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# Maximal Unipotent Monodromy for Complete Intersection CY Manifolds

## 1 Introduction

### 1.1 General Remarks

One of the most important problems in algebraic geometry is the study of families of algebraic varieties parameterized by a variety. Of special interest is the subvariety in the parameter space that parameterizes the singular fibers. This subvariety is called the discriminant locus. One of the main invariants of the discriminant locus is the so called monodromy group. The monodromy group is defined by the action of fundamental group of the complement of the discriminant locus on the cohomology ring of a fixed non-singular fiber. Of special interest is the action of the monodromy group on the middle cohomology group. The structure of such actions is of profound importance. In number theory, the counterpart is the action of Galois group on ètale cohomology.

In this paper we are going to study the simplest case of the above described setting, namely we are going to study families of algebraic manifolds over the unit disk $`𝒟`$. We will assume that the only singular fiber is over the center of the disk, i.e. over $`0𝒟.`$ From the discussion above it follows that we obtain a representation of the fundamental group $`\pi _1(𝒟`$ $`\backslash `$$`0)=`$ in the middle homology, i.e. in $`H_n(X_t,`$)/$`Tor`$. The finite dimensional representations of $``$ are classified by the Jordan blocks of the linear operator corresponding to $`1`$. We will give a complete answer to the structure of the monodromy operator in terms of the topology of the singular fiber. Our method of proof is based on Clemens’ theory of monodromy and the theory of mixed Hodge structures. We find a simple criterium for the monodromy operator to have a Jordan block of maximal rank. This criterium is based on Leray’s theory of residues. We will apply this simple criterium to very concrete examples of complete intersections in $`^N`$ and toric varieties.

The existence of such degenerations is of prime importance in mirror geometry and in string theory. The computations that were suggested by String Theory in the B model required the existence of degenerations of CY manifolds with maximal unipotent monodromy. In String Theory such a point in the moduli space is called a large radius (complex structure) limit. The case of hypersurfaces in toric varieties was treated in , where the construction of a point of maximal degeneracy is done by studying the GKZ hypergeometric system governing periods of the hypersurfaces.

For recent important developments in mirror geometry see ,  and references therein. The results of this paper are closely related to Strominger-Yau-Zaslow conjecture.

### 1.2 Description of the Paper

In Section 2 we introduce the basic notions and review some results stated in .

In Section 3 we review the generalization of Lefschetz’s theory of vanishing cycles due to Clemens. We describe Clemens’ method for constructing Jordan blocks in the monodromy operator.

In Section 4 we prove a general formula for the number of Jordan blocks in the monodromy operator in terms of some invariants of the singular fiber of one parameter family of Kähler manifolds.

In Section 5 we prove a simple criterium for the existence of a Jordan block of maximum size in the monodromy operator in terms of Leray’s residue calculus. We also construct families of complete intersections of CY manifolds in $`^N`$ whose monodromy operators contain Jordan block of maximum size.

In Section 6 we review some basic facts in toric geometry and construct families of complete intersections of CY manifolds in toric varieties whose monodromy operators contain Jordan block of maximum size generalizing the construction in section 5.

In Section 7 we briefly discuss the connection between the present approach and a previous approach which uses hypergeometric functions. We also discuss an interesting relationship between maximal unipotent monodromy and the SYZ conjecture, and illustrate this in the case of polarized K3 surfaces.

In the Appendix, we give a complete description of Clemen’s cell complex for hypersurfaces in a toric variety.

Acknowledgements: B.H.L.’s research is supported by NSF grant DMS-0072158. S.T.Y.’s research is supported by DOE grant DE-FG02-88ER25065 and NSF grant DMS-9803347.

## 2 Basic Definitions and Notations

### 2.1 Mumford’s Semi-Stable Reduction Theorem

In this article we study one-parameter families of $`n`$ dimensional Kähler manifolds

$`\pi :𝒳𝒟`$

over a disk $`𝒟`$. We assume that $`𝒳`$ is a smooth algebraic manifold and that for each $`t0`$ $`\pi ^1(t)=X_t`$ is a non-singular $`n`$ dimensional Kähler manifold. From Hironaka’s theorem on the resolution of singularities, we may assume that the singular fibre $`X_0=\pi ^1(0)`$ is a divisor with normal crossings $`X_0=C_i.`$

We will choose local coordinates in the following manner. Let $`x_{n+1}C_{i_1}\mathrm{}C_{i_{n+1}}X_0.`$ Let $`U_{x_{n+1}}`$ be an open polycylinder in $`𝒳`$ containing the point $`x_{n+1}.`$ Let $`z_{i_j}=0`$ be the defining equation of the divisor $`C_{i_j}`$ in $`U_{x_{n+1}}.`$ It is easy to see that after shrinking the disk $`𝒟`$, the fibers of the map $`\pi :𝒳U_{x_{n+1}}𝒟`$ are locally given by

$`z_{i_1}^{m_1}\mathrm{}z_{i_{n+1}}^{m_{n+1}}=t,`$ $`m_j1`$ $`\&`$ $`m_j`$.

In the same manner, let $`x_kX_0`$ and let $`C_{i_1},..,C_{i_k}`$ be those components of $`X_0`$ containing $`x_k`$. Let $`U_{x_k}`$ be an open polycylinder in $`𝒳`$ containing $`x_k`$ but not intersecting $`C_j`$ with $`ji_1,..,i_k`$. Then the fibers of the map $`\pi :𝒳U_{x_k}𝒟`$ are locally given by

$`z_{i_1}^{m_1}\mathrm{}z_{i_k}^{m_k}=t,`$ $`m_j1`$ $`\&`$ $`m_j`$.

In  Mumford proved that after taking a finite covering of the disk $`𝒟`$, lifting the family and resolving the singularities, we may assume that the the fibres of the map $`\pi `$:$`𝒳𝒟`$ are given locally by $`z_1^{k_1}\mathrm{}z_{n+1}^{k_{n+1}}=t,`$ where $`k_j`$ is either 0 or 1. From now on we are going to assume that we are in the above setting justified by Mumford’s theorem.

### 2.2 Geometric and Homological Monodromy (Basic Properties)

If we restrict our family $`\pi :𝒳𝒟`$ to the circle $`S^1:=𝒟`$ then we get a representation of $`\pi _1(S^1)=`$ in the group of diffeomorphisms of $`X_t.`$ Indeed if we remove a point from $`S^1`$,and restrict our family to $`S^1`$ $`\backslash `$ $`s`$, $`\pi _1:𝒳|_{S^1}S^1`$ where $`sS^1,`$ we will get a trivial $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$ family $`\left(S^1\backslash s\right)\times X_tS^1`$ $`\backslash `$ $`s.`$ Our family $`\pi _1:𝒳|_{S^1}S^1`$ is obtained from the trivial family $`\left(S^1\backslash s\right)\times X_tS^1`$ $`\backslash `$ $`s`$ by ”gluing” it by $`\varphi Diff(X_t).`$ The diffeomorphism $`\varphi `$ is the generator of $`\pi _1(S^1)=.`$ We will call $`\varphi `$ the geometric monodromy. The induced action of $`\varphi `$ on $`H_n(X_t,)`$ will be called the monodromy operator and will be denoted by $`T.`$ The main result about the operator $`T`$ is that we have always:

$`\left(T^Nid\right)^{n+1}=0`$

for some positive integer $`N`$. Here $`n`$ is the complex dimension of $`X_t.`$ This theorem was proved by many mathematicians including Griffiths, N. Katz, Clemens, Landesman, Deligne and so on.

From Mumford’s result, we can assume that the following conditions hold for the family $`\pi :𝒳𝒟:`$

1. $`\pi ^1(0)=X_0=_{i=0}^mC_i`$ is a divisor of normal crossings and for $`k=0,..,n,`$ $`C_{i_0}..C_{i_k},i_0<\mathrm{}<i_k,`$ is a non-singular irreducible subvariety of Singn-k($`X_0)`$ if non-empty.

2. The fibers of the map $`\pi :𝒳𝒟`$ are locally given in the open policylinders $`\{U\}`$ defined above by $`z_{i_1}^{k_1}\mathrm{}z_{i_{n+1}}^{k_{n+1}}=t,`$ where $`k_j`$ is either 0 or 1.

###### Definition 1

If the family $`\pi :𝒳𝒟`$ satisfies the above conditions we will say that it is in normal form.

From now on we will consider only families $`\pi :𝒳𝒟`$ in normal form.

###### Notation 2

Given $`X_0=C_0\mathrm{}C_m`$ we shall use the following notations:

$`I=\{i_0,\mathrm{}i_k\}`$ is an index set with $`i_0<\mathrm{}<i_k`$

$`C_I=C_{i_0}\mathrm{}C_{i_k},`$ $`|I|=k+1;`$ and

$`C^{[k]}=\underset{|I|=k+1}{}C_I.`$

## 3 Review of Clemens’ Theory of Geometric Monodromy

### 3.1 Construction of Clemens’ retraction map

Let $`\pi :𝒳𝒟`$ be a family of Kähler manifolds as defined in Definition 1. We will construct a contraction map:

$`𝒞:𝒳X_0.`$

#### 3.1.1 Construction of Clemens’ Vector Field

The local description of our family $`\pi :𝒳𝒟`$ is given in $`^{n+1}`$ by the equation:

$`z_1\mathrm{}z_k=t`$

For some $`k=1,..,n+1`$. Without loss of generality we may assume that $`t`$ is a real number.

Let $`z_i=r_ie^{2\pi \sqrt{1}\varphi _i},`$then the equation $`z_1\mathrm{}z_k=t`$ for $`k=1,..,n+1`$ is equivalent to the equations:

$`r_1\mathrm{}r_k=t`$ and $`_{i=1}^k\varphi _i=0`$ for $`k=1,..,n+1.`$

We will construct first a local vector field which will define the retraction map in this local situation and then using partition of unity we will construct a global vector field and thus the retraction map. It is easy to see that it is enough to construct a retraction of hyperbola in $`_+^{n+1}`$ given by

$`r_1\mathrm{}r_{n+1}=t`$

to the union of coordinate hyperplanes $`r_1=0,\mathrm{},r_{n+1}=0,`$ where $`r_i>0`$ and $`t>0.`$ Let us suppose that we will consider only hyperbolas $`r_1\mathrm{}r_{n+1}=t`$ for $`0<t<\frac{1}{2}.`$ We will construct special vector field in $`_+^{n+1}.`$ We will need to define some notions.

We will denote by $`𝒬`$ the following set in $`_+^{n+1}`$

$`𝒬`$:=$`\{r=(r_1,..,r_{n+1})|r_i0\text{ and there exists }1in+1\text{ such that 0}<\text{r}_i<1\}.`$

$`𝒬(1)`$ will be the unit cube in $`_+^{n+1},`$ i.e.

$`𝒬(1):=\{r=(r_1,..,r_{n+1})|0r_i1\text{ for all }1in+1\}`$

It is clear that for $`0<t<\frac{1}{2}`$ the hyperbolas $`r_1\mathrm{}r_{n+1}=t`$ are contained in $`𝒬`$.

#### 3.1.2 Construction of the Vector Field in $`_+^{n+1}`$

Let us suppose that $`r=(r_1,..,r_{n+1})𝒬`$ is a point such that $`0r_{i_1}1,\mathrm{},0r_{i_k}1.`$ To the point $`r𝒬`$ we will assign a point $`r(i_1,..,i_k)=(r_1,\mathrm{},r_{n+1})_+^{n+1}`$ $`r_{i_1}=\mathrm{}=r_{i_k}=1`$ and the rest of the coordinates of $`r(i_1,..,i_k)`$ are the same as the point $`r𝒬.`$ Let $`l(r)`$ be the line that joints the point $`r𝒬_+^{n+1}r(i_1,..,i_k)_+^{n+1}`$ with the point $`r(i_1,..,i_k)_+^{n+1}.`$ In this way we define a vector field in $`𝒬_+^{n+1}.`$ Using a partition of unity and using the vector field in $`𝒬`$ that we have just defined, we obtain a global vector field on $`\pi :𝒳𝒟.`$

When we integrate this vector field, we obtain the Clemens’ contraction map $`𝒞:𝒳X_0.`$ Thus we obtain a map for each $`t𝒟`$ $`\backslash `$ $`0:𝒞_t:X_tX_0.`$

###### Definition 3

The map $`𝒞_t`$ as defined above will be called Clemens map.

For details of the construction see .

### 3.2 Properties of the Clemens’ map

It is easy to prove the $`𝒞_t`$ has the following properties:

###### Lemma 4

The Clemens’ map $`𝒞_t`$ has the following properties: (i) Suppose $`zC_I`$, then $`𝒞_t^1(z)=\left(S^1\right)^k`$ is a k dimensional real torus and (ii) $`𝒞_\mathrm{t}`$ defines a diffeomorphism between $`X_t`$ $`\backslash `$$`𝒞_t^1(\mathrm{Sing}(X_0))`$ and $`X_0`$ $`\backslash `$Sing($`X_0).`$

Proof of Lemma 4: For the proof of Lemma 4 see . $`\mathrm{}.`$

###### Definition 5

Let $`𝒯(i_1,..,i_k)`$ be the tubular neighborhood of $`C_{i_0}..C_{i_k}`$ in $`C_{i_1}..C_{i_k}.`$ We will denote by $`p(i_1,..,i_k):𝒯(i_1,..,i_k)C_{i_0}C_{i_1}\mathrm{}C_{i_k}`$ the projection maps for any $`i_1,..,i_k`$.

###### Definition 6

Given an $`(nk)`$-cycle $`\gamma H_{nk}(C_{i_0}\mathrm{}C_{i_k},)`$, we define an $`n`$-cycle $`p_k^1(\gamma )H_n(X_0\backslash `$Sing($`X_0))`$ as follows. Let

$$p_1^1(\gamma ):=(p(i_1,..,i_k)^1(\gamma )).$$

This is the boundary of $`p(i_1,..,i_k)^1(\gamma )`$, hence it is cycle of dimension $`nk+1`$ in $`C_{i_1}\mathrm{}C_{i_k}\backslash C_{i_0}\mathrm{}C_{i_k}`$. Let

$$p_2^1(\gamma )=(p(i_2,..,i_k)^1p_1^1(\gamma )).$$

This is a cycle of dimension $`nk+2`$ in $`C_{i_2}\mathrm{}C_{i_k}\backslash C_{i_1}\mathrm{}C_{i_k}`$. By continuing this way, we define at the end

$$p_k^1(\gamma )=(p(i_k)^1p_{k1}^1(\gamma )).$$

This is a cycle of dimension $`n`$ in $`C_{i_k}\backslash C_{i_{k1}}C_{i_k}`$. We denote by $`\pi _k:p_k^1(\gamma )\gamma `$ the natural projection.

###### Proposition 7

For any point $`z\gamma H_{nk}(C_{i_0}..C_{i_k},)`$ we have $`\pi _k^1(z)=\left(S^1\right)^k,`$ where $`\pi _k:p_k^1(\gamma )\gamma `$ is defined above. In other words the preimage of a point is a $`k`$ dimensional real torus.

Proof of Proposition 7: Proposition  7 follows directly from Definition 6 of the cycle $`p_k^1(\gamma )H_n(X_0\backslash `$Sing($`X_0))`$ . $`\mathrm{}.`$

###### Definition 8

Given $`\gamma H_{nk}(C_{i_0}..C_{i_k},)`$, we denote $`\gamma _t:=𝒞_t^1(\gamma )`$ and $`\gamma _t(j):=𝒞_t^1\left(p_j^1\left(\gamma \right)\right)`$, which are $`n`$-cycles representing elements in $`H_n(X_t,)`$.

###### Lemma 9

The cycles $`\gamma _t`$ and $`\gamma _t(j)`$ above are homological to each other for 1$`jk`$.

Proof of Lemma 9: We will prove first that $`\gamma _t(j)`$ and $`\gamma _t(j+1)`$ are homological to each other for $`1jk`$, i.e. there exists a $`n+1`$ chains $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_0(j)`$ in $`C_{i_{j+1}}..C_{i_k}\backslash C_{i_j}..C_{i_k}X_0`$ as follows using Definitions 5 and 6: $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_0(j):=p(i_j,..,i_k)^1(p_j^1(\gamma ))\backslash (p_j^1(\gamma )).`$ Let us define the $`n+1`$ dimensional chain $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{t,\gamma }\left(j\right)`$ in $`X_t`$ as follows: $`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{t,\gamma }\left(j\right):=𝒞_t^1(\mathrm{\Gamma }_0(j)).`$ Lemma 4 implies directly that

$`\left(\mathrm{\Gamma }_{t,\gamma }\left(j\right)\right)=𝒞_t^1(p_j^1(\gamma ))𝒞_t^1(p_{j1}^1(\gamma ))=\gamma _t(j)\gamma _t(j1).`$

Lemma 9 is proved. $`\mathrm{}.`$

In  the following result was proved:

###### Theorem 10

Let $`\gamma H_{nk}(`$Sing$`{}_{k}{}^{}(X_0),)`$ be such that $`𝒞_t^1(\gamma )=\gamma _tH_n(X_t,)`$ is a non-zero. Then there exists cycles $`\alpha _1,..,\alpha _kH_n(X_t,)`$ such that $`T(\alpha _j)=\gamma _t+_{i=1}^j\alpha _i`$ for 1$`jk`$.

We sketch the construction here. (See  for details.)

Clemens’ construction of Jordan block by Picard-Lefschetz Duality. Let $`\gamma H_{nk}(C_{i_0}\mathrm{}C_{i_k},)`$ be a cycle such that $`𝒞_t^1(\gamma )`$ be a non-zero element in $`H_n(X_t,\dot{)}.`$ In Definition 6 we defined a cycle $`p_1^1(\gamma )`$ in $`C_{i_2}\mathrm{}C_{i_k}\backslash C_{i_1}\mathrm{}C_{i_k}.`$ It is easy to see by using the fact that $`𝒞_t^1(\gamma )H_n(X_t,\dot{)}`$ is nonzero and Lemma 9 that

$`p_1^1(\gamma )`$ $`H_{nk+1}(C_{i_2}\mathrm{}C_{i_k}\backslash C_{i_1}\mathrm{}C_{i_k},)\&p_1^1(\gamma )0.`$

Let us denote by $`\gamma _1H_{nk+1}(C_{i_2}\mathrm{}C_{i_k};C_{i_1}\mathrm{}C_{i_k},)`$ the Picard Lefschetz dual cycle of $`p_1^1(\gamma ).`$ Let $`T_{i_3,\mathrm{},i_k}(\overline{\gamma _1})`$ be the tubular neighborhood of the closure of $`\overline{\gamma _1}`$ in $`C_{i_3}\mathrm{}C_{i_k}\backslash C_{i_2}\mathrm{}C_{i_k}.`$ Let us denote by $`p_2^1(\overline{\gamma _1})`$ the boundary of $`T_{i_3,\mathrm{},i_k}(\overline{\gamma _1}),`$ i.e.

$`p_2^1(\overline{\gamma _1})`$ $`=T_{i_3,\mathrm{},i_k}(\overline{\gamma _1})`$

It is easy to see that

$`p_2^1(\overline{\gamma _1})H_{nk+2}(C_{i_3,\mathrm{},i_k}\backslash C_{i_2,\mathrm{},i_k},).`$

Let us denote by $`\gamma _3H_{nk+2}(C_{i_3,\mathrm{},i_k};C_{i_2,\mathrm{},i_k},)`$ the Picard-Lefschetz dual to $`p_2^1(\overline{\gamma _1}).`$ We can continue this process and thus we will define cycles $`\gamma ,\gamma _1,\mathrm{},\gamma _k,`$ where $`\gamma _jH_{nk+2}(C_{i_j,\mathrm{},i_k};C_{i_{j1},\mathrm{},i_k},).`$ Clemens proved in  that the monodromy operator T acts as follows on $`𝒞_t^1(\gamma ),𝒞_t^1(\gamma _1),\mathrm{},𝒞_t^1(\gamma _k):`$

T($`𝒞_t^1(\gamma ))=𝒞_t^1(\gamma ),\mathrm{},`$T($`𝒞_t^1(\gamma _k))=𝒞_t^1(\gamma )+_{j=1}^k𝒞_t^1(\gamma _j).`$

###### Corollary 11

Let $`\pi :𝒳𝒟`$ be a family of Kähler manifolds over the disk such that:

1. For t$`0,`$ $`\pi ^1(t):=X_t`$ is a non singular variety of complex dimension $`n1.`$
2. $`\pi ^1(0)=X_0=_{i=0}^mC_i`$ is a divisor of normal crossing and  $`\pi `$ is locally given by $`z_1^{n_1}\times \mathrm{}\times z_k^{n_k}=t,`$ where $`n_i`$ are positive integers.
3. Suppose $`C_0..C_n`$ is a point and $`𝒞_t^1(C_0..C_n)=\gamma _t`$ is a non zero cycle in $`H_n(X_t,),`$

then the monodromy operator of the family $`\pi :𝒳𝒟`$ has a Jordan block of size $`n+1.`$ (See .)

## 4 The Jordan Normal Form of the Monodromy Operator

We begin by introducing the following combinatorial invariant of a family of algebraic varieties $`\pi :𝒳𝒟`$ put in a Mumford form. This will be needed later.

###### Definition 12

We will define Clemens’ simplicial complex of the family $`\pi :𝒳𝒟`$ as follows: To each divisor $`C_i`$ we attached a point $`p_i`$ in $`^d`$, where d is a large enough integer. We will assume that the points pi are in general position, i.e. they do not lie in a hyperplane. If $`C_i`$ intersects $`C_j`$ then we attach to the points pi and pj one dimensional simplex. If $`C_i`$, $`C_j`$ and $`C_k`$ intersect then we attached a two dimensional simplex on pi, pj and p$`_k.`$ We continue in that manner and we obtain a simplicial complex $`\mathrm{\Pi }(X_0)`$ which we will call Clemens’ simplicial complex.

### 4.1 Definition of the Gysin Map

###### Definition 13

Let $`X`$ be a compact complex manifold, and $`C`$ be a divisor of normal crossing. The map $`G_k:H_{k+2}(X,)H_k(C,)`$ defined by $`G_k(\gamma ):=\gamma [C],`$ where $`\gamma [C]`$ means intersection of class of cohomology in $`X`$, is called the Gysin map.

###### Remark 14

We will use the Gysin map in case $`C_{i_0}\mathrm{}C_{i_k}C_{i_1}..C_{i_k}`$ and will denote by

$$G_k:\underset{i_1,..,i_k}{}H_{nk+2}(C_{i_1}..C_{i_k},)H_{nk}(C_{i_0}\mathrm{}C_{i_k},)$$

where $`G_k(\gamma )`$ is the image of the cycle $`[\gamma [C_{i_0}..C_{i_k}]]`$ in $`H_{nk}(`$Sing$`{}_{n1}{}^{}(X_0),))`$.

###### Definition 15

The dual $`G_k^{}`$ of the Gysin map using Poincare duality is defined as follows for the pair ($`X,C)`$

$`G_k^{}:H^k(C,)H^{k+2}(X,),`$

where $`G_k^{}(\alpha )=\alpha c_1[C]`$ and  $`c_1[C]`$ is the first Chern class of the line bundle defined by the normal crossing divisor $`C`$.

### 4.2 Review of Deligne’s Theory of Mixed Hodge Structures

The cohomology of $`X_0`$ $`\backslash `$Sing($`X_0)`$ can be computed as the cohomology of the de Rham log complex $`𝒜^{}(X_0,\mathrm{log}<`$Sing(X$`{}_{0}{}^{})>)`$.

###### Definition 16

We will say that a form $`\omega `$ on one of the components $`C_i`$ of $`X_0`$ had a logarithmic singularities if for each point $`zX_0`$ and some open neighborhood $`UC_i`$ of the point $`z`$ we have

$`\omega |_U=\alpha \frac{dz^1}{z^1}\mathrm{}\frac{dz^k}{z^k},`$

where  $`\alpha `$ is a C$`^{\mathrm{}}`$ form in $`U`$ e and locally on $`X_0`$ is defined by the equations  $`z^1\times \mathrm{}\times z^k=0.`$

###### Definition 17

We define the de Rham log complex as follows:

$`𝒜^{}(X_0,\mathrm{log}<`$Sing(X$`{}_{0}{}^{})>)`$

$`=\{\omega C^{\mathrm{}}(X_0\backslash \text{Sing(X}_0),\mathrm{\Omega }^{})|\omega `$ and $`d\omega `$ are C forms on $`X_0\backslash `$Sing(X$`{}_{0}{}^{})`$ which have log singularities on Sing(X$`{}_{0}{}^{})\}.`$

###### Remark 18

It is easy to see that if $`\omega 𝒜^m(X_0,\mathrm{log}<`$Sing(X$`{}_{0}{}^{})>)`$ then $`\omega `$ locally around a point $`zUC_i`$ in each of the components of $`X_0`$ and $`z`$Sing($`X_0)`$ is given by

$`\omega |_U=\omega _1\frac{dz_{i_1}}{z_{i_1}}\mathrm{}\frac{dz_{i_k}}{z_{i_k}},`$

where $`\omega _1`$ is a C a $`(mk)`$ form on $`UC_i`$; and Sing($`X_0)U`$ is given by $`z_{i_1}\mathrm{}z_{i_k}=0`$ in $`U.`$

Deligne proved that there exists a mixed Hodge structure on $`X_0\backslash `$Sing($`X_0).`$ The existence of Mixed Hodge Structure is based on the following filtration:

###### Definition 19

On the complex $`𝒜^{}(X_0,\mathrm{log}<`$Sing(X$`{}_{0}{}^{})>)`$ we define the weight filtration $`W_l`$ to be those forms $`\varphi `$ that locally around Sing ($`X_0)`$

$`\varphi 𝒜^{}(U)\left\{\frac{dz_{i_1}}{z_{i_1}}\mathrm{}\frac{dz_{i_k}}{i_k}\right\}.`$

###### Definition 20

The Poincare Residue Operator $`R^{[k]}:W_k𝒜^k(C^{[k]})`$ is defined by

$`R^{[k]}\left(\alpha \frac{dz_{i_1}}{z_{i_1}}\mathrm{}\frac{dz_{i_k}}{i_k}\right)=\alpha |_{C_I}.`$

###### Definition 21

Let us consider the decreasing filtration$`\mathrm{}W^lW^{l+1}\mathrm{}`$where $`W^l=W_l.`$ Accordingly there is a spectral sequence $`\{E_r\}`$ such that $`E_{\mathrm{}}`$ is the associated graded to the weight filtration in $`H^{}(X_0\backslash `$Sing($`X_0),).`$

The filtration was reversed by Deligne so that we can form a spectral sequence of the filtered de Rham logarithmic complex. By using the Poincare residue map Deligne proved the following Theorems:

###### Theorem 22

The cohomology of $`X_0\backslash `$Sing($`X_0)`$ are equal to the cohomology of the De Rham log complex $`𝒜^{}(X_0,\mathrm{log}<`$Sing(X$`{}_{0}{}^{})>).`$

(For the proof of Theorem 22 see .)

###### Theorem 23

i. The spectral sequence defined as above degenerates at the second step. ii. $`\mathrm{E}_1\mathrm{H}^{}(\mathrm{C}_\mathrm{I})`$ and the mapping $`\mathrm{d}_1:\mathrm{E}_1\mathrm{E}_1`$ is a morphism of Hodge structures given by the Gysin map (See Definition 13.)

$`H^{}(C_{i_0}\mathrm{}C_{i_l})H^{}(C_{i_1}\mathrm{}C_{i_l}).`$

### 4.3 Jordan Normal Form of the Monodromy Operator

In this section we will prove the following Theorem:

###### Theorem 24

i. The number of Jordan blocks of rank $`\mathrm{k}\mathrm{n}`$ is equal to the rank of the group

$`H_{nk}(\mathrm{Si}ng_k(X_0),`$)/$`\mathrm{Im}\left(G_k\right),`$

where $`G_k`$ is the Gysin map.

ii.The number of Jordan blocks of rank $`n+1`$ is equal to $`dimH_n(\mathrm{\Pi }(X_0),),`$ where $`\mathrm{\Pi }(X_0)`$ is the Clemens’ polyhedra defined in Definition 12.

Proof of Theorem 24:The proof of both part is based on Corollary 11. Part i of Theorem 24 follows directly from the following three Lemmas and Theorem 10:

###### Lemma 25

. Let $`\mathrm{\gamma }\mathrm{Im}\mathrm{G}_\mathrm{k}\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{n}\mathrm{k}}(`$Sing$`{}_{\mathrm{k}}{}^{}(\mathrm{X}_0),`$), then $`\mathrm{\gamma }_\mathrm{t}=𝒞_\mathrm{t}^1(\mathrm{\gamma })`$ is homological to zero in $`\mathrm{X}_\mathrm{t}.`$

###### Lemma 26

Suppose that $`\gamma H_{nk}(`$Sing$`{}_{k}{}^{}(X_0),`$)/$`\mathrm{Im}G_k`$ and $`\gamma \mathrm{Im}G_{k\text{ }},`$ then there exists a non zero class of cohomology $`\stackrel{~}{\omega }H^n(X_0\backslash `$Sing($`X_0`$)) such that

$`_{p_k^1(\gamma )}\stackrel{~}{\omega }0.`$

where the cycle $`p_k^1(\gamma )H_n(X_0\backslash `$Sing($`X_0`$),$`)`$ is defined in Definition 6.

###### Lemma 27

Let $`\gamma H_{nk}(`$Sing$`{}_{k}{}^{}(X_0),`$)/$`\mathrm{Im}G_k`$ and $`\gamma \mathrm{Im}G_{k\text{ }},`$ then $`\gamma _t`$ is a non zero element in $`H_n(X_t,).`$

Proof of Lemma 25:We will prove part i. Suppose that

$`\gamma \mathrm{Im}G_kH_{nk}(`$Sing$`{}_{k}{}^{}(X_0),`$).

From the Definition 13 of the Gysin map it follows that there exists a cycle

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }\underset{i_1,..,i_k}{}H_{nk+2}(C_{i_1}..C_{i_k},)`$

such that $`\mathrm{\Gamma }\underset{i_0,..,i_k}{}[C_{i_0}..C_{i_k}]=\gamma .`$ The definition 3 of the Clemens map it follows that the boundary of $`𝒞_t^1(\mathrm{\Gamma }\backslash \gamma )`$ is exactly $`𝒞_t^1(\gamma ).`$ Lemma 25 is proved. $`\mathrm{}.`$

Proof of Lemma 26: The construction of the form $`\omega `$ is based on the following fact about the cohomology (homology) of ($`X_0`$ $`\backslash `$Sing($`X_0)),`$ where $`X_0`$ is a Kähler variety and Sing($`X_0)`$ is a divisor with normal crossings in $`X_0`$.

Suppose that $`\gamma H_{nk}(`$Sing$`{}_{k}{}^{}(X_0),`$) and $`\gamma \mathrm{Im}G_{k\text{ }}.`$ Let $`\gamma H_{nk}(C_{i_0}\mathrm{}C_{i_k},`$). In order to construct the form $`\omega `$ we will need to recall the how the dual $`G_k^{}`$to the Gysin map $`G_k:H_{k+2}(X,)H_k(C,)`$ is defined in Definition 15 as follows:

$`G_k^{}:H^k(C,)H^{k+2}(X,),`$ where $`G_k^{}(\alpha )=\alpha c_1[C]`$.

$`c_1[C]`$ is the Chern class of the line bundle defined by the divisor with normal crossings $`C`$ in X.

We will need the following Proposition:

###### Proposition 28

Let $`\gamma H_{nk}(C_{i_0}\mathrm{}C_{i_k},)`$ and $`\gamma \mathrm{Im}G_k.`$ Let $`\omega _{nk}H^{nk}(C_{i_0}\mathrm{}C_{i_k},`$) and

$`_\gamma \omega _{nk}0`$

then $`\omega _{nk}`$ can not be represent as follows $`\omega _{nk}=\left(c_1[C_{i_0}\mathrm{}C_{i_k}]|_{C_{i_0}\mathrm{}C_{i_k}}\right)\omega _1`$ on $`C_{i_0}\mathrm{}C_{i_k},`$ where $`\omega _1H^{nk2}(C_{i_0}\mathrm{}C_{i_k},)`$.

Proof of Proposition 28: Suppose that $`\omega _{nk}H^{nk}(C_{i_0}\mathrm{}C_{i_k},)`$,

$`_\gamma \omega _{nk}0.`$

and $`\omega _{nk}=\left(c_1[C_{i_0}\mathrm{}C_{i_k}]|_{C_{i_0}\mathrm{}C_{i_k}}\right)\omega _1`$ on $`C_{i_1}\mathrm{}C_{i_k}.`$ Let $`\eta `$ be anon zero section of the line bundle $`𝒪([C_{i_0}\mathrm{}C_{i_k}])`$ on $`C_{i_1}\mathrm{}C_{i_k}`$ such that the zero set of $`\eta `$ is exactly $`C_{i_0}\mathrm{}C_{i_k}.`$ Let us consider the form

$`(d\mathrm{log}(\eta ))\left(c_1[C_{i_0}\mathrm{}C_{i_k}]|_{C_{i_0}\mathrm{}C_{i_k}}\right)\omega _1`$

on $`C_{i_1}\mathrm{}C_{i_k}\backslash C_{i_0}\mathrm{}C_{i_k}.`$ Let us consider the cycle $`p_1^1(\gamma )H_{nk+1}(C_{i_1}\mathrm{}C_{i_k}\backslash C_{i_0}\mathrm{}C_{i_k},)`$ as defined in Definition 6. Let us compute

$`_{p_1^1(\gamma )}(d\mathrm{log}(\eta ))\left(c_1[C_{i_0}\mathrm{}C_{i_k}]|_{C_{i_0}\mathrm{}C_{i_k}}\right)\omega _1.`$

Since locally around a point $`wC_{i_0}\mathrm{}C_{i_k}`$ the divisor $`C_{i_0}\mathrm{}C_{i_k}`$ in $`C_{i_1}\mathrm{}C_{i_k}`$ is given by $`z=0,`$ where $`wUC_{i_1}\mathrm{}C_{i_k},`$ we see that

$`d\mathrm{log}(\eta )|_U=\frac{dz}{z}.`$

From this local expression of $`d\mathrm{log}(\eta )`$ and the definition of $`p_1^1(\gamma )`$ we deduce that

$`_{p_1^1(\gamma )}(d\mathrm{log}(\eta ))\left(c_1[C_{i_0}\mathrm{}C_{i_k}]\right)\stackrel{~}{\omega }_1=2\pi _\gamma \omega _{nk}`$

where $`\omega _{nk}=\left(c_1[C_{i_0}\mathrm{}C_{i_k}]|_{C_{i_0}\mathrm{}C_{i_k}}\right)\omega _1`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\omega }_1`$ is a closed form in then tubular neighborhood of $`C_{i_0}\mathrm{}C_{i_k}`$ in $`C_{i_i}\mathrm{}C_{i_k}`$ such that the restriction of $`\stackrel{~}{\omega }_1`$ on $`C_{i_0}\mathrm{}C_{i_k}`$ is $`\omega _1.`$ On the other hand since the restriction of the line bundle $`𝒪([C_{i_0}\mathrm{}C_{i_k}])`$ on $`C_{i_1}\mathrm{}C_{i_k}\backslash C_{i_0}\mathrm{}C_{i_k}`$ is the trivial line bundle, we deduce that the form $`c_1[C_{i_0}\mathrm{}C_{i_k}]`$ will be an exact form on $`C_{i_1}\mathrm{}C_{i_k}\backslash C_{i_0}\mathrm{}C_{i_k}`$, i.e. $`c_1[C_{i_0}\mathrm{}C_{i_k}]=d\beta .`$ This implies that

$`(d\mathrm{log}(\eta ))\left(c_1[C_{i_0}\mathrm{}C_{i_k}]\right)\stackrel{~}{\omega }_1=(d\mathrm{log}(\eta ))d\beta \stackrel{~}{\omega }_1=d(d\mathrm{log}(\eta ))\beta \stackrel{~}{\omega }_1).`$

So Stoke’s Theorem implies that

$`_{p_1^1(\gamma )}(d\mathrm{log}(\eta ))\left(c_1[C_{i_0}\mathrm{}C_{i_k}]\right)\stackrel{~}{\omega }_1=_{p_1^1(\gamma )}d\left((d\mathrm{log}(\eta ))\beta \stackrel{~}{\omega }_1\right)=_{\left(p_1^1(\gamma )\right)}(d\mathrm{log}(\eta ))\beta \stackrel{~}{\omega }_1=0`$

The last equality follows from the fact that $`\left(p_1^1(\gamma )\right)=\mathrm{}.`$ So we can conclude that

$`_{p_1^1(\gamma )}(d\mathrm{log}(\eta ))\left(c_1[C_{i_0}\mathrm{}C_{i_k}]\right)\stackrel{~}{\omega }_1=2\pi _\gamma \omega _{nk}=0.`$

On the other hand we know that

$`_\gamma \omega _{nk}0.`$

So we got a contradiction. Proposition 28 is proved. $`\mathrm{}.`$

In order to finish the proof of our Theorem we will need some facts from the Theory of Mixed Hodge Structures.

It is easy to see that $`\gamma \mathrm{Im}G_k`$ implies that there exists $`\omega _{nk}H^{nk}(C_{i_0}\mathrm{}C_{i_k},`$) such that

$`_\gamma \omega _{nk}0.`$

We may assume that $`\omega _{nk}`$ is the Poincare dual of $`\gamma `$. The condition $`\gamma \mathrm{Im}G_k`$ implies that $`\omega _{nk}\mathrm{Im}G_k^{}.`$ So from here, Theorem 23 and Proposition 28 we conclude that we can find a form $`\stackrel{~}{\omega }`$ on $`X_0\backslash `$Sing($`X_0`$) such that $`R^{[k]}(\stackrel{~}{\omega })=\omega _{nk}.`$ From the theory of Leray residues it follows that

$`_{p_k^1(\gamma )}\stackrel{~}{\omega }=_\gamma \omega _{nk}0.`$

Lemma 26 is proved. $`\mathrm{}.`$

Proof of Lemma 27:We need to prove that if $`\gamma \mathrm{Im}G_k`$, then $`\gamma _t=𝒞_t^1(\gamma )`$ represent a non zero class of cohomology in $`H_n(X_t,).`$ Let $`\omega _t`$=$`𝒞_t^{}(\stackrel{~}{\omega }).`$ It is easy to see from the definition of the Clemenc map that $`\omega _t`$ is a well defined closed $`n`$form on $`X_t.`$ On the other hand since $`𝒞_t`$ is a diffeomorphism between $`X_t\backslash 𝒞_t^1(`$Sing($`X_0`$)) and $`X_0\backslash `$Sing($`X_0`$) we deduce that

$`_{p_k^1(\gamma )}\stackrel{~}{\omega }=_{\gamma _\tau }\omega _t=_\gamma \omega _{nk}0.`$

The last inequality implies Lemma 27. Lemma 27 is proved. $`\mathrm{}.`$

Proof of Theorem 24 i:Theorem 24 follows directly from Theorem 10 and Lemma 27. Theorem 24 part i is proved. $`\mathrm{}.`$

Proof of Theorem 24 ii:Let $`\alpha _1,..,\alpha _k`$ be a basis of cycles of $`H_n(\mathrm{\Pi }(X_0),),`$ where $`\mathrm{\Pi }(X_0)`$ is defined in Definition 12. From the definition of $`\mathrm{\Pi }(X_0)`$ we can assume that the cycle $`\alpha _k`$ consists of the $`n`$-dimensional simplices $`S_{1_k},\mathrm{},S_{N_k}`$ such that the boundary of the cycle $`\alpha _k`$ is zero. Each n dimensional simplex $`S_i`$ corresponds to a point $`q_i=C_{j_{0,k}}\mathrm{}C_{j_{n,k}}`$ according to Definition 12. The fact that the n-dimensional simplexes $`S_{1_k},\mathrm{},S_{N_k}`$ form a cycle means say that any singular points $`q_i`$ and $`q_j`$ can be joint by Riemann surface, which means that they lie on some $`C_{j_{1,k}}\mathrm{}C_{j_{n,k}}.`$ This follows directly from the fact that the boundary of the cycle formed from $`S_{1_k},\mathrm{},S_{N_k}`$ is zero. So on each Riemann surface of the form $`C_{j_{1,k}}\mathrm{}C_{j_{n,k}}`$ that contains the points $`q_i`$ and $`q_j`$ we can find a meromorphic form of the third kind $`\omega _{ij}`$ which has poles only at the points $`q_i`$ and $`q_j`$ with residues say $`+1`$ at $`q_i`$ and $`1`$ at $`q_j.`$ From the spectral sequence defined in Definition 21, Theorem 22 and Theorem 23 we deduce that there is a holomorphic form $`\omega _k`$ in $`X_0\backslash `$Sing($`X_0)`$ such that Poincare residue of this form on each Riemann surface of the form $`C_{j_{1,k}}\mathrm{}C_{j_{n,k}}`$ that contains the points $`q_i`$ and $`q_j`$ is equal to $`\omega _{ij}.`$ Let the meromorphic form $`\omega _k`$ will be non-zero on the component $`C_{j_{0,k}}`$ of Sing($`X_0),`$ where $`q_i=C_{j_{0,k}}\mathrm{}C_{j_{n,k}}`$ and $`q_i`$ was defined as above. Suppose that the divisors $`C_{j_{0,i}}C_{j_{m,i}}`$ are given by the equation $`z_m=0`$ in $`C_{j_{0,i}}.`$ Let us consider the cycle $`p_n^1(q_i)`$ defined by $`|z_1|=\epsilon ,\mathrm{},|z_n|=\epsilon `$ in $`C_{j_0}\backslash (Sing(X_0)C_{j_0}).`$ It is easy to see that the form $`\omega _k`$ locally around the point $`q_i=C_{j_{0,k}}\mathrm{}C_{j_{n,k}}`$ will be given by

$`\omega _k|_U=\frac{dz_1\mathrm{}dz_n}{z_1\times \mathrm{}\times z_n}.`$

So we can conclude that

$`_{p_n^1(q_i)}`$ $`\omega _k=(2\pi \sqrt[2]{1})^n0.`$

From Lemma 9 we deduce that the cycles $`𝒞_t^1(p_n^1(q_i))`$ and $`𝒞_t^1(q_i)`$ are homological to each other in $`X_t.`$ From the fact that all direct images $`R^i\pi _{}\omega _{𝒳/𝒟}(\mathrm{log}(X_0))`$ of the sheaf $`\omega _{𝒳/𝒟}(\mathrm{log}(X_0))`$ are locally free sheaves on $`D,`$ we deduce from the exact sequence

$`0`$ $`\omega _{𝒳/𝒟}(\mathrm{log}(X_0))\stackrel{t}{}\omega _{𝒳/𝒟}(\mathrm{log}(X_0))\omega _{𝒳/𝒟}(\mathrm{log}(X_0))|_{X_0}0`$

that we have the following exact sequence:

$`0H^0(𝒳,\omega _{𝒳/𝒟}(\mathrm{log}(X_0)))`$ $`\stackrel{t}{}H^0(𝒳,\omega _{𝒳/𝒟}(\mathrm{log}(X_0)))H^0(X_0,\omega _{𝒳/𝒟}(\mathrm{log}(X_0))|_{X_0})0`$

It is easy to see that the theory of mixed Hodge structures implies that as a free module over $`H^0(𝒟,𝒪_𝒟)`$ the module $`H^0(𝒳,`$ $`\omega _{𝒳/𝒟}(\mathrm{log}(X_0)))`$ is of rank bigger or equal to $`dim_{}H_n(\mathrm{\Pi }(X_0),)`$. So we can find $`\omega H^0(𝒳,`$ $`\omega _{𝒳/𝒟}(\mathrm{log}(X_0)))`$ such that

$`\omega |_{D_{j_0,k}}=\omega _k.`$

Let us define $`\omega _t=\omega |_{X_t}.`$ So we get a holomorphic family of holomorphic n-forms $`\omega _{t,k}`$ on $`X_t`$ such that

$`\underset{t0}{lim}\omega _t=\omega _0`$ and $`\omega _0|_{D_{j_{0,k}}}=\omega _k.`$

From here we deduce that for small enouph $`t`$ and Lemma 9 we have that

$`_{𝒞_t^1(q_i)}\omega _t0.`$

From the last inequality we derive that the cycle $`𝒞_t^1(q_i)`$ is a non zero element of $`H_n(X_t,).`$ Now Theorem 24 part ii follows directly from Corollary 11. Theorem 24 part ii is proved. $`\mathrm{}.`$

###### Definition 29

Let us define the geometric genus of $`X_t`$ as follows:

$`p_g(X_t)=dim_{}H^0(X_t,\mathrm{\Omega }_t^n)`$ for $`t0`$

###### Corollary 30

We have the following formula for the geometric genus$`:`$

$`p_g(X_t)=_{i=0}^mp_g(C_i)+_{k=0}^{n1}_{|I|=k+1}dim_{}H^0(C_I,\mathrm{\Omega }^{nk})+dim_{}H_n(\mathrm{\Pi }(X_0),).`$

## 5 Applications of Clemens’ Theory to Complete Intersections

### 5.1 A Simple Criteria for the Existence of Jordan Block of Maximal Dimension

In this paragraph we will prove the following Theorem, which we will apply later to complete intersections in toric varieties:

###### Theorem 31

Let $`\pi :𝒳𝒟`$ be a family of Kähler varieties over the disk such that:

1. For t$`0,`$ $`\pi ^1(t):=X_t`$ is a non singular variety of complex dimension $`n1.`$
2. $`dim_{}H^0(X_t,\mathrm{\Omega }^n)1`$ for $`t0.`$
3. $`\pi ^1(0)=X_0=_{i=0}^mC_i`$ is a divisor of normal crossing and each Ci is irreducible.
4. $`C_0..C_n=q`$ is a point.
5. There exists a holomorphic section $`\omega H^0(𝒳,\mathrm{\Omega }_{𝒳/𝒟}^n<\mathrm{log}X_0>)`$ such that the restriction of $`\omega `$ to C$`_0,`$ $`\omega _0:=`$ $`\omega |_{C_0}`$ has the following expression in an open set $`𝒰`$ around the singular point $`q:=C_0..C_n:`$

$`\omega _0|{}_{C_0𝒰}{}^{}:=`$ $`\omega |_{C_0𝒰}`$ $`=\frac{dz_1\mathrm{}dz_n}{z_1\times \mathrm{}\times z_n}`$

Then the monodromy operator of the family $`\pi :𝒳𝒟`$ has a Jordan block of size $`n+1.`$

Proof of Theorem 31: Let $`z_0,\mathrm{},z_n`$ be local coordinates near $`q`$ such that $`z_i=0`$ local equation of for $`C_i`$, for $`i=1,..,n`$. Then $`z_1,..,z_n`$ can be regarded as coordinates on $`C_0`$ near $`q`$. Let $`T_0`$ be the $`n`$ dimensional real torus in $`C_0\backslash \left(C_iC_0\right)`$ defined by $`|z_i|=\epsilon `$ for $`i=1,..,n.`$

In the notations of Definition 5, $`T_0`$ is just $`p_n(\gamma )^1(q)`$, where $`\gamma `$ is the homology class of the point $`q`$. From the properties of the Clemens map $`𝒞_t`$ it follows Lemma 9 that the real $`n`$ cycle $`𝒞_t^1(T_0)=T_t`$ is homological to $`\gamma _t:=𝒞_t^1(\gamma ).`$ Let $`\omega _t=\omega |_{X_t}.`$ The idea of the proof is to show that for $`t`$ small enough, $`T_t`$ is not homological to zero, by showing that

$`_{T_t}\omega _t0.`$

This fact together with Corollary 11 implies Theorem 31. So we need to prove the following Proposition:

###### Proposition 32

The real cycle Tt is not homological to zero on $`X_t.`$

Proof of Proposition 32: Condition 5 implies that $`\underset{t0}{lim}\omega _t=\omega _0`$ exists and locally around the singular point $`qC_0`$ of $`X_0,`$ $`\omega _0`$ is given by the following expression:

$`\omega _0|{}_{C_0𝒰}{}^{}=\frac{dz_1\mathrm{}dz_n}{z_1\times \mathrm{}\times z_n}.`$

From this expression we obtain that

$`_{T_0}\omega _0=_{T_0}\frac{dz_1\mathrm{}dz_n}{z_1\times \mathrm{}\times z_n}=\left(2\pi \epsilon \sqrt{1}\right)^n0.`$

From the fact that

$`\underset{t0}{lim}_{T_t}\omega _t=_{T_0}\omega _00`$

we obtain that small $`t`$ we have:

$`_{T_t}\omega _t0`$

This proves Proposition 32. $`\mathrm{}.`$ Theorem 31 is proved. $`\mathrm{}.`$

### 5.2 Families of Complete Intersection CY Manifolds in Projective Space with Maximal Unipotent Monodromy

###### Definition 33

We will consider the following one parameter family of complete intersections of CY manifolds in $`^{n+k}`$ for $`n4`$ and $`k1`$ defined by the following equations$`:`$

$`G_{1,t}=tF_1_{i=0}^{n_1}x_i=0,..,G_{k,t}=tF_k_{j=n_1+..+n_{k1}}^{n_k}x_j=0,`$

where the system $`F_1=..=F_k=0`$ defines a non singular CY manifolds,

$`n_i=\mathrm{deg}F_i2`$ and $`n_i=n+k+1`$

and xi are the standard homogeneous coordinates in $`^{n+k}.`$

The condition $`n_i=n+k+1`$ implies that the fibers $`\pi ^1(t)=X_t`$ for $`t0`$ are CY manifolds of complex dimension $`n`$.

Let us denote the family defined in Definition 33 by

$`𝒳𝒟,`$ where $`𝒳^N\times 𝒟.`$

###### Theorem 34

The family $`\pi :𝒳𝒟`$ has a monodromy T of maximal unipotent index, i.e. (T$`{}_{}{}^{M}id)^{n+1}=0`$ and (T$`{}_{}{}^{M}id)^n0.`$

Proof of Theorem 34: Our proof is based on checking the conditions of Theorem 31 for this particular family. First we will check that the singular fiber $`X_0:=\pi ^1(0)`$ consists of linear subspaces $`C_i`$ isomorphic to $`^n.`$ We will prove that there exists a component say $`C_0`$ such that another $`n`$ linear spaces $`C_i`$ intersect $`C_0`$ transversely along $`^{n1}.`$ First we will prove the following Proposition:

###### Proposition 35

The singular fiber of the family $`𝒳𝒟`$ consists of exactly $`_{i=1}^k(n_i1)`$ n dimensional linear subspaces isomorphic to $`^n.`$

Proof of Proposition 35: From the Definition 33 it follows that $`X_0:=\pi ^1(0)`$ is defined by the equations:

$`_{i=0}^{n_1}x_i=0,..,_{j=n_1+..+n_{k1}}^{n_k}x_j=0`$

and thus $`X_0`$ is a union of linear subspaces of dimension $`n`$ defined by the equations:

$`x_{j_1}=0,..,x_{j_k}=0,`$

where $`0x_{j_1}n_1,..,n_1+..+n_{k1}<x_{j_k}N.`$ From these equations Proposition 35 follows directly. $`\mathrm{}.`$

###### Proposition 36

There exists a component $`C_0`$ of the singular fiber $`X_0`$ of the family $`\pi :𝒳𝒟`$ such that $`C_0`$ is isomorphic to $`^n.`$ Let ($`z_0:..:z_n)`$ be the homogeneous coordinates in $`^n,`$ then there exists $`n`$ components of the singular fiber $`X_0`$ say $`C_1,..,C_n`$ such that $`C_iC_0`$ is defined in $`D_0^n`$ by the equation $`z_i=0.`$

Proof of Proposition 36: Let us denote by

$`d_1=n_1,`$ $`d_2:=n_1+n_2,..,d_j:=n_1+\mathrm{}+n_j,..,d_k=n_1+\mathrm{}+n_k.`$

We already proved that each component of $`X_0`$ is a linear subspace isomorphic to $`^n.`$ Let $`D_0`$ be the subspace defined by the equations:

$`x_0=x_{d_1}=x_{d_2}=\mathrm{}=x_{d_{k1}}=0.`$

The coordinates $`(x_{i_1}:x_{i_2}:\mathrm{}:x_{n+k})`$ define a homogeneous coordinates on $`C_0`$ if all $`x_{i_m}`$ are different from the $`x_{d_j}`$ that define $`C_0.`$ Let us define $`C_{i_m}`$ for $`1mn`$ by the following system of equations: $`x_{j_1}=..=x_{j_k}=0,`$ where all the indexes $`(j_1,..,j_k)`$ with an exception of one is equal to indexes $`(0,d_1,..,d_{k1}).`$ These equations define a component of the singular fiber. Indeed the necessary and sufficient condition for a system of linea equations $`x_{j_1}=..=x_{j_k}=0`$ to define a component of the singular fiber $`X_0`$ of the family $`\pi :𝒳𝒟`$ is $`0j_1d_1,`$ $`d_1<j_2d_3,..,d_{k1}<j_kd_k.`$ Here we are using the conditions that $`n_i2`$ and $`n_1+\mathrm{}+n_k=n+k.`$ Clearly $`C_{i_m}C_0`$ will be a $`n1`$ dimensional linear subspace in $`C_0_{n1}.`$ From here it follows that we constructed $`C_i`$ for $`i=1,..,n`$ such that $`C_0\mathrm{}C_n=(0:\mathrm{}:1)=q.`$ So we proved Proposition 36. $`\mathrm{}.`$

###### Proposition 37

There exists a section $`\omega H^0(𝒳,\mathrm{\Omega }_{𝒳/𝒟}^n\mathrm{log}<X_0>)`$ such that if $`\omega |_{X_t}=\omega _t`$ for $`t0`$ then:

$`\underset{t0}{lim}\omega _t=\omega _0`$

where when we restrict $`\omega _0`$ on $`C_0^n,`$ then $`\omega _0|_{U_i}`$is given by the formula:

$`\omega _0|_{U_i}=\frac{dz^1..dz^n}{z^1\mathrm{}z^n}.`$

where $`U_i`$ is the standard covering of $`^n.`$

Proof of Proposition 37: Since we choose $`p=(0,0,..,1)`$ we will work in the open set $`U_{n+k}:=\{(x_0:..:x_{n+k})|x_{n+k}0\}.`$ Let us consider the meromorphic form

$`\mathrm{\Omega }_t:=\frac{dz^1..dz^{n+k}}{\stackrel{~}{G}_{t,1}..\stackrel{~}{G}_{t,k}},`$ where $`\stackrel{~}{G}_{t,i}:=G_{t,i}(\frac{x_0}{x_{n+k}},..,\frac{x_{n+k1}}{x_{n+k}},1)`$ and $`z^i=\frac{x_i}{x_{n+k}}.`$

on $`U_{n+k}\times 𝒟.`$ By taking $`k`$ times the Leray residue of $`\mathrm{\Omega }_t`$ we define the holomorphic n-form $`\omega _t`$ on $`X_t.`$ Suppose that $`C_0`$ in $`U_{n+k}\times 𝒟`$ is given by the equations (by suitably reordering the coordinates):

$`z^{n+1}=..=z^{n+k}=0`$ and $`t=0.`$

(See .) Let $`z^1,..,z^n`$ be the rest of the coordinates in $`U_{n+k}.`$ Let us choose an open set $`𝒲`$ in $`𝒳^N\times D^{}`$ where $`z^1,..,z^n,t`$ are local coordinates of $`𝒲`$, then from the definition of the Leray residue it follows that on $`𝒲`$ we have:

$`\omega _t|_𝒲:=\frac{dz^1..dz^n}{_{n+1}\mathrm{}_{n+k}(\stackrel{~}{G}_{t,1}\times ..\times \stackrel{~}{G}_{t,Nn})},`$ where $`_i=\frac{}{z^i}.`$

From the last formulas we get that

$`\underset{t0}{lim}_{n+1}\mathrm{}_{n+k}(\stackrel{~}{G}_{t,1}\times ..\times \stackrel{~}{G}_{t,k})=z^1\times ..\times z^n.`$

So we deduce that

$`\underset{t0}{lim}\omega _t|_𝒲=\omega _0=\frac{dz^1..dz^n}{z^1\times ..\times z^n}.`$

Proposition 37 is proved. $`\mathrm{}.`$

Propositions 36 and 37 imply that the conditions of Theorem 31 are satisfied by the family $`\pi :𝒳𝒟.`$ So Theorem 31 implies Theorem 34. Theorem 34 is proved. $`\mathrm{}.`$

###### Remark 38

It is not at all difficult to generalized the contsruction of the one parameter family of complete intersections of CY manifold in $`^N`$ with maximal unipotent element in the monodromy group to the case of of complete intersections of general type. More precisely it is very easy to prove that there exists a family $`\pi :𝒴𝒟`$ of complete intersections in $`^N`$ of general type such that if the dimension of the fiber is $`n,`$ then the monodromy operator $`T`$ contains exactly $`p_g(Y_t)`$ Jordan blocks of dimension $`n+1,`$ where $`p_g=dim_{}H^0(Y_t,\mathrm{\Omega }_{Y_t}^n).`$

## 6 Construction of a Family of CY Manifolds in Toric Varieties with Maximal Unipotent Monodromy

### 6.1 Introduction to Toric Varieties

Let $`T=(^{})^N.`$ Let $``$ be a rank N lattice, and $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ be a complete fan relative to $``$. (See .)

Notations:

$`_\mathrm{\Sigma }=V:`$ toric variety defined by $`\mathrm{\Sigma }.`$

$`^{}:`$ lattice dual to $`.`$

$`\mathrm{\Sigma }(k):`$ the set of k-cones in $`\mathrm{\Sigma }.`$

$`\tau ^{}:`$ the dual of a cone $`\tau .`$

$`D_\rho :`$ the toric divisor corresponding to $`\rho \mathrm{\Sigma }(1).`$

$`𝒪(D)=𝒪_V(D):`$ the line bundle (invertible sheaf) associated to the divisor $`D`$.

We follow the usual combinatorial description of a cone $`\tau `$ in $`\mathrm{\Sigma },`$ and often use the set of edges of $`\tau `$ or its primitive generators to denote the cone. Let $`O_\rho `$, $`\rho \mathrm{\Sigma }(1),`$ be the codimension 1 $`T`$-orbit and $`D_\rho `$ be their respective closures. Thus they are irreducible $`T`$-invariant Weil divisors in $`V.`$ Let $`R`$ be the polynomial ring $`[x_\rho ,`$ $`\rho \mathrm{\Sigma }(1)].`$ If we declare that $`\mathrm{deg}x_\rho =[D_\rho ]A_{N1}(V),`$ then $`R`$ becomes a $`A_{N1}(V)`$-graded ring, where $`A_{N1}(V)`$ is the Picard group of $`V.`$ We denote the degree $`[D]`$ subspace in $`R`$ by $`R_{[D]}.`$ It is known that (see  ):

$`R_{[D]}H^0(V,𝒪_V(D)).`$

The graded ring $`R`$ is called the homogeneous coordinate ring of V. The isomorphism above can be described as follows. The dual lattice $`^{}`$ can be viewed as the lattice of characters of the group $`T.`$ We denote a character multiplicatively corresponding to $`\nu ^{}`$ by $`\chi ^\nu .`$ Then

$`H^0(V,𝒪_V(D))=_{\nu P_D^{}}\chi ^\nu `$

where

$`P_D=\{\nu ^{}_{}|\nu ,\rho a_\rho `$ $`\rho \}.`$

Here $`\rho `$ denotes the primitive generators of the 1-cones, and $`D=a_\rho D_\rho `$ is the Weil divisor defining the line bundle $`𝒪_V(D).`$ The isomorphism $`\varphi _D`$ above is given by $`\varphi _D:\chi ^\nu _\rho x_\rho ^{\nu ,\rho +1}.`$ The assertion above gives a description of the space of sections of all equivariant line bundles over $`V.`$

Let us consider the section $`x_\rho `$. Note that $`\nu =0`$ is in $`P_{D_\rho },`$ hence by the isomorphism above $`\varphi _{D_\rho }(\chi ^0)=x_\rho `$ is a section of $`𝒪_V(D).`$ In fact the zero set of $`x_\rho =0`$ is exactly the divisor $`D_\rho .`$

For mirror symmetry, the most interesting case is when the convex hull of the 1-cone generators $`\rho ^{}_{}`$ form a reflexive polytope $`\mathrm{\Delta },`$ and that $`D`$ is the anticanonical divisor. (See  and .) In this case $`P_D`$ is the polar dual of $`\mathrm{\Delta }.`$ Here are some examples:

1. $`V=^2,`$ $`D=D_1+D_2+D_3,`$ Di being the $`i^{th}`$hyperplane. The homogeneous coordinate ring of $`V`$ is the usual $`[x_1,x_2,x_3]`$. If we identify $`A_1(V)`$ with $``$ such that $`[H]1`$, then $`x_i`$ has degree 1. The polytope $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ is generated by the 1-cone generators $`\rho _i`$ is the triangle with vertices (1,0), (0,1), (-1,-1). Its dual $``$ is the triangle with vertices (2,-1), (-1,2), (-1,-1). It is easy to check that $``$ has exactly 10 lattice points $`m.`$ They are in 1-1 correspondence with the degree 3 monomials in $`x_i.`$
2. Let $`\xi `$ be a primitive third root of unity. Let $`_3`$ acts on $`^2`$ by $`[x_1,x_2,x_3][\xi x_1,\xi ^1x_2,x_3]`$. Resolve all the singularities in $`^2/_3`$ ”minimally”. The result is a toric variety $`V`$ with 9 hyperplanes $`D_i`$ all together (with two linear relations). The anticanonical divisor in $`V`$ is $`D=D_1+\mathrm{}+D_9.`$ The polytope $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ generated by the 1-cone generators $`n_\rho `$ is now the triangle with vertices (2,-1), (-1,2), (-1,-1). Its dual $``$ is the triangle with vertices (1,0), (0,1), (-1,-1). Since $``$ has exactly 4 lattice points, $`K_V^1`$ has 4 sections – one of them being $`x_1\mathrm{}x_9.`$

### 6.2 Construction of One Parameter Family of CY Complete Intersection in a Toric Variety with Maximal Jordan Block in the Monodromy Operator

Let $`\pi _1,\mathrm{},\pi _k`$ be a partition of the set $`\mathrm{\Sigma }(1).`$ We assume that $`F_iH^0(V,𝒪_V(_{\rho \pi _i}D_\rho ))`$ together define a nonsingular subvariety $`X`$ of codimension k:

$`F_1=\mathrm{}=F_k=0.`$

Put $`n=Nk.`$ Since the anticanonical class is

$`[K_V^1]=\underset{𝜌}{}D_\rho ,`$

by adjunction $`X`$ is a Calabi-Yau manifold. We consider the following 1-parameter family of complete intersections $`X_t`$ defined by

$`G_{i,t}=tF_i\underset{\rho \pi _i}{}x_\rho =0,`$ $`i=1,\mathrm{},k.`$

Let us denote this family when $`|t|<1`$ by $`\pi :𝒳𝒟.`$ The fiber $`X_0`$ is the union of toric subvarieties

$$C_\sigma :=_{\rho \sigma }D_\rho $$

where $`\sigma `$ is any subset of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }(1)`$ such that $`|`$$`\sigma \pi _i|=1`$ for all $`i.`$ It turns out that (see Appendix) $`C_\sigma `$ is nonempty iff the 1-cones in $`\sigma `$ generate a cone in $`\mathrm{\Sigma }.`$ In this case, $`C_\sigma `$ is a nonsingular irreducible toric subvariety in $`V`$ of codimension $`k`$ corresponding to the k-cone $`\sigma \mathrm{\Sigma }(k).`$ Thus such a nonempty $`C_\sigma `$ is a component in $`X_0.`$

###### Remark 39

The assumption that the $`F_i`$ defines a codimension k subvariety is important. This put a strong constraint on the kind of partitions $`\pi _1,\mathrm{},\pi _k`$ that are allowed. A general partition of $`\mathrm{\Sigma }(1)`$ will fail to satisfy this condition. Here is an example. Take the 4-dimensional weight projective space $`[9,6,1,1,1].`$ After a minimal desingularization, the resulting toric variety has 9 1-cones $`\rho _1,\mathrm{},\rho _9`$ in its fan $`\mathrm{\Sigma }.`$ After suitable ordering, it is easy to find a partition of the form $`\pi _1=\{\rho _1,\rho _2\},`$ $`\pi _2=\{\rho _3,\rho _4\},`$ $`\pi _3=\{\rho _5,\mathrm{},\rho _9\}`$ such that $`\{\rho _1,\rho _3\},`$ $`\{\rho _1,\rho _4\},`$ $`\{\rho _2,\rho _3\},`$ $`\{\rho _2,\rho _4\},`$ are all primitive collections. In this case, $`X_0`$ would be empty because the $`C_\sigma =D_{\rho _i}D_{\rho _j}D_{\rho _k},`$ for $`\rho _i\pi _1,`$ $`\rho _j\pi _2,`$ $`\rho _k\pi _3,`$ will all be empty.

Throughout this section, we shall make the following additional assumption: that the convex hull of the set of primitive generators $`\rho `$ of the 1-cones in $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is a reflexive polytope, which we shall denote by $`\mathrm{\Delta }.`$

###### Theorem 40

The monodromy operator of the family $`𝒳𝒟`$ has one Jordan block of dimension $`n+1.`$

### 6.3 Proof of Theorem 40

###### Lemma 41

Let $`C_{\sigma _0}`$ be a fixed component in $`X_0.`$ Then there exists n other components $`C_{\sigma _1},\mathrm{},C_{\sigma _n}`$ with the property that $`C_{\sigma _0}C_{\sigma _i}`$ is a codimension $`k+1`$ toric subvariety, and that

$`C_{\sigma _0}\mathrm{}C_{\sigma _n}`$

is a toric fixed point.

Proof: Since the fan $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is complete, we can find an $`N`$ cone, say $`\tau `$, contaning $`\sigma _0`$ as a k-face. Write $`\sigma _0=\rho _1,\mathrm{},\rho _k,`$ where the $`\rho _i\pi _i`$ are the canonical generators of $`\sigma _0.`$ Similarly, write $`\tau `$ in terms of its 1-cone generators:

$`\tau =\rho _1,\mathrm{},\rho _k,\rho _1^{^{}},\mathrm{},\rho _n^{^{}}.`$

Then each $`\rho _j^{^{}}`$ lies in a unique say $`\pi _{i_j}.`$ Since $`V`$ is non-singular, $`\tau `$ is a simplicial cone, so that any k of its generators generate a k-cone in $`\mathrm{\Sigma }.`$ In particular we have the k-cones

$`\sigma _j:=\rho _1,\mathrm{},\widehat{\rho }_{i_j},\mathrm{},\rho _k,\rho _j^{^{}},`$ $`j=1,\mathrm{},n.`$

That is, $`\sigma _j`$ is obtained from $`\sigma _0`$ by replacing the generator $`\rho _{i_j}`$ of $`\sigma _0`$ by $`\rho _j^{^{}}.`$ Since both $`\rho _{i_j}`$ and $`\rho _j^{^{}}`$ live in the same $`\pi _{i_j},`$ it follows that $`C_{\sigma _j},`$ as defined above, is a component in $`X_0.`$ By construction,

$`C_{\sigma _0}C_{\sigma _j}=_{\rho \sigma _0\sigma _j}D_\rho .`$

But $`\sigma _0\sigma _j`$ is the list $`\sigma _0`$ adjoint with $`\rho _j^{^{}},`$ hence gives a ($`k+1)`$-cone in $`\mathrm{\Sigma }.`$ So $`C_{\sigma _0}C_{\sigma _j}`$ is a codimension $`(k+1)`$ toric subvariety in $`V.`$ Moreover,

$`C_\tau =_{\rho \sigma _0\mathrm{}\sigma _n}D_\rho =_{\rho \tau }D_\rho `$

which is codimension $`k+n=N`$ toric subvariety of $`V.`$ Hence it is a fixed point.$`\mathrm{}.`$

Note that the nonsingular toric subvariety $`C_{\sigma _0}`$ comes with a standard affine coordinates on the affine patch containing fixed point above. Namely, they are obtained from restricting the standard affine coordinates on the patch

$`U_\tau =Hom_{sg}(\tau ^{},^{})(^{})^N.`$

Here the isomorphism is determined by the choice of ordering of the set of primitive generators of the cone $`\tau ^{}.`$

###### Lemma 42

There exists a meromorphic form on $`V=_\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ with simple poles along each hypersurface $`F_i=0.`$

Proof: First let $`X`$ be a complex $`N`$-fold, and $`K_X`$ its canonical bundle. Let $`\{U_\sigma \}`$ be a covering of charts on $`X,`$ whose coordinates $`U_\sigma ^N`$ we denote $`z^\sigma =(z_1^\sigma ,\mathrm{},z_N^\sigma ).`$ From this data, we get a frame $`dz^\sigma =dz_1^\sigma \mathrm{}z_N^\sigma `$ on each $`U_\sigma `$ for the bundle $`K_X,`$ hence a dual frame for the dual bundle $`K_X^1.`$ Suppose $`f`$ is a nonzero global section of $`K_X^1.`$ Then relative to a dual frame above, $`f`$ is represented as a holomorphic function $`f_\sigma (z^\sigma ).`$ Note that on any overlap $`U_\sigma U_\tau \mathrm{},`$ the functions $`f_\sigma ,`$ $`f_\tau `$ transform by the same transition function as the frame $`dz^\sigma `$ and $`dz^\tau .`$ It follows that the local expressions

$`\frac{dz^\sigma }{f_\sigma (z^\sigma )}`$

together define a global meromorphic $`N`$-form on $`X`$ with poles along the zero locus $`f=0.`$ We now assume that $`X`$ is an algebraic variety and the $`U_\sigma `$ are affine patches. We now apply this to an $`N`$-dimensional complete toric variety $`V=_\mathrm{\Sigma },`$ as before.

Recall that $`_\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ is covered by the affine subvarieties $`U_\sigma ^N,`$ labelled by $`N`$-cones $`\sigma `$ in $`\mathrm{\Sigma }.`$ Here the isomorphism is determined by an ordering of the set of $`N`$ integral generators of the cone $`\sigma .`$ We denote by $`z^\sigma =(z_1^\sigma ,\mathrm{},z_N^\sigma )`$ the coordinates of this isomorphism. Let

$`:=\{\nu ^{}|\nu ,x1,`$ $`x\mathrm{\Delta }\}.`$

This is the dual of the reflexive polytope $`\mathrm{\Delta }.`$

The global sections of the anticanonical bundle $`K_V^1`$ on $`V=_\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ has the following description. There is a basis of $`H^0(V,K_V^1)`$ which corresponds 1-1 with the set $`^{}.`$ Let’s fix an ordering of the set $`\mathrm{\Sigma }(1)`$ and denote the generators by $`\rho _1,\mathrm{},\rho _S.`$ Let $`L`$ be the kernel of the natural map

$`^S,`$ $`mm_i\rho _i.`$

Let $`L^{}`$ be the orthogonal complement of $`L`$ in $`^S`$ with respect to the standard inner product $`ll^{}`$. Then $`^S/L,`$ and the natural pairing $`L^{}\times ^S/L,`$ $`(l,l^{^{}}+L)ll^{^{}},`$ defines a canonical isomorphism $`L^{}^{}.`$ Then a general section of $`K_V^1`$ is of the form

$`f=x_1\mathrm{}x_S\underset{\nu ^{}}{}c_\nu x^\nu .`$

(See ,  and .) Here the $`c_\nu `$ are arbitrary complex numbers, $`x_i`$ are the homogeneous coordinates of $`V,`$ viewed as a section of $`𝒪(D_{\rho _i}),`$ and $`x^\nu `$ is the monomial in the $`x_i`$ with exponents $`\nu L^{}^S.`$

As an example, when $`V=^N`$, we have $`K_V^1=𝒪_^N(N+1),`$ and $`x_i`$ are the usual homogeneous coordinates. In this case a general section of $`K_V^1`$ above is exactly a degree $`N+1`$ homogeneous polynomial in the $`x_i.`$

We now return to the general case. Let $`e_1,\mathrm{},e_N`$ denotes the standard basis of $`^N`$. Let $`\sigma `$ be any $`N`$-cone in the fan $`\mathrm{\Sigma },`$ and fix an ordering $`\nu _1,\mathrm{},\nu _N`$ for the primitive generators of the dual cone $`\sigma ^{}.`$

###### Proposition 43

Relative to the frame dual to $`dz^\sigma `$ above, sections of $`K_V^1`$ are represented by polynomial functions of the form

$`f_\sigma (z)=z_1\mathrm{}z_N\underset{v_\sigma }{}c_vz^v.`$

Here $`z_i=z_i^\sigma ,`$ $`c_v`$ are arbitrary numbers, $`_\sigma ^N`$ is the image of $`^{}`$ under the isomorphism $`^{}^N`$ determined by $`\nu _ie_i`$.

Proof:A priori, $`f_\sigma (z)`$ given above is a Laurent poly nomial in $`z.`$ We will first show that it is in fact a polynomial. Recall that every element $`\nu `$ satisfies $`\nu ,x1`$ for all $`x\mathrm{\Delta }.`$ Let $`v`$ be the image of $`\nu `$ under the isomorphism $`^{}^N`$ determined by $`\nu _ie_i,`$ and let $`a`$ be the preimage of $`x\mathrm{\Delta }`$ under the dual map $`^N`$. Then $`va=\nu ,x1.`$ In particular if $`x`$ is then preimage generator of the cone $`\sigma ,`$ then $`\nu _k,x=1`$ for one $`k`$ and zero otherwise. This means that the preimage $`a`$ of $`x`$ is such that $`e_ia=1`$ if $`i=k`$ and zero otherwise, i.e. $`a=e_k.`$ Clearly, every $`e_k`$ can be realized as the preimage of some primitive generator $`x\mathrm{\Delta }`$ of $`\sigma .`$ This shows that for any $`v_\sigma ,`$ we have $`ve_k=\nu ,x1`$ for all $`k.`$ It follows that every Laurent monomial $`z_1\mathrm{}z_Nz^v`$ appearing in $`f_\sigma (z)`$ has a nonnegative exponent, i.e. $`f_\sigma (z)`$ is a polynomial function on $`^N.`$

Let $`\tau `$ be any other $`N`$-cone in the fan $`\mathrm{\Sigma },`$ and fix an ordering $`\mu _1,\mathrm{},\mu _N`$ for the primitive generators of $`\tau ^{}.`$ Clearly the respective generators $`\nu _i,\mu _j`$ for $`\sigma ^{},\tau ^{},`$ determine an $`A(a_{ij})𝔾𝕃(N,)`$ such that

$`\nu _i=\underset{𝑗}{}a_{ij}\mu _j.`$

For simplicity, we write $`z=z^\sigma ,`$ $`w=z^\tau .`$ The coordinates transition function is then given by

$`z_i=w^{A_i},`$ $`A_i=(a_{i1},\mathrm{},a_{iN}).`$

We consider the region of overlap of $`U_\sigma U_\tau `$ where $`z_i0`$ and $`w_j0`$ for all $`i,j.`$ First we show that the frames $`dz,`$ $`dw`$ of $`N`$-forms are related by the transformation law

$`dz=det(A)\frac{z_1\mathrm{}z_N}{w_1\mathrm{}w_n}dw.`$

We have

$`\frac{dz}{z_1\mathrm{}z_N}=d\mathrm{log}z_1\mathrm{}d\mathrm{log}z_N.`$

Now $`\mathrm{log}z_i=_ja_{ij}\mathrm{log}w_j`$ on the overlap. So the transformation law above follows immediately.

It remains to show that there is a polynomial function $`f_\tau (w)`$ such that

$`f_\sigma (z)=det(A)\frac{z_1\mathrm{}z_N}{w_1\mathrm{}w_N}f_\tau (w).`$

The matrix $`A`$ defines an isomorphism $`B:^N^N,`$ $`Bv=_ja_{ij}v_i.`$ Then

$`z^v=w^{Bv}`$ .

Moreover the image of $`_\sigma ^N`$ under $`B`$ is $`_\tau .`$ It follows that

$`f_\sigma (z)=z_1\mathrm{}z_N\underset{v_\sigma }{}c_vz^v=z_1\mathrm{}z_N\underset{u_\tau }{}c_{B^1u}w^u.`$

So if we set

$`f_\tau (w):=w_1\mathrm{}w_N\underset{u_\tau }{}det(A)^1c_{B^1u}w^u,`$

then we obtain the desired function. $`\mathrm{}.`$

Proposition 43 implies Lemma 42. $`\mathrm{}.`$

As an example, when $`V=^N,`$ we can choose the fan $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ in $`^N,`$ so that the 1-cone primitive generators are $`e_0=e_1\mathrm{}e_N,e_1,..,e_N.`$ In this case, we have $`N+1`$ standard affine patches $`U_{\sigma _i},`$ where $`\sigma _i`$ is the $`N`$-cone generated by $`e_0,..,\widehat{e}_i,\mathrm{},e_N.`$ The affine coordinate are $`z^{\sigma _i}=(\frac{x_0}{x_i},\mathrm{},1_i,\mathrm{}\frac{x_N}{x_i}).`$ For simplicity, we label each cone $`\sigma _i`$ simply by the integer $`i.`$ Then the coordinate transition functions are given by

$`z_i^\sigma =z_j^\tau \frac{x_\tau }{x_\sigma },`$ $`i\sigma ,\tau ;`$ $`z_\tau ^\sigma =\frac{1}{z_\sigma ^\tau }.`$

The transition functions for coordinate $`N`$-forms are given by

$`dz^\sigma =(1)^{\sigma +\tau }\frac{x_\tau }{x_\sigma }dz^\tau .`$

We now prove the general toric version of Proposition 37.

###### Proposition 44

There exists a family of holomorphic n-forms $`\omega _t`$ on $`X_t`$ for $`t0`$ such that

$`\underset{t0}{lim}\omega _t=\omega _0`$

where $`\omega _0`$ is a section on $`X_0`$ with the following properties: restricted to the component $`C_{\sigma _0}`$, $`\omega _0`$ has the form:

$`\omega _0|_{U_\epsilon }=\frac{dz_1\mathrm{}dz_n}{z_1\mathrm{}z_n}`$

where ($`z_1,\mathrm{},z_n)`$ are coordinates on the affine patch $`U_\epsilon C_{\sigma _0}.`$

Proof: Let $`U_\tau ^N`$ be the affine patch in $`V=_\mathrm{\Sigma }`$ as given in the proof of Proposition 43. Let $`z^\tau =z=(z_1,\mathrm{},z_N)`$ be the affine coordinates. Here we choose the coordinates so that the affine subvariety $`U_\epsilon =U_\tau C_{\sigma _0}`$ is defined by

$`z_{n+1}=\mathrm{}=z_N=0`$

and the $`z_1,\mathrm{},z_n`$ are affine coordinates of $`U_\epsilon .`$ Choose a small analytic neighborhood $`W𝒳U_\tau \times 𝒟`$ so that $`z_1,\mathrm{},z_n,t`$ are coordinates on $`X_tW`$ for small $`t.`$

Clearly

$`f:=G_{t,1}\mathrm{}G_{t,k}H^0(V,𝒪(\underset{\rho \mathrm{\Sigma }(1)}{}D_\rho ))=H^0(V,K_V^1).`$

By Lemma 42, we have a meromorphic $`N`$-form given by

$`\mathrm{\Omega }_t=\frac{dz}{g_t(z)}`$

where

$`g_t(z)=z_1\mathrm{}z_N(1tf_1(z))\mathrm{}(1tf_k(z)).`$

Here $`f_i(z)`$ is a Laurent polynomial representing the section $`F_i`$ of $`𝒪(_{\rho \pi _i}D_\rho )`$ on the algebraic torus $`z_1\mathrm{}z_N0.`$ Note that for all $`t,`$ $`g_t`$ is polynomial in the $`z`$ by construction. Integrating the form $`\mathrm{\Omega }_t`$ via Leray residue $`k`$ times, the result is a section $`\omega _t`$ of the sheaf of $`n`$-forms, whose restriction on $`X_tW`$ is given by

$`\omega _t=\frac{dz_1\mathrm{}dz_n}{\frac{}{z_{n+1}}\mathrm{}\frac{}{z_N}g_t(z)}`$ .

It is clear that the dominator of $`\omega _t`$ goes to $`z_1\mathrm{}z_n`$ as $`t0.`$ This proved our assertion. $`\mathrm{}.`$

Theorem 40 now follows directly from Theorem 31. $`\mathrm{}.`$

###### Remark 45

One can generalize the same constructions to the case of compete intersections of general type in toric varieties for which the canonical class is very ample. Namely one can prove that there exists one parameter family of complete intersections of general type $`𝒴𝒟`$ for which the generic fibers is of dimension $`n`$ and the canonical class is very ample, such that the monodromy operator contains exactly $`p_g(Y_t)`$ Jordan blocks of dimension $`n+1.`$

## 7 Comparisons

### 7.1 Relationship with Hypergeometric Functions

In , the construction of the point of maximal unipotent monodromy has been done for the family of CY hypersurfaces consisting of all anticanonical hypersurfaces modulo equivalence under $`T`$ in a fixed toric variety. The construction there uses an entirely different approach. Namely, one exploits the fact that the periods of the family are solutions to a system of linear partial differential equations, known as a GKZ hypergeometric system and its generalization. (See  and the references there.) The construction is then done by carefully analyzing the structure of certain singularities of the PDE system. Explicit computation of certain period is also necessary in that approach.

We now briefly compare the approach of  with the present approach. For simplicity, we consider the case of hypersurfaces in an $`N`$ dimensional toric variety $`V=_\mathrm{\Sigma }.`$ Recall that in order to apply Theorem 31, we must construct a meromorphic $`N`$-form $`\mathrm{\Omega }_t`$ on $`V`$ with a simple pole along the CY hypersurface $`X_t:`$

$`G_t:=tF\underset{𝜌}{}x_\rho =0.`$

Here $`FH^0(V,K_V^1)`$ is a fixed section. In the affine coordinates $`z^\sigma =(z_1,\mathrm{},z_N)`$ on an affine patch $`U_\sigma ^N,`$ $`\mathrm{\Omega }_t`$ takes the form:

$`\mathrm{\Omega }_t=\frac{dz_1\mathrm{}dz_N}{z_1\mathrm{}z_N(1tf(z))}`$

where $`f(z)`$ is a Laurent polynomial representing the section $`F.`$ The Leray residue of $`\mathrm{\Omega }_t`$ gives a holomorphic $`n`$-form on $`X_t.`$ We then integrate $`\omega _t`$ over a real $`n`$-torus, giving a holomorphic function of $`t`$ bounded near $`t=0.`$ This function is a period of the CY manifold $`X_t`$ near $`t=0.`$ It is easy to see that this period can also be obtained by integrating $`\mathrm{\Omega }_t`$ over a real $`N`$-torus $`\alpha _0,`$ $`|z_1|=\mathrm{}=|z_N|=\epsilon ,`$ in $`T:`$

$`_{\alpha _0}\mathrm{\Omega }_t.`$

But this is precisely a special value of the holomorphic solution of GKZ system given in . In fact, in , $`G_t`$ is replaced by a general section, and the special Laurent polynomial $`1tf(z)`$ is replaced by its general counterpart. The result is a multi-variable holomorphic function (the variables being the coefficients of the general Laurent polynomial). A power series expansion of this function can be easily computed. (See .) The period $`_{\alpha _0}\mathrm{\Omega }_t`$ above can be obtained by specializing the multi-variable function to 1-variable function by restricting it to the one-parameter family $`G_t=0`$.

### 7.2 Comparison of Maximal Unipotent Monodromy and the SYZ Conjecture

Clemens’ theorem 10 and our construction of the maximal unipotent monodromy operator $`T`$ for complete intersection CY manifolds in a toric variety show that there exist special cycles, namely the invariant cycle $`\gamma `$ and the cycles $`\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _n,`$ such that

$`T(\alpha _n)=\gamma +\alpha _1+\mathrm{}+\alpha _n.`$

From Clemens’ theory, we know that the cycle $`\gamma `$ can be realized as a $`n`$ dimensional torus. The cycle $`\alpha _n`$ can probably be realized as an $`n`$ dimensional sphere. A theorem of Clemens says that $`\gamma `$ and $`\alpha _n`$ have intersection number 1.

On the other hand, the SYZ conjecture asserts that a CY $`n`$-fold should admit the structure of a fibration over an $`n`$-sphere with generic fibers given by special Lagrangian $`n`$-tori. Moreover this fibration admits a canonical section. Thus the section is an $`n`$-cycle having intersection number 1 with the fiber cycle. It is quite clear that the cycle $`\gamma `$ and $`\alpha _n`$ above should be realized precisely as the $`n`$-sphere section and the $`n`$-torus fiber respectively. This general relation deserves further investigation. For families of polarized K3 surfaces having maximal unipotent monodromy, this can be verified by using isometric deformation (relative to the Calabi-Yau metric) of the surface, as we will discuss next.

###### Theorem 46

Let $`\pi :𝒳𝒟`$ be a family of polarized K3 surfaces with polarization class $`eH^2(X,)`$ such that $`<e,e>=2n`$ for a fixed positive integer $`n.`$ Suppose that $`\pi ^1(0)=X_0`$ is a singular surface. Fix $`t0`$ and suppose the monodromy operator $`T`$ acting on the second homology group of $`X=\pi ^1(t)`$ is such that $`(Tid)^3=0`$ and $`(Tid)^20.`$ Let $`g_t`$ be the Calabi-Yau metrics on $`X=X_t`$ such that $`[Img_t]=e`$. Let $`\gamma ,`$ $`\alpha _1`$ and $`\alpha _2`$ be cycles such that

$$T(\gamma )=\gamma ,T(\alpha _1)=\gamma +\alpha _1,T(\alpha _2)=\gamma +\alpha _1+\alpha _2,$$

$$<e,\gamma >=<\gamma ,\gamma >=<\alpha _2,\alpha _2>=0,<\gamma ,\alpha _2>=1.$$

Then there exists a torus fibration $`\psi :XS^2`$ such that the generic fiber $`\psi ^1(s)`$ is a Lagrangian 2-torus with respect to $`Reg_t`$ representing the homology class $`\gamma `$. Moreover, there is a section $`\sigma :S^2X`$ such that $`\sigma (S^2)X`$ is a Lagrangian submanifold representing the homology class $`\alpha _2\gamma `$.

Before we prove the theorem, let’s construct a family of polarized K3 surface that fulfills the conditions stated in Theorem 46. Let $`_t:y^2=x(x1)(xt)`$ be a family of elliptic curves when $`t𝒟,`$ where $`𝒟:=\{t|`$ $`|t|<1\}`$ and $`_t^2\times 𝒟.`$ Then $`_t\times _𝒟_t𝒟`$ is a family of abelian surfaces over the unit disc. Let $`\pi :𝒦_t𝒟`$ be the family of Kummer surfaces associated with this family of abelian surfaces. In  it was proved that the family $`\pi :𝒦_t𝒟`$ satisfies the conditions of Theorem 46. See page 252-253 in 46. On page 252 an explicit construction of the cycles $`\gamma `$ and $`\alpha _2`$ is given and moreover from Clemens’ theory it follows that

$`<\gamma ,\gamma >=<\alpha _2,\alpha _2>=0`$ and $`<\gamma ,\alpha _2>=1`$.

In particular, $`\gamma `$ and $`\alpha _2`$ span a hyperbolic lattice

$`=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0\hfill & 1\hfill \\ 1\hfill & 0\hfill \end{array}\right).`$

It is a well known fact that for a K3 surface $`X`$ $`H_2(X,)`$ is a lattice isomorphic to $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_{K3}:=^3(E_8)^2.`$ Let us define (transcendental lattice)

$`T_e:=\{v\mathrm{\Lambda }_{K3}|<e,v>=0\}.`$

We know also that $`T_ee^{}^2(E_8)^2,`$ where $`<e^{},e^{}>=<e,e>.`$ So we may suppose that $`T_e=e^{}\{\gamma ,\alpha _2\}(E_8)^2.`$ See . In  it is shown that the cycles $`\gamma `$ and $`\alpha _2T_e.`$

PROOF of Theorem 46: We will use isometric deformation with respect to the CY metric $`g_t`$ on a K3 surface whose class of cohomology $`[Img_t]=e`$ and the epimorphism of the period map for K3 surfaces to prove that K3 surafce can be realized as a Lagrangian fibration with respect to each CY metric $`g_t.`$ The Lagrangian fibration that we will construct will have the properties that the homology class of the generic fibre will be $`\gamma `$ and the homology class of the base will be $`\delta =\alpha _2\gamma .`$ For the description and applications of isometric deformations see . Theorem 46 will follow directly from the following Lemma:

###### Lemma 47

i. Let $`\mathrm{Y}`$ be a K3 surface whose Neron-Severi group $`\mathrm{N}\mathrm{S}(\mathrm{Y})`$ spanned by a cycle $`\mathrm{\gamma }`$ and such that $`<\mathrm{\gamma },\mathrm{\gamma }>=0,`$ then $`\mathrm{\gamma }`$ can be realized as a non singular elliptic curve $`\mathrm{C}`$ on $`\mathrm{Y}`$ and the linear system $`|\mathrm{C}|`$ defines an elliptic fibration $`|\mathrm{C}|:\mathrm{Y}^1.`$ ii  Let $`\mathrm{Y}`$ be a K3 surface whose Neron Severi group $`\mathrm{N}\mathrm{S}(\mathrm{Y})`$ spanned by a cycle $`\mathrm{\delta }`$ and such that $`<\mathrm{\delta },\mathrm{\delta }>=2,`$ then either $`\mathrm{\delta }`$ or $`\mathrm{\delta }`$ can be realized as an embedded complex line $`^1\mathrm{Y}.`$

PROOF: First we will prove part i of Lemma 47. From the condition that Neron Severi group $`NS(Y)`$ is spanned by cycles $`\gamma `$ such that $`<\gamma ,\gamma >=0`$, we deduce that there exists a line bundle $`_\gamma ,`$ whose Chern class $`c_1(_\gamma )=\gamma .`$ From Riemann-Roch theorem we deduce that

$`dimH^0(Y,_\gamma )+dimH^2(Y,_\gamma )2.`$

Serre’s duality implies that $`dimH^2(Y,_\gamma )=dimH^2(Y,_\gamma ^{}),`$ where $`_\gamma ^{}`$ is the dual line bundle of $`_\gamma .`$ From here we obtain that either $`dimH^0(Y,_\gamma )>1`$ or $`dimH^0(Y,_\gamma ^{})>1.`$ So either $`\gamma `$ or $`\gamma `$ can be realized as an effective divisor on $`Y.`$ Recall

###### Theorem 48

( p559.) If an effective divisor $`D>0`$ on a K3 surface Y satisfies the conditions $`<D,D>=0`$ and $`<D,E>0`$ for any effective divisor $`E>0,`$ then the linear system $`|D|`$ contains a divisor of the form $`mC,`$ where $`m>0`$ and $`C`$ is an elliptic curve.

Since $`NS(Y)`$ is spanned by a cycle $`\gamma `$ such that $`<\gamma ,\gamma >=0`$, it follows that that $`\gamma `$ or $`\gamma `$ can be realized a non sigular elliptic curve $`C.`$ From the standard exact sequence on $`C`$:

$`0𝒪_Y(C)𝒪_Y𝒪_C0`$,

we have, in the associated long exact sequence,

$`H^0(𝒪_Y)H^0(𝒪_C)H^1(𝒪_Y(C))H^1(𝒪_Y)=0.`$

Since the restriction map $`H^0(𝒪_Y)=H^0(𝒪_C)=`$ is an isomorphism, we have $`H^1(𝒪_Y(C))=0.`$ From Serre’s duality applied to K3 surafces we get $`H^1(𝒪_Y(C))=H^1(𝒪_Y(C))=0`$ and $`H^2(𝒪_Y(C))=0.`$ It is a standard fact that the linear system $`|C|`$ defines a map $`\varphi :Y^1.`$ For details see page 560 of . Part i of Lemma 47 is proved.

Part ii of Lemma 47 follows directly from Corollary 3 on page 560 of . Lemma 47 is proved. $`\mathrm{}.`$

One of the main consequences of the existence of a Calabi Yau metric on a K3 surface X with a holomorphic form $`\omega _X`$ is the fact that the covariant derivative of the holomorphic form $`\omega _X`$ is zero, i.e. $`\omega _X=0.`$ This implies that the following three forms $`\{Re\omega _X,Im\omega _X`$ and $`Im(g)\}`$ are parallel, closed and non degenerate forms on $`X`$. It is easy to see that:

$`Re\omega _X,Im\omega _X=Re\omega _X,Img=Img,Im\omega _X=0.`$

Here $`Im(g)`$ is the imaginary part of the Calabi Yau metric on $`X.`$ If $`Re\omega _X^2=Im\omega _X^2=Im(g)^2=1,`$ then these three forms define three integrable complex structures $`I,J`$ and $`K`$ on $`X`$ such that $`I^2=J^2=K^2=id`$ and $`IJ+JI=IK+KI=JK+KJ=0.`$ For all these facts see . The isometric deformation is defined as a new integrable complex structure $`aI+bJ+cK`$ on $`X,`$ where $`a^2+b^2+c^2=1.`$ We’ll denote this new complex structure on $`X`$ by $`Y`$. In  it was proved that Re$`\omega _Y=A(Re\omega _X),`$ $`Im\omega _Y=A(Im\omega _X),`$ where $`ASO(3).`$ The class $`A(Img)`$ will be a class of cohomology of type $`(1,1)`$ on $`Y`$ and will define a new Calabi Yau metric on $`Y`$ which is isometric to the Calabi Yau metric on $`X`$ as a Riemannian metrics. In  we proved that there exists $`ASO(3)`$ such that

$`_\gamma A(Re\omega _X)=_\gamma A(Im\omega _X)=0.`$

Let $`Y`$ and $`C`$ be defined as in Lemma 47. Notice that when we do an isometric deformation, we are not changing either the $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$ structure or the Riemannian structure on $`Y.`$ So we may consider that $`C`$ realizes the cycle $`\gamma `$ as an embedded two dimensional torus in $`X.`$

###### Lemma 49

$`C`$ is a Lagrangian cycle on $`X`$

PROOF: We need to prove the following two facts: 1. The volume form of the restriction of the CY metric $`g_X`$ on $`C`$ is given by the following expression:

$$Vol(g_X|_C)=aRe(\omega _X)+bIm(\omega _X)$$
(1)
and 2. that

$$Im(g_X|_C)=0\text{ .}$$
(2)
Since $`C`$ is an elliptic curve in $`Y`$, it follows that $`\omega _Y|_C=0,`$ so that $`Re\omega _Y|_C=Im\omega _Y|_C=0.`$ The volume form of the restriction of the Ricci flat Riemannian metric on $`C`$ is equal to $`Im(g_Y)|_C`$, ie.

$$Vol(g_X|_C)=Im(g_Y)|_C.$$
(3)
So from (3) and the general facts about isometric deformation we deduce that

$$Vol(g_X|_C)=aRe(\omega _X)|_C+bIm(\omega _X)|_C+cIm(g_X)|_C\text{ .}$$
(4)
where $`a,b,c`$ are some real numbers given by

$$a=_CRe(\omega _X),b=_CIm(\omega _X),c=_CIm(g_X)\text{ .}$$
(5)
Since $`\gamma T_e`$ and the cohomology class $`[Img_X]=e`$ we can conclude that:

$$0=_\gamma e=_CIm(g_X)=c.$$
(6)
This proves fact 1.  We now prove fact 2, i.e. that the restriction of the form $`Im(g_X)`$ on $`C`$ is identically zero. This follows directly from the following formula, proved in :

$$Im(g_X)|_C=cIm(g_X)|_C\text{ and }c=_CImg_X\text{ .}$$
(7)
So Lemma 49 is proved. $`\mathrm{}.`$

###### Remark 50

Exactly in the same way we can prove that the cycle $`\delta =\alpha _2\gamma `$ can be realized as a Lagrangian sphere. Indeed we can deform isometrically the complex structure on $`X`$ to $`Z`$ with respect to the CY metric $`g_X`$ so that $`\delta `$ will be realized as a complex projective line $`^1`$ embedded in $`Z.`$ Repeating the arguments from Lemma 49 we deduce that $`^1`$ is a Lagrangian sphere embedded in $`X.`$

The End of the Proof of Theorem 46: Indeed we realized the cycles $`\gamma `$ and $`\alpha _2\gamma `$ as complex analytic curves on $`Y`$ and on $`Z.`$ Then we know from Theorem 48 that $`Y`$ is an elliptic fibration whose ”generic” fibre is an elliptic curve. Lemma 49 implies that the fibres of this fibration are Lagrangian submanifolds. Since we know that $`\gamma ,\delta =1,`$ we can conclude that the basis of the Lagrangian fibration is the Lagrangian sphere that realizes the cycle $`\delta .`$ $`\mathrm{}.`$

## 8 Appendix: Clemens’ Cell Complex for Toric Hypersurfaces

As before let $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ be the convex hull of generators $`\rho `$ of the $`1`$-cones in $`\mathrm{\Sigma }.`$ This is an $`N`$ dimensional polytope. But it has more. It comes equipped with a canonical simplicial decomposition induced by $`\mathrm{\Sigma }.`$ In particular the boundary $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ is topologically an $`N`$-sphere which comes equipped with a simplicial decomposition.

###### Lemma 51

Let $`\tau `$ be a set of primitive generators of 1-cones in $`\mathrm{\Sigma }.`$ Put $`k=|\tau |.`$ The following are equivalent:

i. $`_{\rho \tau }D_\rho `$is non empty.

ii. the cone is generated by $`\tau `$ is a k-cone in $`\mathrm{\Sigma }.`$

iii. the convex hull of $`\tau `$ is a $`(k1)`$-cell in $`\mathrm{\Delta }.`$

Proof:(ii)$``$(iii) is obvious. We will show that (i) and (ii) are equivalent. Recall that there is an order reversing 1-1 correspondence between T-orbits $`O_\sigma `$ and cones $`\sigma `$ in $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$, and that the closure of V($`\sigma `$) of $`O_\sigma `$ is given by

V($`\sigma `$)=$`\underset{\gamma \sigma }{}O_\gamma .`$

Note that $`D_\rho =V(\rho )`$ for $`\rho \mathrm{\Sigma }(1)`$. Thus

$`_{\rho \tau }D_\rho =\underset{\gamma \tau }{}O_\gamma .`$

If this is nonempty, then we have some cone $`\gamma \mathrm{\Sigma }`$ containing $`\tau .`$ Since the toric variety V is nonsingular, $`\gamma `$ is a simplicial cone. this implies that any collection of k edges of $`\gamma `$ generates a k-face of $`\gamma .`$ So $`\tau `$ generates a k-face, which we also call $`\tau ,`$ of $`\gamma .`$ In particular $`\tau \mathrm{\Sigma }.`$ Conversely, if $`\tau `$ generates a cone in $`\mathrm{\Sigma }`$, obviously every $`D_\rho ,`$ $`\rho \tau ,`$ contains $`O_\rho .`$ In this case, $`_{\rho \tau }D_\rho `$ is nonempty. $`\mathrm{}.`$

Note that if the intersection $`_{\rho \tau }D_\rho `$ is nonempty, then it has dimension $`N|\tau |.`$ Moreover, the correspondence above between nonempty intersections of the $`D_\rho `$’s and the cells of $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ is order reversing. Namely, if two sets $`\tau ,`$ $`\tau ^{}`$ of primitive generators yield nonempty intersections, then $`_{\rho \tau }D_\rho _{\rho \tau ^{}}D_\rho `$ iff the $`conv(\tau )conv(\tau ^{}).`$

We now specialize our family $`𝒳𝒟`$ to the case of hypersurfaces

$`tF\underset{𝜌}{}x_\rho =0.`$

Thus $`N=n+1.`$

###### Theorem 52

The Clemens polytope $`\mathrm{\Pi }(X_0)`$ is a simplicial complex which is naturally isomorphic to $`\mathrm{\Delta }.`$

Proof: Recall that $`X_0=_\rho D_\rho .`$ By definition of $`\mathrm{\Pi }(X_0),`$ each $`D_\rho `$ corresponds to a vertex in $`\mathrm{\Pi }(X_0).`$ For $`\rho \rho ^{},`$ $`D_\rho D_\rho ^{}`$ corresponds to 1-cell if $`D_\rho D_\rho ^{}`$ has dimension $`n1=N2,`$and so on. Thus given a set $`\tau `$ of 1-cones with $`|\tau |=k,_{\rho \tau }D_\rho `$ corresponds to $`(k1)`$-cell in $`\mathrm{\Pi }(X_0)`$ iff $`_{\rho \tau }D_\rho `$ has dimension $`nk+1.`$ This is an order reversing correspondence between $`nk+1`$ dimensional intersections $`_{\rho \tau }D_\rho `$ of $`D_\rho `$’s and $`(k1)`$-cells of the simplicial complex $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ as simplicial complex. $`\mathrm{}.`$

###### Corollary 53

$`H_n(\mathrm{\Pi }(X_0),).`$

In the case when $`𝒳`$ is a family of complete intersections in $`_\mathrm{\Sigma },`$ one can still define a cell complex $`\mathrm{\Pi }(X_0)`$ similar to the definition of Clemens’ complex. It is expected that the cell complex $`\mathrm{\Pi }(X_0)`$ will again be isomorphic to n-sphere. We have verified this for many examples. It turns out that the complex is typically non-simplicial, unlike in the case of hypersurfaces. It is an interesting combinatorial problem to describe the complex $`\mathrm{\Pi }(X_0)`$ in simple terms.


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# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

The string equations of motion and constraints in curved space-time are highly nonlinear and, in general, non exactly solvable -. Different methods have been applied to solve them approximately , , - or, if possible, exactly -. On the other hand, quite general exact solutions can be found by using an appropriate ansatz, which exploits the symmetries of the underlying curved space-time , -. In most cases, such an ansatz effectively decouples the dependence on the spatial world-sheet coordinate $`\sigma `$ - or the dependence on the temporal world-sheet coordinate $`\tau `$ , -. Then the string equations of motion and constraints reduce to nonlinear coupled ordinary differential equations, which are considerably simpler to handle than the initial ones.

In this letter, we obtain some exact solutions of the classical equations of motion and constraints for both tensile and null strings in a $`D`$-dimensional curved background. This is done by using an ansatz, which reduces the initial dynamical system to the one depending on only one affine parameter. This is possible whenever there exists at least one Killing vector for the background metric. Then we search for sufficient conditions, which ensure the existence of exact solutions to the equations of motion and constraints without fixing particular metric. After that, we give an explicit example in four dimensional Kasner type background. Finally, we conclude with some comments on the derived results.

## 2 Reduction of the dynamics

To begin with, we write down the bosonic string action in $`D`$\- dimensional curved space-time $`_D`$ with metric tensor $`g_{MN}\left(X\right)`$

$`S`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle d^2\xi },={\displaystyle \frac{T}{2}}\sqrt{\gamma }\gamma ^{mn}_mX^M_nX^Ng_{MN}\left(X\right),`$ (1)
$`_m`$ $`=`$ $`/\xi ^m,\xi ^m=(\xi ^0,\xi ^1)=(\tau ,\sigma ),m,n=0,1,M,N=0,1,\mathrm{},D1,`$
where, as usual, $`T`$ is the string tension and $`\gamma `$ is the determinant of the induced metric.

Here we would like to consider tensile and null (tensionless) strings on equal footing, so we have to rewrite the action (1) in a form in which the limit $`T0`$ can be taken. To this end, we set

$`\gamma ^{mn}=\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& \lambda ^1\\ \lambda ^1& \left(\lambda ^1\right)^2+\left(2\lambda ^0T\right)^2\end{array}\right)`$ (4)
and obtain

$`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\lambda ^0}}g_{MN}\left(X\right)\left(_0\lambda ^1_1\right)X^M\left(_0\lambda ^1_1\right)X^N\lambda ^0T^2g_{MN}\left(X\right)_1X^M_1X^N.`$
The equations of motion and constraints following from this Lagrangian density are

$`_0\left[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\lambda ^0}}\left(_0\lambda ^1_1\right)X^K\right]_1\left[{\displaystyle \frac{\lambda ^1}{2\lambda ^0}}\left(_0\lambda ^1_1\right)X^K\right]`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\lambda ^0}}\mathrm{\Gamma }_{MN}^K\left(_0\lambda ^1_1\right)X^M\left(_0\lambda ^1_1\right)X^N=`$
$`2\lambda ^0T^2\left[_1^2X^K+\mathrm{\Gamma }_{MN}^K_1X^M_1X^N+\left(_1\mathrm{ln}\lambda ^0\right)_1X^K\right],`$
$`g_{MN}\left(X\right)\left(_0\lambda ^1_1\right)X^M\left(_0\lambda ^1_1\right)X^N=\left(2\lambda ^0T\right)^2g_{MN}\left(X\right)_1X^M_1X^N,`$ (5)
$`g_{MN}\left(X\right)\left(_0\lambda ^1_1\right)X^M_1X^N=0,`$ (6)
where

$`\mathrm{\Gamma }_{MN}^K={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}g^{KL}\left(_Mg_{NL}+_Ng_{ML}_Lg_{MN}\right)`$
is the connection compatible with the metric $`g_{MN}\left(X\right)`$. We will work in the gauge $`\lambda ^m=constants`$ in which the Euler-Lagrange equations take the form

$`\left(_0\lambda ^1_1\right)\left(_0\lambda ^1_1\right)X^K+\mathrm{\Gamma }_{MN}^K\left(_0\lambda ^1_1\right)X^M\left(_0\lambda ^1_1\right)X^N`$ (7)
$`=\left(2\lambda ^0T\right)^2\left(_1^2X^K+\mathrm{\Gamma }_{MN}^K_1X^M_1X^N\right).`$
Now we are going to show that by introducing an appropriate ansatz, one can reduce the classical string dynamics to the dynamics of a massless particle constrained on a certain surface whenever there exists at least one Killing vector for the background metric. Indeed, let $`M=(\mu ,a)`$, $`\{\mu \}\{\mathrm{}\}`$ and let us suppose that there exist a number of independent Killing vectors $`\eta _\mu `$. Then in appropriate coordinates $`\eta _\mu =\frac{}{X^\mu }`$ and the metric does not depend on $`X^\mu `$. In other words, from now on we will work with the metric

$`g_{MN}=g_{MN}\left(X^a\right).`$
On the other hand, we observe that

$`X^M(\tau ,\sigma )=F_\pm ^M[w_\pm (\tau ,\sigma )],w_\pm (\tau ,\sigma )=(\lambda ^1\pm 2\lambda ^0T)\tau +\sigma `$
are solutions of the equations of motion (7) in arbitrary $`D`$\- dimensional background $`g_{MN}\left(X^K\right)`$, depending on $`D`$ arbitrary functions $`F_+^M`$ or $`F_{}^M`$ (see also  for the possible background independent solutions and their properties). Taking all this into account, we propose the ansatz

$`X^\mu (\tau ,\sigma )`$ $`=`$ $`C_\pm ^\mu w_\pm +y^\mu \left(\tau \right),C_\pm ^\mu =constants,`$ (8)
$`X^a(\tau ,\sigma )`$ $`=`$ $`y^a\left(\tau \right).`$
Inserting (8) into constraints (5) and (6) one obtains (the dot is used for $`d/d\tau `$)

$`g_{MN}(y^a)\dot{y}^M\dot{y}^N\pm 2\lambda ^0TC_\pm ^\mu \left[g_{\mu N}(y^a)\dot{y}^N\pm 2\lambda ^0TC_\pm ^\nu g_{\mu \nu }(y^a)\right]=0,`$
$`C_\pm ^\mu \left[g_{\mu N}(y^a)\dot{y}^N\pm 2\lambda ^0TC_\pm ^\nu g_{\mu \nu }(y^a)\right]=0.`$
Obviously, this system of two constraints is equivalent to the following one

$`g_{MN}(y^a)\dot{y}^M\dot{y}^N=0,`$ (9)
$`C_\pm ^\mu \left[g_{\mu N}(y^a)\dot{y}^N\pm 2\lambda ^0TC_\pm ^\nu g_{\mu \nu }(y^a)\right]=0.`$ (10)
Using the ansatz (8) and constraint (10) one can reduce the initial Lagrangian to get

$`L^{red}(\tau ){\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\lambda ^0}}\left[g_{MN}(y^a)\dot{y}^M\dot{y}^N2\left(2\lambda ^0T\right)^2C_\pm ^\mu C_\pm ^\nu g_{\mu \nu }(y^a)\right].`$
It is easy to check that the constraint (9) can be rewritten as $`g^{MN}p_Mp_N=0`$, where $`p_M=L^{red}/\dot{y}^M`$ is the momentum conjugated to $`y^M`$. All this means that we have obtained an effective dynamical system describing a massless point particle moving in a gravity background $`g_{MN}(y^a)`$ and in a potential

$`UT^2C_\pm ^\mu C_\pm ^\nu g_{\mu \nu }(y^a)`$
on the constraint surface (10).

Analogous results can be received if one uses the ansatz

$`X^\mu (\tau ,\sigma )=C_\pm ^\mu w_\pm +z^\mu \left(\sigma \right),X^a(\tau ,\sigma )=z^a\left(\sigma \right).`$ (11)
Now putting (11) in (5) and (6) one gets ( is used for $`d/d\sigma `$)

$`\left[\left(2\lambda ^0T\right)^2+(\lambda ^1)^2\right]g_{MN}z^Mz^N`$
$`+4\lambda ^0T\left[\left(2\lambda ^0T\lambda ^1\right)C_\pm ^\mu g_{\mu N}z^N+2\lambda ^0TC_\pm ^\mu C_\pm ^\nu g_{\mu \nu }\right]=0,`$
$`\lambda ^1g_{MN}z^Mz^N+\left[\left(\lambda ^12\lambda ^0T\right)C_\pm ^\mu g_{\mu N}z^N2\lambda ^0TC_\pm ^\mu C_\pm ^\nu g_{\mu \nu }\right]=0.`$
These constraints are equivalent to the following ones

$`g_{MN}(z^a)z^Mz^N=0,`$
$`C_\pm ^\mu \left[g_{\mu N}(z^a)z^N+{\displaystyle \frac{2\lambda ^0T}{2\lambda ^0T\lambda ^1}}C_\pm ^\nu g_{\mu \nu }(z^a)\right]=0.`$ (12)
The corresponding reduced Lagrangian obtained with the help of (11) and (12) is

$`L^{red}(\sigma ){\displaystyle \frac{\left(\lambda ^1\right)^2\left(2\lambda ^0T\right)^2}{4\lambda ^0}}\left[g_{MN}(z^a)z^Mz^N2\left({\displaystyle \frac{2\lambda ^0T}{2\lambda ^0T\lambda ^1}}\right)^2C_\pm ^\mu C_\pm ^\nu g_{\mu \nu }(z^a)\right]`$
and a similar interpretation can be given as before.

In both cases - the ansatz (8) and the ansatz (11), the reduced Lagrangians do not depend on $`y^\mu `$ and $`z^\mu `$ respectively, and their conjugated generalized momenta are conserved.

Let us point out that the main difference between tensile and null strings, from the point of view of the reduced Lagrangians, is the absence of a potential term for the latter.

Because the consequences of (8) and (11) are similar, our further considerations will be based on the ansatz (8).

## 3 Exact solutions

To obtain the equations which we are going to consider, we use the ansatz (8) and rewrite (7) in the form

$`g_{KL}\ddot{y}^L+\mathrm{\Gamma }_{K,MN}\dot{y}^M\dot{y}^N\pm 4\lambda ^0TC_\pm ^\mu \mathrm{\Gamma }_{K,\mu N}\dot{y}^N=0.`$ (13)
At first, we set $`K=\mu `$ in the above equality. It turns out that in this case the equations (13) reduce to

$`{\displaystyle \frac{d}{d\tau }}\left[g_{\mu \nu }\dot{y}^\nu +g_{\mu a}\dot{y}^a\pm 2\lambda ^0TC_\pm ^\nu g_{\mu \nu }\right]=0,`$
i.e we have obtained the following first integrals (constants of the motion)

$`g_{\mu \nu }\dot{y}^\nu +g_{\mu a}\dot{y}^a\pm 2\lambda ^0TC_\pm ^\nu g_{\mu \nu }=A_\mu ^\pm =constants.`$ (14)
They correspond to the conserved momenta $`p_\mu `$. From the constraint (10) it follows that the right hand side of (14) must satisfy the condition

$`C_\pm ^\mu A_\mu ^\pm =0.`$
Using (14), the equations (13) for $`K=a`$ and the constraint (9) can be rewritten as

$`2{\displaystyle \frac{d}{d\tau }}\left(h_{ab}\dot{y}^b\right)\left(_ah_{bc}\right)\dot{y}^b\dot{y}^c+_aV=4_{[a}\left(g_{b]\mu }k^{\mu \nu }A_\nu ^\pm \right)\dot{y}^b`$ (15)
and

$`h_{ab}\dot{y}^a\dot{y}^b+V=0,`$ (16)
where

$`h_{ab}g_{ab}g_{a\mu }k^{\mu \nu }g_{\nu b},VA_\mu ^\pm A_\nu ^\pm k^{\mu \nu }+\left(2\lambda ^0T\right)^2C_\pm ^\mu C_\pm ^\nu g_{\mu \nu },`$
and $`k^{\mu \nu }`$ is by definition the inverse of $`g_{\mu \nu }`$: $`k^{\mu \lambda }g_{\lambda \nu }=\delta _\nu ^\mu `$. For example, when $`g_{MN}`$ does not depend on the coordinate $`y^q`$

$`h_{ab}=g_{ab}{\displaystyle \frac{g_{aq}g_{qb}}{g_{qq}}},`$
when $`g_{MN}`$ does not depend on two of the coordinates (say $`y^q`$ and $`y^s`$)

$`h_{ab}=g_{ab}{\displaystyle \frac{g_{aq}g_{ss}g_{qb}2g_{aq}g_{qs}g_{sb}+g_{as}g_{qq}g_{sb}}{g_{qq}g_{ss}g_{qs}^2}},`$
and so on.

At this stage, we restrict the metric $`h_{ab}`$ to be a diagonal one, i.e.

$`g_{ab}=g_{a\mu }k^{\mu \nu }g_{\nu b},\text{for}ab.`$ (17)
This allows us to transform further equations (15) and obtain (there is no summation over $`a`$)

$`{\displaystyle \frac{d}{d\tau }}\left(h_{aa}\dot{y}^a\right)^2+\dot{y}^a_a\left(h_{aa}V\right)+\dot{y}^a{\displaystyle \underset{ba}{}}\left[_a\left({\displaystyle \frac{h_{aa}}{h_{bb}}}\right)\left(h_{bb}\dot{y}^b\right)^24_{[a}A_{b]}^\pm h_{aa}\dot{y}^b\right]=0,`$ (18)
where we have introduced the notation

$`A_a^\pm g_{a\mu }k^{\mu \nu }A_\nu ^\pm .`$ (19)
In receiving (18), the constraint (16) is also used after taking into account the restriction (17).

To reduce the order of the differential equations (18) by one, we first split the index $`a`$ in such a way that $`y^r`$ is one of the coordinates $`y^a`$, and $`y^\alpha `$ are the others. Then we impose the conditions

$`_\alpha \left({\displaystyle \frac{h_{\alpha \alpha }}{h_{aa}}}\right)=0,_\alpha \left(h_{rr}\dot{y}^r\right)^2=0,_r\left(h_{\alpha \alpha }\dot{y}^\alpha \right)^2=0,A_\alpha ^\pm =_\alpha f^\pm .`$ (20)
The result of integrations, compatible with (16) and (17), is the following

$`\left(h_{\alpha \alpha }\dot{y}^\alpha \right)^2=D_\alpha \left(y^ay^\alpha \right)+h_{\alpha \alpha }\left[2\left(A_r^\pm _rf^\pm \right)\dot{y}^rV\right]=E_\alpha \left(y^\beta \right),`$
$`\left(h_{rr}\dot{z}^r\right)^2=h_{rr}\left\{\left({\displaystyle \underset{\alpha }{}}1\right)V{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha }{}}{\displaystyle \frac{D_\alpha }{h_{\alpha \alpha }}}\right\}+\left[{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha }{}}\left(A_r^\pm _rf^\pm \right)\right]^2=E_r\left(y^r\right),`$
where $`D_\alpha `$, $`E_\alpha `$, $`E_r`$ are arbitrary functions of their arguments, and

$`\dot{z}^r\dot{y}^r+{\displaystyle \frac{_\alpha }{h_{rr}}}\left(A_r^\pm _rf^\pm \right).`$
To find solutions of the above equations without choosing particular metric, we have to fix all coordinates $`y^a`$ except one. If we denote it by $`y^A`$, then the $`exact`$ solutions of the equations of motion and constraints for a string in the considered curved background are given by

$`X^\mu (X^A,\sigma )=X_0^\mu +C_\pm ^\mu \left(\lambda ^1\tau +\sigma \right){\displaystyle _{X_0^A}^{X^A}}k_0^{\mu \nu }\left[g_{\nu A}^0A_\nu ^\pm \left({\displaystyle \frac{h_{AA}^0}{V^0}}\right)^{1/2}\right]𝑑u,`$ (21)
$`X^a=X_0^a=constants\text{for}aA,\tau \left(X^A\right)=\tau _0\pm {\displaystyle _{X_0^A}^{X^A}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{h_{AA}^0}{V^0}}\right)^{1/2}𝑑u,`$
where $`X_0^\mu `$, $`X_0^A`$ and $`\tau _0`$ are arbitrary constants. In these expressions

$`h_{AA}^0=h_{AA}^0\left(X^A\right)=h_{AA}(X^A,X_0^{aA})`$
and analogously for $`V^0`$, $`k_0^{\mu \nu }`$ and $`g_{\nu A}^0`$.

## 4 Explicit example

In this section we give an explicit example of exact solution for a string moving in four dimensional cosmological Kasner type background. Namely, the line element is ($`X^0t`$)

$`ds^2`$ $`=`$ $`g_{MN}dX^MdX^N=(dt)^2+{\displaystyle \underset{\mu =1}{\overset{3}{}}}t^{2q_\mu }(dX^\mu )^2,`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{\mu =1}{\overset{3}{}}}q_\mu =1,{\displaystyle \underset{\mu =1}{\overset{3}{}}}q_\mu ^2=1.`$
For definiteness, we choose $`q_\mu =(2/3,2/3,1/3)`$. The metric (4) depends on only one coordinate $`t`$, which we identify with $`X^a=y^a(\tau )`$ according to our ansatz (8). Correspondingly, the last two terms in (18) vanish and there is no need to impose the conditions (20). Moreover, the metric (4) is a diagonal one, so we have $`h_{aa}=g_{aa}=1`$. Taking this into account, we obtain the exact solution of the equations of motion and constraints (21) in the considered particular metric expressed as follows

$`X^\mu (t,\sigma )=X_0^\mu +C_\pm ^\mu \left(\lambda ^1\tau +\sigma \right)\pm A_\mu ^\pm I^\mu (t),\tau (t)=\tau _0\pm I^0(t),`$
$`I^M(t){\displaystyle _{t_0}^t}𝑑uu^{2q_M}V^{1/2},q_M=(0,2/3,2/3,1/3).`$
Although we have chosen relatively simple background metric, the expressions for $`I^M`$ are too complicated. Because of that, we shall write down here only the formulas for the two limiting cases $`T=0`$ and $`T\mathrm{}`$ for $`t0`$. The former corresponds to considering null strings (high energy string limit).

When $`T=0`$, $`I^M`$ reads

$`I^M={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\left[\left(A_1^\pm \right)^2+\left(A_2^\pm \right)^2\right]^{1/2}}}[{\displaystyle \frac{t^{2/32q_M}}{\left(q_M1/3\right)A}}\text{2}F_1(1/2,q_M1/3;q_M+2/3;{\displaystyle \frac{1}{A^2t^2}})`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{t_0^{5/32q_M}}{q_M5/6}}\text{2}F_1(1/2,5/6q_M;11/6q_M;A^2t_0^2)+{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(q_M1/3\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(5/6q_M\right)}{\sqrt{\pi }A^{5/32q_M}}}],`$
where

$`A^2{\displaystyle \frac{\left(A_3^\pm \right)^2}{\left(A_1^\pm \right)^2+\left(A_2^\pm \right)^2}},`$
$`\text{2}F_1(a,b;c;z)`$ is the Gauss’ hypergeometric function and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(z)`$ is the Euler’s $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-function.

When $`T\mathrm{}`$, $`I^M`$ is given by the equalities

$`I^0`$ $`=`$ $`\pm {\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\lambda ^0TC_\pm ^3}}[{\displaystyle \frac{6}{C}}t^{1/3}\text{2}F_1(1/2,1/6;5/6;{\displaystyle \frac{1}{C^2t^2}})`$
$``$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}}t_0^{4/3}\text{2}F_1(1/2,2/3;5/3;C^2t_0^2)+{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(1/6\right)\mathrm{\Gamma }\left(2/3\right)}{\sqrt{\pi }C^{4/3}}}],`$
$`I^{1,2}`$ $`=`$ $`\pm {\displaystyle \frac{1}{4\lambda ^0TC_\pm ^3}}\left[\mathrm{ln}\left|{\displaystyle \frac{\left(1+C^2t^2\right)^{1/2}1}{\left(1+C^2t^2\right)^{1/2}+1}}\right|\mathrm{ln}\left|{\displaystyle \frac{\left(1+C^2t_0^2\right)^{1/2}1}{\left(1+C^2t_0^2\right)^{1/2}+1}}\right|\right],`$
$`I^3`$ $`=`$ $`\pm {\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\lambda ^0TC_\pm ^3C^2}}\left[\left(1+C^2t^2\right)^{1/2}\left(1+C^2t_0^2\right)^{1/2}\right],`$
where

$`C^2{\displaystyle \frac{\left(C_\pm ^1\right)^2+\left(C_\pm ^2\right)^2}{\left(C_\pm ^3\right)^2}}.`$
## 5 Comments and conclusions

In this letter we performed some investigation on the classical string dynamics in $`D`$-dimensional curved background. In Section 2 we begin with rewriting the string action in a form in which the limit $`T0`$ could be taken to include also the null string case. Then we propose an ansatz, which reduces the initial dynamical system depending on two worldsheet parameters ($`\tau ,\sigma `$) to the one depending only on $`\tau `$, whenever the background metric does not depend at least on one coordinate. An alternative ansatz is also given, which leads to a system depending only on $`\sigma `$. In Section 3, using the existence of an abelian isometry group $`G`$ generated by the Killing vectors $`/X^\mu `$, the problem of solving the equations of motion and two constraints in $`D`$-dimensional curved space-time $`_D`$ with metric $`g_{MN}`$ is reduced to considering equations of motion and one constraint in the coset $`_D/G`$ with metric $`h_{ab}`$. As might be expected, an interaction with a gauge field appears in the Euler-Lagrange equations. In this connection, let us note that if we write down $`A_a^\pm `$ introduced in (19) as

$`A_a^\pm =A_a^\nu A_\nu ^\pm ,`$
this gives the correspondence with the usual Kaluza-Klein type notation and

$`g_{MN}dy^Mdy^N=h_{ab}dy^ady^b+g_{\mu \nu }\left(dy^\mu +A_a^\mu dy^a\right)\left(dy^\nu +A_b^\nu dy^b\right).`$
In the remaining part of Section 3, we impose a number of conditions on the background metric, sufficient to obtain exact solutions of the equations of motion and constraints. These conditions are such that the metric is general enough to include in itself many interesting cases of curved backgrounds in different dimensions. In Section 4, we give an explicit example of exact string solution in four dimensional Kasner type background.