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# Laser spectroscopy of simple atoms and precision tests of bound state QED

## I Introduction

Precision laser spectroscopy of simple atoms (hydrogen, deuterium, muonium, positronium etc.) provides an opportunity to precisely test Quantum Electrodynamics (QED) for bound states and to determine some fundamental constants with a high accuracy. The talk is devoted to a comparison of theory and experiment for bound state QED. Experimental progress during the last ten years has been mainly due to laser spectroscopy and, thus, the tests of bound state QED are an important problem associated with modern laser physics.

The QED of free particles (electrons and muons) is a well-established theory designed to perform various calculations of particle properties (like e. g. anomalous magnetic moment) and of scattering cross sections. In contrast, the theory of bound states is not so well developed and it needs further precision tests. The QED theory of bound states contains three small parameters, which play a key role: the QED constant $`\alpha `$, the strength of the Coulomb interaction $`Z\alpha `$ and the mass ratio $`m/M`$ of an orbiting particle (mainly—an electron) and the nucleus. It is not possible to do any exact calculation and one has to use some expansions over some of these three parameters.

The crucial theoretical problems are:

* The development of an effective approach to calculate higher-order corrections to the energy levels.
* Finding an effective approach to estimate the size of uncalculated higher-order corrections to the energy levels.

The difference between these two problems is very important: any particular evaluation can include only a part of contributions and we must learn how to determine the uncertainty of the theoretical calculation, i. e. how to estimate corrections that cannot be calculated. We discuss below some important higher-order QED corrections, our knowledge on which determines the accuracy of the bound state QED calculations. Doing ab initio QED calculations, none can present any theoretical prediction to compare with the measurements. With the help of QED one can only express some measurable quantities in terms of fundamental constants (like e. g. the Rydberg constant $`R_{\mathrm{}}`$, the fine structure constant $`\alpha `$, the electron-to-proton ($`m_e/m_p`$) and electron-to-muon ($`m_e/m_\mu `$) mass ratio). The latter have to be determined somehow, however, essential part of the experiments to obtain the values of the contstans involves measurements with simple atoms and calculations within bound state QED.

The study of the Lamb shift in the hydrogen atom and the helium ion about fifty years ago led to a great development of Quantum electrodynamics. Now, investigations of the lamb shift are still of interest. After recent calculations of the one-loop, two-loop and three-loop corrections to the Lamb shift in the hydrogen atom, the main uncertainty comes from higher order two-loop contributions of the order $`\alpha ^2(Z\alpha )^6m`$. They contain logarithms ($`\mathrm{ln}(Z\alpha )`$) which enhance the correction111In hydrogen, one can find: $`\mathrm{ln}^3(Z\alpha )^1120`$, $`\mathrm{ln}^2(Z\alpha )^124`$ and $`\mathrm{ln}(Z\alpha )^15`$., and the leading term with the cube of the logarithm is known JETP93 . The uncertainty due to the uncalculated next-to-leading terms is estimated as 2 ppm. It is competible with an experimental uncertainty from laser experiments (3 ppm) and essentially smaller than the 10-ppm inaccuracy of computations because of the lack of an appropriate knowledge of the proton charge radius CJP . This 10-ppm level of uncertainty due to the proton structure is an obvious evidence that the QED is an incomplete theory which deals with photons and leptons (electrons and muons) and cannot describe the protons (or deutrons) from first principles. To do any calculations with hydrogen and deuterium one has to get some appropriate data on their structure from expreriment.

We particularly discuss here precise tests of the bound state QED theory due measurements of the $`1s2s`$ and other optical transitions in hydrogen, muonium and positronium and related experiments. We consider a number of different two-photon Doppler-free experiments in hydrogen and deuterium in Sect. II. In Sect. III we present the status of the Lamb shift study and discuss some running auxilary experiments which can help us in the understanding of the higher-order corrections and the proton structure. Since the problem of the proton structure limits usefulness of extremely precise hydrogen experiments, the study of unstable leptonic atoms can provide some tests QED which are efficient and competitive with the study of hydrogen Jungmann . We discuss these in Sect. IV.

The paper contains also a brief summary and a list of references. The latter is far incomplete. However, most problems concerning the precision study of simple atoms were discussed at the recent Hydrogen atom, 2 meeting, which took place June, 1-3, 2000, in Italy and we hope that one finds more references on the subject therein h2 .

## II Two-photon Doppler-free spectroscopy

The effect of Doppler broadening used to be a limiting factor in the measurement of any transition frequency. A way to avoid it is to apply two-photon transitions, which are not sensitive to the linear Doppler shift. First of all, a success in precision spectroscopy is to be expected from $`1s2s`$ measurements, because of the metastability of the $`2s`$ state and, hence, of its narrow natural radiative width. Since a value of the Rydberg constant can only be determined from measurements with hydrogen and deuterium transitions, one has to measure at least two different transitions for any applications to QED tests (i. e. one measurement is for the Rydberg constant, while the other is to test QED using the value of the Rydberg constant). An appropriate option is to study the $`1sns`$, $`2sns`$ or $`2snd`$ transitions in hydrogen, or the $`1s2s`$ transition in other atoms.

### II.1 Studying hydrogen and deuterium atoms

To precisely test bound state QED theory of the Lamb shift one has to measure two different transitions in hydrogen and/or deuterium. Combining them properly one can exclude the contribution of the Rydberg constant to the transition frequency

$$E(nl)=\frac{chR_{\mathrm{}}}{n^2}$$
(1)
and find a value determined by some known relativisitc corrections ($`\alpha ^2R_{\mathrm{}}`$) and by the Lamb shifts of the involved levels. Since a number of different states is involved, a number of Lamb shifts have to be determined.

A specific combination of the Lamb shifts

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_L(n)=E_L(1s)n^3E_L(ns)$$
(2)
is important JETP94  for the evaluation of the data from optical measurements in Garching Holzwarth  and Paris Biraben , obtained by means of two-photon Doppler-free laser spectroscopy. The use of this difference allows to present all unknown Lamb shifts of $`ns`$ states in terms of only one of them (usually—either $`E_L(1s)`$ or $`E_L(2s)`$). The uncertainty in this difference is also determined by unknown higher-order two-loop terms, but the leading term which includes a squared logarithm is known JPB . It is important to underline that the status of this difference ZP97 ; CJP  differs from the status of the 1s Lamb shift icap . It is free of most theoretical problems and it is in some sense not a theoretical value, but a mathematical one.

#### Absolute measurements of two-photon transitions

Now let us consider some recent experiments. The most accurate result for the Lamb shift by optical means (Fig. 1, see CJP ; icap  for references)) can be achieved from a comparison of the Garching data and the Paris data (see Fig. 2, the references can be found in Refs. CJP ; Holzwarth ; Biraben ; h2 ). These are results after absolutely measuring some transitions frequencies (i. e. by measuring with respect to the cesium standard). In the case of the Garching experiment, a small electric field allows a single-photon E1 transition from the 2s state to the 1s level and a resonance in the intensity of this decay was used as a signal when tuning the laser frequency. The measurement accuracy of the 1s-2s transition is high and it can be used for other applications, like e. g. a search for variation of constants (see e. g. vari ).

#### Relative measurements of two-photon transitions

A comparison of two absolute frequencies involves cesium standards and a lot of metrology. It is possible to avoid comparing two frequencies within the same experiment. Level schemes of three experiments (see for detail Refs. CJP ; Holzwarth ; Biraben ; h2 ) are presented in Fig. 3. Most of them used only two-photon transitions. In all three experiments, the pair of measured frequencies consists of two values that differ by a factor either about 4 (Garching, Paris) or 2. These factor appear within the leading non-relativistic approximation (i. e. from the Schrödinger equation with the Coulomb potential), in which the energy levels are determined by Eq. (1). Multiplying the smaller frequencies by the proper factor (4 or 2) and comparing them with the larger frequencies experimentally, the beat frequency signals were extracted. For some rather historical reasons, the final results are less accurate than in the case of the comparison of two absolute measurements (see Fig. 1 which contains an average value over all three experiments).

## III The Lamb shift in the hydrogen atom

Only a part of the experiments mentioned above were performed for both hydrogen and deuterium, and essentially more experimental data are available for hydrogen. Below we discuss only the Lamb shift in the hydrogen atom.

### III.1 Present status

The current situation of the comparison of theory and experiment is summarized in Fig. 3 (see Refs. CJP ; icap  for details). A result marked with SY/K (Sokolov-and-Yakovlev value, corrected by us) is not included neither in the average over the Lamb shift measurements (LS) nor into the grand average. This corrected result of Sokolov and Yakovlev is claimed to be the most precise, however its real accuracy is an open question. The theory is presented with three different values of the proton size published some time ago. The uncertainty of these theoretical results is about 4 ppm. In our opinion, a reasonable theory is not so accurate and its margins are presented as a filled area (10-ppm uncertainty). All experimental results but one by Sokolov and Yakovlev are consistent with our concervative estimate of the theoretical value.

The present status can be briefly described as following:

* The experiments are mainly consistent to each other and with theory.
* In particular, the optical data evaluated with the help of the difference in Eq. (2) are consistent with the microwave data (LS and FS in Fig. 1) found without the use of Eq. (2).
* The uncertainty of the grand average value for the $`2s2p_{1/2}`$ Lamb shift is about 3 ppm.
* The computational uncertainty is about 2 ppm and it originates from the unknown higher-order two-loop corrections of the order $`\alpha ^2(Z\alpha )^6m`$ which are known only in part JETP93 .
* The uncertainty due to the finite size of the proton is about 10 ppm and it is due to the inaccuracy in the determination of the proton charge radius CJP .

Below we discuss some current laser experiments which offer some solutions for the problems with the theory, both: of the proton size and of the higher-order two-loop contributions.

### III.2 Proton structure

There are a few ways to study the proton chagre distribution. One of them is to look for elastic scattering of electrons by protons at low momentum transfer $`q`$. One can determine the proton electric form factor from the scattering data and extrapolate in to zero momentum transfer

$$G_E(q^2)=1\frac{R_p^2}{6}q^2+\mathrm{}$$
(3)
Unfortunately, the scattering data were not evaluated properly and a comprehensive description cannot be available. The claimed uncertainty leads to a 3.5-ppm error bar for the Lamb shift, but we expect it to be rather 10-ppm.

A promising project to determine the proton charge radius is now in progress at Paul Scherrer Institut (Villigen). It deals with muonic hydrogen. The muon is about 200 times heavier than the electron and hence the Bohr orbit of the muon lies much lower than the one of the electron and the level energies are more affected by the proton structure. The used atomic level scheme is presented in Fig. 4. It is similar to the one applied for muonic helium some time ago. A main advantage is a slow-muon beam at PSI. The use of slow muons allows to make use of a low-density gas target which reduces the collisional decay rate of the metastable $`2s`$ state. It has been checked experimentally that, under the conditions of the PSI experiment, the $`2s`$ state is metastable enough and not destroyed by collisions. That allows one to go to the next step: to excite the atoms in the $`2s`$ state to the $`2p`$ state by a laser and to look for the intensity of the X-ray Lyman-$`\alpha `$ as a function of the laser frequency. In case of successful measurement the result will be the Lamb shift in muonic hydrogen with an essential contribution due to the proton size, and eventually with a value of the proton charge radius more accurate by an order of magnitude than the current scattering values.

### III.3 Higher-order two-loop corrections

The other problem of theory of the Lamb shift in hydrogen is the unknown higher-order two-loop corrections. They are proportional to $`Z^6`$, while the leading contribution to the Lamb shift is $`Z^4`$. That means that some less accurate measurements at higher $`Z`$ can nevertheless give some efficient results for these higher-order terms. There are three projects for low-$`Z`$ ions h2 :

* Lamb shift measurement in the 4He+ ion ($`Z=2`$) at the University of Windsor (recently completed);
* two-photon $`2s3s`$ transition in the 4He+ ion ($`Z=2`$) at the University of Sussex (in progress);
* fine-structure ($`2p_{3/2}2s`$) measurement in hydrogen-like nitrogen 14N6+ ($`Z=7`$) and 14N6+ at the Florida State University.

The scheme of the last experiment is presented in Fig. 5. It is similar to the previous one with the muonic hydrogen. It is expected (see Myers’ paper in h2 ) to be sensitive to the higher-order two-loop corrections.

## IV Leptonic atoms

Since the theory of the energy levels in the hydrogen atom is limited by nuclear structure effects, one can try to study protonless hydrogen-like atoms: muonium and positronium. In both of them the $`1s2s`$ interval was measured.

### IV.1 1s-2s transition in positronium

In the positronium spectrum there are a number of values which were or are under precise experimental study. In all cases the uncertainty of the positronium energy ($`n=1,2`$) is known up to $`\alpha ^6m`$. The only double logarithm ($`\alpha ^7m\mathrm{ln}^2\alpha `$) is known to the next order JETP93 ; Pachucki . The inaccuracy of the theory originates from the non-leading terms (single logarithm and constant) of radiative and radiative-recoil corrections of order $`\alpha ^7m`$. For the majority of measurable quantities (hfs of $`1s`$, $`1s2s`$ interval, fine structure of $`n=2`$, orthopositronium and parapositronium decay rate), the theory is competitive with the experiment and actually slightly more accurate. We present a level scheme of a measurement of the $`1s2s`$ interval in positronium in Fig. 6, while in Fig. 7 we compare the theory with the experiment.

The positronium $`1s2s`$ experiment is quite different from the hydrogen one, because of the short lifetime of the orthopositronium triplet $`1^3S_1`$ state which the experiment starts from. The three-photon annihilation leads to a lifetime of $`1^3S_1`$ state of $`1.410^7`$ s. The method applied was three-photon ionization which has a resonance due to the two-photon transition.

### IV.2 1s-2s transition in muonium atom

The muonium nucleus, the muon, lives about 2.2 $`\mu `$s and an idea used to measure $`1s2s`$ interval in muonium is similar to the positronium experiment (Fig. 6). However, the application is very different. In contrast to positronium (in which, e. g. the $`1s2s`$ experiment is really competitive with the study of $`1s`$ hfs), a much more efficient test of QED can be provided by the hyperfine structure of the ground state which was measured very precisely. The uncertainty of the calculation of the $`1s`$ hfs interval originates from some unknown corrections of the fourth order. Some of these, including the large logarithms ($`\mathrm{ln}(Z\alpha )^15`$ or $`\mathrm{ln}(M/m)5`$), are known in the double logarithmic approximation JETP93 ; ZP96  and non-leading terms lead to an uncertainty of the theoretical expression as large as 0.05 ppm. The uncertainty arises from the unknown next-to-leading radiative-recoil ($`\alpha (Z\alpha )^2(m/M)E_F`$) and pure recoil ($`(Z\alpha )^3(m/M)E_F`$)222 $`E_F`$ stands here for the Fermi energy, which is a leading order contribution to the hyperfine structure which is a result of the non-relativistic interaction of the magnetic moments of the electron and the muon. terms (which are essentially the same as the $`\alpha ^7m`$ terms in positronium). However, the budget for the theoretical uncertainty contains not only the computational items. Actually, the largest contribution to the budget comes from a calculation of the Fermi energy because of the lack of a precise knowledge of the muon-to-electron mass ratio. We summarize in Fig. 8 a few of the most accurate values for the mass ratio (see Refs. ZP96 ; Jungmann  for references). The most accurate result there is from study of the Zeeman effect of the $`1s`$ state in muonium. Another way to determine this ratio is the $`1s2s`$ muonium experiment. Two other values are extracted from the study of muon spin precession in different media.

## V Summary

In our talk we briefly discuss several precision tests of bound state QED. The short overview shows that theory and experiment are consistent within their uncertainty and the crucial corrections in bound state QED in present are:

* higher order two-loop corrections (hydrogen Lamb shift);
* radiative-recoil and pure recoil terms of order $`\alpha ^7m`$, the calculation of which involves an essential part of the QED, binding and two-body effects (positronium and muonium).

The study of these corrections is necessary to develop an efficient theory competitive with experiment.

## Aknowledgements

I would like to thank T. W. Hänsch and S. N. Bagayev for support, hospitality and stimulating discussions. The stimulating discussions with K. Jungmann, D. Gidley, R. Conti and G. Werth are also gratefully acknowledged. I am grateful to J. Reichert for useful remarks. The work was supported in part by RFBR (grant # 00-02-16718), NATO (CRG 960003) and Russian State Program Fundamental Metrology.


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# 1 The leading order Feynman diagram for the 𝐵⁰→𝐾^{∗0}𝛾 decay

## Acknowledgments

We are grateful for the contributions of our PEP-II colleagues in achieving the excellent luminosity and machine conditions that have made this work possible. We acknowledge support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (Canada), Institute of High Energy Physics (China), Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique and Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (France), Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (Germany), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (Italy), The Research Council of Norway, Ministry of Science and Technology of the Russian Federation, Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council (United Kingdom), the Department of Energy (US), and the National Science Foundation (US). In addition, individual support has been received from the Swiss National Foundation, the A. P. Sloan Foundation, the Research Corporation, and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. The visiting groups wish to thank SLAC for the support and kind hospitality extended to them.


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# Evidence for a conjecture of Pandharipande

## 1. Introduction

In , Pandharipande studied the relationship between the enumerative geometry of certain 3-folds and the Gromov-Witten invariants. In some good cases, enumerative invariants (which are manifestly integers) can be expressed as a rational combination of Gromov-Witten invariants. Pandharipande speculated that the same combination of invariants should yield integers even when they do not have any enumerative significance on the 3-fold. In the case when the 3-fold is the product of a complex surface and an elliptic curve, Pandharipande has computed this combination of invariants on the 3-fold in terms of the Gromov-Witten invariants of the surface . This computation yields surprising conjectural predictions about the genus 0 and genus 1 Gromov-Witten invariants of complex surfaces. The conjecture states that certain rational combinations of the genus 0 and genus 1 Gromov-Witten invariants are always integers. Since the Gromov-Witten invariants for surfaces are often enumerative (as oppose to 3-folds), this conjecture can often also be interpreted as giving certain congruence relations among the various enumerative invariants of a surface.

In this note, we state Pandharipande’s conjecture and we prove it for an infinite series of classes in the case of $`\mathrm{𝐂𝐏}^2`$ blown-up at 9 points. In this case, we find generating functions for the numbers appearing in the conjecture in terms of quasi-modular forms (Theorem 3.1). We then prove the integrality of the numbers by proving a certain a congruence property of modular forms that is reminiscent of Ramanujan’s mod 5 congruences of the partition function (Theorem 3.2).

## 2. The conjecture

Let $`X`$ be a smooth complex projective surface (or more generally, a symplectic 4-manifold), let $`K`$ be its canonical class, and let $`\chi (X)`$ be its Euler characteristic. Let $`\beta H_2(X,𝐙)`$ and let $`g(\beta )`$ be defined by $`2g(\beta )2=\beta (K+\beta )`$. Define $`c(\beta )`$ to be $`\beta K`$ and assume that $`c(\beta )>0`$. Let $`N^r(\beta )`$ be the genus $`r`$ Gromov-Witten invariant of $`X`$ in the class $`\beta `$ where we have imposed $`c(\beta )+r1`$ point constraints. By convention we will say $`N^r(0)=0`$.

###### Conjecture 2.1 (Pandharipande).

Define $`a(\beta )`$ by

$$a(\beta )=\frac{1}{12}g(\beta )N^0(\beta )$$

and define $`b(\beta )`$ by

$`b(\beta )=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2880}}\left(12g(\beta )^2+g(\beta )c(\beta )24g(\beta )\right)N^0(\beta )`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{240}}\chi (X)N^1(\beta )`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{240}}{\displaystyle \underset{\beta ^{}+\beta ^{\prime \prime }=\beta }{}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{c(\beta )1}{c(\beta ^{})}}\right)(\beta ^{}\beta ^{\prime \prime })(\beta ^{\prime \prime }\beta ^{\prime \prime })N^1(\beta ^{})N^0(\beta ^{\prime \prime }).`$
Then $`a(\beta )`$ and $`b(\beta )`$ are integers.

###### Remark 2.1.

This conjecture is related to the proposal of Gopakumar and Vafa that relates the Gromov-Witten invariants of Calabi-Yau 3-folds to conjecturally integer valued invariants (“BPS state counts”, or “BPS invariants”). Pandharipande has generalized the Gopakumar-Vafa formula to Fano classes in non-Calabi-Yau 3-folds (see ). In this formulation, the numbers $`a(\beta )`$ and $`b(\beta )`$ are respectively genus 1 and genus 2 “BPS invariants” for the surface cross an elliptic curve. The reason that these are expressible in terms of ordinary Gromov-Witten invariants of the surface is that the Hodge class in $`\overline{M}_g`$ (which appears in the computation of the virtual class) is readily expressible in terms of boundary classes for $`g=1`$ and $`g=2`$. For arbitrary $`g`$ there will also be predictions for the invariants of the surface, but they will involve gravitational descendants in general.

## 3. The case of $`\mathrm{𝐂𝐏}^2`$ blown-up at 9 points

Let $`X`$ be $`\mathrm{𝐂𝐏}^2`$ blown up at nine points. Let $`F=K`$ be the anti-canonical class and let $`S`$ be the exceptional divisor of one of the blow-ups (so if $`X`$ is elliptically fibered, then $`F`$ is the fiber and $`S`$ is a section). Let $`\beta _n=S+nF`$. Then $`N^r(\beta _n)`$ was computed in . We will find a nice generating functions for the numbers $`a(\beta _n)`$ and $`b(\beta _b)`$ and will prove that they are integers thus verifying Pandharipande’s conjecture for $`X`$ for this infinite series of classes.

Note that $`c(\beta _n)=1`$, $`g(\beta _n)=n`$, and $`\chi (X)=12`$. Since for $`N^0(\beta ^{\prime \prime })`$ to be non-zero, we need $`c(\beta ^{\prime \prime })=1`$, the sum must have $`c(\beta ^{\prime \prime })=1`$ and $`c(\beta ^{})=0`$. It follows that $`\beta ^{\prime \prime }`$ and $`\beta ^{}`$ are of the form $`S+kF`$ and $`(nk)F`$ respectively. Thus we have

$`a(\beta _n)=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{12}}nN^0(\beta _n)`$
$`b(\beta _n)=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2880}}(12n^223n)N^0(\beta _n)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{20}}N^1(\beta _n)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{240}}{\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{n1}{}}}(nk)(2k1)N^1((nk)F)N^0(\beta _k).`$
Define

$`A(q)`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}a(\beta _n)q^n,`$
$`B(q)`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}b(\beta _n)q^n.`$
We will find an expression for $`A(q)`$ and $`B(q)`$ in terms of quasi-modular forms. Let $`\sigma (k)=_{d|k}d`$ and let $`p(k)`$ be the number of partitions of $`k`$. Define

$`G(q)`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}\sigma (k)q^k,`$
$`P(q)`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}p(k)q^k`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{m=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}(1q^m)^1,`$
$`P_\alpha (q)`$ $`=(P(q))^\alpha ,`$
$`D`$ $`=q{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dq}}.`$
Note that $`G`$ and $`P`$ are closely related to well known (quasi-) modular forms: $`G1/24`$ is the Eisenstein series $`G_2`$ and $`q^{1/24}P_1`$ is the Dedekind $`\eta `$ function.

With this notation, the results of  (Theorem 1.2) give

$`{\displaystyle \underset{n=0}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}N^0(\beta _n)q^n`$ $`=P_{12}`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{n=1}{\overset{\mathrm{}}{}}}N^1(\beta _n)q^n`$ $`=P_{12}DG.`$
Furthermore, one can show that

$$N^1(lF)=\frac{1}{l}\sigma (l)$$

(when the blow-up points are generic, this comes from the multiple covers of the unique elliptic curve in the class $`F`$). We thus have

$`A(q)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{12}}DP_{12}`$
$`B(q)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2880}}(12D^223D)P_{12}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{20}}P_{12}DG`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{240}}{\displaystyle \underset{n1}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{n1}{}}}(2k1)\sigma (nk)N^0(\beta _k)q^{nk}q^k`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{240}}D^2P_{12}{\displaystyle \frac{23}{2880}}DP_{12}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{20}}P_{12}DG`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{240}}{\displaystyle \underset{m1}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{k0}{}}(2k1)\sigma (m)N^0(\beta _k)q^kq^m`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{240}}D^2P_{12}{\displaystyle \frac{23}{2880}}DP_{12}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{20}}P_{12}DG+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{240}}G(2DP_{12}P_{12})`$
Now, by a standard calculation, $`G=P_1DP`$ and so $`DP_{12}=12P_{12}G`$. Substituting and simplifying we arrive at:

###### Theorem 3.1.

The following equations holds:

$`A(q)`$ $`=P_{12}G`$
$`B(q)`$ $`={\displaystyle \frac{1}{10}}P_{12}\left\{7G^2G+DG\right\}.`$
This theorem immediately shows that the coefficients of $`A`$ are integers. On the other hand, the integrality of the coefficients of $`B`$ requires the following theorem:

###### Theorem 3.2.

The following equation holds:

$$7G^2G+DG0(mod10).$$

Proof: By a simple calculation mod 5, we have:

$$7G^2G+DG3P_2(D^2D)P_2(mod5)$$

and so to prove that the above expression is 0 mod 5, it suffices to prove that $`(D^2D)P_20(mod5)`$. Using the Jacobi triple product formula and the Euler inversion formula, it is easy to show that the $`k`$th coefficient of $`P_2=P_3P_5`$ is divisible by 5 unless $`k`$ is 0 or 1 mod 5 (see ). In other words:

$$P_2(q)r(q^5)+qs(q^5)(mod5).$$

It follows that $`DP_2qs(q^5)(mod5)`$ and so $`D^2P_2DP_2(mod5)`$ as desired.

On the other hand, it is easy to compute that

$$7G^2G+DGP_1(D^2+D)P(mod2).$$

This expression is 0 mod 2 since the $`k`$th coefficient of $`(D^2+D)P`$ is $`k(k+1)p(k)`$.

Thus we have established that $`7G^2G+DG`$ is 0 mod 2 and mod 5 and so the theorem is proved. ∎