2G(x)+G(x)=\delta (x)`$ in $`^3`$. Thus

$$^2G_0+2i\theta G_0=\delta (x),$$
(7.4)
so that $`G_0(xy)`$ is the Green function of the operator $`L`$, see (6.10), that is

$$G_0(x)=\frac{1}{(2\pi )^3}_^3\frac{e^{i\xi x}d\xi }{\xi ^2+2\xi \theta }.$$
(7.5)
The function $`G(x)`$ can be considered known.

Since $`q\psi =(^2+1)\psi `$, one can write, for $`xB_a^{}`$,

$$\begin{array}{cc}& _{B_a}G(xs)q(y)\psi (y)𝑑y_{B_a}G(^2+1)\psi 𝑑y\hfill \\ & =_{S_a}\left[G(xs)\psi _N(s)G_N(xs)\psi (s)\right]𝑑s=_{S_a}G(xs)(\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{\Lambda }_0)\psi (s)𝑑s\hfill \\ & +_{S_a}\left[G(xs)\mathrm{\Lambda }_0\psi G_N(xs)\psi \right]𝑑s=_{S_a}G(xs)(\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{\Lambda }_0)\psi (s)𝑑s.\hfill \end{array}$$
(7.6)
Here $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_0`$ is $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ for $`q(x)=0`$, we have used Green’s formula and took into account that

$$_{S_a}\left[G(xs)\mathrm{\Lambda }_0\psi G_N(xs)\psi \right]𝑑s=_{B_a}\left[G(\mathrm{\Delta }+1)\phi \phi (\mathrm{\Delta }+1)G\right]𝑑y=0,$$

where $`\phi `$ solves problem (7.1) with $`q(x)=0`$ and $`\phi =f`$ on $`S_a`$.

From (7.3) and (7.6) taking $`xsS_a`$ one gets a linear Fredholm- type equation for $`\psi |_{S_a}`$:

$$\psi (s)=e^{i\theta s}_{S_a}G(ss^{})(\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{\Lambda }_0)\psi (s^{})𝑑s^{}.$$
(7.7)
If $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is known, one can find from (7.7) $`\psi |_{S_a}`$ and then find $`q(x)`$ using the following calculation.

Define

$$t(\theta ^{},\theta ):=_{B_a}e^{i\theta ^{}y}q(y)\psi (y,\theta )𝑑y.$$
(7.8)
By Green’s formula, as in (7.6), one gets

$$t(\theta ^{},\theta )=_{S_a}e^{i\theta ^{}s}(\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{\Lambda }_0)\psi (s)𝑑s.$$
(7.9)
From (7.8) one gets, using (1.19), (1.20) and (1.9):

$$\underset{\begin{array}{cc}|\theta |\mathrm{}\hfill & \\ \theta ^{}\theta =\xi \hfill & \\ \theta M\hfill & \end{array}}{lim}t(\theta ^{},\theta )=_{B_a}e^{i\xi x}q(x)𝑑x:=\stackrel{~}{q}(\xi ).$$
(7.10)
Therefore the knowledge of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ allows one to recover $`\stackrel{~}{q}(\xi )`$ by formula (7.10), but first one has to solve equation (7.7). We leave to the reader to check that the homogeneous equation (7.7) has only the trivial solution so that Fredholm-type equation (7.7) is uniquely solvable in $`L^2(S_a)`$ (see a proof in ).

Practically, however, there are essential difficulties: a) the function $`G(x,y)`$ is not known, analytically and it is difficult to solve equation (7.7) by this reason, b) the $`DN`$ map is not given analytically as well.

Let us show how to construct $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ from the scattering amplitude $`A(\alpha ^{},\alpha )`$ and vice versa. If $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is given then we have shown how to find $`q(x)`$ and if $`q(x)`$ found then $`A(\alpha ^{},\alpha )`$, the scattering amplitude, can be found.

Conversely, suppose $`A(\alpha ^{},\alpha )`$ is known. Then the scattering solution can be calculated in $`B_a^{}`$ by formula (1.31).

Let $`fH^{\frac{3}{2}}(S_a)`$ be given, $`g(x,y)`$ be the Green function of the operator $`^2+q(x)1`$ in $`^3`$ which satisfies the radiation condition (1.6), and define

$$w(x)=_{S_a}g(x,s)\sigma (s)𝑑s,$$
(7.11)
such that

$$w=f\text{ on }S_a.$$
(7.12)
Since $`(^2+1)w=0`$ in $`B_a^{}`$, $`w=f`$ on $`S_a`$ and $`w`$ satisfies (1.6), one can find $`w`$ in $`B_a^{}`$ explicitly:

$$w(x)=\underset{\mathrm{}=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{f_{\mathrm{}}}{h_{\mathrm{}}(a)}Y_{\mathrm{}}(\alpha ^{})h_{\mathrm{}}(r),ra,z=|x|,\alpha ^{}=\frac{x}{r},$$
(7.13)
where $`f_{\mathrm{}}`$ are the Fourier coefficients of $`f`$:

$$f(s)=\underset{\mathrm{}=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}f_{\mathrm{}}Y_{\mathrm{}}(\alpha ^{}),sS_a.$$
(7.14)
Therefore the function

$$w_N^{}=\underset{|x|a,xB_a^{}}{lim}\frac{w(x)}{r}$$

is known. By the jump formula for single-layer potentials one has (, p. 14)

$$w_N^+=w_N^{}+\sigma .$$
(7.15)
The map $`\mathrm{\Lambda }:fw_N^+`$ is constructed as soon as we find $`\sigma (s)`$, because $`w_N^{}`$ is already found.

To find $`\sigma `$, consider the asymptotics of $`w(x)`$ as $`|x|\mathrm{}`$, $`\frac{x}{|x|}=\beta `$. Using (1.7) and (7.11), one gets:

$$\frac{1}{4\pi }_{S_a}u(s,\beta )\sigma (s)𝑑s=\eta (\beta ):=\underset{\mathrm{}=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{f_{\mathrm{}}Y_{\mathrm{}}(\beta )}{h_{\mathrm{}}(a)},$$
(7.16)
where we have used (7.13) and the asymptotics $`h_{\mathrm{}}(r)\frac{e^{ir}}{r}`$ as $`r+\mathrm{}`$. As we have already mentioned, the function $`u(s,\alpha ^{})`$ is known explicitly (see formula (1.31)), and equation (7.16) is uniquely solvable for $`\sigma (s)`$. Analytical solution of equation (7.16) for $`\sigma (s)`$ can be obtained as a series

$$\sigma (s)=\underset{\mathrm{}=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\sigma _{\mathrm{}}Y_{\mathrm{}}(\alpha ^{}),\alpha ^{}=\frac{s}{|s|}.$$
(7.17)
Substitute (6.91) with $`\alpha =\beta `$ into (1.31), take $`r=a`$ in (1.31) and $`\alpha ^{}=\frac{s}{a}`$, and substitute (1.31) into (7.16). By our choice of the spherical harmonics (1.26) both systems $`\{Y_{\mathrm{}}\}_{\mathrm{}=0,1,2,\mathrm{}}`$ and $`\{\overline{Y_{\mathrm{}}}\}_{\mathrm{}=0,1,2,\mathrm{}}`$ form orthonormal bases of $`L^2(S^2)`$. Therefore one gets:

$$\begin{array}{cc}& \frac{1}{4\pi }\underset{\mathrm{}=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}4\pi i^{\mathrm{}}\overline{Y_{\mathrm{}}}(\beta )j_{\mathrm{}}(a)a^2_{S^2}Y_{\mathrm{}}(\alpha ^{})\sigma (a\alpha ^{})𝑑\alpha ^{}\hfill \\ & +\frac{1}{4\pi }\underset{\mathrm{}=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}A_{\mathrm{}}(\beta )h_{\mathrm{}}(a)a^2_{S^2}Y_{\mathrm{}}(\alpha ^{})\sigma (a\alpha ^{})𝑑\alpha ^{}\hfill \\ & =\underset{\mathrm{}=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\frac{f_{\mathrm{}}Y_{\mathrm{}}(\beta )}{h_{\mathrm{}}(a)}.\hfill \end{array}$$
(7.18)
Denote

$$_{S^2}\sigma (a\alpha ^{})Y_{\mathrm{},m}(\alpha ^{})𝑑\alpha ^{}:=\sigma _\mathrm{}m.$$
(7.19)
Using (1.26) one gets:

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill Y_{\mathrm{},m}(\beta )& =(1)^{\mathrm{}}Y_{\mathrm{},m}(\beta ),\overline{Y_{\mathrm{},m}(\beta )}=(1)^{\mathrm{}}\overline{Y_{\mathrm{},m}(\beta )}\hfill \\ & =(1)^{\mathrm{}+\mathrm{}+m}Y_{\mathrm{},m}(\beta )=(1)^mY_{\mathrm{},m}(\beta ).\hfill \end{array}$$
(7.20)
Also define $`A_{\mathrm{}m,\mathrm{}^{}m^{}}`$ by the formula:

$$A_{\mathrm{},m}(\beta )=\underset{\mathrm{}^{},m^{}}{}A_{\mathrm{},m,\mathrm{}^{}m^{}}Y_{\mathrm{}^{},m^{}}(\beta ).$$
(7.21)
The above definition differs from (1.36) and is used for convenience in this section.

Equating the coefficients in front of $`Y_{\mathrm{},m}(\beta )`$ in (7.18) one gets

$$i^{\mathrm{}}(1)^mj_{\mathrm{}}(a)a^2\sigma _\mathrm{}m+\frac{a^2}{4\pi }\underset{\mathrm{}^{}=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\underset{m^{}=\mathrm{}^{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}^{}}{}}A_{\mathrm{}^{}m^{},\mathrm{},m}h_{\mathrm{}^{}}(a)\sigma _\mathrm{}^{}m^{}=\frac{f_{\mathrm{},m}}{h_{\mathrm{}}(a)},$$
(7.22)
or

$$\sigma _\mathrm{}m+\frac{(1)^m(i)^{\mathrm{}}}{4\pi j_{\mathrm{}}(a)}\underset{\mathrm{}^{}=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\underset{m^{}=\mathrm{}^{}}{\overset{\mathrm{}^{}}{}}A_{\mathrm{}^{}m^{},\mathrm{},m}h_{\mathrm{}^{}}(a)\sigma _\mathrm{}^{}m^{}=\frac{f_{\mathrm{},m}(1)^m(i)^{\mathrm{}}}{a^2j_{\mathrm{}}(a)h_{\mathrm{}}(a)}.$$
(7.23)
The matrix of the linear system (7.23) is ill-conditioned (see , where estimates of the entries of the matrix of (7.19) are obtained and the case of the noisy data is mentioned). $`\mathrm{}`$

Finally let us show (see ) that it is impossible to get an estimate

$$Qf\epsilon (|\theta |)f,\theta M,f:=f_{L^2(D)},\epsilon (t)0\text{ as }t+\mathrm{},$$
(7.24)
if

$$Qf=_D\mathrm{\Gamma }(x,y,\theta )f(y)𝑑y,$$
(7.25)
where

$$L\mathrm{\Gamma }:=(^2+2i\theta )\mathrm{\Gamma }=\delta (xy)\text{ in }D,\theta M,$$
(7.26)
$$\mathrm{\Gamma }=0\text{ on }S:=D,$$
(7.27)
and we assume that

$$\text{ the }\text{ problem }L\rho =0,\rho =0\text{ on }S\text{ has }\text{ only }\text{ the }\text{ trivial }\text{ solution }.$$
(7.28)
Indeed, choose a $`q(x)L^{\mathrm{}}(D)`$ such that the problem

$$\left[^2+1q(x)\right]w=0\text{ in }D,w=0\text{ on }S,$$
(7.29)
has a non-trival solution.

Define $`\rho =e^{i\theta x}w`$. Then $`\rho 0`$, and

$$L\rho q\rho =0\text{ in }D,\rho =0\text{ on }S.$$
(7.30)
Because of our assumption (7.24), one gets:

$$\rho =_D\mathrm{\Gamma }(x,y)q(y)\rho (y)𝑑y:=T\rho .$$
(7.31)
Were (7.24) true, it would imply for $`|\theta |1`$, $`\theta M`$, that the operator $`T:L^2(D)L^2(D)`$ in (7.31) has small norm, so $`\rho =0`$, contrary to our assumption. $`\mathrm{}`$

## 8 Examples of nonuniqueness for an inverse problem of geophysics.

### 8.1 Statement of the problem.

In this section the result from  is presented.

Let $`D_+^n:=\{x:x^n,x_n0\}`$ be a bounded domain, part $`S`$ of the boundary $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ of $`D`$ is on the plane $`x_n=0`$, $`f(x,t)`$ is a source of the wavefield, $`c(x)>0`$ is a velocity profile. The wavefield, e.g., the acoustic pressure, solves the problem:

$$c^2(x)u_{tt}\mathrm{\Delta }u=f(x,t)\text{in}D\times [0,\mathrm{}),f(x,t)0,$$
(8.1)
$$u_N=0\text{on}\mathrm{\Gamma }$$
(8.2)
$$u=u_t=0\text{at}t=0.$$
(8.3)
Here $`N`$ is the unit outer normal to $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, $`u_N`$ is the normal derivative of $`u`$ on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. If $`c^2(x)`$ is known, then the direct problem (8.1)-(8.3) is uniquely solvable. The inverse problem (IP) we are interested in is the following one:

(IP) Given the data $`u(x,t)xS`$, $`t>0`$, can one recover $`c^2(x)`$ uniquely?

The basic result is: the answer to the above question is no.

An analytical construction is presented of two constant velocities $`c_j>0`$, $`j=1,2,`$ $`c_1c_2`$, which can be chosen arbitrary, and a source, which is constructed after $`c_j>0`$ are chosen, such that the solutions to problems (8.1)-(8.3) with $`c^2(x)=c_j^2`$, $`j=1,2,`$ produce the same surface data on $`S`$ for all times:

$$u_1(x,t)=u_2(x,t)xS,t>0.$$
(8.4)
The domain $`D`$ we use is a box: $`D=\{x:a_jx_jb_j,1jn\}`$.

This construction is given in the next section. At the end of section 8.2 the data on $`S`$ are suggested, which allow one to uniquely determine $`c^2(x)`$.

### 8.2 Example of nonuniqueness of the solution to IP.

Our construction is valid for any $`n2`$. For simplicity we take $`n=2`$, $`D=\{x:0x_1\pi ,0x_2\pi \}`$. Let $`c^2(x)=c^2=\text{const}>0`$. The solution to (8.1)-(8.3) with $`c^2(x)=c^2=\text{const}`$ can be found analytically

$$u(x,t)=\underset{m=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}u_m(t)\varphi _m(x),m=(m_1,m_2)$$
(8.5)
where

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \varphi _m(x)& =\gamma _{m_1m_2}\mathrm{cos}(m_1x_1)\mathrm{cos}(m_2x_2),\hfill \\ \hfill _D\varphi _m^2(x)𝑑x& =1,\mathrm{\Delta }\varphi _m+\lambda _m\varphi _m=0,\hfill \\ \hfill \varphi _{mN}& =0\text{on}\mathrm{\Gamma },\lambda _m:=m_1^2+m_2^2,\hfill \\ \hfill \gamma _{00}& =\frac{1}{\pi },\gamma _{m_10}=\gamma _{0m_2}=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{\pi },\hfill \end{array}$$
(8.6)
$$\gamma _{m_1m_2}=2/\pi \text{if}m_1>0\text{and}m_2>0,$$

$$\begin{array}{cc}& u_m(t):=u_m(t,c)=\frac{c}{\sqrt{\lambda _m}}_0^t\mathrm{sin}[c\sqrt{\lambda _m}(t\tau )]f_m(\tau )𝑑\tau ,\hfill \\ & f_m(t):=_Df(x,t)\varphi _m(x)𝑑x.\hfill \end{array}$$
($`8.6^{}`$)
The data are

$$u(x_1,0,t)=\underset{m=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}u_m(t,c)\gamma _{m_1m_2}\mathrm{cos}(m_1x_1).$$
(8.7)
For these data to be the same for $`c=c_1`$ and $`c=c_2`$, it is necessary and sufficient that

$$\underset{m_2=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\gamma _{m_1m_2}u_m(t,c_1)=\underset{m_2=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\gamma _{m_1m_2}u_m(t,c_2),t>0,m_1.$$
(8.8)
Taking Laplace transform of (8) and using (6) one gets an equation, equivalent to (8.8),

$$\underset{m_2=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\gamma _{m_1m_2}\overline{f}_m(p)\left[\frac{c_1^2}{p^2+c_1^2\lambda _m}\frac{c_2^2}{p^2+c_2^2\lambda _m}\right]=0,p>0,m_1.$$
(8.9)
Take $`c_1c_2`$, $`c_1,c_2>0`$, arbitrary and find $`\overline{f}_m(p)`$ for which (8.9) holds. This can be done by infinitely many ways. Since (8.9) is equivalent to (8.8), the desired example of nonuniqueness of the solution to IP is constructed.

Let us give a specific choice: $`c_1=1`$, $`c_2=2`$, $`\overline{f}_{m_1m_2}=0`$ for $`m_10`$, $`m_21`$ or $`m_2\overline{)}=2`$, $`\overline{f}_{02}(p)=\frac{1}{p+1}`$, $`\overline{f}_{01}(p)=\frac{p^2+1}{(p+1)(p^2+16)}`$. Then (8.9) holds. Therefore, if

$$f(x,t)=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{\pi }\left[f_{01}(t)\mathrm{cos}(x_2)+f_{02}(t)\mathrm{cos}(2x_2)\right],c_1=1,c_2=2,$$
(8.10)
then the data $`u_1(x,t)=u_2(x,t)xS`$, $`t>0`$. In (8.10) the values of the coefficients are

$$f_{01}(t)=\frac{2}{17}\mathrm{exp}(t)\frac{15}{17}\left[\mathrm{cos}(4t)\frac{1}{4}\mathrm{sin}(4t)\right],f_{02}(t)=\mathrm{exp}(t).$$
(8.11)
###### Remark 8.1.

The above example brings out the question:

What data on $`S`$ are sufficient for the unique identifiability of $`c^2(x)`$?

The answer to this question one can find in  and .

In particular, if one takes $`f(x,t)=\delta (t)\delta (xy)`$, and allows $`x`$ and $`y`$ run through $`S`$, then the data $`u(x,y,t)x,yS`$, $`t>0`$, determine $`c^2(x)`$ uniquely. In fact, the low frequency surface data $`\stackrel{~}{u}(x,y,k)`$, $`x,ySk(0,k_0)`$, where $`k_0>0`$ is an arbitrary small fixed number, determine $`c^2(x)`$ uniquely under mild assumptions on $`D`$ and $`c^2(x)`$. By $`\stackrel{~}{u}(x,y,k)`$ is meant the Fourier transform of $`u(x,y,t)`$ with respect to $`t`$.

###### Remark 8.2.

One can check that the non-uniqueness example with constant velocities is not possible to construct, as was done above, if the sources are concentrated on $`S`$, that is, if $`f(x_1,x_2,t)=\delta (x_2)f_1(x_1,t)`$.

## 9 A uniqueness theorem for inverse boundary value problem for parabolic equations

Consider the problem:

$$u_t+Lu=0,xD,t[0,T],$$
(9.1)
$$u=0\text{at}t=0$$
(9.2)
$$u=f(s)\delta (t)\text{on}S.$$
(9.3)
Here $`\delta (t)`$ is the delta-function, $`D`$ is a bounded domain in $`^n,n3,`$ with a smooth boundary $`S`$, $`fH^{3/2}(S),`$ $`Lu:=div[a(x)gradu]+q(x)u`$, $`a(x)`$ and $`q(x)`$ are real-valued functions, $`qL^2(D),`$ $`0<a_0a(x)a_1`$, where $`a_0`$ and $`a_1`$ are positive constants, and $`a(x)C^2(\overline{D})`$, where $`\overline{D}`$ is the closure of $`D`$. Let $`h(s,t):=a(s)u_N`$, where $`N`$ is the unit exterior normal to $`S`$.

The IP (inverse problem) is: given the set of ordered pairs $`\{f(s),h(s,t)\}`$ for all $`t[0,T]`$, find $`a(x)`$ and $`q(x)`$.

We prove that IP has at most one solution by reducing the uniqueness of the solution to IP to the Ramm’s uniqueness theorem for the solution to elliptic boundary value problem .

This theorem says:

Let

$$Lu+\lambda u=0\text{ in }D,u=f(s)\text{ on }S,$$
(9.4)
and assume that the above problem is uniquely solvable for two distinct real values of $`\lambda `$. Suppose that the set of ordered pairs $`\{f,h\}`$ is known at these values of $`\lambda `$ for all $`fH^{3/2}(S),`$ where $`h:=a(s)u_N`$, and $`u_N`$ is the normal derivative on $`S`$ of the solution to (9.5). Then the operator $`L`$ is uniquely determined, that is, the functions $`a(x)`$ and $`q(x)`$ are uniquely determined.

We apply this theorem as follows.

First, we claim that the data $`h(s,t)`$, known for $`t[0,T]`$ are uniquely determined for all $`t>0`$. If $`\delta (t)`$ is replaced by a function $`\eta (t)C_0^{\mathrm{}}(0,T),`$ $`_0^T\eta (t)𝑑t=1`$, then the data $`h(s,t)`$ known for $`t[0,T]`$ are uniquely determined for $`t>T`$.

Secondly, if this claim is established, then Laplace-transform problem (9.1)-(9.3) to get the elliptic problem studied in :

$$Lv+\lambda v=0\text{ in }D,u=f(s)\text{ on }S,$$
(9.5)
and the data $`H(s,\lambda ),`$ where $`v:=_0^{\mathrm{}}e^{\lambda t}u(x,t)𝑑t.`$

The data $`H(s,\lambda ):=_0^{\mathrm{}}e^{\lambda t}h(s,t)𝑑t`$ are known for all $`\lambda >0`$.

Thus, Ramm’s theorem yields uniqueness of the determination of $`L`$, and the proof is completed.

We now sketch the proof of the claim:

The solution to the time-dependent problem can be written as:

$$u(x,t)=\underset{j=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}e^{\lambda _jt}c_j\varphi _j(x),$$
(9.6)
where $`L\varphi _j(x)=\lambda _j\varphi _j(x)\text{ in }D,\varphi _j(x)=0\text{ on }S,\varphi _j(x)_{L^2(D)}=1.`$ The coefficients $`c_j:=_Sf(s)a(s)\varphi _{jN}(s)𝑑s`$.

Note that the series for $`u(x,t)`$ and the series obtained by termwise differentiation of it with respect to $`t`$ converge absolutely and uniformly in $`D\times (0,\mathrm{})`$, each of the terms is analytic with respect to $`t`$ in the region $`\mathrm{}t>0`$, and consequently so are these series.

Therefore the functions $`u(x,t)`$ and $`h(s,t):=u_N(s,t)`$ are analytic with respect to $`t`$ in the region $`\mathrm{}t>0`$, so the data are uniquely determined for $`t>T`$ as claimed. $`\mathrm{}`$

At $`t=0`$ the series (9.6) is singular: it does not converge uniformly or even in $`L^2(D)`$. By this reason the above argument is formal. One can make it rigorous if one replaces the delta-function in (9.3) by a $`C_0^{\mathrm{}}(0,T)`$ function $`\eta (t)`$, $`_0^T\eta (t)𝑑t=1`$, and uses the argument similar to the one in .