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# Bethe Equation at 𝑞=0, Möbius Inversion Formula, and Weight Multiplicities: II. 𝑋_𝑛 case

## 1. Introduction

### 1.1. Background

Since the early days of the algebraic Bethe ansatz approach to the integrable lattice models, the finite-dimensional representations of the affine quantum group $`U_q(X_n^{(1)})`$ and its sister, Yangian $`Y(X_n)`$, have attracted much attention. The categories of finite-dimensional modules of $`U_q(X_n^{(1)})`$ and $`Y(X_n)`$ are equivalent \[CP, D\]. The case $`X_n=A_n`$ is rather well understood \[CP, Ar\]. Also, a general theory of the character has been constructed \[FR, Kn\]. However, no universal description of the character, like the Weyl character formula, is known so far.

In the series of works \[K1, K2, K3, KR\], Kirillov and Reshetikhin focused attention on a special class of $`Y(X_n)`$-modules. We call them (and the corresponding $`U_q(X_n^{(1)})`$-modules) the KR modules. The KR modules of $`Y(X_n)`$ (resp. $`U_q(X_n^{(1)})`$) provide natural generalizations of the well-known $`XXX`$ (resp. $`XXZ`$) spin chain. They found that the formal counting of the Bethe vectors of the $`XXX`$-type spin chains, with the hypothesis of the completeness of the Bethe vectors, leads to a remarkable conjectural formula for the multiplicity of the $`X_n`$-irreducible components in the tensor products of the KR modules of $`Y(X_n)`$.

In this paper we show an analogous phenomenon occurs also for the $`XXZ`$-type case. In contrast with the $`XXX`$-type case, however, the formal counting of the Bethe vectors of the $`XXZ`$-type spin chains now leads to a conjectural formula for the weight multiplicity in the tensor products of the KR modules of $`U_q(X_n^{(1)})`$. We hope that these formulae will guide us to the proper understanding of the KR modules. This paper is the continuation of Part I \[KN\], where the case $`X_n=A_1`$ is described. Below we shall formulate and explain our problem more precisely.

### 1.2. KR modules

Let $`X_n`$ be one of the finite-dimensional simple Lie algebras over $``$ and $`U_q(X_n^{(1)})`$ be the non-twisted quantum affine algebra associated to $`X_n`$ without the derivation operator. Let $`\alpha _a`$ and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_a`$ ($`a=1,\mathrm{},n`$) be the simple roots and fundamental weights of $`X_n`$. We enumerate the vertices of the Dynkin diagram as in Table 1. Let $`(|)`$ be the standard bilinear form normalized as $`(\alpha |\alpha )=2`$ for a long root $`\alpha `$. We set $`t_a=2/(\alpha _a|\alpha _a)\{\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1},2,3\}`$. The Cartan matrix is $`C_{ab}=t_a(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)`$, and $`\alpha _a=_{b=1}^nC_{ba}\mathrm{\Lambda }_b`$.

The irreducible finite-dimensional $`U_q(X_n^{(1)})`$-modules are parameterized by $`n`$-tuples of polynomials (Drinfeld polynomials) $`(P_b)_{b=1}^n`$ with constant terms 1 \[CP\]. Here we follow the convention in \[FR\].

###### Definition 1.1.

For each $`a\{\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1},\mathrm{},n\}`$, $`m\{\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1},2,\mathrm{}\}`$, and $`u`$, the irreducible finite-dimensional $`U_q(X_n^{(1)})`$-module whose Drinfeld polynomials $`(P_b)`$ are

(1.1) $`P_b(v)=\{\begin{array}{cc}_{j=1}^m(1vq^uq^{(m2j+1)/t_a})\hfill & b=a\hfill \\ 1\hfill & \text{otherwise}\hfill \end{array}`$
is called a KR (Kirillov-Reshetikhin) module and denoted by $`W_m^{(a)}(u)`$.

For $`m=1`$, the KR modules are the fundamental modules. Through the injection $`U_q(X_n)U_q(X_n^{(1)})`$, any $`U_q(X_n^{(1)})`$-module $`W`$ is regarded as a $`U_q(X_n)`$-module.

###### Lemma 1.2.

For any $`u,u^{}`$, $`W_m^{(a)}(u)`$ and $`W_m^{(a)}(u^{})`$ are equivalent as $`U_q(X_n)`$-modules.

###### Proof.

It is well known that $`W_m^{(a)}(u^{})`$ is obtained from $`W_m^{(a)}(u)`$ by a pull-back of an automorphism $`\sigma `$ of $`U_q(X_n^{(1)})`$ which preserves $`U_q(X_n)`$. ∎

In view of Lemma 1.2, let us write the common underlying $`U_q(X_n)`$-module for the family $`W_m^{(a)}(u)`$ as $`W_m^{(a)}`$. In general, there is a natural identification of a $`U_q(X_n)`$-module $`V`$ with an $`X_n`$-module through the limit $`q1`$. With this identification, we use the $`X_n`$-weight and $`X_n`$-character to describe $`V`$, instead of $`U_q(X_n)`$-weight and $`U_q(X_n)`$-character. For example, $`\mathrm{ch}W_m^{(a)}`$ means the $`X_n`$-character of $`W_m^{(a)}`$. The $`X_n`$-weight of the highest weight vector of $`W_m^{(a)}(u)`$ is $`m\mathrm{\Lambda }_a`$.

### 1.3. The series $`Q_m^{(a)}`$ and Kirillov-Reshetikhin’s conjecture

Let $`x_a=e^{\mathrm{\Lambda }_a}`$ and $`y_a=e^{\alpha _a}`$, $`a=1`$, …, $`n`$, be the formal exponentials of the fundamental weights and (the minus of) the simple roots of $`X_n`$. With the multivariable notation $`x=(x_a)_{a=1}^n`$ and $`y=(y_a)_{a=1}^n`$, we write the relation $`y_a=_{b=1}^nx_b^{(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)t_b}`$ as $`y=y(x)`$. Its inverse $`x=x(y)`$ involves fractional powers for some $`X_n`$. Let $`[[y]]`$ be the ring of (formal) power series of $`y=(y_a)_{a=1}^n`$ with the standard topology. For a power series $`f(y)`$, $`f(y(x))`$ is a Laurent series of $`x`$. Conversely, for a Laurent series $`f(x)`$, $`f(x(y))`$ is a Puiseax (fractional Laurent) series of $`y`$, in general.

Let $`H`$ denote the index set

(1.2) $`H=\{(a,m)a\{1,\mathrm{},n\},m\{1,2,\mathrm{}\}\},`$
and for $`(a,m)`$, $`(b,k)H`$, we define

(1.3)
$$B_{am,bk}=2\mathrm{min}(t_bm,t_ak)\mathrm{min}(t_bm,t_a(k+1))\mathrm{min}(t_bm,t_a(k1)).$$

The following series are our main interest in this paper.

###### Theorem-Definition 1.3.

Let $`(\stackrel{~}{Q}_m^{(a)}(y))_{(a,m)H}`$ be the unique family of the invertible power series of $`y`$ which satisfies (Q̃-I) and (Q̃-II):

(Q̃-I). ($`Q`$-system) Let $`\stackrel{~}{Q}_0^{(a)}(y)=1`$. For $`m=1`$, $`2`$, …,

(1.4)
$$(\stackrel{~}{Q}_m^{(a)}(y))^2=\stackrel{~}{Q}_{m+1}^{(a)}(y)\stackrel{~}{Q}_{m1}^{(a)}(y)+y_a^m(\stackrel{~}{Q}_m^{(a)}(y))^2\underset{(b,k)H}{}(\stackrel{~}{Q}_k^{(b)}(y))^{(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)B_{am,bk}}.$$

(Q̃-II). (convergence property) The limit $`lim_m\mathrm{}\stackrel{~}{Q}_m^{(a)}(y)`$ exists in $`[[y]]`$.

Let $`Q_m^{(a)}(x):=x_a^m\stackrel{~}{Q}_m^{(a)}(y(x))`$. Equivalently, $`(Q_m^{(a)}(x))_{(m,a)H}`$ is the unique family of the Laurent series of $`x`$ which satisfies (Q-I) and (Q-II):

(Q-I). ($`Q`$-system) Let $`Q_0^{(a)}(x)=1`$. For $`m=1`$, $`2`$, …,

(1.5)
$$(Q_m^{(a)}(x))^2=Q_{m+1}^{(a)}(x)Q_{m1}^{(a)}(x)+(Q_m^{(a)}(x))^2\underset{(b,k)H}{}(Q_k^{(b)}(x))^{(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)B_{am,bk}}.$$

(Q-II). (convergence property) $`\stackrel{~}{Q}_m^{(a)}(y):=x_a^mQ_m^{(a)}(x)|_{x=x(y)}`$ is an invertible power series of $`y`$, and the limit $`lim_m\mathrm{}\stackrel{~}{Q}_m^{(a)}(y)`$ exists in $`[[y]]`$.

The existence and the uniqueness of $`(\stackrel{~}{Q}_m^{(a)}(y))`$, together with two explicit expressions, will be shown in Theorem 5.3, which is our key theorem.

###### Remark 1.4.

The equivalence of the relations (Q̃-I) and (Q-I) is easily seen with (A.10). The product in the RHSs of (Q̃-I) and (Q-I) are actually finite products (Proposition A.1 (i)). From given invertible power series $`\stackrel{~}{Q}_1^{(1)}`$, …, $`\stackrel{~}{Q}_1^{(n)}`$, the relation (Q̃-I) recursively determines all the other invertible power series $`\stackrel{~}{Q}_m^{(a)}`$ (Proposition A.2).

###### Example 1.5.

For $`A_1`$, the relation (1.4) becomes

(1.6)
$$(\stackrel{~}{Q}_m^{(1)}(y))^2=\stackrel{~}{Q}_{m+1}^{(1)}(y)\stackrel{~}{Q}_{m1}^{(1)}(y)+y_1^m.$$

It is easy to check that $`\stackrel{~}{Q}_m^{(1)}(y)=_{j=0}^my_1^j`$ satisfies the relation (1.6) and that $`lim_m\mathrm{}\stackrel{~}{Q}_m^{(1)}(y)=_{j=0}^{\mathrm{}}y_1^j`$. Therefore, $`Q_m^{(1)}(x)=x_1^m+x_1^{m2}+\mathrm{}+x_1^m`$, which is the irreducible $`A_1`$-character with highest weight $`m\mathrm{\Lambda }_1`$.

Let $`\chi (\lambda )`$ be the irreducible $`X_n`$-character with highest weight $`\lambda `$. The following two theorems were first proved for $`A_n`$ by \[K2\], then generalized for the rest by \[HKOTY\]:

###### Theorem 1.6 (\[K2, HKOTY\]).

For $`X_n`$ of classical type, i.e., $`X_n=A_n`$, $`B_n`$, $`C_n`$, and $`D_n`$, $`Q_m^{(a)}`$’s in (1.7)–(1.10) satisfy (Q-I) and (Q-II).

(1.7) $`A_n:`$ $`Q_m^{(a)}`$ $`=\chi (m\mathrm{\Lambda }_a),`$
(1.8) $`B_n:`$ $`Q_m^{(a)}`$ $`={\displaystyle \chi (k_{a_0}\mathrm{\Lambda }_{a_0}+k_{a_0+2}\mathrm{\Lambda }_{a_0+2}+\mathrm{}+k_a\mathrm{\Lambda }_a)},`$
(1.9) $`C_n:`$ $`Q_m^{(a)}`$ $`=\{\begin{array}{cc}\chi (k_1\mathrm{\Lambda }_1+k_2\mathrm{\Lambda }_2+\mathrm{}+k_a\mathrm{\Lambda }_a)\hfill & 1an1\hfill \\ \chi (m\mathrm{\Lambda }_n)\hfill & a=n,\hfill \end{array}`$
(1.10) $`D_n:`$ $`Q_m^{(a)}`$ $`=\{\begin{array}{cc}\chi (k_{a_0}\mathrm{\Lambda }_{a_0}+k_{a_0+2}\mathrm{\Lambda }_{a_0+2}+\mathrm{}+k_a\mathrm{\Lambda }_a)\hfill & 1an2\hfill \\ \chi (m\mathrm{\Lambda }_a)\hfill & a=n1,n.\hfill \end{array}`$
In (1.8) and (1.10), $`a_0=0`$ or $`1`$ with $`a_0a`$ mod $`2`$, $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_0=0`$, and the sum is taken over non-negative integers $`k_{a_0}`$, …, $`k_a`$ that satisfy $`t_a(k_{a_0}+\mathrm{}+k_{a2})+k_a=m`$. In (1.9), the sum is taken over non-negative integers $`k_1`$, …, $`k_a`$ that satisfy $`k_1+\mathrm{}+k_am`$, $`k_bm\delta _{ab}`$ mod $`2`$.

Because of the uniqueness, $`Q_m^{(a)}(x)`$ in Theorem 1.6 coincides with the one in Definition 1.3. In particular, $`Q_m^{(a)}(x)`$ is $`𝒲`$ invariant for any $`X_n`$ of classical type, where $`𝒲`$ is the Weyl group of $`X_n`$.

###### Theorem 1.7 (\[K2, HKOTY\]).

Let $`X_n`$ be arbitrary. If $`Q_m^{(a)}(x)`$ is $`𝒲`$ invariant for any $`(a,m)H`$, then

(1.11) $`Q_m^{(a)}`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{\lambda P_+}{}}\left\{{\displaystyle \underset{N𝒩_\lambda }{}}{\displaystyle \underset{(b,k)H}{}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{P_k^{(b)}+N_k^{(b)}}{N_k^{(b)}}}\right)\right\}\chi (\lambda ),`$
where $`P_+`$ is the set of the dominant integral weights of $`X_n`$, and

(1.12) $`P_k^{(b)}`$ $`=\mathrm{min}(k,m)\delta _{ab}{\displaystyle \underset{(c,j)H}{}}(\alpha _b|\alpha _c)\mathrm{min}(t_ck,t_bj)N_j^{(c)},`$
(1.13) $`𝒩_\lambda `$ $`=\{N=(N_k^{(b)})_{(b,k)H}N_k^{(b)}_0,m\mathrm{\Lambda }_a{\displaystyle \underset{(b,k)H}{}}kN_k^{(b)}\alpha _b=\lambda \}.`$
In particular, (1.11) holds for any $`X_n`$ of classical type.

The following fundamental conjecture is due to Kirillov and Reshetikhin:

###### Conjecture 1.8 (\[K3, KR\]).

(i) For any $`X_n`$ of classical type, $`\mathrm{ch}W_m^{(a)}`$ equals to the RHSs of (1.7)–(1.10), respectively.

(ii) For any $`X_n`$, $`\mathrm{ch}W_m^{(a)}`$ equals to the RHS of (1.11).

(iii) For any $`X_n`$, $`\mathrm{ch}W_m^{(a)}`$’s satisfy the relation (Q-I) with $`Q_m^{(a)}`$ being replaced with $`\mathrm{ch}W_m^{(a)}`$.

###### Remark 1.9.

Precisely speaking, the existence of such modules $`W_m^{(a)}(u)`$ was claimed in \[K3, KR\] without the identification of their Drinfeld polynomials (1.1). According to Theorems 1.6 and 1.7, for any $`X_n`$ of classical type, (i) and (ii) are equivalent and (iii) follows from (i). So far, Conjecture 1.8 has been completely proved in the literature only for $`A_n`$ \[K2\] and $`D_n`$ \[Ch\].

Since we expect that $`Q_m^{(a)}`$ are, in fact, $`𝒲`$ invariant also for any $`X_n`$ of exceptional type, we reformulate Conjecture 1.8 more simply as

###### Conjecture 1.10.

For any $`X_n`$,

$$\mathrm{ch}W_m^{(a)}=Q_m^{(a)}.$$

### 1.4. Formal completeness of the $`XXX`$-type Bethe vectors

Let us explain an interpretation of the expression (1.11) in the context of spin chains. Let

(1.14) $`𝒩=\{N=(N_m^{(a)})_{(a,m)H}N_m^{(a)}_0,{\displaystyle \underset{(a,m)H}{}}N_m^{(a)}<\mathrm{}\}.`$
For each $`\nu =(\nu _m^{(a)})𝒩`$, we associate a (finite) tensor product of $`W_m^{(a)}`$’s,

(1.15)
$$W^\nu =\underset{(a,m)H}{}(W_m^{(a)})^{\nu _m^{(a)}}.$$

In the context of the spin chain, $`W^\nu `$ appears as the quantum space on which the commuting family of the transfer matrices act. Thus, we call $`\nu `$ the quantum space data. For each $`\nu 𝒩`$, we define a Laurent series $`Q^\nu (x)`$ of $`x`$,

(1.16)
$$Q^\nu (x)=\underset{(a,m)H}{}(Q_m^{(a)}(x))^{\nu _m^{(a)}}$$

and expand $`Q^\nu (x)`$ as

(1.17)
$$Q^\nu (x)\underset{\alpha \mathrm{\Delta }_+}{}(1e^\alpha )=\underset{\lambda P}{}k_\lambda ^\nu e^\lambda ,$$

where $`\mathrm{\Delta }_+`$ is the set of all the positive roots of $`X_n`$, and $`P`$ is the weight lattice of $`X_n`$. If Conjecture 1.10 is correct, then $`Q^\nu =\mathrm{ch}W^\nu `$. It follows from the Weyl character formula that $`k_\lambda ^\nu `$ (for dominant $`X_n`$-weight $`\lambda `$) is equal to the multiplicity $`[W^\nu :V_\lambda ]`$ of the $`U_q(X_n)`$-irreducible components $`V_\lambda `$ with highest weight $`\lambda `$ in $`W^\nu `$. On the other hand, it was shown in \[K2, HKOTY\] (cf. (5.19)) that

(1.18)
$$k_\lambda ^\nu =\underset{N𝒩_\lambda ^\nu }{}K(\nu ,N)$$

holds under the assumption of the $`𝒲`$ invariance for $`Q_m^{(a)}`$. Here $`K(\nu ,N)`$ and $`𝒩_\lambda ^\nu `$ are defined in (4.6) and (5.15). The RHS of (1.18) represents a formal counting of the Bethe vectors of weight $`\lambda `$ for the $`XXX`$-type ($`Y(X_n)`$) spin chain with quantum space $`W^\nu `$ \[K1, K2, KR\]. We say the counting formal because $`K(\nu ,N)`$ correctly counts the Bethe vectors only for special $`(\nu ,N)`$’s. Therefore, we call the equality (1.18) the formal completeness of the $`XXX`$-type Bethe vectors (Corollary 5.11). The formula (1.11) is the special case of (1.18) for $`\nu =(\nu _k^{(b)})`$, $`\nu _k^{(b)}=\delta _{ab}\delta _{mk}`$.

### 1.5. Formal completeness of the $`XXZ`$-type Bethe vectors

We remind that the most significant difference between the Bethe vectors of the spin chains of $`XXX`$-type and $`XXZ`$-type is that the former are $`X_n`$-singular, while the latter are not necessarily $`U_q(X_n)`$-singular. Accordingly, we expand $`Q^\nu (x)`$ as

(1.19)
$$Q^\nu (x)=\underset{\lambda P}{}r_\lambda ^\nu e^\lambda .$$

If Conjecture 1.10 is correct, then $`r_\lambda ^\nu `$ (for any $`X_n`$-weight $`\lambda `$) is equal to the weight multiplicity $`dimW_\lambda ^\nu `$ in $`W^\nu `$ at $`\lambda `$. We will show that (cf. (5.14))

(1.20)
$$r_\lambda ^\nu =\underset{N𝒩_\lambda ^\nu }{}R(\nu ,N),$$

where $`R(\nu ,N)`$ is the integer defined in (3.2). It will be further shown that the RHS of (1.20) now represents a formal counting of the Bethe vectors of weight $`\lambda `$ for the $`XXZ`$-type ($`U_q(X_n^{(1)})`$) spin chain with quantum space $`W^\nu `$ in the $`q0`$ limit (Theorems 2.11 and 3.2). Therefore, we call the equality (1.20) the formal completeness of the $`XXZ`$-type Bethe vectors (Corollary 5.6). As the special case of (1.20) for $`\nu =(\nu _k^{(b)})`$, $`\nu _k^{(b)}=\delta _{ab}\delta _{mk}`$, we obtain yet another expression of $`Q_m^{(a)}(x)`$ (Theorem 5.3):

(1.21) $`Q_m^{(a)}(x)`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{\lambda P}{}}\left\{{\displaystyle \underset{N𝒩_\lambda }{}}\left(\underset{(b,k),(c,j)}{det}F_{bk,cj}\right){\displaystyle \underset{(b,k)}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N_k^{(b)}}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{P_k^{(b)}+N_k^{(b)}1}{N_k^{(b)}1}}\right)\right\}e^\lambda ,`$
(1.22) $`F_{bk,cj}`$ $`=\delta _{bc}\delta _{kj}P_k^{(b)}+(\alpha _b|\alpha _c)\mathrm{min}(t_ck,t_bj)N_j^{(c)},`$
where $`P_k^{(b)}`$ and $`𝒩_\lambda `$ are in (1.12) and (1.13), and $`det`$ and $``$ mean the ones over the index set $`\{(b,k)HN_k^{(b)}>0\}`$. The equality (1.21) holds for any $`X_n`$ without assuming the $`𝒲`$ invariance of $`Q_m^{(a)}(x)`$.

The paper essentially consists of two parts: In the first part (Sections 2 and 3), we derive the number $`R(\nu ,N)`$ in (1.20) from a formal counting of the $`XXZ`$-type Bethe vectors in the $`q0`$ limit. In Theorem 2.11 we show that there is a one-to-one correspondence between a class of solutions of the Bethe equation and the one of the associated linear congruence equation called the string center equation (SCE). We then apply the standard Möbius inversion technique to count the off-diagonal solutions of the SCE (Theorem 3.2). In the second part (Sections 4 and 5), we show the formal completeness of the XXZ-type Bethe vectors (1.20). For that purpose we introduce the generating series of the numbers $`R(\nu ,N)`$ and derive its analytic expression (Theorem 4.7). We then show the uniqueness of the series $`\stackrel{~}{Q}_m^{(a)}`$ and that a specialization of the above generating series indeed satisfies the condition in Definition 1.3 (Theorem 5.3). The two parts are logically almost independent and therefore able to be read rather separately.

## 2. Bethe equation at $`q=0`$

### 2.1. The $`U_q(X_n^{(1)})`$ Bethe equation

Let $`𝒩`$ be the set in (1.14). Given $`\nu 𝒩`$ and a sequence of $`n`$ non-negative integers $`(M_a)_{a=1}^n`$, we associate a system of $`_{a=1}^nM_a`$ equations for $`_{a=1}^nM_a`$ variables $`u_i^{(a)}`$ ($`a=1,\mathrm{},n;i=1\mathrm{},M_a`$),

(2.1)
$$\begin{array}{cc}& \underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\left(\frac{\mathrm{sin}\pi \left(u_i^{(a)}+\frac{\sqrt{1}m\mathrm{}}{t_a}\right)}{\mathrm{sin}\pi \left(u_i^{(a)}\frac{\sqrt{1}m\mathrm{}}{t_a}\right)}\right)^{\nu _m^{(a)}}\hfill \\ \hfill =& \underset{b=1}{\overset{n}{}}\underset{j=1}{\overset{M_b}{}}\frac{\mathrm{sin}\pi \left(u_i^{(a)}u_j^{(b)}+\sqrt{1}(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)\mathrm{}\right)}{\mathrm{sin}\pi \left(u_i^{(a)}u_j^{(b)}\sqrt{1}(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)\mathrm{}\right)}\hfill \end{array}$$

with $`t_a`$ and $`\alpha _a`$ defined in Section 1.2. We call (2.1) the Bethe (ansatz) equation. The equation was introduced in \[OW, RW\]. It is widely believed that for each solution of (2.1), one can associate a vector in the space $`W^\nu `$ in (1.15) with $`X_n`$-weight

(2.2)
$$\underset{(a,m)H}{}m\nu _m^{(a)}\mathrm{\Lambda }_a\underset{a=1}{\overset{n}{}}M_a\alpha _a,$$

and the vector is an eigenvector (the Bethe vector) of the transfer matrix of the $`U_q(X_n^{(1)})`$ spin chain with the quantum space $`W^\nu `$, if it is not the zero vector.

###### Remark 2.1.

Actually, the equation (2.1) is a special case of a more general family of the Bethe equations which depend on the spectral parameters at each site of the spin chain. Since the analysis below can be easily extended for a general case in a straightforward way, we concentrate on the homogeneous case (2.1).

By setting $`t=\mathrm{max}_{1an}t_a`$, $`q=e^{2\pi \mathrm{}/t}`$, $`x_i^{(a)}=e^{2\pi \sqrt{1}u_i^{(a)}}`$, (2.1) is written as

(2.3)
$$F_{i+}^{(a)}G_i^{(a)}=F_i^{(a)}G_{i+}^{(a)},$$

(2.4) $`F_{i+}^{(a)}`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}(x_i^{(a)}q^{mt/t_a}1)^{\nu _m^{(a)}},`$ $`G_{i+}^{(a)}`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{b=1}{\overset{n}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{M_b}{}}}(x_i^{(a)}q^{(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)t}x_j^{(b)}),`$
(2.5) $`F_i^{(a)}`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}(x_i^{(a)}q^{mt/t_a})^{\nu _m^{(a)}},`$ $`G_i^{(a)}`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{b=1}{\overset{n}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{M_b}{}}}(x_i^{(a)}x_j^{(b)}q^{(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)t}).`$
### 2.2. String solution

We consider a class of solutions $`(x_i^{(a)})`$ of (2.3) such that $`x_i^{(a)}=x_i^{(a)}(q)`$ is meromorphic (with respect to $`q`$) around $`q=0`$. For a meromorphic function $`f(q)`$ around $`q=0`$, let $`\mathrm{ord}(f)`$ be the order of the leading power of the Laurent expansion of $`f(q)`$ around $`q=0`$, i.e.,

(2.6) $`f(q)`$ $`=q^{\mathrm{ord}(f)}(f^0+f^1q+\mathrm{}),f^00,`$
and let $`\stackrel{~}{f}(q):=f^0+f^1q+\mathrm{}`$ be the normalized series. When $`f(q)`$ is identically zero, we set $`\mathrm{ord}(f)=\mathrm{}`$.

###### Definition 2.2.

A meromorphic solution $`(x_i^{(a)})`$ of (2.3) around $`q=0`$ is called admissible (inadmissible) if $`\mathrm{ord}(F_{i+}^{(a)}G_i^{(a)})<\mathrm{}`$ for any $`(a,i)`$ (otherwise).

For each $`N=(N_m^{(a)})𝒩`$, we set

(2.7) $`H^{}=H^{}(N):=\{(a,m)HN_m^{(a)}>0\},`$
where $`H`$ is defined in (1.2). We have $`|H^{}|<\mathrm{}`$.

###### Definition 2.3.

Let $`(M_a)_{a=1}^n`$ be the one in the Bethe equation (2.3), and let $`N=(N_m^{(a)})𝒩`$ satisfy $`_{m=1}^{\mathrm{}}mN_m^{(a)}=M_a`$. A meromorphic solution $`(x_i^{(a)})`$ of (2.3) around $`q=0`$ is called a string solution of pattern $`N`$ if

(i) $`(x_i^{(a)})`$ is admissible.

(ii) $`(x_i^{(a)})`$ can be arranged as $`(x_{m\alpha i}^{(a)})`$ with

(2.8)
$$(a,m)H^{},\alpha =1,\mathrm{},N_m^{(a)},i=1,\mathrm{},m$$

such that

(a) $`d_{m\alpha i}^{(a)}:=\mathrm{ord}(x_{m\alpha i}^{(a)})=(m+12i)t/t_a`$.

(b) $`z_{m\alpha }^{(a)}:=x_{m\alpha 1}^{(a)0}=x_{m\alpha 2}^{(a)0}=\mathrm{}=x_{m\alpha m}^{(a)0}(0)`$, where $`x_{m\alpha i}^{(a)0}`$ is the coefficient of the leading power of $`x_{m\alpha i}^{(a)}`$.

For each $`(a,m,\alpha )`$, $`(x_{m\alpha i}^{(a)})_{i=1}^m`$ is called an $`m`$-string of color $`a`$, and $`z_{m\alpha }^{(a)}`$ is called the string center of the $`m`$-string $`(x_{m\alpha i}^{(a)})_{i=1}^m`$. (Thus, $`N_m^{(a)}`$ is the number of the $`m`$-strings of color $`a`$.)

For a string solution $`(x_{m\alpha i}^{(a)})`$, $`x_{m\alpha i}^{(a)}(q)=q^{d_{m\alpha i}^{(a)}}\stackrel{~}{x}_{m\alpha i}^{(a)}(q)`$, of pattern $`N`$, the Bethe equation (2.3) reads

(2.9)
$$F_{m\alpha i+}^{(a)}G_{m\alpha i}^{(a)}=F_{m\alpha i}^{(a)}G_{m\alpha i+}^{(a)},$$

(2.10) $`F_{m\alpha i+}^{(a)}`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}(\stackrel{~}{x}_{m\alpha i}^{(a)}q^{d_{m\alpha i}^{(a)}+kt/t_a}1)^{\nu _k^{(a)}},`$
(2.11) $`F_{m\alpha i}^{(a)}`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}(\stackrel{~}{x}_{m\alpha i}^{(a)}q^{d_{m\alpha i}^{(a)}}q^{kt/t_a})^{\nu _k^{(a)}},`$
(2.12) $`G_{m\alpha i+}^{(a)}`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{bk\beta j}{}}(\stackrel{~}{x}_{m\alpha i}^{(a)}q^{d_{m\alpha i}^{(a)}+(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)t}\stackrel{~}{x}_{k\beta j}^{(b)}q^{d_{k\beta j}^{(b)}}),`$
(2.13) $`G_{m\alpha i}^{(a)}`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{bk\beta j}{}}(\stackrel{~}{x}_{m\alpha i}^{(a)}q^{d_{m\alpha i}^{(a)}}\stackrel{~}{x}_{k\beta j}^{(b)}q^{d_{k\beta j}^{(b)}+(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)t}),`$
where $`_{bk\beta j}=_{(b,k)H^{}}_{\beta =1}^{N_k^{(b)}}_{j=1}^k`$, and the indices $`a`$, $`m`$, $`\alpha `$, and $`i`$ run in the range (2.8). For a string solution $`(x_{m\alpha i}^{(a)})`$ of type $`N`$, we call (2.9) also the Bethe equation.

Notice that $`\zeta _{m\alpha i}^{(a)}:=\mathrm{ord}(\stackrel{~}{x}_{m\alpha i}^{(a)}\stackrel{~}{x}_{m\alpha i1}^{(a)})`$ is positive and finite because of (i) and (ii) in Definition 2.3. We define $`y_{m\alpha i}^{(a)}(q)`$ ($`2im`$) as

(2.14)
$$q^{\zeta _{m\alpha i}^{(a)}}y_{m\alpha i}^{(a)}(q)=\stackrel{~}{x}_{m\alpha i}^{(a)}(q)\stackrel{~}{x}_{m\alpha i1}^{(a)}(q).$$

Let us extract the factors $`y_{m\alpha i}^{(a)}`$ from $`G_{m\alpha i\pm }^{(a)}`$ and introduce $`G_{m\alpha i\pm }^{(a)}`$ as follows:

(2.15) $`G_{m\alpha i+}^{(a)}`$ $`=\{\begin{array}{cc}G_{m\alpha 1+}^{(a)}\hfill & i=1\hfill \\ G_{m\alpha i+}^{(a)}q^{d_{m\alpha i}^{(a)}+(\alpha _a|\alpha _a)t+\zeta _{m\alpha i}^{(a)}}y_{m\alpha i}^{(a)}\hfill & 2im,\hfill \end{array}`$
(2.16) $`G_{m\alpha i}^{(a)}`$ $`=\{\begin{array}{cc}G_{m\alpha i}^{(a)}q^{d_{m\alpha i}^{(a)}+\zeta _{m\alpha i+1}^{(a)}}y_{m\alpha i+1}\hfill & 1im1\hfill \\ G_{m\alpha m}^{(a)}\hfill & i=m.\hfill \end{array}`$
Now the Bethe equation (2.9) takes the form:

(2.17) $`\stackrel{~}{F}_{m\alpha 1+}^{(a)}\stackrel{~}{G}_{m\alpha 1}^{(a)}y_{m\alpha 2}^{(a)}`$ $`=\stackrel{~}{F}_{m\alpha 1}^{(a)}\stackrel{~}{G}_{m\alpha 1+}^{(a)}`$ $`i=1,`$
(2.18) $`\stackrel{~}{F}_{m\alpha i+}^{(a)}\stackrel{~}{G}_{m\alpha i}^{(a)}y_{m\alpha i+1}^{(a)}`$ $`=\stackrel{~}{F}_{m\alpha i}^{(a)}\stackrel{~}{G}_{m\alpha i+}^{(a)}y_{m\alpha i}^{(a)}`$ $`2im1,`$
(2.19) $`\stackrel{~}{F}_{m\alpha m+}^{(a)}\stackrel{~}{G}_{m\alpha m}^{(a)}`$ $`=\stackrel{~}{F}_{m\alpha m}^{(a)}\stackrel{~}{G}_{m\alpha m+}^{(a)}y_{m\alpha m}^{(a)}`$ $`i=m.`$
### 2.3. $`q0`$ limit of Bethe equation

Suppose that $`(x_{m\alpha i}^{(a)})`$ is a string solution to the Bethe equation (2.9). Taking the leading coefficients of (2.17)–(2.19),

(2.20) $`F_{m\alpha 1+}^{(a)0}G_{m\alpha 1}^{(a)0}y_{m\alpha 2}^{(a)0}`$ $`=F_{m\alpha 1}^{(a)0}G_{m\alpha 1+}^{(a)0}`$ $`i=1,`$
(2.21) $`F_{m\alpha i+}^{(a)0}G_{m\alpha i}^{(a)0}y_{m\alpha i+1}^{(a)0}`$ $`=F_{m\alpha i}^{(a)0}G_{m\alpha i+}^{(a)0}y_{m\alpha i}^{(a)0}`$ $`2im1,`$
(2.22) $`F_{m\alpha m+}^{(a)0}G_{m\alpha m}^{(a)0}`$ $`=F_{m\alpha m}^{(a)0}G_{m\alpha m+}^{(a)0}y_{m\alpha m}^{(a)0}`$ $`i=m.`$
In particular, taking the product of (2.20)–(2.22), we have

(2.23)
$$1=(1)^m\underset{i=1}{\overset{m}{}}\frac{F_{m\alpha i+}^{(a)0}G_{m\alpha i}^{(a)0}}{F_{m\alpha i}^{(a)0}G_{m\alpha i+}^{(a)0}},$$

which turns out to be a key equation.

### 2.4. Generic string solution

We introduce a class of string solutions for which (2.23) can be explicitly written down. Let $`\xi _{m\alpha i\pm }^{(a)}`$, $`\eta _{m\alpha i\pm }^{(a)}`$ be the “superficial” orders of the factors $`F_{m\alpha i\pm }^{(a)}`$, $`G_{m\alpha i\pm }^{(a)}`$ in the Bethe equation (2.9): Namely,

(2.24) $`\xi _{m\alpha i+}^{(a)}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{t}{t_a}}{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\nu _k^{(a)}\mathrm{min}(m+12i+k,0),`$
(2.25) $`\xi _{m\alpha i}^{(a)}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{t}{t_a}}{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\nu _k^{(a)}\mathrm{min}(m+12i,k),`$
(2.26) $`\eta _{m\alpha i+}^{(a)}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{t}{t_a}}{\displaystyle \underset{bk\beta j}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{t_b}}\mathrm{min}(t_b(m+12i)+t_at_b(\alpha _a|\alpha _b),t_a(k+12j)),`$
(2.27) $`\eta _{m\alpha i}^{(a)}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{t}{t_a}}{\displaystyle \underset{bk\beta j}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{t_b}}\mathrm{min}(t_b(m+12i),t_a(k+12j)+t_at_b(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)).`$
###### Definition 2.4.

A string solution $`(x_{m\alpha i}^{(a)})`$ to (2.9) is called generic if

(2.28) $`\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathrm{ord}(F_{m\alpha i\pm }^{(a)})& =\xi _{m\alpha i\pm }^{(a)},\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{ord}(G_{m\alpha i+}^{(a)})& =\eta _{m\alpha i+}^{(a)}+\zeta _{m\alpha i}^{(a)},\mathrm{ord}(G_{m\alpha i}^{(a)})=\eta _{m\alpha i}^{(a)}+\zeta _{m\alpha i+1}^{(a)},\hfill \end{array}`$
where $`\zeta _{m\alpha 1}^{(a)}=\zeta _{m\alpha m+1}^{(a)}=0`$.

Given a quantum space data $`\nu 𝒩`$ and a string pattern $`N𝒩`$, we put

(2.29) $`\gamma _m^{(a)}`$ $`=\gamma _m^{(a)}(\nu )={\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\mathrm{min}(m,k)\nu _k^{(a)},`$
(2.30) $`P_m^{(a)}`$ $`=P_m^{(a)}(\nu ,N)=\gamma _m^{(a)}{\displaystyle \underset{(b,k)H}{}}(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)\mathrm{min}(t_bm,t_ak)N_k^{(b)}.`$
###### Lemma 2.5.

We have

(2.31) $`\begin{array}{cc}& (\xi _{m\alpha i+}^{(a)}+\eta _{m\alpha i}^{(a)})(\xi _{m\alpha i}^{(a)}+\eta _{m\alpha i+}^{(a)})\hfill \\ & =\{\begin{array}{cc}\frac{t}{t_a}\left(P_{m+12i}^{(a)}+N_{m+12i}^{(a)}\right)\mathrm{\Delta }_{m+12i}^{(a)}\hfill & 1i<\frac{1}{2}(m+1)\hfill \\ 0\hfill & i=\frac{1}{2}(m+1)\hfill \\ \frac{t}{t_a}\left(P_{2im1}^{(a)}+N_{2im1}^{(a)}\right)+\mathrm{\Delta }_{2im1}^{(a)}\hfill & \frac{1}{2}(m+1)<im,\hfill \end{array}\hfill \end{array}`$
where $`\mathrm{\Delta }_j^{(a)}=0`$ except for the following cases: If $`t_a=1`$ and there is $`a^{}`$ such that $`t_a^{}1`$, $`C_{aa^{}}0`$, then

(2.32)
$$\mathrm{\Delta }_j^{(a)}=\{\begin{array}{cc}N_{2j}^{(a^{})}\hfill & t_a^{}=2\hfill \\ \left(N_{3j1}^{(a^{})}+2N_{3j}^{(a^{})}+N_{3j+1}^{(a^{})}\right)\hfill & t_a^{}=3.\hfill \end{array}$$

###### Proof.

It is easy to show them by the case check. ∎

###### Proposition 2.6.

A necessary condition for the existence of a generic string solution of pattern $`N`$ is as follows ( $`(a,m)H^{}`$, $`1\alpha N_m^{(a)}`$, $`2im`$):

(2.33)
$$\underset{k=1}{\overset{\mathrm{min}(i1,m+1i)}{}}\left\{\frac{t}{t_a}\left(P_{m+12k}^{(a)}+N_{m+12k}^{(a)}\right)+\mathrm{\Delta }_{m+12k}^{(a)}\right\}>0.$$

###### Proof.

Suppose the equation (2.9) admits a generic solution. Then, $`\xi _{m\alpha i+}^{(a)}+\eta _{m\alpha i}^{(a)}+\zeta _{m\alpha i+1}^{(a)}=\xi _{m\alpha i}^{(a)}+\eta _{m\alpha i+}^{(a)}+\zeta _{m\alpha i}^{(a)}`$ holds. Therefore, the LHS of (2.31) equals to $`\zeta _{m\alpha i}^{(a)}\zeta _{m\alpha i+1}^{(a)}`$. Then, the LHS of (2.33) equals to $`\zeta _{m\alpha i}^{(a)}`$, which is positive. ∎

### 2.5. String center equation (SCE)

Let us compute the equation (2.23) for a generic string solution.

###### Proposition 2.7.

Let $`(x_{m\alpha i}^{(a)})`$ be a generic string solution of pattern $`N`$. Then its string centers $`(z_{m\alpha }^{(a)})`$ satisfy the following equations $`((a,m)H^{},1\alpha N_m^{(a)})`$:

(2.34)
$$\underset{(b,k)H^{}}{}\underset{\beta =1}{\overset{N_k^{(b)}}{}}(z_{k\beta }^{(b)})^{A_{am\alpha ,bk\beta }}=(1)^{P_m^{(a)}+N_m^{(a)}+1},$$

(2.35)
$$A_{am\alpha ,bk\beta }:=\delta _{ab}\delta _{mk}\delta _{\alpha \beta }(P_m^{(a)}+N_m^{(a)})+(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)\mathrm{min}(t_bm,t_ak)\delta _{ab}\delta _{mk}.$$

We call (2.34) the string center equation (SCE) of pattern $`N`$. The SCE (2.34) becomes the linear congruence equation (also called the SCE) in terms of the variables $`u_{k\beta }`$ (modulo $``$) defined by $`z_{k\beta }^{(b)}=\mathrm{exp}(2\pi \sqrt{1}u_{k\beta }^{(b)})`$:

(2.36)
$$\underset{(b,k)H^{}}{}\underset{\beta =1}{\overset{N_k^{(b)}}{}}A_{am\alpha ,bk\beta }u_{k\beta }^{(b)}\frac{P_m^{(a)}+N_m^{(a)}+1}{2}\mathrm{mod}.$$

###### Proof.

Let us compute the ratio (2.23) explicitly.

$$\underset{i=1}{\overset{m}{}}F_{m\alpha iϵ}^{(a)0}=\{\begin{array}{cc}(1)^{\gamma _m^{(a)}}_{k=1}^{\mathrm{}}(f_{am\alpha }^k)^{\nu _k^{(a)}}\hfill & ϵ=+\hfill \\ (z_{m\alpha }^{(a)})^{\gamma _m^{(a)}}_{k=1}^{\mathrm{}}(f_{am\alpha }^k)^{\nu _k^{(a)}}\hfill & ϵ=,\hfill \end{array}$$

$$f_{am\alpha }^k=\{\begin{array}{cc}1\hfill & mk\hfill \\ (z_{m\alpha }^{(a)})^{(mk)/2}\hfill & m>k,km\mathrm{mod}2\hfill \\ (z_{m\alpha }^{(a)})^{(mk1)/2}(z_{m\alpha }^{(a)}1)\hfill & m>k,km\mathrm{mod}2.\hfill \end{array}$$

In order to calculate $`_{i=1}^m(G_{m\alpha i}^{(a)0}/G_{m\alpha i+}^{(a)0})`$, it is convenient to evaluate

$$\begin{array}{cc}& \underset{i=1}{\overset{m}{}}\underset{j=1}{\overset{k}{}}(\stackrel{~}{x}_{m\alpha i}^{(a)}q^{d_{m\alpha i}^{(a)}+(1+ϵ)(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)t/2}\stackrel{~}{x}_{k\beta j}^{(b)}q^{d_{k\beta j}^{(b)}+(1ϵ)(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)t/2})^0\hfill \\ & =\{\begin{array}{cc}(z_{k\beta }^{(b)})^{(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)\mathrm{min}(t_bm,t_ak)\delta _{ab}\delta _{mk}}g_{am\alpha }^{bk\beta }\hfill & ϵ=1\hfill \\ (z_{m\alpha }^{(a)})^{(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)\mathrm{min}(t_bm,t_ak)\delta _{ab}\delta _{mk}}(1)^{(m1)\delta _{ab}\delta _{mk}\delta _{\alpha \beta }}g_{am\alpha }^{bk\beta }\hfill & ϵ=1.\hfill \end{array}\hfill \end{array}$$

Here $`g_{am\alpha }^{bk\beta }`$ are given as follows:

(i) For $`t_b(m1)t_a(k1)t_at_b(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)1\mathrm{mod}2`$

$$g_{am\alpha }^{bk\beta }=(z_{m\alpha }^{(a)}z_{k\beta }^{(b)})^{\frac{1}{2}mk\frac{1}{2}(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)\mathrm{min}(t_bm,t_ak)}.$$

(ii) For $`t_b(m1)t_a(k1)t_at_b(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)0\mathrm{mod}2`$, $`(a,m,\alpha )(b,k,\beta )`$

$`g_{am\alpha }^{bk\beta }`$ $`=(z_{m\alpha }^{(a)}z_{k\beta }^{(b)})^{\frac{1}{2}mk\left(\frac{1}{2t_{ab}}+\frac{1}{2}(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)\right)\left(\mathrm{min}(t_bm,t_ak)+\mathrm{\Delta }_{am}^{bk}\right)+\delta _{ab}\delta _{mk}}`$
$`\times (z_{m\alpha }^{(a)}z_{k\beta }^{(b)})^{\frac{1}{t_{ab}}\left(\mathrm{min}(t_bm,t_ak)+(1t)\mathrm{\Delta }_{am}^{bk}\right)\delta _{ab}\delta _{mk}},`$
where $`t_{ab}=\mathrm{max}(t_a,t_b)`$, and $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{am}^{bk}`$ is $`0`$ except for the cases: (a) If $`t_a<t_b`$, $`t_bm>t_ak`$, $`t_bmt_ak\pm 1`$ mod $`2t`$, then $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{am}^{bk}`$ is $`1`$ or $`1`$ with $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{am}^{bk}t_bmt_ak`$ mod $`2t`$. (b) If $`t_a>t_b`$, $`t_bm<t_ak`$, $`t_bmt_ak\pm 1`$ mod $`2t`$, then $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{am}^{bk}`$ is $`1`$ or $`1`$ with $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{am}^{bk}t_bmt_ak`$ mod $`2t`$.

(iii) For $`(a,m,\alpha )=(b,k,\beta )`$,

$$g_{am\alpha }^{bk\beta }=((z_{m\alpha }^{(a)})^2)^{\frac{1}{2}m^2\frac{3}{2}m+1}y_{m\alpha 2}^{(a)0}\mathrm{}y_{m\alpha m}^{(a)0}.$$

The factors $`(f_{am\alpha }^k)^{\nu _k^{(a)}}`$ and $`g_{am\alpha }^{bk\beta }`$ are all nonzero for a generic string solution $`(x_{m\alpha i}^{(a)})`$. Thus they are canceled in the ratio in the RHS of (2.23), and we find

(2.37)
$$(1)^m\underset{i=1}{\overset{m}{}}\frac{F_{m\alpha i+}^{(a)0}G_{m\alpha i}^{(a)0}}{F_{m\alpha i}^{(a)0}G_{m\alpha i+}^{(a)0}}=(1)^{P_m^{(a)}+N_m^{(a)}+1}\underset{bk\beta }{}(z_{k\beta }^{(b)})^{A_{am\alpha ,bk\beta }}.$$

From (2.23) and (2.37) we obtain (2.34). ∎

From the conditions $`(f_{am\alpha }^k)^{\nu _k^{(a)}}0`$ and $`g_{am\alpha }^{bk\beta }0`$ in the above proof, we see that a string solution is generic if and only if its string centers $`(z_{m\alpha }^{(a)})`$ satisfy the following condition for any $`(a,m,\alpha )`$:

(2.38)
$$\begin{array}{c}\underset{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{k=1}{km\left(2\right)}}{\overset{m1}{}}(z_{m\alpha }^{(a)}1)^{\nu _k^{(a)}}0,\\ \underset{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{bk\beta \left(am\alpha \right)}{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{t_b\left(m1\right)t_a\left(k1\right)}{t_at_b\left(\alpha _a|\alpha _b\right)0\left(2\right)}}}{}(z_{m\alpha }^{(a)}z_{k\beta }^{(b)})^{\frac{1}{t_{ab}}\left(\mathrm{min}(t_bm,t_ak)+(1t)\mathrm{\Delta }_{am}^{bk}\right)\delta _{ab}\delta _{mk}}0.\end{array}$$

###### Definition 2.8.

A solution to the SCE (2.34) is called generic if it satisfies the condition (2.38).

Let $`A`$ be the matrix with the entry $`A_{am\alpha ,bk\beta }`$ in (2.35).

###### Proposition 2.9.

Suppose that $`N𝒩`$ satisfies the conditions (2.33) and $`detA0`$. Then, for each generic solution $`(z_{m\alpha }^{(a)})`$ to the SCE of pattern $`N`$, there exists a unique generic string solution $`(x_{m\alpha i}^{(a)}(q))`$ of pattern $`N`$ to the Bethe equation (2.9) such that its string center $`z_{m\alpha }^{(a)}`$ is equal to $`z_{m\alpha }^{(a)}`$.

To prove Proposition 2.9, we introduce new variables $`w_{m\alpha i}^{(a)}`$ as

(2.39)
$$w_{m\alpha i}^{(a)}=\{\begin{array}{cc}\stackrel{~}{x}_{m\alpha i}^{(a)}\hfill & i=1\hfill \\ y_{m\alpha i}^{(a)}\hfill & 2im.\hfill \end{array}$$

Then

(2.40)
$$\stackrel{~}{x}_{m\alpha i}^{(a)}=w_{m\alpha 1}^{(a)}+q^{\zeta _{m\alpha 2}^{(a)}}w_{m\alpha 2}^{(a)}+\mathrm{}+q^{\zeta _{m\alpha i}^{(a)}}w_{m\alpha i}^{(a)}1im.$$

Let us write the $`i`$th equation of (2.17)–(2.19) as $`L_{m\alpha i}^{(a)}=R_{m\alpha i}^{(a)}`$. Let $`J=(J_{am\alpha i,bk\beta j})`$ be a matrix with entry $`J_{am\alpha i,bk\beta j}=\frac{}{w_{k\beta j}^{(b)}}\left(\frac{L_{m\alpha i}^{(a)}}{R_{m\alpha i}^{(a)}}1\right)`$.

###### Lemma 2.10.

If $`N𝒩`$ satisfies the conditions (2.33) and $`detA0`$, then $`detJ`$ is not zero at $`q=0`$.

###### Proof.

Owing to the assumption (2.33), we have $`\zeta _{m\alpha i}^{(a)}>0`$ for any $`(m,\alpha ,i)`$. Since $`L_{m\alpha i}^{(a)0}=R_{m\alpha i}^{(a)0}0`$, it suffices to show $`det𝒥0`$ for $`𝒥_{am\alpha i,bk\beta j}=\frac{}{w_{k\beta j}^{(b)}}\mathrm{log}\frac{L_{m\alpha i}^{(a)}}{R_{m\alpha i}^{(a)}}`$. From (2.40) both $`\frac{\stackrel{~}{F}_{m\alpha i\pm }^{(a)}}{w_{k\beta j}^{(b)}}`$ and $`\frac{\stackrel{~}{G}_{m\alpha i\pm }^{(a)}}{w_{k\beta j}^{(b)}}`$ for $`j1`$ are zero at $`q=0`$. Thus among $`𝒥_{am\alpha i,bk\beta j}^0`$’s the non-vanishing ones are only $`𝒥_{am\alpha i,bk\beta 1}^0`$ $`(1im)`$, $`𝒥_{am\alpha i,am\alpha i}^0=1/y_{m\alpha i}^{(a)0}`$ $`(2im)`$, and $`𝒥_{am\alpha i,am\alpha i+1}^0=1/y_{m\alpha i+1}^{(a)0}`$ $`(1im1)`$. Let $`\stackrel{}{𝒥}_{am\alpha i}^0=(𝒥_{am\alpha i,bk\beta j}^0)_{bk\beta j}`$ be the $`(am\alpha i)`$-th row vector of the matrix $`𝒥`$. In view of the above result, the linear dependence $`_{am\alpha i}c_{am\alpha i}\stackrel{}{𝒥}_{am\alpha i}^0=0`$ can possibly hold only when $`c_{am\alpha i}`$ is independent of $`i`$. Consequently we consider the equation $`_{am\alpha }c_{am\alpha }_{i=1}^m\stackrel{}{𝒥}_{am\alpha i}^0=0`$. The $`(bk\beta 1)`$-th component of the vector $`_{i=1}^m\stackrel{}{𝒥}_{am\alpha i}^0`$ is given by

$$\underset{q0}{lim}\frac{}{w_{k\beta 1}^{(b)}}\mathrm{log}\underset{i=1}{\overset{m}{}}\frac{\stackrel{~}{F}_{m\alpha i+}^{(a)}\stackrel{~}{G}_{m\alpha i}^{(a)}}{\stackrel{~}{F}_{m\alpha i}^{(a)}\stackrel{~}{G}_{m\alpha i+}^{(a)}}=\frac{}{z_{k\beta }^{(b)}}\mathrm{log}\underset{i=1}{\overset{m}{}}\frac{F_{m\alpha i+}^{(a)0}G_{m\alpha i}^{(a)0}}{F_{m\alpha i}^{(a)0}G_{m\alpha i+}^{(a)0}},$$

where we have taken into account (2.40) and $`\zeta _{m\alpha i}^{(a)}>0`$. Due to (2.37) the last expression is equal to $`A_{am\alpha ,bk\beta }/z_{k\beta }^{(b)}`$. Therefore the equation $`_{am\alpha }c_{am\alpha }_{i=1}^m\stackrel{}{𝒥}_{am\alpha i}^0=0`$ is equivalent to $`_{am\alpha }c_{am\alpha }A_{am\alpha ,bk\beta }=0`$ for any $`(b,k,\beta )`$. This admits only the trivial solution for $`c_{am\alpha }`$ if $`detA0`$. ∎

Proof of Proposition 2.9. The Bethe equations (2.17)–(2.19) are simultaneous equations in the variables $`((w_{m\alpha i}^{(a)}),q)`$. At $`q=0`$, (2.17)–(2.19) reduce to (2.20)–(2.22). The latter fix $`(y_{m\alpha i}^{(a)0})`$ unambiguously once a generic solution $`(z_{m\alpha }^{(a)})`$ to the SCE is given. Denote the resulting value of $`w_{m\alpha i}^{(a)}`$ by $`w_{m\alpha i}^{(a)0}`$. From Lemma 2.10 and the implicit function theorem, there uniquely exist the functions $`w_{m\alpha i}^{(a)}(q)`$ satisfying (2.17)–(2.19) and $`w_{m\alpha i}^{(a)0}=w_{m\alpha i}^{(a)0}`$. ∎

From Propositions 2.7 and 2.9, we obtain the main statement in this section.

###### Theorem 2.11.

Suppose that $`N𝒩`$ satisfies the conditions (2.33) and $`detA0`$. Then, there is a one-to-one correspondence between generic string solutions of pattern $`N`$ to the Bethe equation (2.9) and generic solutions to the SCE (2.34) of pattern $`N`$.

###### Remark 2.12.

As we will see later in Lemma 3.8, the condition $`detA0`$ in Theorem 2.11 is satisfied if $`N𝒩`$ satisfy the condition:

(2.41)  $`P_m^{(a)}(\nu ,N)0`$ for any $`(a,m)H^{}`$.
More strongly, $`detA`$ is positive under (2.41). In general, the conditions (2.33) and (2.41) are simultaneously satisfied if $`_mmN_m^{(a)}`$ is sufficiently smaller than $`_m\nu _m^{(a)}`$. Because of (2.2), $`_{(a,m)H}mN_m^{(a)}\alpha _a`$ measures the difference between the weight of the corresponding Bethe vector and the highest weight of the quantum space $`W^\nu `$. Thus, if $`_m\nu _m^{(a)}`$ are large enough, the conditions in Theorem 2.11 are satisfied at least “near the highest weight”.

## 3. Counting of off-diagonal solutions to SCE

In this section the off-diagonal solutions of the SCE will be counted under a certain condition (Theorem 3.2).

### 3.1. Off-diagonal solution

In what follows, the symbol $`\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{k}{j}\right)`$ ($`k`$, $`j`$) will denote the binomial coefficient:

(3.1)
$$\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{k}{j}\right)=\{\begin{array}{cc}k(k1)\mathrm{}(kj+1)/j!\hfill & j>0\hfill \\ 1\hfill & j=0\hfill \\ 0\hfill & j<0.\hfill \end{array}$$

For each $`\nu `$, $`N𝒩`$, we define the number $`R(\nu ,N)`$ as follows: For $`N0𝒩`$,

(3.2) $`R(\nu ,N)`$ $`=\left(\underset{(a,m),(b,k)H^{}}{det}F_{am,bk}\right){\displaystyle \underset{(a,m)H^{}}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N_m^{(a)}}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{P_m^{(a)}+N_m^{(a)}1}{N_m^{(a)}1}}\right),`$
(3.3) $`F_{am,bk}`$ $`=\delta _{ab}\delta _{mk}P_m^{(a)}+(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)\mathrm{min}(t_bm,t_ak)N_k^{(b)},`$
where $`H^{}=H^{}(N)`$ and $`P_m^{(a)}=P_m^{(a)}(\nu ,N)`$ are given by (2.7) and (2.30). For $`N=0`$, we set $`R(\nu ,0)=1`$ irrespective of $`\nu `$. For any $`N𝒩`$, $`R(\nu ,N)`$ is an integer (cf. Lemma 4.2), though it is not always a positive one.

###### Definition 3.1.

A solution $`(z_{m\alpha }^{(a)})`$ to the SCE is called off-diagonal (diagonal) if $`z_{m\alpha }^{(a)}=z_{m\beta }^{(a)}`$ only for $`\alpha =\beta `$ (otherwise).

Notice that “off-diagonal” above is weaker than the condition that $`z_{m\alpha }^{(a)}`$’s are all distinct.

###### Theorem 3.2.

If $`N(0)𝒩`$ satisfies the condition (2.41), then the number of off-diagonal solutions to the SCE (2.34) of pattern $`N`$ divided by $`_{(a,m)H^{}}N_m^{(a)}!`$ is equal to $`R(\nu ,N)`$.

###### Remark 3.3.

In contrast with Definition 3.1, let us call a solution to the Bethe equation (2.9) off-diagonal if $`x_{m\alpha i}^{(a)}(q)`$’s are all distinct. Theorem 3.2 is motivated by the fact for $`X_n=A_1`$ \[TV\] that (i) the Bethe vector associated to each solution to the Bethe equation does not vanish if and only if $`x_i^{(1)}`$’s are admissible and off-diagonal; (ii) the Bethe vector is invariant under the permutations of $`x_i^{(1)}`$’s. Combining Theorem 3.2 with Theorem 2.11, the number $`R(\nu ,N)`$ correctly counts the off-diagonal string solutions of pattern $`N`$ (modulo permutation) to the Bethe equation (2.9) if $`N`$ satisfies all the following conditions:

(i) $`N𝒩`$ satisfies the conditions (2.33) and (2.41).

(ii) All the off-diagonal string solutions of pattern $`N`$ to the Bethe equation are generic.

(iii) For each off-diagonal string solution of pattern $`N`$ to the Bethe equation, the string centers are all distinct.

(iv) For each off-diagonal solution to the SCE of pattern $`N`$, $`z_{m\alpha }^{(a)}`$’s are all distinct.

Unfortunately, so far we do not know a more general condition where the one-to-one correspondence between the off-diagonal string solutions to the Bethe equation (2.9) and the off-diagonal solutions to the SCE (2.34) holds.

### 3.2. Proof of Theorem 3.2

We work with the logarithmic form of the SCE (2.36),

(3.4)
$$A\stackrel{}{u}\stackrel{}{c}\mathrm{mod}^d,$$

where $`d=_{(a,m)H^{}}N_m^{(a)}`$. Here $`\stackrel{}{u}=(u_{k\beta }^{(b)})`$ is the unknown and $`\stackrel{}{c}`$ is some constant vector. The matrix $`A=(A_{am\alpha ,bk\beta })`$ is specified by (2.35). We consider the solutions $`u_{k\beta }^{(b)}`$ modulo integers.

The following fact is well-known (cf. \[C, 1.2.2, Lemma 1\]):

###### Lemma 3.4.

Let $`B`$ be an $`r`$ by $`r`$ integer matrix with $`detB0`$. Then for any $`\stackrel{}{b}^r`$, the equation $`B\stackrel{}{x}\stackrel{}{b}`$ $`\mathrm{mod}`$ $`^r`$ has exactly $`|detB|`$ solutions $`\stackrel{}{x}`$ in $`(/)^r`$.

Therefore, if $`detA0`$, then the number of the solutions to (3.4), including diagonal ones, is given by $`|detA|`$. One can systematically remove the diagonal solutions using the Möbius inversion method \[A, S\] as follows.

For a given positive integer $`K`$, $`\pi =(\pi _1,\mathrm{},\pi _l)`$ is called a partition of a set $`\{\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1},\mathrm{},K\}`$ if

$$\{\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1},\mathrm{},K\}=\pi _1\mathrm{}\pi _l$$

is a disjoint union decomposition. Here, the ordering of $`\pi _1`$, $`\pi _2`$, …, $`\pi _l`$ is ignored. Each $`\pi _i`$ is called a block of $`\pi `$, and $`l`$ is called a length of $`\pi `$. Let $`L_K`$ denote the set of partitions of $`\{\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1},\mathrm{},K\}`$. $`L_K`$ becomes a partially ordered set (poset) by the following partial order: Given two partitions $`\pi ,\pi ^{}L_K`$, we say $`\pi \pi ^{}`$ if each block of $`\pi ^{}`$ is contained in a block of $`\pi `$. Let $`\mu (\pi ,\pi ^{})`$ be the Möbius function for the poset $`L_K`$. It is well-known \[A, S\] that

###### Lemma 3.5.

Let $`X`$ be an indeterminate. For any $`\pi L_K`$ we have

(3.5) $`(X)_{l(\pi )}`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{\pi ^{}\pi }{}}\mu (\pi ^{},\pi )X^{l(\pi ^{})},`$
where $`(X)_l=X(X1)\mathrm{}(Xl+1)`$.

For a given string pattern $`N𝒩`$, we consider the direct product of posets $`_N=_{(a,m)H^{}}L_{N_m^{(a)}}`$; for $`\pi =(\pi _m^{(a)})`$, $`\pi ^{}=(\pi _m^{(a)})_N`$, we define $`\pi \pi ^{}`$ when $`\pi _m^{(a)}\pi _m^{(a)}`$ for each $`(a,m)`$. Below, $`\mu (\pi ,\pi ^{})`$ means the Möbius function for $`_N`$. We set $`l(\pi )=_{(a,m)H^{}}l(\pi _m^{(a)})`$. For each $`\pi =(\pi _m^{(a)})_N`$, let

$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \mathrm{Sol}_\pi ^{}=\{\stackrel{}{u}=(u_{k\beta }^{(b)})& \stackrel{}{u}\text{ is a solution of (}\text{3.4}\text{)},u_{k\alpha }^{(b)}=u_{k\beta }^{(b)}\text{ if}\hfill \\ & \text{ }\alpha \text{ and }\beta \text{ belong to the same block of }\pi _k^{(b)}\},\hfill \\ \hfill \mathrm{Sol}_\pi =\{\stackrel{}{u}=(u_{k\beta }^{(b)})& \stackrel{}{u}\text{ is a solution of (}\text{3.4}\text{)},u_{k\alpha }^{(b)}=u_{k\beta }^{(b)}\text{ if and only if}\hfill \\ & \text{ }\alpha \text{ and }\beta \text{ belong to the same block of }\pi _k^{(b)}\}.\hfill \end{array}$$

In particular, $`\mathrm{Sol}_{\pi _{\text{max}}}`$ is the set of the off-diagonal solutions of (3.4), where $`\pi _{\text{max}}`$ is the maximal element in $`_N`$.

###### Lemma 3.6.

(3.6)
$$|\mathrm{Sol}_\pi |=\underset{\pi ^{}\pi }{}\mu (\pi ^{},\pi )|\mathrm{Sol}_\pi ^{}^{}|$$

###### Proof.

By definition $`|\mathrm{Sol}_\pi ^{}|=_{\pi ^{}\pi }|\mathrm{Sol}_\pi ^{}|.`$ Applying the Möbius inversion formula \[S\], we obtain (3.6). ∎

To use the formula (3.6), let us evaluate $`|\mathrm{Sol}_\pi ^{}|`$. With the constraint, $`u_{k\alpha }^{(b)}=u_{k\beta }^{(b)}`$ on $`\stackrel{}{u}=(u_{k\beta }^{(b)})`$ if $`\alpha `$ and $`\beta `$ belong to the same block of $`\pi _k^{(b)}`$, the SCE (3.4) reduces to the following form:

(3.7)
$$A^\pi \stackrel{}{u}_\pi \stackrel{}{c}_\pi \mathrm{mod}^{l(\pi )}$$

In the new unknown $`\stackrel{}{u}_\pi =(u_{k\beta }^{(b)})`$, $`\beta `$ is now labeled by the blocks of $`\pi _k^{(b)}`$. The matrix $`A^\pi `$ is an integer matrix of size $`l(\pi )`$ obtained by a reduction of the matrix $`A`$ as follows: It is formed by summing up the $`(bk\beta )`$-th columns of $`A`$ over those $`\beta `$ belonging to the same block of $`\pi _k^{(b)}`$, and discarding all but one rows for each block. Explicitly,

(3.8)
$$A_{ami,bkj}^\pi =\delta _{ab}\delta _{mk}\delta _{ij}(P_m^{(a)}+N_m^{(a)})+\{(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)\mathrm{min}(t_bm,t_ak)\delta _{ab}\delta _{mk}\}|\pi _{k,j}^{(b)}|$$

where $`1il(\pi _m^{(a)})`$ and $`1jl(\pi _k^{(b)})`$. From Lemma 3.4 we have $`|\mathrm{Sol}_\pi ^{}|=|detA^\pi |`$ if $`detA^\pi 0`$.

It is easy to show the following formula by elementary transformations of $`A^\pi `$.

###### Lemma 3.7.

(3.9) $`detA^\pi `$ $`=\left(\underset{(a,m),(b,k)H^{}}{det}(F_{am,bk})\right){\displaystyle \underset{(a,m)H^{}}{}}(P_m^{(a)}+N_m^{(a)})^{l(\pi _m^{(a)})1}.`$
Furthermore

###### Lemma 3.8.

If $`N(0)𝒩`$ satisfies the condition (2.41), then $`detA^\pi >0`$.

###### Proof.

By Lemma 3.7, it suffices to verify $`det_H^{}F>0`$. Actually, a stronger statement holds: Let us forget the relation (2.30), and regard $`P_m^{(a)}`$ in (3.3) as a nonnegative integer which is independent of $`N_m^{(a)}`$’s. Then, $`det_H^{}F>0`$ still holds. We prove the last statement by the double induction on $`|H^{}|`$ and the sum $`_{(a,m)H^{}}P_m^{(a)}`$. First, let $`H^{}`$ ($`\mathrm{}`$) be arbitrary, and suppose $`_{(a,m)H^{}}P_m^{(a)}=0`$ (i.e., $`P_m^{(a)}=0`$ for any $`(a,m)H^{}`$). Then $`det_H^{}F>0`$ is equivalent to the positivity of $`det_H^{}(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)\mathrm{min}(m/t_a,k/t_b)`$, which is a principal minor of the tensor product of two positive-definite matrices, $`((\alpha _a|\alpha _b))_{1a,bn}`$ and $`(\mathrm{min}(m,k)/s)_{1m,kL}`$ with $`L`$ and $`s`$ some integers. Therefore, the claim is true. Next, suppose that $`H^{}=\{(a,m)\}`$ (i.e., $`|H^{}|=1`$) and $`P_m^{(a)}`$ is any nonnegative integer. Then $`det_H^{}F=P_m^{(a)}+(\alpha _a|\alpha _a)mt_aN_m^{(a)}>0`$. Finally, let $`H^{}`$ ($`|H^{}|2`$) and $`_{(a,m)H^{}}P_m^{(a)}`$ ($`>0)`$ be arbitrary. Then there exists some $`(r,i)H^{}`$ such that $`P_i^{(r)}>0`$. Set $`\stackrel{~}{P}_m^{(a)}=P_m^{(a)}1`$ if $`(a,m)=(r,i)`$, $`\stackrel{~}{P}_m^{(a)}=P_m^{(a)}`$ otherwise, and $`\stackrel{~}{H}^{}=H^{}\{(r,i)\}`$. Then, one can split the determinant as $`det_H^{}F(\{P_m^{(a)}\})=det_{\stackrel{~}{H}^{}}F(\{P_m^{(a)}\})+det_H^{}F(\{\stackrel{~}{P}_m^{(a)}\})`$. By the induction hypothesis, the RHS is positive. ∎

Assembling Lemmas 3.43.8, we have

$`{\displaystyle \frac{|\mathrm{Sol}_{\pi _{\text{max}}}|}{_{(a,m)H^{}}N_m^{(a)}!}}`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{_{(a,m)H^{}}N_m^{(a)}!}}{\displaystyle \underset{\pi _N}{}}\mu (\pi ,\pi _{\text{max}})detA^\pi `$
$`=\left(\underset{(a,m),(b,k)H^{}}{det}(F_{am,bk})\right){\displaystyle \underset{(a,m)H^{}}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{(P_m^{(a)}+N_m^{(a)})_{N_m^{(a)}}}{N_m^{(a)}!(P_m^{(a)}+N_m^{(a)})}}`$
$`=R(\nu ,N).`$
This completes the proof of Theorem 3.2.

## 4. Generating series

The number $`R(\nu ,N)`$, which was introduced in Section 3 to count the $`XXZ`$-type Bethe vectors, is our main concern below. Let us recall the definition of $`R(\nu ,N)`$ in (3.2), where $`\nu `$, $`N𝒩`$, and $`H`$ and $`𝒩`$ are defined in (1.2) and (1.14): For $`N0`$,

(4.1) $`R(\nu ,N)`$ $`=\left(\underset{(a,m),(b,k)H^{}}{det}F_{am,bk}\right){\displaystyle \underset{(a,m)H^{}}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{N_m^{(a)}}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{P_m^{(a)}+N_m^{(a)}1}{N_m^{(a)}1}}\right),`$
(4.2) $`H^{}`$ $`=H^{}(N)=\{(a,m)HN_m^{(a)}>0\},`$
(4.3) $`\gamma _m^{(a)}`$ $`=\gamma _m^{(a)}(\nu )={\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\mathrm{min}(m,k)\nu _k^{(a)},`$
(4.4) $`P_m^{(a)}`$ $`=P_m^{(a)}(\nu ,N)=\gamma _m^{(a)}{\displaystyle \underset{(b,k)H}{}}(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)\mathrm{min}(t_bm,t_ak)N_k^{(b)},`$
(4.5) $`F_{am,bk}`$ $`=\delta _{ab}\delta _{mk}P_m^{(a)}+(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)\mathrm{min}(t_bm,t_ak)N_k^{(b)}.`$
For $`N=0`$, we set $`R(\nu ,0)=1`$. From now on, we forget the conditions (2.33) and (2.41) required for Theorems 2.11 and 3.2. For any $`N𝒩`$, $`R(\nu ,N)`$ is an integer (cf. Lemma 4.2), though it is not always a positive one.

On the other hand, the number

(4.6)
$$K(\nu ,N)=\underset{(a,m)H}{}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{P_m^{(a)}+N_m^{(a)}}{N_m^{(a)}}\right)$$

was introduced in \[KR\] to count the $`XXX`$-type Bethe vectors. Below we treat two numbers, $`R(\nu ,N)`$ and $`K(\nu ,N)`$, in a parallel way so that the relation between them becomes transparent.

### 4.1. Generating series

It is natural to introduce the generating series of $`R(\nu ,N)`$ and $`K(\nu ,N)`$,

(4.7) $`^\nu (w)`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{N𝒩}{}}R(\nu ,N)w^N,w^N={\displaystyle \underset{(a,m)H}{}}(w_m^{(a)})^{N_m^{(a)}},`$
(4.8) $`𝒦^\nu (w)`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{N𝒩}{}}K(\nu ,N)w^N.`$
It turns out that the following truncation (projection) is appropriate for our purpose (cf. Remark 4.9): Let $`l`$ be a fixed nonnegative integer $`l`$, and let

(4.9) $`H_l`$ $`=\{(a,m)1an,1mt_al\},`$
(4.10) $`𝒩_l`$ $`=\{N=(N_m^{(a)})_{(a,m)H}N_m^{(a)}_0,N_m^{(a)}=0\text{for}(a,m)H_l\},`$
so that $`\underset{}{\mathrm{lim}}H_l=H`$ and $`\underset{}{\mathrm{lim}}𝒩_l=𝒩`$. The truncated generating series are defined as

(4.11) $`_l^\nu (w)`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{N𝒩_l}{}}R(\nu ,N)w^N,w^N={\displaystyle \underset{(a,m)H_l}{}}(w_m^{(a)})^{N_m^{(a)}},`$
(4.12) $`𝒦_l^\nu (w)`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{N𝒩_l}{}}K(\nu ,N)w^N.`$
###### Proposition 4.1.

$$_l^0(w)=1.$$

###### Proof.

By definition, $`R(0,0)=1`$. Let $`\nu =0`$ and $`N0`$. From (4.5), we have $`_{(b,k)H^{}}F_{am,bk}=\gamma _m^{(a)}`$, and $`\gamma _m^{(a)}=0`$ when $`\nu =0`$. Thus, $`detF=0`$. Therefore, $`R(0,N)=0`$ by (4.1). ∎

In contrast, $`𝒦_l^0(w)`$ is not so simple. See (4.28) and (4.29).

We need the following alternative expression of $`R(\nu ,N)`$.

###### Lemma 4.2.

For any $`\nu `$, $`N𝒩`$, the following equality holds:

(4.13) $`\begin{array}{cc}\hfill R(\nu ,N)& ={\displaystyle \underset{JH}{}}\left\{D_J{\displaystyle \underset{(a,m)H}{}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{P[J]_m^{(a)}+N[J]_m^{(a)}}{N[J]_m^{(a)}}}\right)\right\},\hfill \end{array}`$
where the sum is taken over all the finite subsets $`J`$ of $`H`$,

(4.14) $`D_J`$ $`=\{\begin{array}{cc}1\hfill & \text{ if }J=\mathrm{}\hfill \\ det_{(a,m),(b,k)J}D_{am,bk}\hfill & \text{otherwise},\hfill \end{array}`$
(4.15) $`D_{am,bk}`$ $`=(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)\mathrm{min}(t_bm,t_ak)\delta _{ab}\delta _{mk},`$
$`P[J]_m^{(a)}:=P_m^{(a)}(\nu [J],N[J])`$ with

(4.16) $`\nu [J]`$ $`=(\nu [J]_m^{(a)}),`$ $`\nu [J]_m^{(a)}`$ $`=\nu _m^{(a)}{\displaystyle \underset{(b,k)J}{}}(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)B_{bk,am},`$
(4.17) $`N[J]`$ $`=(N[J]_m^{(a)}),`$ $`N[J]_m^{(a)}`$ $`=N_m^{(a)}\theta ((a,m)J),`$
$`B_{bk,am}`$ is defined in (1.3), and $`\theta (\text{true})=1`$, $`\theta (\text{false})=0`$.

###### Proof.

If $`N=0`$, then the both hand sides of (4.13) is 1. Suppose that $`N0`$. By (4.5) and (4.15), we have $`F_{am,bk}=\delta _{ab}\delta _{bk}(P_m^{(a)}+N_m^{(a)})+D_{am,bk}N_k^{(b)}`$. By splitting the sum $`(P_m^{(a)}+N_m^{(a)})+D_{am,am}N_m^{(a)}`$ of each diagonal element in $`detF`$ in (4.1), $`R(\nu ,N)`$ is written as

(4.18) $`{\displaystyle \underset{JH^{}}{}}\left\{D_J{\displaystyle \underset{(a,m)H^{}J}{}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{P_m^{(a)}+N_m^{(a)}}{N_m^{(a)}}}\right){\displaystyle \underset{(a,m)J}{}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{P_m^{(a)}+N_m^{(a)}1}{N_m^{(a)}1}}\right)\right\}.`$
Then, (4.13) follows from (4.18) and the fact

(4.19)
$$\begin{array}{cc}\hfill P[J]_m^{(a)}P_m^{(a)}& =\underset{j=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\underset{(b,k)J}{}\mathrm{min}(m,j)(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)B_{bk,aj}\hfill \\ & +\underset{(b,k)H}{}(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)\mathrm{min}(t_bm,t_ak)\theta ((b,k)J)=0,\hfill \end{array}$$

where the last equality in (4.19) is due to (A.8). ∎

###### Remark 4.3.

Let

(4.20) $`\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \stackrel{~}{𝒩}=\{N=(N_m^{(a)})_{(a,m)H}& N_m^{(a)}\text{}N_m^{(a)}=0\text{ except for}\hfill \\ & \text{finitely-many }(a,m)\}.\hfill \end{array}`$
We extend the definition of $`R(\nu ,N)`$ to $`N\stackrel{~}{𝒩}`$ such that $`R(\nu ,N)=0`$ if $`N\stackrel{~}{𝒩}𝒩`$. Then, the equality (4.13) still holds for any $`N\stackrel{~}{𝒩}`$ because the both hand sides of (4.13) is 0 if $`N\stackrel{~}{𝒩}𝒩`$. We use this fact in the proof of Lemma 5.12.

For $`N𝒩_l`$, the expression (4.13) reads as

###### Lemma 4.4.

For $`N𝒩_l`$, we have

(4.21) $`R(\nu ,N)={\displaystyle \underset{JH_l}{}}\left\{D_J{\displaystyle \underset{(a,m)H_l}{}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{P[J]_m^{(a)}+N[J]_m^{(a)}}{N[J]_m^{(a)}}}\right)\right\}.`$
###### Proposition 4.5.

$`_l^\nu (w)`$ and $`𝒦_l^\nu (w)`$ converge for $`|w_m^{(a)}|<(2m1)^{2m1}/(2m)^{2m}`$.

###### Proof.

First, we consider $`𝒦_l^\nu (w)`$. For given $`(a,m)H_l`$ and $`N𝒩_l`$, let $`N^{}𝒩_l`$ be $`N_k^{(b)}=N_k^{(b)}+\delta _{ab}\delta _{mk}`$, and $`P_k^{(b)}=P_k^{(b)}(\nu ,N^{})`$. Then, it is easy to check that

$`\underset{N_m^{(a)}\mathrm{}}{lim}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{P_k^{(b)}+N_k^{(b)}}{N_k^{(b)}}}\right)/\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{P_k^{(b)}+N_k^{(b)}}{N_k^{(b)}}}\right)=\{\begin{array}{cc}\frac{(2m1)^{2m1}}{(2m)^{2m}}\hfill & (b,k)=(a,m)\hfill \\ 1\hfill & (b,k)(a,m).\hfill \end{array}`$
Therefore, $`𝒦_l^\nu (w)`$ converges for $`|w_m^{(a)}|<(2m1)^{2m1}/(2m)^{2m}`$. Next, consider $`_l^\nu (w)`$. By Lemma 4.4, $`_l^\nu (w)`$ is a linear sum of the power series whose coefficient of $`w^N`$ is $`_{(a,m)H_l}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{P[J]_m^{(a)}+N[J]_m^{(a)}}{N[J]_m^{(a)}}\right)`$. Again, each series converges for $`|w_m^{(a)}|<(2m1)^{2m1}/(2m)^{2m}`$. ∎

### 4.2. Basic identity

To proceed, we use an identity found by \[K2\] for $`A_n`$ and generalized to $`X_n`$ by \[HKOTY\].

Let $`v=(v_m^{(a)})_{(a,m)H_l}`$ and $`z=(z_m^{(a)})_{(a,m)H_l}`$ be complex multivariables. We define a map $`z=z(v)`$ as

(4.22) $`z_m^{(a)}(v)`$ $`=v_m^{(a)}{\displaystyle \underset{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{(b,k)H_l}{t_bm>t_ak}}{}}(1v_k^{(b)})^{(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)(t_bmt_ak)}.`$
The Jacobian $`z/v`$ is 1 at $`v=0`$, so that the map $`z(v)`$ is biholomorphic around $`v=z=0`$. Let $`v=v(z)`$ the inverse map around $`z=0`$.

###### Lemma 4.6 (\[K2, HKOTY\]).

Let $`\beta _m^{(a)}((a,m)H_l)`$ be arbitrary complex numbers. We have the following power series expansion at $`z=0`$ which converges for $`|z_m^{(a)}|<1`$.

(4.23) $`\begin{array}{cc}& {\displaystyle \underset{(a,m)H_l}{}}\left(1v_m^{(a)}(z)\right)^{\beta _m^{(a)}1}\hfill \\ & ={\displaystyle \underset{N𝒩_l}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{(a,m)H_l}{}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\beta _m^{(a)}+c_m^{(a)}+N_m^{(a)}}{N_m^{(a)}}}\right)\left(z_m^{(a)}\right)^{N_m^{(a)}},\hfill \end{array}`$
(4.24) $`c_m^{(a)}=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{(b,k)H_l}{t_bm<t_ak}}{}}(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)(t_akt_bm)N_k^{(b)}.`$
A proof of Lemma 4.6 is given in Appendix B for reader’s convenience.

### 4.3. Analytic formula

Let $`w=(w_m^{(a)})_{(a,m)H_l}`$ be another complex multivariable. We define a biholomorphic map $`w=w(v)`$ around $`v=w=0`$ as

(4.25) $`w_m^{(a)}(v)`$ $`=v_m^{(a)}{\displaystyle \underset{(b,k)H_l}{}}(1v_k^{(b)})^{(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)\mathrm{min}(t_bm,t_ak)}.`$
Combining it with (4.22), we have biholomorphic maps among variables $`v`$, $`z`$, and $`w`$ around $`v=z=w=0`$. Each map is denoted by $`v=v(w)`$, $`z=z(w)`$, etc. By (4.22) and (4.25), we have the relation

(4.26) $`z_m^{(a)}(w)`$ $`=w_m^{(a)}{\displaystyle \underset{(b,k)H_l}{}}(1v_k^{(b)}(w))^{(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)t_bm}.`$
###### Theorem 4.7.

The following equalities (power series expansions) hold around $`w=0`$:

(4.27) $`𝒦_l^\nu (w)`$ $`=𝒦_l^0(w){\displaystyle \underset{(a,m)H_l}{}}(1v_m^{(a)}(w))^{\gamma _m^{(a)}},`$
(4.28) $`𝒦_l^0(w)`$ $`=\underset{H_l}{det}\left({\displaystyle \frac{w_k^{(b)}}{v_m^{(a)}}}{\displaystyle \frac{v_m^{(a)}}{w_k^{(b)}}}(w)\right){\displaystyle \underset{(a,m)H_l}{}}(1v_m^{(a)}(w))^1`$
(4.29) $`=\left(\underset{H_l}{det}\left(\delta _{ab}\delta _{mk}+D_{am,bk}v_m^{(a)}(w)\right)\right)^1,`$
(4.30) $`_l^\nu (w)`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{(a,m)H_l}{}}(1v_m^{(a)}(w))^{\gamma _m^{(a)}},`$
where $`\gamma _m^{(a)}`$ and $`D_{am,bk}`$ are defined in (4.3) and (4.15).

###### Proof.

(4.27) and (4.28). Let $`dz`$ abbreviate $`_{(a,m)H_l}dz_m^{(a)}`$. By Lemma 4.6, we have

(4.31) $`\begin{array}{cc}& {\displaystyle \underset{(a,m)H_l}{}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\beta _m^{(a)}+c_m^{(a)}+N_m^{(a)}}{N_m^{(a)}}}\right)\hfill \\ & =\underset{z=0}{Res}\left({\displaystyle \underset{(a,m)H_l}{}}(1v_m^{(a)}(z))^{\beta _m^{(a)}1}(z_m^{(a)})^{N_m^{(a)}1}\right)dz\hfill \end{array}`$
In (4.31), we set $`\beta _m^{(a)}=P_m^{(a)}(\nu ,N)c_m^{(a)}=\gamma _m^{(a)}_{(b,k)H_l}(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)t_akN_k^{(b)}`$. After the substitution of (4.26) and the change of the integration variable, we obtain

(4.32) $`\begin{array}{cc}& {\displaystyle \underset{(a,m)H_l}{}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{P_m^{(a)}+N_m^{(a)}}{N_m^{(a)}}}\right)\hfill \\ & =\underset{w=0}{Res}\{\left({\displaystyle \underset{(a,m)H_l}{}}(1v_m^{(a)}(w))^{\gamma _m^{(a)}1}(w_m^{(a)})^{N_m^{(a)}1}\right)\hfill \\ & \times \underset{H_l}{det}\left({\displaystyle \frac{w_k^{(b)}}{z_m^{(a)}}}{\displaystyle \frac{z_m^{(a)}}{w_k^{(b)}}}(w)\right)\}dw.\hfill \end{array}`$
Also, by (4.22), we have

(4.33) $`\underset{H_l}{det}\left({\displaystyle \frac{z_k^{(b)}}{v_m^{(a)}}}{\displaystyle \frac{v_m^{(a)}}{z_k^{(b)}}}\right)=1,`$
The equalities (4.27) and (4.28) follows from (4.32), (4.33), and the fact $`\gamma =0`$ if $`\nu =0`$.

(4.29). By using (4.25), the RHS of (4.28) is easily calculated as (4.29).

(4.30). In (4.32), replace $`N_m^{(a)}`$ and $`P_m^{(a)}`$ in the both hand sides by $`N[J]_m^{(a)}`$ and $`P[J]_m^{(a)}`$. Accordingly, $`\gamma _m^{(a)}`$ in the RHS in (4.32) should be also replaced by $`\gamma _m^{(a)}_{(b,k)J}(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)\mathrm{min}(t_bm,t_ak)`$ (cf. (4.19) and (A.8)). Then, using (4.25), we obtain

(4.34) $`\begin{array}{cc}& {\displaystyle \underset{(a,m)H_l}{}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{P[J]_m^{(a)}+N[J]_m^{(a)}}{N[J]_m^{(a)}}}\right)\hfill \\ & =\underset{w=0}{Res}\{\left({\displaystyle \underset{(a,m)H_l}{}}(1v_m^{(a)}(w))^{\gamma _m^{(a)}}(w_m^{(a)})^{N_m^{(a)}1}\right)\hfill \\ & \times \left({\displaystyle \underset{(a,m)J}{}}v_m^{(a)}(w)\right)K_l^0(w)\}dw.\hfill \end{array}`$
The equality (4.30) follows from Lemma 4.4, (4.29), (4.34), and the identity

$`{\displaystyle \underset{JH_l}{}}\left(D_J{\displaystyle \underset{(a,m)J}{}}v_m^{(a)}(w)\right)=\underset{(a,m),(b,k)H_l}{det}\left(\delta _{ab}\delta _{mk}+D_{am,bk}v_m^{(a)}(w)\right).`$
###### Corollary 4.8.

(4.35) $`_l^\nu (w)`$ $`=𝒦_l^\nu (w)/𝒦_l^0(w),`$
(4.36) $`_l^\nu (w)_l^\nu ^{}(w)`$ $`=_l^{\nu +\nu ^{}}(w).`$
###### Proof.

(4.35) is immediately obtained from (4.30) and (4.27). (4.36) follows from (4.30) and the fact $`\gamma (\nu +\nu ^{})_m^{(a)}=\gamma (\nu )_m^{(a)}+\gamma (\nu ^{})_m^{(a)}`$. ∎

###### Remark 4.9.

Let $`_l[[w]]`$ be the (formal) power series ring of $`(w_m^{(a)})_{(a,m)H_l}`$. There are natural surjections $`\phi _{lk}:_k[[w]]_l[[w]]`$ ($`lk`$) with $`\phi _{lk}(w_m^{(a)})=0`$ for $`(a,m)H_kH_l`$. Since $`\phi _{lk}(_k^\nu (w))=_l^\nu (w)`$, $`(_l^\nu (w))_{l=1}^{\mathrm{}}`$ defines an element in the projective limit $`[[w]]:=\underset{}{\mathrm{lim}}_l[[w]]`$, which is identified with $`^\nu (w)`$ in (4.7) (and so is $`𝒦^\nu (w)`$). Then, the equalities (4.30), (4.27), and (4.36) can be rephrased as follows:

(4.37)
$$^\nu (w)=𝒦^\nu (w)/𝒦^0(w)=\underset{(a,m)H}{}(1v_m^{(a)}(w))^{\gamma _m^{(a)}},$$

(4.38)
$$^\nu (w)^\nu ^{}(w)=^{\nu +\nu ^{}}(w),$$

where the RHS of (4.37) denotes $`(f_l(w))[[w]]`$ with $`f_l(w)`$ being the power series expansion of the the RHS of (4.30) around $`w=0`$.

## 5. Formal completeness of Bethe vectors

Now we are ready to present the main results briefly explained in Section 1.5. Our goal here is to express the coefficient $`r_\lambda ^\nu `$ in (1.20) as a sum of the numbers $`R(\nu ,N)`$.

### 5.1. Specialization of generating series

We remind that $`y_a=e^{\alpha _a}`$ and $`x_a=e^{\mathrm{\Lambda }_a}`$ are the formal exponents of simple roots and fundamental weights of $`X_n`$. We also regard $`y=(y_a)`$ and $`x=(x_a)`$ as complex multivariables related by the map $`y=y(x)`$, $`y_a=_{b=1}^nx_b^{(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)t_b}`$. We do the specialization $`w_m^{(a)}(y)=y_a^m`$ of the variable of the series $`_l^\nu (w)`$,

(5.1) $`_l^\nu (w(y))`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{N𝒩_l}{}}R(\nu ,N){\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{n}{}}}y_a^{_{m=0}^{\mathrm{}}mN_m^{(a)}}.`$
The limit

(5.2) $`\stackrel{~}{R}^\nu (y):=`$ $`\underset{l\mathrm{}}{lim}_l^\nu (w(y))={\displaystyle \underset{N𝒩}{}}R(\nu ,N){\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{n}{}}}y_a^{_{m=0}^{\mathrm{}}mN_m^{(a)}}`$
exists in $`[[y]]`$, because $`_l^\nu (w(y))\stackrel{~}{R}^\nu (y)`$ mod $`I_l`$, where $`I_l`$ is the ideal of $`[[y]]`$ generated by $`y_1^{t_1l+1}`$, …, $`y_n^{t_nl+1}`$. In the same way, we define the limit

(5.3) $`\stackrel{~}{K}^\nu (y):=`$ $`\underset{l\mathrm{}}{lim}𝒦_l^\nu (w(y))={\displaystyle \underset{N𝒩}{}}K(\nu ,N){\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{n}{}}}y_a^{_{m=0}^{\mathrm{}}mN_m^{(a)}}.`$
For each $`(a,m)H`$, let $`\delta _m^{(a)}=(\nu _k^{(b)})_{(b,k)H}`$, $`\nu _k^{(b)}=\delta _{ab}\delta _{mk}`$ and

(5.4) $`\stackrel{~}{R}_m^{(a)}(y):=\stackrel{~}{R}^{\delta _m^{(a)}}(y),\stackrel{~}{K}_m^{(a)}(y):=\stackrel{~}{K}^{\delta _m^{(a)}}(y).`$
It immediately follows from Corollary 4.8 that

###### Proposition 5.1.

(5.5)
$$\stackrel{~}{R}^\nu (y)=\stackrel{~}{K}^\nu (y)/\stackrel{~}{K}^0(y),\stackrel{~}{R}_m^{(a)}(y)=\stackrel{~}{K}_m^{(a)}(y)/\stackrel{~}{K}^0(y),$$

(5.6)
$$\stackrel{~}{R}^\nu (y)\stackrel{~}{R}^\nu ^{}(y)=\stackrel{~}{R}^{\nu +\nu ^{}}(y),$$

(5.7)
$$\stackrel{~}{R}^\nu (y)=\underset{(a,m)H}{}(\stackrel{~}{R}_m^{(a)}(y))^{\nu _m^{(a)}},$$

(5.8)
$$\stackrel{~}{K}^\nu (y)/\stackrel{~}{K}^0(y)=\underset{(a,m)H}{}(\stackrel{~}{K}_m^{(a)}(y)/\stackrel{~}{K}^0(y))^{\nu _m^{(a)}}.$$

We also introduce the corresponding Laurent series of $`x`$ as follows:

(5.9) $`R_m^{(a)}(x)`$ $`=x_a^m\stackrel{~}{R}_m^{(a)}(y(x)),`$ $`R^\nu (x)`$ $`=\left({\displaystyle \underset{(a,m)H}{}}x_a^{m\nu _m^{(a)}}\right)\stackrel{~}{R}^\nu (y(x)),`$
(5.10) $`K_m^{(a)}(x)`$ $`=x_a^m\stackrel{~}{K}_m^{(a)}(y(x)),`$ $`K^\nu (x)`$ $`=\left({\displaystyle \underset{(a,m)H}{}}x_a^{m\nu _m^{(a)}}\right)\stackrel{~}{K}^\nu (y(x)).`$
###### Proposition 5.2.

The equalities in (5.5)–(5.8) with $`\stackrel{~}{R}^\nu `$, $`\stackrel{~}{R}_m^{(a)}`$, $`\stackrel{~}{K}^\nu `$, $`\stackrel{~}{K}_m^{(a)}`$ being replaced with $`R^\nu `$, $`R_m^{(a)}`$, $`K^\nu `$, $`K_m^{(a)}`$ also hold.

### 5.2. Main Results

###### Theorem 5.3.

There exists a unique family $`(\stackrel{~}{Q}_m^{(a)})_{(m,a)H}`$ of invertible power series of $`y`$ which satisfies (Q̃-I) and (Q̃-II) in Definition 1.3. In fact,

(5.11) $`\stackrel{~}{Q}_m^{(a)}(y)=\stackrel{~}{R}_m^{(a)}(y)=\stackrel{~}{K}_m^{(a)}(y)/\stackrel{~}{K}^0(y).`$
###### Remark 5.4.

The existence of $`(\stackrel{~}{Q}_m^{(a)})_{(m,a)H}`$ also follows from Theorem 1.6 for $`X_n`$ of classical type. A weak version of the uniqueness was shown in \[HKOTY, Theorem 8.1\], where the $`𝒲`$ invariance of $`Q_m^{(a)}`$ was further assumed.

A proof of Theorem 5.3 is given in Section 5.3. We present its consequences first. Let $`Q^\nu (x)`$ be the Laurent series of $`x`$ defined in (1.16). It follows from Propositions 5.1, 5.2 and (1.16) that

###### Corollary 5.5.

(5.12) $`\stackrel{~}{Q}^\nu (y)`$ $`=\stackrel{~}{R}^\nu (y)=\stackrel{~}{K}^\nu (y)/\stackrel{~}{K}^0(y),`$
(5.13) $`Q^\nu (x)`$ $`=R^\nu (x)=K^\nu (x)/K^0(x).`$
Expanding the both hand sides of the first equality in (5.13), we have

(5.14) $`r_\lambda ^\nu ={\displaystyle \underset{N𝒩_\lambda ^\nu }{}}R(\nu ,N),`$
where $`r_\lambda ^\nu `$ is defined in (1.19), and

(5.15) $`𝒩_\lambda ^\nu `$ $`=\{N𝒩{\displaystyle \underset{(a,m)H}{}}m\nu _m^{(a)}\mathrm{\Lambda }_a{\displaystyle \underset{(a,m)H}{}}mN_m^{(a)}\alpha _a=\lambda \}.`$
Therefore,

###### Corollary 5.6 (Formal completeness of $`XXZ`$-type Bethe vectors).

If Conjecture 1.10 is correct, then

(5.16) $`\mathrm{ch}W^\nu (x)`$ $`=R^\nu (x),`$
(5.17) $`dimW_\lambda ^\nu `$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{N𝒩_\lambda ^\nu }{}}R(\nu ,N),`$
where $`dimW_\lambda ^\nu `$ denotes the weight multiplicity in $`W^\nu `$ at weight $`\lambda `$.

###### Remark 5.7.

We know that the number $`R(\nu ,N)`$ correctly counts the Bethe vectors only for special string patterns $`N`$. One naive explanation of the equality (5.17) is as follows: $`R(\nu ,N)`$ correctly counts the Bethe vectors, therefore, the weight multiplicity when $`\lambda `$ are relatively close to the highest weight of $`W^\nu `$. Then, the factorization property (5.7) imposes such a strong constraint that the equality (5.17) has to hold for the entire region of $`\lambda `$.

With Theorem 1.6, we have

###### Corollary 5.8.

Let $`X_n`$ be of classical type, and let $`\chi _m^{(a)}`$ be the $`X_n`$-character given in the RHSs of (1.7)–(1.10). Then

(5.18) $`\chi _m^{(a)}(x)=R_m^{(a)}(x)=K_m^{(a)}(x)/K^0(x).`$
In particular, $`R^\nu (x)=K^\nu (x)/K^0(x)`$ is a $`𝒲`$-invariant Laurent polynomial, and $`\stackrel{~}{R}^\nu (y)=\stackrel{~}{K}^\nu (y)/\stackrel{~}{K}^0(y)`$ is a polynomial.

###### Remark 5.9.

It remains an open problem to show the $`𝒲`$-invariance of $`Q^\nu (x)`$ and the polynomial property of $`\stackrel{~}{Q}^\nu (y)`$ for $`X_n`$ of exceptional type without assuming Conjecture 1.10.

The formal completeness of the $`XXX`$-type Bethe vectors has been worked out by \[K1, K2, KR, HKOTY\]. We reformulate their result in our context as follows (See Appendix C for a proof):

###### Proposition 5.10.

If $`Q_1^{(1)}(x)`$,…, $`Q_1^{(n)}(x)`$ are $`𝒲`$-invariant, then

$`K^0(x)={\displaystyle \underset{\alpha \mathrm{\Delta }_+}{}}(1e^\alpha ),`$
where $`\mathrm{\Delta }_+`$ is the set of all the positive roots of $`X_n`$.

If Conjecture 1.10 is correct, then $`Q_1^{(1)}(x)`$,…, $`Q_1^{(n)}(x)`$ are $`𝒲`$-invariant. Then, by Proposition 5.10, we have

(5.19) $`k_\lambda ^\nu `$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{N𝒩_\lambda ^\nu }{}}K(\nu ,N),`$
where $`k_\lambda ^\nu `$ is defined in (1.17). Therefore,

###### Corollary 5.11 (Formal completeness of $`XXX`$-type Bethe vectors).

If Conjecture 1.10 is correct, then

(5.20) $`\mathrm{ch}W^\nu (x)`$ $`=K^\nu (x)/{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha \mathrm{\Delta }_+}{}}(1e^\alpha ),`$
(5.21) $`[W^\nu :V_\lambda ]`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{N𝒩_\lambda ^\nu }{}}K(\nu ,N),`$
where $`\lambda `$ is a dominant $`X_n`$-weight, and $`[W^\nu :V_\lambda ]`$ denotes the multiplicity of the $`U_q(X_n)`$-irreducible components $`V_\lambda `$ with highest weight $`\lambda `$ in $`W^\nu `$.

### 5.3. Proof of Theorem 5.3

#### 5.3.1. Existence

Because $`R(\nu ,N=0)=1`$, $`\stackrel{~}{R}_m^{(a)}(y)`$ is an invertible power series. We show that $`(\stackrel{~}{R}_m^{(a)})`$ satisfies (Q̃-I) and (Q̃-II) with $`\stackrel{~}{Q}_m^{(a)}`$ being replaced with $`\stackrel{~}{R}_m^{(a)}`$.

(Q̃-I). From the factorization property (5.7), it is enough to prove

###### Lemma 5.12.

The following relation holds:

(5.22)
$$\stackrel{~}{R}^\lambda (y)=\stackrel{~}{R}^\mu (y)+y_a^m\stackrel{~}{R}^\nu (y),$$

where $`\lambda =(\lambda _k^{(b)})`$, $`\mu =(\mu _k^{(b)})`$, $`\nu =(\nu _k^{(b)})`$ with

$`\lambda _k^{(b)}`$ $`=2\delta _{ab}\delta _{mk},\mu _k^{(b)}=\delta _{ab}(\delta _{m+1,k}+\delta _{m1,k}),`$
$`\nu _k^{(b)}`$ $`=2\delta _{ab}\delta _{mk}(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)B_{am,bk}.`$
###### Proof.

It is enough to show that

(5.23)
$$R(\lambda ,N)=R(\mu ,N)+R(\nu ,N^{})$$

for $`N=(N_k^{(b)})\stackrel{~}{𝒩}`$ and $`N^{}=(N_k^{(b)})\stackrel{~}{𝒩}`$ which are related as $`N_k^{(b)}=N_k^{(b)}\delta _{ab}\delta _{mk}`$ ($`\stackrel{~}{𝒩}`$ is defined in (4.20)). By Remark 4.3, for any $`N\stackrel{~}{𝒩}`$ it holds that

(5.24) $`R(\lambda ,N)={\displaystyle \underset{JH}{}}\left\{D_J{\displaystyle \underset{(b,k)H}{}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{P_k^{(b)}(\lambda [J],N[J])+N[J]_k^{(b)}}{N[J]_k^{(b)}}}\right)\right\}.`$
By (A.6) and (A.8), it is easy to show

(5.25) $`P_k^{(b)}(\lambda [J],N[J])=P_k^{(b)}(\mu [J],N[J])+\delta _{ab}\delta _{mk}=P_k^{(b)}(\nu [J],N^{}[J]).`$
With (5.25), we have

(5.26) $`\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{P_m^{(a)}(\lambda [J],N[J])+N[J]_m^{(a)}}{N[J]_m^{(a)}}}\right)& =\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{P_m^{(a)}(\mu [J],N[J])+N[J]_m^{(a)}}{N[J]_m^{(a)}}}\right)\hfill \\ & +\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{P_m^{(a)}(\nu [J],N^{}[J])+N^{}[J]_m^{(a)}}{N^{}[J]_m^{(a)}}}\right),\hfill \end{array}`$
while for $`(b,k)(a,m)`$,

(5.27) $`\begin{array}{cc}\hfill \left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{P[J]_k^{(b)}+N[J]_k^{(b)}}{N[J]_k^{(b)}}}\right)& =\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{P_k^{(b)}(\mu [J],N[J])+N[J]_k^{(b)}}{N[J]_k^{(b)}}}\right)\hfill \\ & =\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{P_k^{(b)}(\nu [J],N^{}[J])+N^{}[J]_k^{(b)}}{N^{}[J]_k^{(b)}}}\right).\hfill \end{array}`$
The equality (5.23) follows from (5.24), (5.26), and (5.27). ∎

(Q̃-II). We show the limit $`lim_m\mathrm{}\stackrel{~}{R}_m^{(a)}(y)`$ exists in $`[[y]]`$. Let $`\delta _m^{(a)}`$ be the one in (5.4). Then, $`P_k^{(b)}(\delta _m^{(a)},N)=P_k^{(b)}(\delta _{m+1}^{(a)},N)\delta _{ab}\theta (km+1)`$ holds from (4.4). In the series $`\stackrel{~}{R}_m^{(a)}(y)`$, those $`N=(N_k^{(b)})`$ containing $`N_k^{(a)}>0`$ with $`km+1`$ make contribution to the power $`y_a^d`$ only for $`d>m`$ (see (5.2)). It follows that $`\stackrel{~}{R}_m^{(a)}(y)\stackrel{~}{R}_{m+1}^{(a)}(y)`$ mod $`y_a^{m+1}[[y]]`$. Then, we have

$$\stackrel{~}{R}_m^{(a)}(y)\stackrel{~}{R}_{m+1}^{(a)}(y)\stackrel{~}{R}_{m+2}^{(a)}(y)\mathrm{}\text{mod}y_a^{m+1}[[y]],$$

which means $`lim_m\mathrm{}\stackrel{~}{R}_m^{(a)}(y)`$ exists.

#### 5.3.2. Uniqueness

Let $`(\stackrel{~}{Q}_m^{(a)}(y))_{(a,m)H}`$ be a family of invertible power series of $`y`$ which satisfies (Q̃-I) and (Q̃-II) in Definition 1.3. By Proposition A.2 and (Q̃-II), the constant term of $`\stackrel{~}{Q}_m^{(a)}(y)`$ is $`1`$. We define a family of power series $`(v_m^{(a)}(y))_{(a,m)H_l}`$ with constant term zero by

(5.28)
$$v_m^{(a)}(y)=1\frac{\stackrel{~}{Q}_{m1}^{(a)}(y)\stackrel{~}{Q}_{m+1}^{(a)}(y)}{(\stackrel{~}{Q}_m^{(a)}(y))^2},\stackrel{~}{Q}_0^{(a)}(y)=1.$$

We further define a family of power series $`(w_m^{(a)}(y))_{(a,m)H_l}`$ with constant term zero by the composition $`w_m^{(a)}(v(y))`$ of the series $`v_m^{(a)}(y)`$ and the power series expansion of the holomorphic map $`w=w(v)`$ in (4.25) at $`v=0`$.

###### Lemma 5.13.

The following equalities of power series of $`y`$ hold:

(5.29) $`{\displaystyle \underset{(a,m)H_l}{}}(1v_m^{(a)}(y))^{\gamma _m^{(a)}}`$ $`=\left({\displaystyle \underset{(a,m)H_l}{}}(\stackrel{~}{Q}_m^{(a)}(y))^{\nu _m^{(a)}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{n}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(\stackrel{~}{Q}_{t_al}^{(a)}(y))^{\gamma _{t_al+1}^{(a)}}}{(\stackrel{~}{Q}_{t_al+1}^{(a)}(y))^{\gamma _{t_al}^{(a)}}}}\right),`$
(5.30) $`w_m^{(a)}(y)`$ $`=y_a^m{\displaystyle \underset{b=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{~}{Q}_{t_bl}^{(b)}(y)}{\stackrel{~}{Q}_{t_bl+1}^{(b)}(y)}}\right)^{(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)t_bm}.`$
###### Proof.

(5.29). By rearranging the product indices, the LHS in (5.29) becomes

$$\underset{a=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left(\frac{(\stackrel{~}{Q}_{t_al}^{(a)}(y))^{\gamma _{t_al+1}^{(a)}}}{(\stackrel{~}{Q}_{t_al+1}^{(a)}(y))^{\gamma _{t_al}^{(a)}}}\underset{m=1}{\overset{t_al}{}}(\stackrel{~}{Q}_m^{(a)}(y))^{2\gamma _m^{(a)}\gamma _{m+1}^{(a)}\gamma _{m1}^{(a)}}\right).$$

By (A.4), we have $`2\gamma _m^{(a)}\gamma _{m+1}^{(a)}\gamma _{m1}^{(a)}=\nu _m^{(a)}`$.

(5.30). Using the same trick as above and the definition of $`B_{am,bk}`$ in (1.3), we have

$`{\displaystyle \underset{(b,k)H_l}{}}(1v_k^{(b)}(y))^{(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)\mathrm{min}(t_bm,t_ak)}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{b=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\left(\left({\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{~}{Q}_{t_bl}^{(b)}(y)}{\stackrel{~}{Q}_{t_bl+1}^{(b)}(y)}}\right)^{(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)t_bm}{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{t_bl}{}}}(\stackrel{~}{Q}_k^{(b)}(y))^{(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)B_{am,bk}}\right).`$
On the other hand, using (Q̃-I) and (A.7), we have

$`v_m^{(a)}(y)=y_a^m{\displaystyle \underset{(b,k)H_l}{}}(\stackrel{~}{Q}_k^{(b)}(y))^{(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)B_{am,bk}}.`$
for $`(a,m)H_l`$. (5.30) is obtained by multiplying the above two equalities. ∎

###### Lemma 5.14.

The following equality of power series of $`y`$ holds:

(5.31) $`\begin{array}{cc}& \left({\displaystyle \underset{(a,m)H_l}{}}(\stackrel{~}{Q}_m^{(a)}(y))^{\nu _m^{(a)}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{n}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(\stackrel{~}{Q}_{t_al}^{(a)}(y))^{\gamma _{t_al+1}^{(a)}}}{(\stackrel{~}{Q}_{t_al+1}^{(a)}(y))^{\gamma _{t_al}^{(a)}}}}\right)\hfill \\ & ={\displaystyle \underset{N𝒩_l}{}}R(\nu ,N){\displaystyle \underset{(a,m)H_l}{}}\left(y_a^{mN_m^{(a)}}{\displaystyle \underset{b=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{(\stackrel{~}{Q}_{t_bl}^{(b)}(y))}{(\stackrel{~}{Q}_{t_bl+1}^{(b)}(y))}}\right)^{(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)t_bmN_m^{(a)}}\right).\hfill \end{array}`$
###### Proof.

Let us regard (4.30) as an equality of power series of $`w`$. Then, by substituting the series $`w_m^{(a)}(y)`$ for the variable $`w_m^{(a)}`$ in (4.30) and using (5.29) and (5.30), we obtain (5.31). ∎

Thanks to the convergence property (Q̃-II), the limit $`l\mathrm{}`$ of (5.31) gives the equality $`_{(a,m)H}(\stackrel{~}{Q}_m^{(a)}(y))^{\nu _m^{(a)}}=\stackrel{~}{R}^\nu (y)`$. In particular, by setting $`\nu =\delta _m^{(a)}`$, we obtain $`\stackrel{~}{Q}_m^{(a)}(y)=\stackrel{~}{R}_m^{(a)}(y)`$. This completes the proof of the uniqueness property of $`(\stackrel{~}{Q}_m^{(a)})`$, thereby finishes the proof of Theorem 5.3.

## Appendix A Some properties of the function $`B_{am,bk}`$

The function $`B_{am,bk}`$,

(A.1)
$$B_{am,bk}:=2\mathrm{min}(t_bm,t_ak)\mathrm{min}(t_bm,t_a(k+1))\mathrm{min}(t_bm,t_a(k1))$$

appears in several places such as (1.4), (1.5), (4.16), (5.22), (5.30), etc, and plays a key role. Below we list the properties we use. Since it always appears in the combination $`(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)B_{am,bk}`$, we are interested only in the situations $`(t_a,t_b)=(1,1)`$, $`(2,2)`$, $`(3,3)`$, $`(1,2)`$, $`(1,3)`$, $`(2,1)`$, $`(3,1)`$ here.

Let us first observe that the infinite-size matrix $`B=(B_{am,bk})_{(a,m),(b,k)H}`$ is expressed as a product $`B=B^{}D`$, where $`B^{}=(B_{am,bk})`$, $`D=(D_{am,bk})`$ with

(A.2) $`B_{am,bk}^{}`$ $`=\mathrm{min}(t_bm,t_ak),`$
(A.3) $`D_{am,bk}`$ $`=\delta _{ab}(2\delta _{mk}\delta _{m,k1}\delta _{m,k+1}).`$
Since the relation

(A.4) $`2\mathrm{min}(m,k)\mathrm{min}(m,k+1)\mathrm{min}(m,k1)=\delta _{mk}`$
holds, the inverse matrix $`D^1`$ of $`D`$ is given by

(A.5) $`(D^1)_{am,bk}=\delta _{ab}\mathrm{min}(m,k).`$
###### Proposition A.1.

(i) For each $`(a,m)`$, there are only finitely-many $`(b,k)`$’s such that $`B_{am,bk}0`$. Explicitly,

(A.6)
$$B_{am,bk}=\{\begin{array}{cc}2\delta _{m,2k}+\delta _{m,2k+1}+\delta _{m,2k1}\hfill & (t_a,t_b)=(2,1)\hfill \\ 3\delta _{m,3k}+2\delta _{m,3k+1}+2\delta _{m,3k1}\hfill & (t_a,t_b)=(3,1)\hfill \\ +\delta _{m,3k+2}+\delta _{m,3k2}\hfill & \\ t_a\delta _{t_bm,t_ak}\hfill & \text{otherwise}.\hfill \end{array}$$

(ii) Let $`H_l`$ be the subset of $`H`$ defined in (4.9). Then,

(A.7) $`B_{am,bk}=0\text{for }(a,m)H_l\text{}(b,k)H_l.`$
(iii) The following relations hold:

(A.8) $`{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}B_{am,bj}\mathrm{min}(j,k)`$ $`=\mathrm{min}(t_bm,t_ak),`$
(A.9) $`{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}B_{am,bk}k`$ $`=t_bm,`$
(A.10) $`{\displaystyle \underset{(b,k)H}{}}(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)B_{am,bk}k\mathrm{\Lambda }_b`$ $`=m\alpha _a.`$
###### Proof.

(i) This is shown by the case check. (ii) This can be easily checked by (A.6). (iii) (A.8) is equivalent to the matrix relation $`(B^{}D)D^1=B^{}`$. We have only to care that the matrix product in the LHS is well-defined. This is guaranteed by (i). The LHS of (A.9) can be calculated in a similar way as follows:

$`{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{L}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}B_{am,bj}^{}D_{bj,bk}\right)k=(L+1)B_{am,bL}^{}LB_{am,bL+1}^{}=t_bm,`$
where $`L`$ is a sufficiently large number. (A.10) immediately follows from (A.9) and the relation $`\alpha _a=_{b=1}^n(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)t_b\mathrm{\Lambda }_b`$. ∎

As an application of (A.6), we show that

###### Proposition A.2.

The relation (Q̃-I) recursively determines all the other power series $`\stackrel{~}{Q}_m^{(a)}(y)`$ ($`m2`$) from given invertible power series $`\stackrel{~}{Q}_1^{(1)}(y)`$, …, $`\stackrel{~}{Q}_1^{(n)}(y)`$ as an initial condition; furthermore, so determined power series $`\stackrel{~}{Q}_m^{(a)}(y)`$ is invertible, and its constant term $`c_m^{(a)}`$ is the $`m`$-th power of the constant term of $`\stackrel{~}{Q}_1^{(a)}(y)`$.

###### Proof.

We introduce another subset $`_l`$ ($`l1`$) of the index set $`H`$ as

(A.11) $`_l=\{(a,m)Ht(m1)t_a(l1)\},t=\underset{1an}{\mathrm{max}}t_a.`$
Then, $`_1=\{(a,1)1an\}_2\mathrm{}`$ and $`\underset{}{\mathrm{lim}}_l=H`$. By (Q̃-I),

(A.12)
$$\stackrel{~}{Q}_{m+1}^{(a)}(y)=\frac{(\stackrel{~}{Q}_m^{(a)}(y))^2}{\stackrel{~}{Q}_{m1}^{(a)}(y)}\left(1y_a^m\underset{(b,k)H}{}(\stackrel{~}{Q}_k^{(b)}(y))^{(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)B_{am,bk}}\right).$$

For a given $`(a,m+1)H`$, let $`l`$ be a unique positive integer such that $`(a,m+1)_{l+1}_l`$. Then, with (A.6), it is easy to check that $`B_{am,bk}=0`$ for $`(b,k)_l`$. The claim now follows from (A.12) by induction on $`l`$. ∎

## Appendix B Proof of Lemma 4.6

The following proof of Lemma 4.6 is essentially quoted from \[HKOTY, Proposition 8.3\].

Let $`t:=\mathrm{max}\{t_1,\mathrm{},t_n\}`$ and

(B.1) $`H_l[i]`$ $`=`$ $`\{(a,m)H_ltmt_ai\}.`$
Then $`\mathrm{}=H_l[tl+1]H_l[tl]\mathrm{}H_l[1]=H_l`$. For each $`1itl`$, let $`z_i=z_i(v_i)`$, $`v_i=(v_{m,i}^{(a)})_{(a,m)H_l[i]}`$, $`z_i=(z_{m,i}^{(a)})_{(a,m)H_l[i]}`$ be the biholomorphic map around $`v_i=z_i=0`$ defined by

(B.2)
$$z_{m,i}^{(a)}(v_i)=v_{m,i}^{(a)}\underset{(b,k)H_l[i]H_l[tm/t_a]}{}\left(1v_{k,i}^{(b)}\right)^{(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)(t_bmt_ak)},$$

and $`v_i=v_i(z_i)`$ be its inverse. ($`z_{m,i}^{(a)}`$ here corresponds to $`z_{m,i1}^{(a)}`$ in \[HKOTY\].) Let $`v_{i+1}=v_{i+1}(v_i)`$ be the holomorphic map defined by $`v_{m,i+1}^{(a)}(v_i)=v_{m,i}^{(a)}`$ (for $`(a,m)H_l[i+1]`$), and $`z_{i+1}=z_{i+1}(z_i)`$ be the composition $`z_{i+1}(v_{i+1}(v_i(z_i)))`$. Namely,

(B.3)
$$z_{m,i+1}^{(a)}(z_i)=z_{m,i}^{(a)}\underset{(b,k)H_l[i]H_l[i+1]}{}\left(1v_{k,i}^{(b)}(z_i)\right)^{(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)(t_bmt_ak)}.$$

The relation of these variables and maps are summarized by the following diagram:

(B.4) $`\begin{array}{ccc}v_{i+1}& & v_i\\ & & \\ z_{i+1}& & z_i\end{array}.`$
The condition $`(b,k)H_l[i]H_l[tm/t_a]`$ is equivalent to $`(b,k)H_l[i]`$ and $`t_bm>t_ak`$. Thus, if we set $`z_1=z`$ and $`v_1=v`$, the map $`z_1(v_1)`$ coincides with $`z(v)`$ in (4.22). Lemma 4.6 is a special case $`i=1`$ of the following proposition.

###### Proposition B.1 (\[K2, HKOTY\]).

For any integer $`1itl`$, and any complex numbers $`\beta _m^{(a)}`$ $`((a,m)H_l[i])`$, we have the following power series expansion at $`z=0`$ which converges for $`|z_{m,i}^{(a)}|<1`$:

(B.5) $`\begin{array}{cc}& {\displaystyle \underset{(a,m)H_l[i]}{}}\left(1v_{m,i}^{(a)}(z_i)\right)^{\beta _m^{(a)}1}\hfill \\ & ={\displaystyle \underset{N𝒩_l[i]}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{(a,m)H_l[i]}{}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\beta _m^{(a)}+c_m^{(a)}+N_m^{(a)}}{N_m^{(a)}}}\right)\left(z_{m,i}^{(a)}\right)^{N_m^{(a)}},\hfill \end{array}`$
where

(B.6) $`c_m^{(a)}=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{(b,k)H_l[tm/t_a+1]}{}}(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)(t_akt_bm)N_k^{(b)},`$
(B.7) $`𝒩_l[i]=`$ $`\{N=(N_m^{(a)})_{(a,m)H}N_m^{(a)}_0,N_m^{(a)}=0\text{for}(a,m)H_l[i]\}.`$
###### Remark B.2.

If $`(a,m)H_l[i]`$, then $`H_l[tm/t_a+1]H_l[i]`$. Also, the condition $`(b,k)H_l[tm/t_a+1]`$ is equivalent to the condition $`(b,k)H_l`$, $`t_bm<t_ak`$. Therefore, $`c_m^{(a)}`$ in (B.6) is the same one as in (4.24).

###### Proof.

We prove the proposition by induction on $`i`$ in the descent order. First, consider the case $`i=tl`$. Suppose $`(a,m)H_l[tl]=\{(a,t_al)\}_{a=1}^n`$. Then, $`c_m^{(a)}=0`$ due to $`H_l[tm/t_a+1]=H_l[tl+1]=\mathrm{}`$, and $`v_{m,tl}^{(a)}(z_{tl})=z_{m,tl}^{(a)}`$ due to $`H_l[tl]H_l[tm/t_a]=\mathrm{}`$. Therefore, the claim reduces to the well-known power series expansion

(B.8)
$$(1v)^{\beta 1}=\underset{N=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}\left(\genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\beta +N}{N}\right)v^N,$$

which converges for $`|v|<1`$. Next, let us assume (B.5) holds for $`i+1`$. Then, for $`z_i`$ such that $`|z_{m,i}^{(a)}|<1`$ and $`|z_{m,i+1}^{(a)}(z_i)|<1`$, the LHS of (B.5) is equal to

(B.9) $`\begin{array}{cc}& \left({\displaystyle \underset{N𝒩_l[i+1]}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{(a,m)H_l[i+1]}{}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\beta _m^{(a)}+c_m^{(a)}+N_m^{(a)}}{N_m^{(a)}}}\right)\left(z_{m,i+1}^{(a)}(z_i)\right)^{N_m^{(a)}}\right)\hfill \\ & \times \left({\displaystyle \underset{(a,m)H_l[i]H_i[i+1]}{}}(1v_{m,i}^{(a)}(z_i))^{\beta _m^{(a)}1}\right)\hfill \end{array}`$
by the induction hypothesis. Here, we used the fact that, for $`(a,m)H_l[i+1]`$, $`v_{m,i}^{(a)}(z_i)=v_{m,i+1}^{(a)}(v_i(z_i))=v_{m,i+1}^{(a)}(z_{i+1}(z_i))`$. Substituting (B.3) for $`z_{m,i+1}^{(a)}(z_i)`$ in (B.9), we have

(B.10) $`\begin{array}{cc}& {\displaystyle \underset{N𝒩_l[i+1]}{}}\left({\displaystyle \underset{(a,m)H_l[i+1]}{}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\beta _m^{(a)}+c_m^{(a)}+N_m^{(a)}}{N_m^{(a)}}}\right)\left(z_{m,i}^{(a)}\right)^{N_m^{(a)}}\right)\hfill \\ & \times \left({\displaystyle \underset{(a,m)H_l[i]H_i[i+1]}{}}(1v_{m,i}^{(a)}(z_i))^{\beta _m^{(a)}\stackrel{~}{c}_m^{^{(a)}}1}\right),\hfill \end{array}`$
where

(B.11)
$$\stackrel{~}{c}_m^{(a)}=\underset{(b,k)H_l[i+1]}{}(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)(t_akt_bm)N_k^{(b)}.$$

Suppose $`(a,m)H_l[i]H_l[i+1]`$. Then, $`tm/t_a=i`$ holds. It follows that $`\stackrel{~}{c}_m^{(a)}=c_m^{(a)}`$ and $`v_{m,i}^{(a)}(z_i)=z_{m,i}^{(a)}`$. Thus, applying (B.8) to the second factor of (B.10), we obtain (B.5). It is easy to check that the RHS in (B.5) converges for $`|z_{m,i}^{(a)}|<1`$. ∎

## Appendix C Proof of Proposition 5.10

Following \[HKOTY\], we prove the proposition in two steps as Propositions C.3 and C.4. The proof of Proposition C.4 is taken from \[HKOTY\], while the proof of Proposition C.3 here is new.

Step 1. We start from the formula (4.28), which is also written as (cf. (4.33))

(C.1) $`𝒦_l^0(w)`$ $`=\underset{H_l}{det}\left({\displaystyle \frac{w_k^{(b)}}{z_m^{(a)}}}{\displaystyle \frac{z_m^{(a)}}{w_k^{(b)}}}(w)\right){\displaystyle \underset{(a,m)H_l}{}}(1v_m^{(a)}(w))^1,`$
where $`w_m^{(a)}`$, $`v_m^{(a)}`$, and $`z_m^{(a)}`$ are related by (4.22), (4.25), and (4.26). Let $`w_m^{(a)}(y)=y_a^m`$ be the specialization in Section 5.1. We define new series of $`y`$

(C.2) $`f_a(y)={\displaystyle \underset{m=1}{\overset{t_al}{}}}(1v_m^{(a)}(w(y))),a=1,\mathrm{},n,`$
which depend also on $`l`$.

###### Lemma C.1.

In $`[[u]]`$,

(C.3) $`\underset{l\mathrm{}}{lim}f_a(y)=(\stackrel{~}{Q}_1^{(a)}(y))^1.`$
###### Proof.

By (4.30), $`f_a(y)=_l^\nu (w(y))`$, where $`\nu =(\nu _k^{(b)})`$ with $`\nu _k^{(b)}=1`$ if $`(b,k)=(a,1)`$, $`(a,t_al)`$, $`1`$ if $`(b,k)=(a,t_al+1)`$, and $`0`$ otherwise. Then, the claim follows from the fact that $`_l^\nu (w(y))\stackrel{~}{R}^\nu (y)`$ mod $`I_l`$, where $`I_l`$ is the ideal in Section 5.1, and that

(C.4) $`\underset{l\mathrm{}}{lim}\stackrel{~}{R}^\nu (y)=\underset{l\mathrm{}}{lim}(\stackrel{~}{Q}_1^{(a)}(y))^1{\displaystyle \frac{\stackrel{~}{Q}_{t_al+1}^{(a)}(y)}{\stackrel{~}{Q}_{t_al}^{(a)}(y)}}=(\stackrel{~}{Q}_1^{(a)}(y))^1`$
by the convergence property (Q̃-II). ∎

We further define series of $`y`$

(C.5) $`U_a(y)=y_a{\displaystyle \underset{b=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\stackrel{~}{Q}_1^{(b)}(y)^{(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)t_b},a=1,\mathrm{},n.`$
###### Lemma C.2.

The following equality of series of $`y`$ holds:

(C.6) $`\stackrel{~}{K}^0(y)=\underset{1a,bn}{det}\left({\displaystyle \frac{y_b}{U_a}}{\displaystyle \frac{U_a}{y_b}}(y)\right){\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\stackrel{~}{Q}_1^{(a)}(y).`$
###### Proof.

We define series of $`y`$

(C.7) $`u_a(y)=y_a{\displaystyle \underset{b=1}{\overset{n}{}}}(f_b(y))^{(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)t_b},a=1,\mathrm{},n,`$
which depend also on $`l`$. By Lemma C.1, (C.6) is the limit $`l\mathrm{}`$ of the formula

(C.8) $`𝒦_l^0(w(y))=\underset{1a,bn}{det}\left({\displaystyle \frac{y_b}{u_a}}{\displaystyle \frac{u_a}{y_b}}(y)\right){\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{n}{}}}(f_a(y))^1.`$
To prove (C.8), we use

(C.9) $`y_a{\displaystyle \frac{}{y_a}}`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{m=1}{\overset{t_al}{}}}mw_m^{(a)}{\displaystyle \frac{}{w_m^{(a)}}},`$
(C.10) $`\underset{H_l}{det}(\delta _{ab}\delta _{mk}+m\alpha _{abk})`$ $`=\underset{1a,bn}{det}(\delta _{ab}+{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{t_bl}{}}}k\alpha _{abk}),\alpha _{abk}\text{: arbitrary},`$
where (C.10) is easily shown by elementary transformations. Let

(C.11) $`F_a(y)={\displaystyle \underset{b=1}{\overset{n}{}}}(f_b(y))^{(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)t_b}.`$
By (C.1), (C.8) is equivalent to the following equality:

$`\underset{H_l}{det}\left({\displaystyle \frac{w_k^{(b)}}{z_m^{(a)}}}{\displaystyle \frac{z_m^{(a)}}{w_k^{(b)}}}\right)`$ $`=\underset{H_l}{det}\left(\delta _{ab}\delta _{mk}+mw_k^{(b)}{\displaystyle \frac{}{w_k^{(b)}}}\mathrm{log}F_a\right)`$ (by (4.26))
$`=\underset{1a,bn}{det}\left(\delta _{ab}+{\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{t_bl}{}}}kw_k^{(b)}{\displaystyle \frac{}{w_k^{(b)}}}\mathrm{log}F_a\right)`$ (by (C.10))
$`=\underset{1a,bn}{det}\left(\delta _{ab}+y_b{\displaystyle \frac{}{y_b}}\mathrm{log}F_a\right)`$ (by (C.9))
$`=\underset{1a,bn}{det}\left({\displaystyle \frac{y_b}{u_a}}{\displaystyle \frac{u_a}{y_b}}\right)`$ (by (C.7)).
###### Proposition C.3.

The following equality of Laurent series of $`x`$ holds:

(C.12) $`K^0(x)=\underset{1a,bn}{det}\left({\displaystyle \frac{Q_1^{(a)}}{x_b}}(x)\right).`$
###### Proof.

We recall that $`y_a(x)=_{b=1}^nx_b^{(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)t_b}`$, $`K^0(x)=\stackrel{~}{K}^0(y(x))`$, and $`Q_1^{(a)}(x)=x_a\stackrel{~}{Q}_1^{(a)}(y(x))`$. Then, by (C.5), we have

(C.13) $`U_a(y(x))={\displaystyle \underset{b=1}{\overset{n}{}}}Q_1^{(b)}(x)^{(\alpha _a|\alpha _b)t_b}.`$
Therefore, by Lemma C.2,

(C.14) $`K^0(x)=\underset{1a,bn}{det}\left({\displaystyle \frac{x_b}{Q_1^{(a)}}}{\displaystyle \frac{Q_1^{(a)}}{x_b}}(x)\right){\displaystyle \underset{a=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\stackrel{~}{Q}_1^{(a)}(y(x))=\underset{1a,bn}{det}\left({\displaystyle \frac{Q_1^{(a)}}{x_b}}(x)\right).`$
Step 2. So far, we have not used the assumption of Proposition 5.10 that $`Q_m^{(a)}`$ are $`𝒲`$-invariant yet.

###### Proposition C.4.

If $`Q_1^{(1)}(x)`$, …, $`Q_1^{(n)}(x)`$ are $`𝒲`$-invariant, then

(C.15)
$$\underset{1a,bn}{det}\left(\frac{Q_1^{(a)}}{x_b}(x)\right)=\underset{\alpha \mathrm{\Delta }_+}{}(1e^\alpha ).$$

###### Proof.

It is well-known that

$`e^\rho {\displaystyle \underset{\alpha \mathrm{\Delta }_+}{}}(1e^\alpha )={\displaystyle \underset{w𝒲}{}}\mathrm{sgn}(w)e^{w(\rho )},`$
and the RHS is characterized by (i) the coefficient of $`e^\rho `$ is 1; (ii) it is skew $`𝒲`$-invariant. Therefore, it is enough to show that $`e^\rho (Q_1/x)(x)`$ satisfies the same properties. The property (i) follows from the fact $`\stackrel{~}{Q}_1^{(a)}(y)=1+O(y)`$. Under the assumption that $`Q_1^{(a)}(x)`$ are $`𝒲`$-invariant, the property (ii) is equivalent to the fact that $`e^\rho dx_1\mathrm{}dx_n`$ is skew $`𝒲`$-invariant, This is easily seen by using the following well-known transformation property under the simple reflection $`s_a`$:

$`s_a(e^\rho )=(y_a)^1e^\rho ,s_a(dx_1\mathrm{}dx_n)=y_a(dx_1\mathrm{}dx_n).`$
Proposition 5.10 follows from Propositions C.3 and C.4.