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# References

I. INTRODUCTION

One of the earliest successes of the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM)  was that it could allow for the unification of the gauge couplings at high energy ($`Q=M_X`$) , thereby opening the door for Supersymmetric Grand Unified Theories (SUSY GUTs) . SUSY GUTs typically involve some third family Yukawa unification . For example minimal $`SU(5)`$  predicts bottom-tau Yukawa unification at $`M_X`$ ($`\lambda _b=\lambda _\tau `$) and allows for the prediction of the top quark mass ($`m_t`$) in terms of the ratio $`m_b/m_\tau `$. In models like $`SO(10)`$, and in the $`SU(4)SU(2)_LSU(2)_R`$ (422) Pati-Salam model , complete third family Yukawa unification holds ($`\lambda _t=\lambda _b=\lambda _\tau `$). Thus the ratio of the vacuum expectation values (VEVs) of the up/down Higgs bosons doublets – $`\mathrm{tan}\beta =v_2/v_1`$ – can be predicted. Since the top and bottom Yukawa couplings start out equal at the GUT scale, and their renormalization group (RG) evolution is very similar (they differ only by the $`U(1)`$ couplings at one loop) their low energy values are approximately equal so we expect $`\mathrm{tan}\beta m_t/m_b40`$.

In this paper we shall include the neutrino Yukawa coupling in the analysis giving quadruple Yukawa unification ($`\lambda _t=\lambda _b=\lambda _\tau =\lambda _\nu `$) as was first done in Ref. . In the light of the Superkamiokande results  (assuming hierarchical neutrino masses and the see-saw mechanism) we regard the third family neutrino mass ($`m_\nu `$) as an input which allows for an additional prediction – the mass scale at which the heavy right-handed neutrinos decouple – $`M_\nu `$. However such predictions depend sensitively on the parameters of the soft SUSY breaking Lagrangian, as we now discuss.

Yukawa unification (assuming the MSSM and SUSY GUTs) at first was thought to lead to an acceptable top mass prediction, given the experimentally permitted range of top and bottom quark masses and $`\alpha _s`$, with a unified Yukawa coupling at $`M_X`$ of order one ($`\lambda _X1`$) . However, when low energy SUSY corrections to the running bottom quark mass due to the decoupling of SUSY particles were included , the initial good agreement was spoiled. The SUSY corrections to the bottom quark mass are :

$$\mathrm{\Delta }m_b=\frac{\delta m_b}{m_b}=\frac{\mu \mathrm{tan}\beta }{4\pi }[\frac{8}{3}\alpha _sm_{\stackrel{~}{g}}I(m_{\stackrel{~}{g}}^2,m_{\stackrel{~}{b}_1}^2,m_{\stackrel{~}{b}_2}^2)+\frac{\lambda _t^2}{4\pi }A_tI(\mu ^2,m_{\stackrel{~}{t}_1}^2,m_{\stackrel{~}{t}_2}^2,)]$$
(1)
where the function $`I(x,y,z)`$ is given in . The corrections can be positive or negative depending on the sign of $`\mu `$, and being proportional to $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$, are rather large.

With universal soft masses and negative $`\mu `$, the SUSY corrections to the bottom mass lead to large negative $`\mathrm{\Delta }m_b=\delta m_b/m_b20\%`$ corrections which implies a larger $`b`$ quark mass before the SUSY corrections, which effectively lowers the previously successful top mass prediction to $`m_t150`$ GeV which is too small . With universal soft masses and positive $`\mu `$ the top mass is predicted to be too large, outside its perturbative upper limit. It has already been pointed out in the literature that $`\delta m_b`$ can be made small by either assuming explicit non-universal scalar soft masses  or by introducing approximate Peccei-Quinn and R symmetries . However in the framework of $`SO(10)`$ the degree of non-universality one could assume until recently appeared rather limited. For example, if both Higgs doublets arise from a single $`\underset{¯}{10}`$ dimensional representation then they will necessarily have a common soft scalar mass at the GUT scale, and the same applies for the light Higgs bidoublet of the Pati-Salam model. Such universality is also a problem for electroweak symmetry breaking where one requires a large hierarchy of vacuum expectation values (VEVs) starting from very symmetrical initial conditions where the two Higgs doublet soft masses are equal, and where the approximately equal top and bottom Yukawa couplings tend to drive both Higgs masses negative equally, making large $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ rather difficult to achieve.

A large step forward for both these problems has been to realise the importance of $`D`$-term contributions to scalar masses , which naturally split the two Higgs doublet masses. If the up-type Higgs doublet mass at the GUT scale is smaller than the down-type Higgs doublet mass, then this makes electroweak symmetry breaking with large $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ much more natural. Assuming negative $`\mu `$, the $`D`$-terms also allow a choice of non-universal scalar masses which reduces the correction to the $`b`$-quark mass and hence allow a larger top quark mass. Although these problems appear to be resolved with $`D`$-terms, one still faces difficulties with rare decays such as $`bs\gamma `$, which is also enhanced for large $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$, and negative $`\mu `$ . This problem can be avoided either by increasing the masses of all the superpartners, or by considering positive $`\mu `$ which will tend to cancel the SUSY contributions, however both these procedures lead to fine-tuning. Another possibility which we pursue in this paper is to consider the effect of non-universality in the family space, which may lead to additional contributions to $`bs\gamma `$ which can cancel those coming from the family universal sources. We explicitly check that the contributions that we introduce do not introduce problems elsewhere such as with $`\tau \mu \gamma `$.

The main purpose of this paper is to provide a detailed analysis of Yukawa unification, post-Superkamiokande, allowing the most general non-universal soft SUSY breaking masses possible. Apart from non-universality in the soft scalar masses arising from $`D`$-terms, we shall also consider more general types of non-universality which may arise in models such as the string/$`D`$-brane inspired $`SU(4)SU(2)_LSU(2)_R`$ model ,, which reduces to the $`SO(10)`$ model in a limiting case. This allows more general soft scalar mass non-universality including similar $`D`$-term contributions as in $`SO(10)`$ (since the relevant broken $`U(1)`$ factors all arise from the breaking of the $`SU(4)SU(2)_LSU(2)_R`$ subgroup), and also permits violations of gaugino mass universality which have not so far been studied. The underlying theme of our approach is that the sensitivity of Yukawa unification to soft SUSY breaking parameters is to be welcomed, since it provides a window into the soft SUSY breaking Lagrangian, both from the point of view of family universal and family non-universal soft SUSY breaking parameters.

The layout of the remainder of the paper is as follows. In the section II we present our calculational approach, and in section III we review the SUSY corrections to the bottom and tau masses. Section IV deals with the effect of neutrino Yukawa couplings on Yukawa unification and in section V we present results for gauge and Yukawa unification, assuming minimal supergravity (mSUGRA) with universal soft SUSY breaking parameters and including the neutrino threshold in addition to the usual low energy thresholds. In section VI we turn to Yukawa unification in the $`SU(4)SU(2)_LSU(2)_R`$ model, including the effect of physics above the GUT scale, and non-universal soft scalar and gaugino masses permitted in this model. We also consider the effect of $`D`$-terms in the $`SO(10)`$ limit of the model, and then study $`bs\gamma `$ and $`\tau \mu \gamma `$ including non-universality in the family-dependent trilinear parameters. Section VII concludes the paper.

II. FRAMEWORK

In this section we will summarize how we implemented the RGEs and matching boundary conditions of the model. In the region $`Q<M_Z`$ the effective theory is $`SU(3)_cU(1)_{em}`$, thus 3-loop QCD  plus 2-loop QED RGEs  apply. Between $`Q=M_Z`$ and $`Q=M_S`$, where $`M_S`$ is the scale that parameterises the energy at which the theory effectively becomes supersymmetric (see Appendix B for details), we considered 2-loop Standard Model (SM) RGEs in the gauge and Yukawa couplings . In the region $`M_S<Q<M_X`$ we evolved 2-loop (1-loop) gauge/Yukawa (all other parameters) MSSM RGEs , properly adapted and extended to take into account the presence (and decoupling) of right handed neutrinos $`\nu ^c`$.

A. Input

The low energy input was : the running electromagnetic coupling $`\alpha _e^1(M_Z)=127.8`$, the pole tau lepton mass $`M_\tau =1.784`$ GeV and several values for the pole bottom quark mass $`M_b=4.7,4.8,..,5.1`$ GeV. We have converted the pole bottom mass into “running” bottom mass in the $`\overline{\mathrm{MS}}`$ scheme using two loop QCD perturbation theory  :

$$m_b(Q=M_b)=\frac{M_b}{1+{\displaystyle \frac{4}{3}}{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _s(M_b)}{\pi }}+K_b\left({\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _s(M_b)}{\pi }}\right)^2}$$
(2)
where $`K_b=12.4`$. The corresponding running masses, for $`\alpha _s=0.120`$, are $`m_b(M_b)=`$ 4.06, 4.15, 4.24, 4.33, 4.42 GeV. The experimental range for $`m_b`$ estimated from bottomonium and $`B`$ masses is 4.0–4.4 GeV . The strong coupling $`\alpha _s(M_Z)`$ was taken to be in the range 0.110–0.130.

The low energy input was complemented by the Super-Kamiokande atmospheric neutrino data that suggests $`m_{\nu _3}^2m_{\nu _2}^2=10^2`$ to $`10^3`$ eV2 . Assuming that the neutrino masses are hierarchical we required that $`m_{\nu _3}0.05`$ eV.

The universal high energy inputs assumed initially are motivated by mSUGRA: spontaneously broken supergravity in which the local N=1 supersymmetry breaking occurs in a “hidden” sector and is only transmitted to the “visible” sector through weak gravitational – flavour blind – interactions. Thus we assume to begin with universal soft SUSY breaking masses (USBM) given by a common gaugino mass $`M_{1/2}`$ and soft scalar masses $`m_0`$ at $`Q=M_X`$. The trilinear $`A`$-terms were set to zero. In section VI we relax the universality assumption.

In the Yukawa sector we assumed that the third family Yukawa couplings have their origin in a unified renormalizable interaction which fixes their values to be $`\lambda _X`$.

B. Running and matching boundary conditions

The process by which the output was generated relied in the initial estimation and successive iterative refinement of a priori unknown parameters such as $`M_t`$ and $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$. The procedure is described in detail in section VII of Ref. .

Starting at $`Q=M_Z`$, $`\alpha _s(M_Z)`$ and $`\alpha _e(M_Z)`$ were firstly run down to $`Q=1`$ GeV (where the up, down and strange quark running masses were fixed ) and secondly up to $`Q=M_Z`$ using $`SU(3)_cU(1)_{em}`$ RGEs. In the “running up” process the heavy (charm, tau and bottom) fermion pole masses were converted to running ones using the expressions in Ref. . At $`Q=M_Z`$, $`\alpha _e`$ was corrected for the decoupling of heavy gauge bosons, Higgs and Nambu-Goldstone bosons, and ghosts . Afterwards the value of $`s_\theta ^2`$  was used to obtain $`g^{}`$ and $`g`$. The bottom and tau Yukawa couplings, in the Standard Model, were evaluated using $`\lambda _{b,\tau }^{SM}(M_Z)=m_{b,\tau }(M_Z)/v`$, where the VEV is $`v`$ = 174 GeV. Next, the gauge and the Yukawa couplings were run from $`Q=M_Z`$ to the estimated pole top mass $`Q=M_t`$ using 2-loop SM RGEs, at which point $`M_t`$ was converted to $`\overline{\mathrm{MS}}`$ running mass $`m_t(M_t)`$, joining the list of parameters to be integrated to $`Q=M_S`$. All along, threshold corrections in the gauge couplings were included by changing the 1-loop $`\beta `$-functions (using the “step” approximation.) At $`Q=M_S`$ the $`\overline{\mathrm{MS}}`$ gauge couplings $`\alpha _i`$ were converted to the DR ones  and corrected for the cumulative effect of decoupling of all the SUSY particles . The top, bottom and tau Yukawa couplings were then converted from the SM to the MSSM normalization and corrected for the SUSY corrections  :

$`\lambda _t^{MSSM}`$ $`=`$ $`\lambda _t^{SM}/\mathrm{sin}\beta `$ (3)
$`\lambda _b^{MSSM}`$ $`=`$ $`\lambda _b^{SM}/\mathrm{cos}\beta \delta m_b/v_1`$ (4)
$`\lambda _\tau ^{MSSM}`$ $`=`$ $`\lambda _\tau ^{SM}/\mathrm{cos}\beta \delta m_\tau /v_1`$ (5)
Afterwards we run up all the above couplings, together with an estimate for $`\lambda _\nu ^{MSSM}(M_S)`$, in two stages, firstly from $`Q=M_S`$ to $`Q=M_\nu `$ and afterwards from $`Q=M_\nu `$ to $`Q=M_X`$, properly excluding (including) $`\nu _\tau ^c`$ in the former (latter) stage. In our model $`M_X`$ was fixed to be the scale at which only the $`U(1)`$ and $`SU(2)`$ gauge couplings unify : $`\alpha _1(M_X)=\alpha _2(M_X)\alpha _3(M_X)`$.

At $`M_X`$ gauge and Yukawa unification were tested leading to eventual wiser choices to the next estimates for $`M_t`$, $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$, $`M_X`$ and $`M_\nu `$.

The iteration cycle was completed by setting the USBM to their unification values after which all the couplings and masses of the model were run down from $`Q=M_X`$ to $`Q=M_S`$ using the inverse “running up” procedure described above. Finally at $`Q=M_S`$ the 1-loop effective Higgs potential was minimized  and the SUSY Higgs mixing parameter $`\mu ^2`$ and the corresponding soft term $`m_3^2`$ were determined using  :

$$\mu ^2=\frac{m_1^2m_2^2\mathrm{tan}^2\beta }{\mathrm{tan}^2\beta 1}\frac{1}{2}M_Z^2$$
(6)
$$m_3^2=(\mu _2^2+\mu _1^2)\frac{\mathrm{tan}\beta }{\mathrm{tan}^2\beta +1}$$
(7)
where $`\mu _{2,1}^2=m_{2,1}^2+\mu ^2`$ and the up/down soft Higgs boson masses are $`m_{2,1}^2=m_{2,1}^{2tree}+\mathrm{\Sigma }_{2,1}`$. 111The $`\mathrm{\Sigma }_{2,1}`$ parameterise the 1-loop corrections to the tree level Higgs potential .

We note that the number of independent parameters the model can predict is four – as many as the constraints imposed (one gauge and three Yukawa unification conditions.) We took them to be $`M_X`$, $`M_t`$, $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ and $`M_\nu `$. The latter was fixed by requiring that $`m_{\nu _3}=0.05`$ eV.

III. SUPERSYMMETRIC BOTTOM
AND TAU MASS CORRECTIONS

In the Standard Model it is frequent to work in off-shell mass schemes in which the running masses $`m_f(Q)`$ differ from their physical masses $`M_f`$ (defined as the real part of the complex pole position of its propagator) by some finite correction . For the quarks the most important corrections (arising from gluon loops) are well known and particularly affect bottom quark mass (see Eq. (2).) In supersymmetric models additional corrections are also present. For large values of $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ some of these SUSY corrections can indeed affect the running bottom mass $`m_b`$ by 20 % , thus their consideration is crucial for the prediction of $`M_t`$. In this section we review the origin of the SUSY corrections to the bottom quark ($`\delta m_b`$) and tau lepton mass ($`\delta m_\tau `$.)

FIG. 1 Gluino and higgsino loop diagrams corresponding to the bottom mass corrections $`\delta ^{\stackrel{~}{g}}m_b`$ and $`\delta ^{\stackrel{~}{H}}m_b`$ of Eq. (8) and Eq. (9).

FIG. 2 Bino diagram corresponding to the tau mass correction $`\delta ^{\stackrel{~}{B}}m_\tau `$ of Eq. (10).

In the MSSM, at tree level, the bottom quark acquires a mass exclusively through the non-vanishing VEV of $`h_d^0=v_1`$. However, at 1-loop level, the bottom quark also receives a “small” mass from $`h_u^0=v_2`$. The dominant processes responsible for the additional corrections to the bottom (tau) mass are characterized by gluino/sbottom and higgsino/stop (bino/stau) diagrams which we illustrate in Fig. 1 (and Fig. 2.) The corresponding expressions for $`\delta ^{\stackrel{~}{g}}m_b`$, $`\delta ^{\stackrel{~}{H}}m_b`$ and $`\delta ^{\stackrel{~}{B}}m_\tau `$ are given by  :

$`\mathrm{\Delta }^{\stackrel{~}{g}}m_b={\displaystyle \frac{\delta ^{\stackrel{~}{g}}m_b}{m_b}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{2\alpha _3}{3\pi }}m_{\stackrel{~}{g}}\mu \mathrm{tan}\beta I(m_{\stackrel{~}{g}}^2,m_{\stackrel{~}{b}_1}^2,m_{\stackrel{~}{b}_2}^2)`$ (8)
$`\mathrm{\Delta }^{\stackrel{~}{H}}m_b={\displaystyle \frac{\delta ^{\stackrel{~}{H}}m_b}{m_b}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _t}{4\pi }}A_t\mu \mathrm{tan}\beta I(\mu ^2,m_{\stackrel{~}{t}_1}^2,m_{\stackrel{~}{t}_2}^2)`$ (9)
$`\mathrm{\Delta }^{\stackrel{~}{B}}m_\tau ={\displaystyle \frac{\delta ^{\stackrel{~}{B}}m_\tau }{m_\tau }}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha ^{}}{4\pi }}m_{\stackrel{~}{B}}\mu \mathrm{tan}\beta I(m_{\stackrel{~}{B}}^2,m_{\stackrel{~}{\tau }_1}^2,m_{\stackrel{~}{\tau }_2}^2)`$ (10)
where $`m_{\stackrel{~}{g}}`$ ($`m_{\stackrel{~}{B}}`$) is the gluino (bino) mass, $`\alpha _t=\lambda _t^2/4\pi `$, $`\alpha ^{}=g^2/4\pi `$, $`A_t`$ the top soft trilinear term and $`m_{\stackrel{~}{b},\stackrel{~}{t},\stackrel{~}{\tau }}`$ the sbottom, stop and stau masses. The function $`I`$ is positive, symmetric, smallest for degenerate masses and approximately scales with the inverse of its biggest argument. 222See footnote in appendix C. We also find convenient to define the total absolute and relative bottom corrections :

$$\delta m_b=\delta ^{\stackrel{~}{g}}m_b+\delta ^{\stackrel{~}{H}}m_b\mathrm{\Delta }m_b=\mathrm{\Delta }^{\stackrel{~}{g}}m_b+\mathrm{\Delta }^{\stackrel{~}{H}}m_b.$$
(11)
The bottom mass before the SUSY corrections are included – $`m_b=\lambda _bv_1`$ – is related to the bottom mass after the SUSY corrections are included – $`m_b^{SUSY}`$ – through :

$$m_b^{SUSY}=m_b+\delta m_b=m_b(1+\mathrm{\Delta }m_b)$$
(12)
The pole mass after the SUSY corrections are included is given by Eq. (2) using $`m_b^{SUSY}`$ in Eq. (12).

IV. DECOUPLING OF THE HEAVY
RIGHT HANDED NEUTRINO

In this section we briefly discuss the decoupling of the heavy SM singlet right-handed neutrino with mass $`M_\nu `$. We assume that the neutrino Yukawa matrix is dominated by a single entry in the 33 position, although in realistic models of neutrino mixing one would expect that there are at two entries which may have similar magnitude. We have checked that our results are insensitive to the presence of a large off-diagonal entry in the neutrino Yukawa matrix, assuming that the charged lepton Yukawa matrix does not have any large off-diagonal entries. 333We focus on the third family only, thus we simplify our notation by replacing $`\nu _\tau \nu `$ and $`\nu _\tau ^c\nu ^c`$. The decoupling is achieved via see-saw mechanism  which generates a small mass for the left-handed neutrino through the presence of a right-left Dirac Yukawa coupling. The part of the superpotential of interest is :

$$𝒲=\nu ^c\lambda _\nu \nu h_u^0+\frac{1}{2}M_\nu \nu ^c\nu ^c.$$
(13)
Thus the light neutrino tau acquires a mass $`m_\nu =\lambda _\nu ^2v_2^2/(4M_\nu )`$. In our model we used $`m_\nu =0.05`$ eV suggested by Ref.  to fix $`M_\nu 10^{13}`$ GeV (see results in Table IV in section V.C.)

V. mSUGRA RESULTS

We now proceed to discuss the results generated by the model described in the previous sections. Although many of the results presented here appear elsewhere, we find it useful to compile and review them here for the purposes of comparison to the new situations we discuss later such as the effect of neutrinos and non-universal soft masses. These have been organized in three categories which are suitable to expose their variation with $`\alpha _s(M_Z)`$ in the range 0.110–0.130, selected pole bottom masses $`M_b=4.7,4.8,..,5.1`$ GeV and universal gaugino/soft scalar masses $`M_{1/2}`$, $`m_0`$ $`<1`$ TeV. We plotted graphs showing the dependence of the results with $`\alpha _s`$ for various $`M_b`$ and fixed $`M_{1/2}=400`$, $`m_0=200`$ GeV; graphs scanning the $`M_{1/2}`$$`m_0`$ parameter space for illustrative fixed $`\alpha _s`$ and $`M_b`$; and a set of numerical tables corresponding to the results obtained from nine models for which the input is listed in Table I.

| TABLE I. | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | | | |
|  | | | | | |
| Case | $`\alpha _s(M_Z)`$ | $`M_b`$ | $`m_b(M_b)`$ | $`M_{1/2}`$ | $`m_0`$ |
|  | | | | | |
| A | 0.1150 | 4.70 | 4.12 | 400 | 200 |
| B | 0.1150 | 4.70 | 4.12 | 800 | 400 |
| C | 0.1150 | 5.10 | 4.49 | 400 | 200 |
| D | 0.1150 | 5.10 | 4.49 | 800 | 400 |
| E | 0.1250 | 4.70 | 3.99 | 400 | 200 |
| F | 0.1250 | 4.70 | 3.99 | 800 | 400 |
| G | 0.1250 | 5.10 | 4.36 | 400 | 200 |
| H | 0.1250 | 5.10 | 4.36 | 800 | 400 |
| I | 0.1250 | 4.80 | 4.08 | 600 | 400 |
|  | | | | | |
|  | | | | | |

TABLE I. Input values of $`\alpha _s\left(M_Z\right)`$, the pole bottom mass $`M_b`$, the running bottom mass $`m_b\left(M_b\right)`$ obtained from $`M_b`$ using two loop QCD corrections only (see Eq. (2)), and the universal gaugino and soft scalar masses $`M_{1/2}`$, $`m_0`$ (given in GeV units) at the unification scale $`Q=M_X`$ for a list of models we will refer in the main text as Case A,B,..,I.

A. Gauge unification

In Fig. 3 we plot the unified $`U(1)`$ and $`SU(2)`$ gauge couplings $`\alpha _1^1(M_X)`$=$`\alpha _2^1(M_X)`$= $`\alpha _X^1`$ together with $`\alpha _3^1(M_X)`$ against $`\alpha _s(M_Z)`$ for $`M_{1/2}=400`$, $`m_0=200`$ GeV and several values of $`M_b`$. The mismatch $`\mathrm{\Delta }\alpha _X^1=\alpha _3^1(M_X)\alpha _X^1`$ in gauge unification is small and decreasing for increasing $`\alpha _s`$. In fact, for large values of $`\alpha _s0.128`$ complete gauge unification occurs. The sensitiveness of $`\mathrm{\Delta }\alpha _X^1`$ to $`M_b`$ is quite small. Complete gauge unification can also be present for lower values of $`\alpha _s0.125`$ as is shown by case H in Table II where we find $`\alpha _X^1\alpha _325.18`$ ($`M_{1/2}=800`$, $`m_0=400`$ GeV.)

FIG. 3. Dependence of unified gauge couplings $`\alpha _1^1\left(M_X\right)=\alpha _2^1\left(M_X\right)=\alpha _X^1`$ and $`\alpha _3^1\left(M_X\right)`$ on $`\alpha _s\left(M_Z\right)`$ for several bottom masses $`M_b`$ and fixed gaugino and soft scalar masses $`M_{1/2}\left(M_X\right)`$, $`m_0\left(M_X\right)`$.

| TABLE II. | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Case | $`\alpha _X^1`$ | $`\alpha _3^1(M_X)`$ | $`M_X/10^{16}`$ |
|  | | | |
| A | 24.70 | 25.46 | 1.64 |
| B | 25.21 | 25.83 | 1.37 |
| C | 24.70 | 25.38 | 1.52 |
| D | 25.18 | 25.75 | 1.26 |
| E | 24.68 | 24.87 | 1.83 |
| F | 25.20 | 25.25 | 1.54 |
| G | 24.68 | 24.80 | 1.70 |
| H | 25.18 | 25.17 | 1.42 |
| I | 24.98 | 25.09 | 1.66 |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |

TABLE II. Predicted values for the unified gauge coupling $`\alpha _X^1=\alpha _1^1\left(M_X\right)=\alpha _2^1\left(M_X\right)`$, for the strong coupling $`\alpha _3^1\left(M_X\right)`$ and for the unification scale $`M_X`$ (given in GeV.)

Analysing Table II we find that $`\delta \alpha _X^1=\mathrm{\Delta }\alpha _X^1/\alpha _X^1<3\%`$. Gauge unification also depends on the SUSY spectrum. Generally, increasing $`M_{1/2}`$ and/or $`m_0`$ decreases $`M_X`$ and $`\delta \alpha _X^1`$. In short partial gauge unification is achieved for $`M_X/10^{16}12`$ GeV with $`\alpha _X^125.0\pm 0.5`$ while complete unification $`\alpha _X^1=\alpha _3^1(M_X)`$ is favoured by large $`\alpha _s(M_Z)`$, $`M_{1/2}`$ and $`M_b`$.

B. Top mass prediction
with SUSY bottom and tau mass corrections

We now turn to the predictions for the top mass. Experimentally the top mass has been measured to be  :

$$M_t174.3\pm 3.2(\mathrm{stat}.)\pm 4.0(\mathrm{syst}.)\mathrm{GeV}$$
(14)
FIG. 4. Predicted values for the pole top mass $`M_t`$ against $`\alpha _s\left(M_Z\right)`$ for several values of the pole bottom mass in the range $`M_b=4.75.1`$ GeV. The dashed line refers to the top mass prediction when no SUSY correction to the bottom mass is considered ($`\delta m_b=0`$). The prediction for the top mass when negative corrections to the bottom mass are included ($`\mu <0`$) is indicated by the solid line ($`\delta m_b0`$.)

In Fig. 4 we compare the values for the pole top mass $`M_t`$ prediction obtained when no SUSY correction to the bottom mass is considered ($`\delta m_b=0`$), indicated with a dashed line, and when they are included ($`\delta m_b0`$ and negative) plotted with a solid line. We see that the SUSY bottom corrections (for our choice of negative $`\mu `$) decrease the top mass considerably.

In fact, the magnitude of the SUSY correction is so large that it excludes the possibility of an eventual positive sign for $`\mu `$. The reason is because if we have a positive $`\mu `$ the SUSY bottom corrections are positive. Thus, in order to keep the bottom mass, after the SUSY corrections are included $`m_b^{SUSY}`$, in the allowed experimental range, the bottom mass before the SUSY corrections are included must decrease. In this case, third family unification leads to an increase in the top Yukawa coupling. However, it turns out that the required increase in the top Yukawa coupling is so large that it drives it, at high energy, well beyond perturbation theory. Numerically, we find that the RGEs fail to converge. 444One can turn the argument around by saying that, if the top quark mass is fixed to be around 175 GeV then third family Yukawa unification at $`M_X`$ requires, for positive $`\mu `$, a very large bottom mass prediction after the SUSY corrections are included.

At this point it is also interesting to comment on the effect the bino correction to the tau mass has on the prediction for the top mass. Again, a negative $`\mu `$ means that $`\delta ^{\stackrel{~}{B}}m_\tau `$ is negative (see Eq. (10)). Thus, in order to keep the tau mass after the SUSY correction is included unchanged, the tau mass before the SUSY correction is included must increase, implying that, third family unification predicts a larger top mass. Numerically we find that the top mass increases by 3–4 GeV.

Returning to Fig. 4 we observe that when the bottom corrections are included the top mass prediction is only acceptable for large values of $`\alpha _s(M_Z)`$. For this reason, in the analysis that will follow, we will study the implications of including the SUSY bottom corrections in our model by taking $`\alpha _s(M_Z)`$ to be in the range 0.120–0.130.

FIG. 5. Pole top mass prediction $`M_t`$ against $`\alpha _s\left(M_Z\right)`$ for several values of the pole bottom mass $`M_b`$ and fixed $`M_{1/2}`$, $`m_0`$.

FIG. 6. Prediction for $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ against $`\alpha _s\left(M_Z\right)`$ for several values of the pole bottom mass $`M_b`$ and fixed $`M_{1/2}`$, $`m_0`$.

In Fig. 5 and 6 the pole top mass $`M_t`$ and $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ are plotted against $`\alpha _s`$ for several values of the bottom mass $`M_b`$. We can see that both are significantly sensitive to $`\alpha _s`$ and to $`M_b`$. For $`M_b=4.7`$ (the first upper line) the top mass takes values within $`165.6<M_t<178.4`$ GeV and $`45.73<\mathrm{tan}\beta <49.41`$ for $`0.122<\alpha _s<0.130`$. Additionally for a fixed value of $`\alpha _s=0.125`$ the top mass increases from 157.7 to 170.6 GeV and $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ from 41.99 to 47.15 when $`M_b`$ decreases from 5.1 to 4.7 GeV. In Table III we list the numerical predictions for the top mass, $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ and the value of the unified Yukawa coupling $`\lambda _X`$.

| TABLE III. | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |
| Case | $`M_t`$ | $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ | $`\lambda _X`$ |
|  | | | |
| A | 152.7 | 42.16 | 0.426 |
| B | 158.1 | 44.16 | 0.469 |
| C | 135.3 | 35.94 | 0.317 |
| D | 139.7 | 37.51 | 0.340 |
| E | 170.6 | 47.15 | 0.569 |
| F | 176.2 | 49.40 | 0.643 |
| G | 157.7 | 41.99 | 0.428 |
| H | 163.3 | 44.06 | 0.473 |
| I | 170.7 | 47.34 | 0.561 |
|  | | | |
|  | | | |

TABLE III. Predicted values for the top mass (in GeV), $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ and for the value of the third family unified Yukawa coupling $`\lambda _X`$.

In Fig. 7 the strong correlation between $`M_t`$ and $`\lambda _X`$ is exposed. It is clear that since $`\lambda _X`$ is not large the top quark mass prediction is far from its infrared (IR) fixed point $`200`$ GeV .

In Fig. 8 we show that $`M_t`$ increases with increasing SUSY particle masses. The reason for such dependence can be traced to the $`SU(3)`$ gauge group factors in the SM and MSSM RGEs : d$`\lambda _t^{SM,MSSM}`$/dt $`b_t^{SM,MSSM}g_3^2`$. Numerically we have $`b_t^{SM}=8>b_t^{MSSM}=16/3`$ thus increasing $`M_S`$ allows for a wider $`M_Z<Q<M_S`$ range of integration for the SM which favours an enhancement for the top mass.

FIG. 7. Correlation between the top pole mass prediction $`M_t`$ and the value of the unified gauge coupling at $`M_X`$, $`\lambda _X`$. Each line corresponds to a fixed choice of $`M_b`$ and along it $`\alpha _s\left(M_Z\right)`$ decreases from a maximum value of 0.130 (indicated with a crossed circle) to lower values at 0.001 intervals marked with crosses.

FIG. 8. Dependence of the top mass prediction $`M_t`$ on the effective supersymmetry scale $`M_S`$. Each line corresponds to a fixed choice of $`M_b`$ and along it $`\alpha _s\left(M_Z\right)`$ decreases from a maximum value of 0.130 (indicated with a crossed circle) to lower values at 0.001 intervals marked with crosses.

FIG. 9. Correlation between the top mass prediction $`M_t`$ and the prediction for $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$. Each line corresponds to a fixed choice of $`m_0`$ and along it $`M_{1/2}`$ decreases from a maximum value of 1 TeV (indicated with a crossed circle) to lower values at 50 GeV intervals marked with crosses.

Perhaps more interesting than Fig. 8 where variations in $`M_S`$ are indirectly induced by $`\alpha _s`$ is Fig. 9 where $`\alpha _s=0.125`$ is keep fixed but $`M_{1/2}`$ and $`m_0`$ are allowed to vary. The results are displayed in the $`M_t`$$`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ plane.

A quick estimate of the effect of including a consistent supersymmetric scale $`M_S`$ on the top mass prediction can easily be computed. Taking, for example, $`m_0=400`$ GeV, varying $`M_{1/2}`$ from 600 to 700 GeV will increase $`M_t`$ from 170.7 to 172.0 GeV (see Fig. 9) and $`M_S`$ increases from 915 to 1047 GeV. Thus if we had considered a “rigid” $`M_SM_Z100`$ GeV we would find a value for $`M_t`$ decreased by $`\mathrm{\Delta }M_t8`$ GeV.

C. Decoupling of the heavy tau neutrino

In Fig. 10 we show an example of third family Yukawa unification generated for case I. We note that the inclusion of the SUSY correction $`\delta m_b`$ leads to low values for the unified Yukawa coupling $`\lambda _X0.55`$. Consulting Table III we find $`0.32<\lambda _X<0.64`$ in contrast with typical $`\lambda _X1`$ predictions when no SUSY corrections are considered. A low $`\lambda _X`$ implies that the RGEs which govern the Yukawa evolution are dominated by the gauge terms, thus the effect of decoupling the right-handed tau neutrino is small.

FIG. 10. Running of the third family $`tb\tau \nu _\tau `$ Yukawa couplings between the unification scale $`Q=M_X`$ and the effective supersymmetry breaking scale $`Q=M_S`$. The decoupling of the tau right-handed neutrino at $`Q=M_\nu `$ mainly affects the running of $`\lambda _\nu `$ (dashed line.)

In Table IV we list the predicted values for the heavy right-handed neutrino mass scale $`M_\nu `$ which in our model is fixed by the requirement that the light left-handed neutrino tau has a mass of $`m_\nu =0.05`$ eV. We see that $`M_\nu `$ is in the range $`25\times 10^{13}`$ GeV.

| TABLE IV. | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | | | |
| Case | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I |
|  | | | | | | | | | |
| $`M_\nu /10^{13}`$ | 2.97 | 3.35 | 1.98 | 2.18 | 4.16 | 4.77 | 2.96 | 3.35 | 4.09 |
|  | | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | | | | | | | |

TABLE IV. Predicted values for the mass of the heavy right-handed neutrino $`M_\nu `$ (given in GeV) required to generate a light left-handed neutrino mass $`m_{\nu _3}=0.05\mathrm{eV}`$.

FIG. 11. Running of the tau neutrino mass from the unification scale to low energy for Cases A,C,E,G in Table I.

In Fig. 11 the evolution of $`m_{\nu _3}`$ from $`M_X`$ to $`M_S`$ is shown for cases A,C,E,G. For each line a different $`M_\nu (Q=M_X)`$ was chosen in order to assure the same $`m_\nu =0.05`$ eV at low energy. For the purpose of illustration we have in Fig. 12 (and only in this plot) relaxed the constraint upon $`M_\nu `$ and set it to vary at ten log intervals from $`M_X`$ to $`10^5M_X`$. The effect of changing $`M_\nu `$ is shown in the $`M_t`$$`\lambda _X`$ plane. Comparing this plot with the tables throughout this article we can conclude that the uncertainties attached to $`\alpha _s`$, $`M_b`$ and $`M_S`$ are far more important than the ones which might affect the determination of $`M_\nu `$. The predictions for $`M_t`$ and $`\lambda _X`$ increase for decreasing $`M_\nu `$. The variation in $`M_t`$ is quite small (typically less than 1 %). On the other hand variations in $`\lambda _X`$ are larger and of about 3–4 %.

FIG. 12. Variations in the predictions for the top mass $`M_t`$ and in the unified Yukawa coupling $`\lambda _X`$ induced by changing $`M_\nu `$ in the range $`\left(110^5\right)\times M_X`$. The dark circle refers to the choice of $`M_\nu `$ which for Case I gives $`m_{\nu _3}=0.05`$ eV.

VI. YUKAWA UNIFICATION IN THE $`SU(4)SU(2)_LSU(2)_R`$ MODEL

In this section we will extend the analysis of the top quark mass, so far considered in the context of the MSSM with a right-handed tau neutrino, by assuming that above the unification scale, at which the gauge couplings meet, the gauge group is $`SU(4)SU(2)_LSU(2)_R`$ . We will proceed in three steps. Firstly we review the model constrained by universal soft SUSY breaking masses (USBM). Secondly, the model is considered under non-USBM conditions and thirdly we will allow for the presence of $`D`$-terms which generally arise from the reduction of the gauge group rank . Finally, we conclude by showing that the 422 model with non-universal family dependent $`A`$-terms, is compatible with third family Yukawa unification (which requires a negative sign for $`\mu `$) and with the experimental branch ratio for the $`bs\gamma `$ and $`\tau \mu \gamma `$ decays.

A. The model

Here we briefly summarize the parts of the model that are relevant for our analysis. For a more complete discussion see Ref. . The SM fermions, together with the right-handed tau neutrino, are conveniently accommodated in the following $`F^c=(\overline{4},1,\overline{2})`$ and $`F=(4,2,1)`$ representations :

$$F_A^c=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}d^c& d^c& d^c& e^c\\ u^c& u^c& u^c& \nu ^c\end{array}\right)_AF_B=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}u& u& u& \nu \\ d& d& d& e\end{array}\right)_B$$
(15)
The MSSM Higgs bosons fields are contained in $`h=(1,\overline{2},2)`$ :

$$h=\left(\begin{array}{cc}h_d^{}& h_u^0\\ h_d^0& h_u^+\end{array}\right)$$
(16)
whereas the heavy Higgs bosons $`\overline{H}=(\overline{4},1,\overline{2})`$ and $`H=(4,1,2)`$ are denoted by :

$$\overline{H}=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}\overline{H}_d& \overline{H}_d& \overline{H}_d& \overline{H}_e\\ \overline{H}_u& \overline{H}_u& \overline{H}_u& \overline{H}_\nu \end{array}\right)H=\left(\begin{array}{cccc}H_d& H_d& H_d& H_e\\ H_u& H_u& H_u& H_\nu \end{array}\right).$$
(17)
In addition to the Higgs fields in Eqs. (16) and (17) the model also involves an $`SU(4)`$ sextet field $`D=(6,1,1)=(D_3,D_3^c)`$. 555In fact, since we wish to keep the gauge couplings unified above $`M_X`$ we also trivially include another pair of heavy Higgs boson fields in the $`(4,2,1)`$ and $`(\overline{4},\overline{2},1)`$ representations and six more replicas of $`D`$’s. This is sufficient to assure that, above the unification scale, the one loop RGEs beta functions of the gauge couplings are equal.

The superpotential of the minimal 422 model is : 666Note that $`FFD`$ and $`F^cF^cD`$ terms, associated with baryon number violating processes, can be forbidden by imposing a global R-symmetry.

$`𝒲`$ $`=`$ $`F_A^c\lambda _{AB}F_Bh+\lambda _hShh+`$ (18)
$`\lambda _SS(\overline{H}HM_H^2)+\lambda _HHHD+\lambda _{\overline{H}}\overline{H}\overline{H}D+F_A^c\lambda _{AB}^{}F_B^c{\displaystyle \frac{HH}{M_P}}`$
where $`S`$ denotes a gauge singlet superfield, the $`\lambda `$’s are real dimensionless parameters and $`M_HM_X`$. Additionally, the Planck mass is denoted by $`M_P2.4\times 10^{18}`$ GeV. As a result of the superpotential terms involving the singlet $`S`$, the Higgs fields develop VEVs $`H=H_\nu M_X`$ and $`\overline{H}=\overline{H}_\nu M_X`$ which lead to the symmetry breaking :

$$SU(4)SU(2)_LSU(2)_RSU(3)_cSU(2)_LU(1)_Y.$$
(19)
The singlet $`S`$ itself also naturally develops a small VEV of the order of the SUSY breaking scale  so that the $`\lambda _hS`$ term in Eq. (18) gives an effective $`\mu `$ parameter of the correct order of magnitude. Under Eq. (19) the Higgs field $`h`$ in Eq. (16) splits into the familiar MSSM doublets $`h_u`$ and $`h_d`$ whose neutral components subsequently develop weak scale VEVs $`h_u^0=v_2`$ and $`h_d^0=v_1`$ with $`\mathrm{tan}\beta =v_2/v_1`$. The neutrino field $`\nu ^c`$ acquires a large mass $`M_\nu \lambda ^{}HH/M_P`$ through the non-renormalizable term in $`𝒲`$ which, together with the Dirac $`\nu ^c`$$`\nu `$ interaction (proportional to $`\lambda h_u^0`$), gives rise to a 2 $`\times `$ 2 matrix that generates, via see-saw mechanism, a suppressed mass for the left-handed neutrino state . The $`D`$ field does not develop a VEV but the terms $`HHD`$ and $`\overline{H}\overline{H}D`$ combine the colour triplet parts of $`H`$, $`\overline{H}`$ and $`D`$ into acceptable GUT scale mass terms .

In addition to the terms generated by the superpotential of Eq. (18) the lagrangian of the 422 model also includes the corresponding trilinear soft terms $`\stackrel{~}{F}^c\stackrel{~}{A}\stackrel{~}{F}h+\stackrel{~}{\lambda }_hShh`$, 777Often re-parametrised by $`\stackrel{~}{A}=A\lambda `$ and $`m_3^2=\stackrel{~}{\lambda }_hS`$. masses for the $`SU(4)`$, $`SU(2)_L`$, $`SU(2)_R`$ gauginos $`M_4`$, $`M_{2L}`$, $`M_{2R}`$ and explicit soft masses for the scalar fields $`\stackrel{~}{m}_F^2|\stackrel{~}{F}|^2+\stackrel{~}{m}_{F^c}^2|\stackrel{~}{F}^c|^2+\stackrel{~}{m}_h^2|h|^2`$.

Finally we remind that the symmetry breaking in Eq (19) leads to specific relations between the $`SU(4)`$, $`SU(2)_{2R}`$ and $`U(1)_Y`$ gauge couplings and gaugino masses at $`M_X`$ given by  : 888See appendix D for a comprehensive derivation of these relations.

$$\frac{5}{\alpha _1}=\frac{2}{\alpha _4}+\frac{3}{\alpha _{2R}}\frac{5M_1}{\alpha _1}=\frac{2M_4}{\alpha _4}+\frac{3M_{2R}}{\alpha _{2R}}$$
(20)
B. The universal model

In this section we briefly review the 422 model with USBM. The main motivation for USBM is the smallness of flavour changing neutral currents (FCNC) and it’s simplicity — few input parameters are needed to specify a otherwise complex and largely unconstrained parameter space.

The model is very similar to the one presented in the previous section except that we have imposed the high energy boundary conditions at the Planck scale instead of at $`M_X`$, thus we allowed for the running of the parameters between these two scales. The relevant input parameters were sign $`\mu <0`$, $`A_0=0`$ and :

$$0<M_{1/2}<2\mathrm{TeV0}<m_0<M_{1/2}$$
(21)
where $`M_{1/2}=M_4=M_{2L}=M_{2R}`$ is the common gaugino mass and $`m_0^2=\stackrel{~}{m}_F^2=\stackrel{~}{m}_{F^c}^2=\stackrel{~}{m}_h^2`$ is the universal scalar mass ($`\alpha _s=0.120`$, $`M_b=4.8`$ GeV). The results are presented in scattered plots in Fig. 13 and Fig. 14.

In Fig. 13 we plot $`m_0`$ against $`M_{1/2}`$. The black (white) circles indicate points that do (not) satisfy EWSB, i.e. $`m_1^2m_2^2\stackrel{>}{<}M_Z^2`$. 999This condition can be obtained from Eqs. (6) and (7) in the limit of large $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$. We observe that increasing $`m_0`$ is disfavoured by EWSB whereas increasing $`M_{1/2}`$ makes EWSB easier to occur. The interplay between these two dependencies dictates that only the region with $`M_{1/2}\stackrel{}{>}m_0`$, with a threshold for $`M_{1/2}500600`$ GeV, is allowed. 101010Note that this value corresponds to the gaugino mass at the Planck scale which in our model decreases between $`M_P`$ and $`M_X`$. At the GUT scale we obtained $`M_{1/2}>400`$ GeV. The large gaugino mass (required in models with USBM and large $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$) has important implications, it leads to a large negative $`m_2`$ parameter at low energy. Thus the EWSB condition in Eq. (6) can only be satisfied if $`|m_2^2|\mu ^2M_Z^2/2`$ with $`|m_2^2|\mu ^2M_Z^2/2`$ — fine tuning $`𝒪`$(500) is inevitable . Furthermore large values for $`\mu `$, which is correlated with $`M_{1/2}`$, increase the SUSY correction to the bottom mass in Eq. (8) and Eq. (9) pushing the prediction for the top mass below the experimental lower bound.

FIG. 13. Common scalar mass $`m_0`$ against unified gaugino mass $`M_{1/2}`$ fixed at the Planck scale. The white circles denote points that fail to satisfy the electro-weak symmetry breaking conditions.

In Fig. 14 we show the top mass prediction $`M_t`$ against $`M_{1/2}`$. We can see that not only is $`M_t`$ smaller than 170 GeV (even for $`M_{1/2}`$ as large as 2 TeV) but also that for fixed $`M_{1/2}`$ its dependence with $`m_0`$ is small. It is relevant to note that, in the attractive scenario of lowest $`M_{1/2}`$, corresponding to lighter sparticles and smallest fine tuning, the largest top mass prediction is unacceptable. Indeed, we found, by pushing the stability of the Higgs potential to the extreme, that for a low gaugino mass $`M_{1/2}600`$ GeV 111111Corresponding to $`M_{1/2}(M_X)`$ = 485 GeV and gluino masses $`m_{\stackrel{~}{g}}(M_Z)=1145`$ GeV. we obtain $`M_t157`$ GeV ($`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$= 43). Nevertheless, the fact that in Fig. 14 the white circles are above of the blacks suggests that, if the scalar masses $`\stackrel{~}{m}_F`$, $`\stackrel{~}{m}_{F^c}`$, $`\stackrel{~}{m}_h`$ are allowed to increase (and/or split) and be bigger than $`M_{1/2}`$, then $`M_t`$ may increase. Thus, the main problem is how to conciliate EWSB with scalar masses bigger than gaugino masses.

FIG. 14. Top mass prediction $`M_t`$ against the common gaugino mass $`M_{1/2}`$ fixed at the Planck scale ($`\alpha _s=0.120`$.)

C. The non-universal model

Over the past decade the numerous studies of models with USBM  at the GUT scale showed that they often face recurrent difficulties with low energy phenomenology. The unsatisfactory results have stimulated the interest in non-universal models  which are well motivated from a theoretical point of view. As was emphasized in , even when universality is imposed at the Planck scale, radiative corrections between $`M_P`$ and $`M_X`$ and heavy threshold effects lead to non-universal parameters at the GUT scale. Moreover, the most general SUGRA models (with non-canonical kinetic terms) in which supersymmetry is broken in a hidden sector, and/or superstring theories in which supersymmetry is broken by the $`F`$ component of the moduli fields with different weights, show that non-universality can be generated at the Planck or string scale.

In this section we consider the 422 model with non-universal boundary conditions at $`M_P`$. The independent input parameters were $`\stackrel{~}{m}_F^2`$, $`\stackrel{~}{m}_{F^c}^2`$ (proportional to the unit matrix), $`\stackrel{~}{m}_h^2`$ and $`M_4=M_{2R}M_{2L}`$. 121212Note that, for the sake of simplicity, we have taken the $`SU(4)`$ and $`SU(2)_R`$ gaugino masses equal at $`M_P`$. Since their one-loop beta functions are identical, and the gauge couplings are roughly unified above $`M_X`$ we also have $`M_4(M_X)=M_{2R}(M_X)`$. These parameters were made to vary at random in the ranges :

$$200\mathrm{GeV}<M_4=M_{2R}<2\mathrm{TeV}$$
(22)
$$\frac{1}{2}M_4<M_{2L}<2M_4$$
(23)
$$200\mathrm{GeV}<\stackrel{~}{m}_F\stackrel{~}{m}_{F^c}\stackrel{~}{m}_h<M_4.$$
(24)
The results are presented in Figs. 15–21 which main purpose was not to exhaustively scan all the parameter space but to be a guide of the configuration of the parameter space which most effectively increased $`M_t`$

In Fig. 15 we plot the top mass against $`M_4`$. Comparing with Fig. 14 we observe that while the average increase of $`M_t`$ with $`M_4`$ is similar, the strict correlation present in the universal case is replaced, in the non-universal model, by a dispersed region of enhanced/suppressed $`M_t`$ predictions. This plot also illustrates that one can expect $`M_t170`$ GeV (for $`M_4>1000`$ GeV) and shows that EWSB can occur under more relaxed conditions, which is obvious from the way the white and black circles distribute evenly. 131313A similar graph is obtained when $`M_t`$ is plotted against $`M_{2L}`$ thus we spared from including it here.

In Fig. 16 $`M_{2L}`$ is plotted against $`M_4`$. We see that $`M_{2L}>M_4`$ is disfavoured by the condition on the Higgs potential to be bounded. The majority of black circles is concentrated in the $`M_4>M_{2L}`$ region with $`M_4>600`$ GeV. This preference is illustrated by the left-right asymmetry around the $`x`$-axis of Fig. 17 which displays $`M_t`$ against $`M_4M_{2L}`$.

FIG. 15. Top mass prediction $`M_t`$ against the $`SU\left(4\right)`$ gaugino mass $`M_4`$ fixed at the Planck scale in the non-universal model. The thick central line indicates the prediction for $`M_t`$ in the universal model of Fig. 14 ($`\alpha _s=0.120`$.)

FIG. 16. The $`SU\left(2\right)_L`$ gaugino mass $`M_{2L}`$ against the $`SU\left(4\right)`$ gaugino mass $`M_4`$.

FIG. 17. Top mass prediction $`M_t`$ against the difference between the $`SU\left(4\right)`$ and $`SU\left(2\right)_L`$ gaugino masses $`M_4M_{2L}`$. The stronger concentration of black circles on the right-half part of this figure indicates that EWSB favours $`M_4`$ to be bigger than $`M_{2L}`$.

FIG. 18. The top mass prediction $`M_t`$ against the left-handed SUSY scalar mass $`\stackrel{~}{m}_F`$. The lower $`\stackrel{~}{m}_F`$ the bigger the spread in $`M_t`$ ($`\alpha _s=0.120`$.)

FIG. 19. Top mass prediction $`M_t`$ against the difference between the left/right SUSY scalar masses $`\stackrel{~}{m}_F\stackrel{~}{m}_{F^c}`$. This symmetric plot shows that the top mass does not favour an hierarchy between $`\stackrel{~}{m}_F`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{m}_{F^c}`$ ($`\alpha _s=0.120`$.)

FIG. 20. Top mass prediction $`M_t`$ against the soft Higgs mass $`\stackrel{~}{m}_h`$. We can see that a large top mass is favoured by a large Higgs parameter $`\stackrel{~}{m}_h`$ ($`\alpha _s=0.120`$.)

FIG. 21. Top mass prediction $`M_t`$ against the ratio between the soft Higgs mass $`\stackrel{~}{m}_h`$ and the average of the SUSY scalar masses $`\frac{1}{2}\left(\stackrel{~}{m}_F+\stackrel{~}{m}_{F^c}\right)`$. The bigger this ratio the bigger $`M_t`$ is likely to be.

The Fig. 18 shows that, generally, as $`\stackrel{~}{m}_F`$ decreases $`M_t`$ predictions are allowed to increase. A similar dependence of $`M_t`$ on $`\stackrel{~}{m}_{F^c}`$ was found. Indeed, when $`M_t`$ is plotted against the difference $`\mathrm{\Delta }\stackrel{~}{m}_F=\stackrel{~}{m}_F\stackrel{~}{m}_{F^c}`$ such as in Fig. 19 a symmetric left-right graph emerges around the $`x`$-axis. On the other hand, from Fig. 20 we can conclude that $`M_t`$ increases with increasing soft Higgs mass $`\stackrel{~}{m}_h`$. These figures suggest that the top mass may be increased by increasing the splitting between the sfermions and Higgs soft mass. We therefore find interesting to plot in Fig. 21 $`M_t`$ against the ratio $`\stackrel{~}{m}_h/\stackrel{~}{m}_F`$ where $`\stackrel{~}{m}_F=(\stackrel{~}{m}_F+\stackrel{~}{m}_{F^c})/2`$ is the average sfermion mass. Our suspictions are confirmed.

After combining the top mass dependencies on the input parameters suggested by the previous figures with numerous case-by-case analyses of “outputs” from our numerical model we arrived at the following conclusions. The top mass prediction is strongly dependent on $`M_4`$. 141414The reason is because, at the unification scale, the gluino masses are set to be $`M_3(M_X)=M_4(M_X)`$. Thus the sensitiviness of the results with $`M_4`$ is in fact a sensitiviness to the masses of the coloured sparticles. Once $`M_4`$ is fixed, decreasing $`\stackrel{~}{m}_F`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{m}_{F^c}`$ increases both $`M_t`$ and the Higgs potential stability parameter (that is positive for a “bounded-from-below” Higgs potential) : 151515In the large $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ limit $`S^2`$ is given by $`S^2m_1^2m_2^2M_Z^2m_3^2/\mathrm{tan}\beta `$.

$$S^2=\mu _2^2+\mu _1^22|m_3^2|>0$$
(25)
However $`\stackrel{~}{m}_{F,F^c}`$ cannot be arbitrarily small since if $`\stackrel{~}{m}_{F,F^c}`$ are very small the sleptons became too light. Increasing $`M_{2L}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{m}_h`$ increases the top mass, however they also affect $`S`$. We found that the most efficient mechanism to increase $`M_t`$ relied on decreasing $`M_{2L}`$ (which decreased $`M_t`$ moderately but increased $`S`$ substantially) and increasing $`\stackrel{~}{m}_h`$ (which increased $`M_t`$ significantly and decreased $`S`$ moderately). For the sake of illustration, we found that, by pushing the EWSB conditions to the extreme ($`S0`$, i.e. tuning $`m_3`$), it was possible to get $`M_t175`$ GeV only if $`M_4(M_P)\stackrel{}{>}\mathrm{\hspace{0.25em}800}`$ GeV. In this case we got $`M_{2L}=500`$ GeV, $`\stackrel{~}{m}_F=350`$ GeV, $`\stackrel{~}{m}_{F^c}=450`$ GeV and $`\stackrel{~}{m}_h=1000`$ GeV. 161616The corresponding values at $`M_X`$ are $`M_4=653`$ GeV, $`M_{2L}=408`$ GeV, $`\stackrel{~}{m}_F=456`$ GeV, $`\stackrel{~}{m}_{F^c}=567`$ GeV, and $`\stackrel{~}{m}_h=972`$ GeV. Naturally, for a larger $`M_4`$ mass, $`S`$ increases and an acceptable top mass is easier to obtain with less tuning in $`m_3`$.

The main conclusion is that in the 422 model with non-universal soft masses a top mass of around $`M_t175`$ GeV is only possible to obtain in the context of a large gluino mass $`m_{\stackrel{~}{g}}(M_Z)1520`$ GeV and large $`\mathrm{tan}\beta 50`$, by implicitly tuning the EWSB conditions, and by choosing squark/slepton masses considerably smaller than the soft Higgs mass $`\stackrel{~}{m}_F,\stackrel{~}{m}_{F^c}<\stackrel{~}{m}_h`$.

D. D-term contributions

The symmetry breaking of the Pati-Salam to the SM gauge group given in Eq. (19) reduces the group rank from five to four. Although the GUT symmetry is broken at a very high energy it nevertheless has important consequences to low energy TeV phenomenology via $`D`$-term contributions to the scalar masses . In the 422 model the GUT boundary conditions for the scalar masses are  : 171717See appendix E for a detailed derivation of the $`D`$-terms in the 422 model. Note that in the limit of unified gauge couplings the $`D`$-terms give identical corrections to the fields in the $`\underset{¯}{16}`$ dimensional representation of $`SO(10)`$.

$`\stackrel{~}{m}_q^2`$ $`=`$ $`\stackrel{~}{m}_F^2+g_4^2D^2`$ (26)
$`\stackrel{~}{m}_{u^c}^2`$ $`=`$ $`\stackrel{~}{m}_{F^c}^2(g_4^22g_{2R}^2)D^2`$ (27)
$`\stackrel{~}{m}_{d^c}^2`$ $`=`$ $`\stackrel{~}{m}_{F^c}^2(g_4^2+2g_{2R}^2)D^2`$ (28)
$`\stackrel{~}{m}_l^2`$ $`=`$ $`\stackrel{~}{m}_F^23g_4^2D^2`$ (29)
$`\stackrel{~}{m}_{e^c}^2`$ $`=`$ $`\stackrel{~}{m}_{F^c}^2+(3g_4^22g_{2R}^2)D^2`$ (30)
$`\stackrel{~}{m}_\nu ^2`$ $`=`$ $`\stackrel{~}{m}_{F^c}^2+(3g_4^2+2g_{2R}^2)D^2`$ (31)
$`\stackrel{~}{m}_2^2`$ $`=`$ $`\stackrel{~}{m}_h^22g_{2R}^2D^2`$ (32)
$`\stackrel{~}{m}_1^2`$ $`=`$ $`\stackrel{~}{m}_h^2+2g_{2R}^2D^2`$ (33)
The $`D`$-term corrections, If $`D`$ is sufficiently large, are important to consider because, firstly they leave an imprint in the scalar masses of the charges carried by the broken GUT generator (these charges determine the coefficients of the $`g^2`$ terms above), therefore the analysis of the sparticle spectra  might reveal the nature of the GUT symmetry breaking pattern; Secondly, they split the soft Higgs masses by $`m_2^2m_1^24g_X^2D^2`$, which for positive $`D^2`$, makes radiative EWSB much easier to occur. Indeed, we found that once $`D\stackrel{}{>}\mathrm{\hspace{0.25em}150}200`$ GeV then EWSB no longer requires the large gluino/squark masses characteristic of models with USBM.

FIG. 22. Correlation between the sfermion masses $`\stackrel{~}{m}_F=\stackrel{~}{m}_{F^c}`$ and the Higgs soft mass $`\stackrel{~}{m}_h`$ required to obtain a top mass around 175 GeV ($`\alpha _s=0.120`$.) Three illustrative choices for the value of the $`D`$-term are taken. The effect of experimental uncertainties in the top and bottom quark masses is indicated by the toned areas. The box around the $`D=200\mathrm{GeV}`$ label indicates the scanned region used to generate Figs. 23–31 (see main text for details.)

In Fig. 22 we summarize how an acceptable top mass prediction can be achieved in the 422 model in the $`SO(10)`$ limit of universal gaugino masses $`M_{1/2}`$ and universal squark and slepton mass parameters $`\stackrel{~}{m}_F=\stackrel{~}{m}_{F^c}`$ defined at the Planck scale, but with $`D`$-term corrections arising at the symmetry breaking scale. 181818Although we refer to this as the $`SO(10)`$ limit, in fact the two theories differ in the region between the GUT scale and the Planck scale. The three solid lines establish the correlation between the sfermion masses $`\stackrel{~}{m}_F=\stackrel{~}{m}_{F^c}`$ (plotted in the $`y`$-axis) and the Higgs soft mass $`\stackrel{~}{m}_h`$ (plotted in the $`x`$-axis) required to obtain a top mass $`M_t=175`$ GeV, for $`D=200,300,400`$ GeV and $`M_4=M_{2R}=M_{2L}=300`$ GeV. For the $`D=200`$ GeV line, EWSB failed to occur beyond the point where the line is discontinued in her way upward. 191919The $`D=300,400`$ GeV lines continue beyond the border of the figure. In all cases the lines were cut at the bottom edge at points where the left-handed stau mass became smaller than 100 GeV.

The general behaviour in Fig. 22 with increasing $`D`$-term values — lines shifting to the top-right corner — results from the decrease of $`\stackrel{~}{m}_L^2\stackrel{~}{m}_F^23g_X^2D^2`$ in Eq. (29) which demands an increasing $`\stackrel{~}{m}_F^2`$ parameter. The broader darker areas around the solid lines correspond to the uncertainty in the top mass $`175\pm 5`$ GeV, while the thinner patches result from varying the pole bottom mass $`M_b`$ in the range 4.8–5.1 GeV. We also analysed how the gaugino masses affect the solid lines. For example, for $`D=200`$ GeV, taking $`M_{1/2}=400`$ GeV generates the dashed line. If $`M_{2R}`$ or $`M_{2L}`$ are taken different from $`M_4`$ the prediction for the top mass is very similar to the one with universal gaugino masses with $`M_{1/2}=M_4`$.

In summary, Fig. 22 shows that if $`D\stackrel{}{>}\mathrm{\hspace{0.25em}200}`$ GeV then a successful prediction for $`M_t`$ can be achieved, even for small gluino/squark masses — no fine tuning in EWSB conditions — as long as the soft Higgs mass $`\stackrel{~}{m}_h`$ is bigger than the sfermion masses $`\stackrel{~}{m}_F`$, $`\stackrel{~}{m}_{F^c}`$. As an example, setting $`D=200`$ GeV and $`M_{1/2}=300`$ GeV we found that $`M_t175`$ GeV could be obtained by fixing $`\stackrel{~}{m}_F=\stackrel{~}{m}_{F^c}=500`$ GeV and $`\stackrel{~}{m}_h=750`$ GeV. 202020 The corresponding values at $`M_X`$ are $`M_{1/2}=247`$ GeV, $`\stackrel{~}{m}_{F,F^c}=474\mathrm{GeV}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{m}_h=691\mathrm{GeV}`$. After the $`D`$-term corrections the scalar masses are : $`\stackrel{~}{m}_q=\stackrel{~}{m}_{u^c}=\stackrel{~}{m}_{e^c}=496`$ GeV, $`\stackrel{~}{m}_l=\stackrel{~}{m}_{d^c}=404`$ GeV, $`\stackrel{~}{m}_{\nu ^c}=572`$ GeV (for the third family) and $`m_2=660`$ GeV, $`m_1=720`$ GeV. This input lead to the following low energy predictions : $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$=52, $`\lambda _X=0.70`$ a gluino mass $`m_{\stackrel{~}{g}}=618`$ GeV, a lightest neutralino mass $`m_{\chi _1^0}=88`$ GeV (bino like, but with substantial higgsino component), a lightest chargino mass $`m_{\chi _1^{}}=125`$ GeV (higgsino like) and masses for the lightest sfermions $`m_{\stackrel{~}{\nu }_\tau }=179`$ GeV, $`m_{\stackrel{~}{\tau }_1}=189`$ GeV and $`m_{\stackrel{~}{b}_2}=377`$ GeV. The lightest CP-even Higgs mass, computed using the one-loop expressions of Ref.  (that include the stop/sbottom corrections only) was found to be $`m_h=114\mathrm{GeV}`$ (note that this value should be read with some caution, we estimate an error of about 10 GeV in $`m_h`$.)

In the last part of this section we present a series of figures that show in detail how an acceptable top mass prediction can be achieved and how it is correlated with the sparticle spectrum. For the sake of illustration we take, as in the previous sections $`\alpha _s=0.120`$, $`M_b=4.8\mathrm{GeV}`$ and the following input at the Planck scale :

$$\begin{array}{cccc}M_{1/2}=300\mathrm{GeV}& & & D=200\mathrm{GeV}\\ & & & \\ \stackrel{~}{m}_h=7001100\mathrm{GeV}& & & \stackrel{~}{m}_F=\stackrel{~}{m}_{F^c}=500,550,..,900\mathrm{GeV}\end{array}$$
(34)
These values correspond to a scan of the $`\stackrel{~}{m}_h`$$`\stackrel{~}{m}_{F,F^c}`$ parameter space that is indicated in Fig. 22 with a box.

In Fig. 23 we plot the pole top mass prediction $`M_t`$ against $`\stackrel{~}{m}_h`$ for several choices of the sfermion masses $`\stackrel{~}{m}_{F,F^c}=500,550,..,900`$ GeV. We observe that $`M_t`$ increases with increasing $`\stackrel{~}{m}_h`$ and decreasing $`\stackrel{~}{m}_{F,F^c}`$. The reason for such dependence is directly related with the value of the Higgs mixing parameter $`\mu `$.

In Fig. 24 we show how the top mass prediction $`M_t`$ correlates with $`\mu `$. In this plot each line corresponds to a fixed $`\stackrel{~}{m}_{F,F^c}`$ mass (labeled by the number beside it) and along it $`\stackrel{~}{m}_h`$ is varying in the range indicated by Eq. (34). We see that decreasing $`\stackrel{~}{m}_{F,F^c}`$ shifts the lines to the right of the graph thus making $`\mu `$ less negative. Furthermore, as $`\stackrel{~}{m}_h`$ increases, from the bottom to the top of the graph, $`|\mu |`$ decreases. These dependencies lead to a small value for $`\mu `$ (at the top-right corner of this graph) which in turn lead to small SUSY bottom corrections that raise the top mass prediction to an acceptable value.

In Fig. 25 we show the correlation between the top mass $`M_t`$ and the gluino mass $`m_{\stackrel{~}{g}}`$ predictions. We see that, for the choice of $`M_{1/2}=300\mathrm{GeV}`$ in Eq. (34), if the top mass is in the 170–180 GeV range then the gluino mass is in the 605–620 GeV range. It is worth stressing that the 422 model with $`D`$-terms offers the possibility of predicting light gluinos. This is exciting from the experimental point of view and theoretically desirable since it reduces the fine-tuning in the Higgs potential parameters.

FIG. 23 Prediction for the top mass $`M_t`$ against the soft mass for the unified Higgs bosons $`\stackrel{~}{m}_h`$ in Eq. (16). The numerical labels, for each line, indicate the value for the soft masses of the scalar fields $`\stackrel{~}{m}_F=\stackrel{~}{m}_{F^c}`$ used to generate the corresponding line ($`\alpha _s=0.120`$.)

FIG. 24 Prediction for the top mass $`M_t`$ against the Higgs mixing parameter $`\mu `$. Each line corresponds to a fixed choice for the soft mass of the scalar fields $`\stackrel{~}{m}_F=\stackrel{~}{m}_{F^c}`$ and along it the soft mass for the unified Higgs bosons $`\stackrel{~}{m}_h`$ is varying (increasing from the bottom to the top of the plot.) We observe that $`M_t`$ increases with decreasing $`\left|\mu \right|`$ ($`\alpha _s=0.120`$.)

FIG. 25 Correlation between the top mass prediction $`M_t`$ and the gluino mass prediction $`m_{\stackrel{~}{g}}`$. Each line corresponds to a fixed choice for the soft mass of the scalar fields $`\stackrel{~}{m}_F=\stackrel{~}{m}_{F^c}`$ (labeled with a number) and along it the soft mass for the unified Higgs bosons $`\stackrel{~}{m}_h`$ is varying (increasing from the bottom to the top of the plot.)

FIG. 26 Correlation between the top mass prediction $`M_t`$ and the lightest chargino mass prediction $`m_{\chi _1^{}}`$. Each line corresponds to a fixed choice for the soft mass of the scalar fields $`\stackrel{~}{m}_F=\stackrel{~}{m}_{F^c}`$ (labeled with a number) and along it the soft mass for the unified Higgs bosons $`\stackrel{~}{m}_h`$ is varying (increasing from the bottom to the top of the plot.)

In Fig. 26 we plot the top mass $`M_t`$ against the lightest chargino mass $`m_{\chi _1^{}}`$ prediction. In this model $`\chi _1^{}`$ is roughly the charged higgsino which is lighter than the charged wino because $`\mu <m_{\stackrel{~}{W}}`$ at low energy. From this graph we read that $`80\mathrm{GeV}<m_{\chi _1^{}}<180\mathrm{GeV}`$ which should be compared with experimental bound from LEP2 : $`m_{\chi _1^{}}^{exp}>89`$ GeV .

In Fig. 27 we show the correlation between the top mass $`M_t`$ and the lightest neutralino mass $`m_{\chi _1^0}`$ predictions. We note that since $`\mu `$ can be comparable with of the bino mass, $`\chi _1^0`$ can have a substantial higgsino component. From this plot we read that $`60\mathrm{GeV}<m_{\chi _1^0}<105\mathrm{GeV}`$ which should be compared with the experimental bound : $`m_{\chi _1^0}^{exp}>40`$ GeV .

In Fig. 28 we plot $`M_t`$ against the lightest charged slepton mass $`m_{\stackrel{~}{\tau }_1}`$ prediction. It is interesting to observe that the $`D`$-term correction to the left-handed charged sleptons in Eq. (29) is negative while for the right-handed charged sleptons in Eq. (30) it is positive. Thus the lightest stau is not right-handed ($`\stackrel{~}{\tau }_2`$) but left-handed ($`\stackrel{~}{\tau }_1`$). From this graph we see that the prediction for $`m_{\stackrel{~}{\tau }_1}`$ can vary significantly, roughly we find that only an upper bound can be imposed $`m_{\stackrel{~}{\tau }_1}<600\mathrm{GeV}`$ (the experimental lower bound is $`m_{\stackrel{~}{\tau }_1}^{exp}>81\mathrm{GeV}`$. )

In Fig. 29 the prediction for the top mass $`M_t`$ is plotted against the lightest sneutrino mass $`m_{\stackrel{~}{\nu }_\tau }`$. We note that for the choices of $`\stackrel{~}{m}_{F,F^c}=500,550,600,650,700`$ GeV the $`\stackrel{~}{\nu }_\tau `$ mass is driven to zero as $`\stackrel{~}{m}_h`$ increases from the bottom to the top of the graph (thus, it is possible that $`\stackrel{~}{\nu }_\tau `$ could be the lightest SUSY particle (LSP).) Comparing this figure with Fig. 28 we see that the prediction for the $`\stackrel{~}{\tau }_1`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\nu }_\tau `$ masses are similar. We find that the predicted upper bound for $`m_{\stackrel{~}{\nu }_\tau }<650\mathrm{GeV}`$ is compatible with the experimental lower bound $`m_{\stackrel{~}{\nu }_\tau }^{exp}>43\mathrm{GeV}`$ .

FIG. 27 Correlation between the top mass prediction $`M_t`$ and the lightest neutralino mass prediction $`m_{\chi _1^0}`$. Each line corresponds to a fixed choice for the soft mass of the scalar fields $`\stackrel{~}{m}_F=\stackrel{~}{m}_{F^c}`$ (labeled with a number) and along it the soft mass for the unified Higgs bosons $`\stackrel{~}{m}_h`$ is varying (increasing from the bottom to the top of the plot.)

FIG. 28 Correlation between the top mass prediction $`M_t`$ and the lightest charged slepton mass prediction $`m_{\stackrel{~}{\tau }_1}`$. Each line corresponds to a fixed choice for the soft mass of the scalar fields $`\stackrel{~}{m}_F=\stackrel{~}{m}_{F^c}`$ (labeled with a number) and along it the soft mass for the unified Higgs bosons $`\stackrel{~}{m}_h`$ is varying (increasing from the bottom to the top of the plot.)

FIG. 29 Correlation between the top mass prediction $`M_t`$ and the lightest sneutrino mass prediction $`m_{\nu _3}`$. Each line corresponds to a fixed choice for the soft mass of the scalar fields $`\stackrel{~}{m}_F=\stackrel{~}{m}_{F^c}`$ (labeled with a number) and along it the soft mass for the unified Higgs bosons $`\stackrel{~}{m}_h`$ is varying (increasing from the bottom to the top of the plot.)

FIG. 30 Correlation between the top mass prediction $`M_t`$ and the lightest sbottom mass prediction $`m_{\stackrel{~}{b}_1}`$. Each line corresponds to a fixed choice for the soft mass of the scalar fields $`\stackrel{~}{m}_F=\stackrel{~}{m}_{F^c}`$ (labeled with a number) and along it the soft mass for the unified Higgs bosons $`\stackrel{~}{m}_h`$ is varying (increasing from the bottom to the top of the plot.)

In Fig. 30 the top mass prediction $`M_t`$ is plotted against the lightest squark mass, that is, the right-handed sbottom $`\stackrel{~}{b}_2`$. The reason why the right-handed down-type squarks are lighter than the other squarks is because of the negative $`D`$-term correction in Eq. (28). The prediction for $`m_{\stackrel{~}{b}_2}`$ is well above the experimental lower bound $`m_{\stackrel{~}{b}_2}^{exp}>75\mathrm{GeV}`$ .

FIG. 31 Correlation between the top mass prediction $`M_t`$ and the CP-odd Higgs boson mass prediction $`m_A`$. Each line corresponds to a fixed choice for the soft mass of the scalar fields $`\stackrel{~}{m}_F=\stackrel{~}{m}_{F^c}`$ (labeled with a number) and along it the soft mass for the unified Higgs bosons $`\stackrel{~}{m}_h`$ is varying (increasing from the bottom to the top of the plot.)

Finally in Fig. 31 we present the correlation between the predictions for the top mass $`M_t`$ and the mass of the CP-odd Higgs boson $`m_A`$. We observe that $`m_A`$ decreases for increasing $`\stackrel{~}{m}_{F,F^c}`$ masses. In fact, for $`\stackrel{~}{m}_{F,F^c}=900\mathrm{GeV}`$ we find that $`m_A`$ is driven to zero. This graph shows that only an upper bound for the Higgs boson mass can be estimated : $`m_A<220\mathrm{GeV}`$ (the experimental lower bound is $`m_A^{exp}>84\mathrm{GeV}`$ .)

We would like to end this section by remarking that, as far as the top mass prediction is concerned, the results in this section are similar to the $`SO(10)`$ model , since we have taken the case of universal gaugino and scalar mass parameters, with the D-term corrections reducing to those in $`SO(10)`$. However we have included the neutrino Yukawa coupling in our analysis, and also the theory is different from $`SO(10)`$ above the GUT scale. The reason we worked in this limit was to make contact with the recent work on $`SO(10)`$, and to distinguish clearly the effects of D-terms from the effect of explicit non-universality. However we would like to emphasise that the results in Figs. 23-31 are not only valuable by themselves, but they also serve as a reference to which the results in section VI.C should be compared with. Generally, the non-universal 422 model with $`D`$-term corrections will lead to a set of predictions that is a combination of the results presented in sections VI.C and VI.D.

E. $`bs\gamma `$ and $`\tau \mu \gamma `$
with non-universal A-terms

It is well known that the decay $`bs\gamma `$ is a sensitive probe of new physics. In the standard model the loop diagram involving the $`W`$ boson and top quark give a theoretical prediction for $`\mathrm{BR}(bs\gamma )=(3.28\pm 0.33)\times 10^4`$  212121 This is the value of K. Chetyrkin et al. in Ref. . at the next-to-leading order in QCD. This result turns out to be slightly larger than the official CLEO measurement (see first Ref. in ). 222222 Note that an updated preliminary value by CLEO has been reported : $`\mathrm{BR}(bs\gamma )=(3.15\pm 0.35\pm 0.32)\times 10^4`$ (see second Ref. in .) However the recent ALEPH results indicate a larger branching ratio . We quote :

$$\begin{array}{cccc}& & & \\ \mathrm{BR}(bs\gamma )& =& (2.32\pm 0.57\pm 0.35)\times 10^4& \mathrm{CLEO}\\ & & & \\ \mathrm{BR}(bs\gamma )& =& (3.11\pm 0.88\pm 0.72)\times 10^4& \mathrm{ALEPH}\end{array}$$
(35)
where the first error is statistical and the second is systematic. In view of the above large uncertainties we will take the conservative range :

$$1.0\times 10^4<\mathrm{BR}(bs\gamma )<5.0\times 10^4.$$
(36)
In supersymmetric extensions of the SM the inclusion of additional SUSY particles can spoil the above “agreement” . The reason is because, generally, there is no guarantee that the sparticle contributions are small or that they conspire to cancel between themselves. Indeed, it is known that in two Higgs extensions of the SM the contribution from the charged Higgs–top quark loop $`H^{}t`$ always interferes constructively with the SM one. Thus, the resulting branch ratio prediction is bigger and dependent on the unknown charged Higgs mass $`m_H^{}`$. If $`m_H^{}`$ is light then the prediction for the $`\mathrm{BR}(bs\gamma )`$ is larger than the experimental upper bound. On the other hand, for a heavy Higgs mass $`m_H^{}`$ 1 TeV, agreement with Eq. (35) is still be possible.

The above situation can change drastically in SUSY models with third family Yukawa unification. The reason is because the new contributions arising from gluino-sbottom ($`\stackrel{~}{g}\stackrel{~}{b}`$), neutralino-sbottom ($`\chi ^0\stackrel{~}{b}`$) and particularly from chargino-stop ($`\chi ^{}\stackrel{~}{t}`$) loops are enhanced by large large $`\mathrm{tan}\beta 4050`$ factors. In contrast to the charged Higgs contribution, the SUSY amplitudes can either add constructively or destructively with the $`H^{}t`$ contribution or between themselves. In order to recover the original agreement with experiment a large part of the work in the literature  explores the idea of suppressing the $`bs\gamma `$ decay by canceling the $`\chi ^{}\stackrel{~}{t}`$ against the $`H^{}t`$ amplitude (typically the gluino and neutralino amplitudes are small.) Many of these results are obtained in the context of SUGRA/GUT models with universal soft masses and trilinear terms at the Planck or GUT scale with large gaugino masses $`M_{1/2}1`$ TeV. Cancellation between $`\chi ^{}\stackrel{~}{t}`$ and $`H^{}t`$ loops is possible because of two reasons, firstly the large gaugino mass leads to large stop masses thus suppressing the $`\chi ^{}\stackrel{~}{t}`$ amplitude making it comparable in magnitude to the $`H^{}t`$ term. Secondly, the sign of $`\mu `$ is chosen to be positive. This means that the $`\chi ^{}\stackrel{~}{t}`$ contribution has the opposite sign of the $`H^{}t`$ contribution thus allowing the cancellation to occur.

Clearly the above strategy is very attractive because it is based on universal soft parameters which render it model independent. However, it fails to address two issues. Firstly a large $`M_{1/2}`$ leads to fine-tuning of the $`Z`$ boson mass and secondly, a positive $`\mu `$ is in conflict with the successful prediction for the top mass in the context of GUT models with unified third family Yukawa couplings which, as we have seen, require negative $`\mu `$.

In this section we explore a different solution to the enhanced $`bs\gamma `$ decay in SUSY models with $`tb\tau `$ Yukawa unification. The idea is to choose $`\mu `$ to be negative, for the reasons stated earlier, and to suppress $`bs\gamma `$ by allowing the trilinear soft $`A`$-terms to have a non-universal family dependent structure. We will avoid unnatural tuning of electroweak symmetry breaking by taking a low value for the gaugino masses, for example $`M_{1/2}300(250)`$ GeV at the Planck (GUT) scale. In this scheme we find that $`bs\gamma `$ is dominated by the chargino-stop loop.

The purpose of this section is to investigate the possibility of suppressing $`bs\gamma `$ by tuning the initial non-universal $`A`$-terms at the Planck scale such that, at low energy, they are cancelled by the flavour violating signals that naturally develop when the parameters of our model evolve from high to low energy by the use of RGEs. We will conclude by checking that the introduction of non-universal $`A`$-terms is also compatible with the present upper bound on $`\mathrm{BR}(\tau \mu \gamma )`$.

$`bs\gamma `$

The standard model, charged Higgs, chargino and gluino diagrams contributing to this decay are illustrated in Fig. 32.

FIG. 32. Diagrams responsible for the $`bs\gamma `$ decay considered in this article (note that we did not compute the neutralino/sbottom loop which is typically found to be small.) The $`W`$ boson loop a) illustrates the standard model contribution. The charged Higgs loop b) is present in two doublet Higgs extensions of the SM. The gluino contribution c) was found to be small. On the other hand, the chargino loop d) dominated the $`bs\gamma `$ decay.

In models with large $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ the corresponding dominant amplitudes are given by  :

$`A_{SM}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _w\sqrt{\alpha _e}}{4\sqrt{\pi }}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{M_W^2}}V_{ts}V_{tb}\mathrm{\hspace{0.25em}3}x_{tw}F_{12}(x_{tw})`$ (37)
$`A_H^{}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _w\sqrt{\alpha _e}}{4\sqrt{\pi }}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{M_W^2}}V_{ts}V_{tb}x_{th}F_{34}(x_{th})`$ (38)
$`A_\chi ^{}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _w\sqrt{\alpha _e}}{2\sqrt{\pi }}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{2}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha =1}{\overset{6}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{m_{\stackrel{~}{U}_\alpha }^2}}H_{UL}^{j\alpha b}\left(G_{UL}^{j\alpha s}H_{UR}^{j\alpha s}\right){\displaystyle \frac{m_{\chi _j^{}}}{m_b}}F_{43}(x_{\chi _j^{}\stackrel{~}{U}_\alpha })`$ (39)
$`A_{\stackrel{~}{g}}`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha _s\sqrt{\alpha _e}}{\sqrt{\pi }}}C(R)e_D{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha =1}{\overset{6}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{m_{\stackrel{~}{D}_\alpha }^2}}(V_R^{\stackrel{~}{d}d})_{b\alpha }(V_L^{\stackrel{~}{d}d})_{\alpha s}{\displaystyle \frac{m_{\stackrel{~}{g}}}{m_b}}F_4(x_{\stackrel{~}{g}\stackrel{~}{D}_\alpha })`$ (40)
where $`\alpha _w=g^2/(4\pi )`$, $`\alpha _e=e^2/(4\pi )`$, $`M_W`$ is the $`W`$ boson mass, $`m_{\stackrel{~}{U}_\alpha }`$ and $`m_{\stackrel{~}{D}_\alpha }`$ the sup/sdown type squark mass eigenstates, $`V`$ the CKM matrix, $`x_{tw}=m_t^2/M_W^2`$, $`x_{th}=m_t^2/m_H^{}^2`$, $`x_{\chi _j^{}\stackrel{~}{U}_\alpha }=m_{\chi _j^{}}^2/m_{\stackrel{~}{U}_\alpha }^2`$, $`x_{\stackrel{~}{g}\stackrel{~}{D}_\alpha }=m_{\stackrel{~}{g}}^2/m_{\stackrel{~}{D}_\alpha }^2`$, $`C(R)=4/3`$ and $`e_D=1/3`$. The flavour matrices $`V_{L,R}^{\stackrel{~}{d}d}`$ describe the mismatch between the transformations that diagonalize the down-type squark and quark mass matrices (See appendix A for details.) The functions $`F`$ are defined by $`F_{mn}(x)=\frac{2}{3}F_m(x)+F_n(x)`$ with $`F_{m,n}(x)`$ as in Ref. . The gaugino and higgsino vertex factors $`G`$ and $`H`$ are given by :

$`G_{UL}^{j\alpha A}`$ $`=`$ $`T_{j1}^c(V_L^{\stackrel{~}{u}d})_{\alpha A}`$ (41)
$`H_{UR}^{j\alpha A}`$ $`=`$ $`T_{j2}^c{\displaystyle \underset{B=1}{\overset{3}{}}}(V_R^{\stackrel{~}{u}u})_{\alpha B}(Y_u)_{BB}V_{BA}`$ (42)
$`H_{UL}^{j\alpha A}`$ $`=`$ $`S_{2j}^c(Y_d)_{AA}(V_L^{\stackrel{~}{u}d})_{A\alpha }`$ (43)
where,

$`Y_u`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{diag}(m_u,m_c,m_t)/(\sqrt{2}M_W\mathrm{sin}\beta )=\lambda _u^{}/g`$ (44)
$`Y_d`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{diag}(m_d,m_s,m_b)/(\sqrt{2}M_W\mathrm{cos}\beta )=\lambda _d^{}/g.`$ (45)
and $`S^c`$, $`T^c`$ diagonalize the chargino mass matrix. Finally the precise definition of the $`V_L^{\stackrel{~}{u}d}`$, $`V_R^{\stackrel{~}{u}u}`$ matrices that describe the mismatch between the transformations required to diagonalize the up-type squarks and quarks mass matrices can be found in appendix A.

The branch ratio BR($`bs\gamma `$) can be computed from  :

$$\mathrm{BR}(bs\gamma )=\frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(bs\gamma )}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(bce\overline{\nu })}\mathrm{BR}(bce\overline{\nu })$$
(46)
where the decay rate for $`bs\gamma `$ is given by :

$$\mathrm{\Gamma }(bs\gamma )=\frac{m_b^5}{16\pi }|A^\gamma (m_b)|^2.$$
(47)
The full expressions for $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(bce\overline{\nu })`$ and $`A^\gamma (m_b)`$ (the QCD corrected amplitude at the scale of the process ($`m_b`$) – obtained from the total sum of amplitudes $`A^\gamma (M_W)=A_{SM}+A_H^{}+A_\chi ^{}+A_{\stackrel{~}{g}}`$) can be found in Ref. .

It is interesting to note that the chargino amplitude has two distinct contributions. They are illustrated in Fig. 33. In Fig. 33 a) the helicity flip required in the decay is achieved at the higgsino vertex. Thus, along the internal squark line $`\stackrel{~}{t}_L`$$`\stackrel{~}{c}_L`$, flavour violation develops through a $`(\mathrm{\Delta }_{23}^u)_{LL}`$ mass insertion. 232323The $`(\mathrm{\Delta }_{23}^u)_{LL}`$ parameter is the off-diagonal 23 entry of the left-handed up-type squark mass matrix in a basis where the up-type quark mass matrix is diagonal (see Ref. .) On the other hand, in Fig. 33 b) the two higgsino vertices require that the helicity flip must be accomplished through the $`\stackrel{~}{t}_L`$$`\stackrel{~}{c}_R`$ line via a $`(\mathrm{\Delta }_{23}^u)_{LR}`$ mass insertion.

FIG. 33 Diagrams corresponding to the two contributions associated with the chargino amplitude of Eq. (39). In fig. a) flavour violation is introduced through a $`\left(\mathrm{\Delta }_{23}^u\right)_{LL}`$ mass insertion along the $`\stackrel{~}{t}_L`$$`\stackrel{~}{c}_L`$ squark line. In fig. b) a $`\left(\mathrm{\Delta }_{23}^u\right)_{LR}`$ mass insertion is introduced along the $`\stackrel{~}{t}_L`$$`\stackrel{~}{c}_R`$ chirality flipping squark line.

Remembering that we aim at reducing $`A_\chi ^{}`$ by introducing tree-level explicit sources of flavour violation through non-universal soft SUSY terms, the relevant question to address is whether it is more appropriate to relax universality of the soft mass terms for the fields in the $`F`$, $`F^c`$ multiplets, thereby changing $`(\mathrm{\Delta }_{23}^u)_{LL}`$, or to modify the trilinear $`A`$-terms, thereby changing $`(\mathrm{\Delta }_{23}^u)_{LR}`$. For reasons that will became clear latter, when we study the $`\tau \mu \gamma `$ decay, we will take the latter approach.

Traditionally the SUSY trilinear terms are defined, at high energy, to be proportional to their associated Yukawa matrix, i.e. $`(\stackrel{~}{A}_u)_{AB}=A_0(\lambda _u)_{AB}`$ etc.. Although this assumption leads to obvious simplifications, models inspired by string theory have been proposed  in which the $`A`$-terms are not universal. Motivated by these results we parametrise the $`\stackrel{~}{A}`$’s by :

$$\begin{array}{cc}(\stackrel{~}{A}_u)_{AB}=A_0x_{AB}(\lambda _u)_{AB}& (\stackrel{~}{A}_d)_{AB}=A_0x_{AB}(\lambda _d)_{AB}\\ & \\ (\stackrel{~}{A}_e)_{AB}=A_0x_{AB}(\lambda _e)_{AB}& (\stackrel{~}{A}_\nu )_{AB}=A_0x_{AB}(\lambda _\nu )_{AB}\end{array}$$
(48)
where $`x_{AB}`$ is a dimensionless matrix of order one that we conveniently choose to have the following structure :

$$x_{AB}=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 1& 1\\ 1& 1& x\\ 1& x& \frac{1}{10}\end{array}\right)$$
(49)
We now turn to study the phenomenological implications of Eq. (49) to the $`\mathrm{BR}(bs\gamma )`$. For illustrative purposes, and keeping in mind the successful prediction for the top mass in the 422 model with $`D`$-terms, we use, as in the previous section, the same $`\alpha _s=0.120`$, $`M_b=4.8\mathrm{GeV}`$ and the same input at the Planck scale : $`M_{1/2}=300\mathrm{GeV}`$, $`\stackrel{~}{m}_F=\stackrel{~}{m}_{\overline{F}}=500\mathrm{GeV}`$, $`\stackrel{~}{m}_h=750\mathrm{GeV}`$ and $`D=200\mathrm{GeV}`$. Moreover we fixed $`A_0=2000\mathrm{GeV}`$ 242424$`A_0(M_X)=570\mathrm{GeV}`$ and a negative sign for $`\mu `$. At the GUT scale the Yukawa matrices were set as follows. The eigenvalues of $`\lambda _u`$, $`\lambda _d`$, $`\lambda _e`$ were fixed by the requirement that the fermion masses at low energy were reproduced. The CKM mixing angles were assumed to be given by $`\theta _i=\theta _i^u+\theta _i^d`$ with $`\theta _i^u=\theta _i^d`$ (the $`\theta _i^{u,d}`$ are the angles that parameterise the rotation matrices that transform the left-handed up/down quarks into their physical mass basis.) The angles associated with the rotation required to transform the left handed charged leptons into their physical mass basis were given by $`\theta _i^e=\theta _i^d`$. Finally $`\lambda _\nu `$ was set equal to $`\lambda _u`$. For completeness we list in Table V the values of the Yukawa matrices at the SUSY scale $`Q=M_S=430\mathrm{GeV}`$.

$$\lambda _u=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}1.003\times 10^5& 1.118\times 10^6& 1.768\times 10^8\\ 3.608\times 10^4& 3.236\times 10^3& 7.012\times 10^5\\ 5.882\times 10^4& 1.973\times 10^2& 0.914\end{array}\right)$$

$$\lambda _d=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}1.075\times 10^3& 1.213\times 10^4& 3.251\times 10^6\\ 2.384\times 10^3& 2.111\times 10^2& 4.461\times 10^4\\ 5.686\times 10^4& 1.910\times 10^2& 0.872\end{array}\right)$$

$$\lambda _e=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}1.464\times 10^4& 1.637\times 10^5& 7.297\times 10^7\\ 3.436\times 10^3& 3.084\times 10^2& 6.077\times 10^4\\ 7.465\times 10^4& 9.409\times 10^3& 0.532\end{array}\right)$$

$$\lambda _\nu =\left(\begin{array}{ccc}4.406\times 10^6& 4.908\times 10^7& 8.300\times 10^9\\ 1.585\times 10^4& 1.421\times 10^3& 3.539\times 10^5\\ 2.519\times 10^4& 1.141\times 10^2& 0.575\end{array}\right)$$

TABLE V. Values of the Yukawa matrices at the effective SUSY scale $`Q=M_S=430\mathrm{GeV}`$. The correct quark and charged lepton masses as well as the CKM matrix are obtained after “running-down” these matrices firstly, from $`Q=M_S`$ to $`Q=M_Z`$, using the SM RGEs, and secondly from $`Q=M_Z`$ to $`Q=1\mathrm{GeV}`$, using $`SU\left(3\right)_c\times U\left(1\right)_{em}`$ RGEs. (See section II.B for more details.)

FIG. 34 Individual values for the amplitudes contributing to the $`bs\gamma `$ decay against the trilinear parameter $`x`$ of Eq. (49). One observes that the chargino amplitude $`A_\chi ^{}`$ is sensitive to $`x`$ and bigger than $`A_{SM}`$, $`A_H^{}`$ and $`A_{\stackrel{~}{g}}`$ for almost all the $`x`$ values. Furthermore, the sign of $`A_\chi ^{}`$ changes as $`x`$ increases from 0.0 to 2.0.

In Fig. 34 we plot the SM, charged Higgs, chargino and gluino amplitudes in Eqs. (37)–(40) against $`x`$. For $`x0`$ we approximately recover the usual universal $`A`$-term model. This is because the first and second family of the trilinear terms are small (due to small Yukawa entries) and the third family $`A`$-terms at low energy are not too sensitive to their initial value at high energy. We see that because $`\mu `$ is negative, the chargino amplitude is negative and interferes constructively with the other amplitudes. However, as $`x`$ increases, the chargino amplitude becomes less negative and the magnitude of $`|A_\chi ^{}|`$ steadily decreases. At some point, around $`x1.1`$ the chargino amplitude vanishes. Beyond $`x1.1`$, $`A_\chi ^{}`$ is positive, thus it interferes destructively with the SM and Higgs amplitudes. Clearly, we see that by tuning $`x`$ it is easy to find a region where $`bs\gamma `$ is suppressed.

FIG. 35 Branch ratio for the $`bs\gamma `$ decay against the trilinear parameter $`x`$ in Eq. (49). The dashed line A corresponds to the result one obtains when $`A_0=0`$. The solid line B was computed using the SM, charged Higgs, gluino and higgsino contributions. For the line C we used the SM and Higgs contributions only. The line D was obtained using the SM amplitude alone. The allowed experimental range is indicated by the area between the two dotted lines. We observe that for the line B an acceptable prediction is obtained for $`x1.60`$.

In Fig. 35 we show the $`\mathrm{BR}(bs\gamma )`$ against $`x`$. The area between the dashed lines indicates the experimental allowed range in Eq. (36). The dashed line A corresponds to the result one obtains when $`A_0=0`$. The solid lines D and C are plotted for illustrative purposes; they correspond to the $`\mathrm{BR}(bs\gamma )`$ that is obtained when only the SM amplitude, and the SM plus the charged Higgs amplitudes are considered respectively. The solid line B indicates the $`\mathrm{BR}(bs\gamma )`$ prediction when all the amplitudes in Eqs. (37)-(40) are considered. We observe that, due to a light charged Higgs mass $`m_H^{}130`$ GeV, the value of the $`\mathrm{BR}(bs\gamma )`$ when only the SM+$`H^{}t`$ loops are considered lies above the experimental range. On the other hand, the $`\mathrm{BR}(bs\gamma )`$ when the chargino contribution is included (line B) starts at $`x0`$ very large but is driven into compatibility with experiment at around $`x1.60\pm 0.15`$.

$`\tau \mu \gamma `$

In the previous section we showed that the parameterization of the trilinear terms by Eq. (49) lead to a suppressed $`\mathrm{BR}(bs\gamma )`$ compatible with the experimental data. However, one should be careful about other possible implications derived from this new source of flavour violation. Clearly Eq. (49) also introduces lepton flavour violating signals through the $`\stackrel{~}{A}_{e,\nu }`$ matrices in Eq. (48). The purpose of this section is to check that the decay $`\tau \mu \gamma `$ (for the successful value of $`x`$ fixed by $`bs\gamma `$) is not in conflict with the experimental upper bound on $`\mathrm{BR}(\tau \mu \gamma )<3.0\times 10^6`$ .

The effective lagrangian for the $`\tau \mu \gamma `$ decay is :

$$_{\tau \mu \gamma }=\frac{1}{2}\overline{\psi }_\mu (pq)\left(A^RP_R+A^LP_L\right)\sigma ^{\alpha \beta }\psi _\tau (p)F_{\alpha \beta }$$
(50)
where $`P_{R,L}`$ are projection operators and $`F_{\alpha \beta }`$ the electromagnetic field tensor. The branch ratio can be computed using :

$$\mathrm{BR}(\tau \mu \gamma )=\frac{12\pi ^2}{G_F^2}\left(|A^R|^2+|A^L|^2\right)$$
(51)
where $`A^R=A_\chi ^{}^R+A_{\chi ^0}^R`$ and $`A^L=A_{\chi ^0}^L`$. Numerically we found that the decay is dominated by the chargino-sneutrino loop diagram illustrated in Fig. 36.

FIG. 36 Chargino diagram involved in the $`\tau \mu \gamma `$ decay (the neutralino diagram was found to be subdominant.) In this process lepton flavour violation develops through the $`\left(\mathrm{\Delta }_{23}^\nu \right)_{LL}`$ mass insertion along the $`\stackrel{~}{\nu }_L^\tau `$$`\stackrel{~}{\nu }_L^\mu `$ sneutrino line.

The corresponding amplitude is given by :

$$A_\chi ^{}^R=\frac{\alpha _w\sqrt{\alpha _e}}{2\sqrt{\pi }}\underset{j=1}{\overset{2}{}}\underset{\alpha =1}{\overset{3}{}}\frac{1}{m_{\stackrel{~}{\nu }_\alpha }^2}H_{\nu L}^{j\alpha \tau }G_{\nu L}^{j\alpha \mu }\frac{m_{\chi _j^{}}}{m_\tau }J(x_{\chi _j^{}\stackrel{~}{\nu }_\alpha })$$
(52)
where $`m_{\stackrel{~}{\nu }_\alpha }`$ is the physical mass of the sneutrinos, $`x_{\chi _j^{}\stackrel{~}{\nu }_\alpha }=m_{\chi _j^{}}^2/m_{\stackrel{~}{\nu }_\alpha }^2`$ and $`J`$ a dimensionless function. 252525Explicitly, $`J(x)=[x^24x+3+2\mathrm{ln}(x)]/[2(x1)^3]`$. The gaugino and higgsino vertex factors are given by :

$`G_{\nu L}^{j\alpha A}`$ $`=`$ $`T_{j1}^c(V_{LL}^{\stackrel{~}{\nu }e})_{\alpha A}`$ (53)
$`H_{\nu L}^{j\alpha A}`$ $`=`$ $`S_{2j}^c(Y_e)_{AA}(V_{LL}^{\stackrel{~}{\nu }e})_{A\alpha }`$ (54)
where $`Y_e=\mathrm{diag}(m_e,m_\mu ,m_\tau )/(\sqrt{2}M_W\mathrm{cos}\beta )=\lambda _e^{}/g`$. Finally the sneutrino/charged lepton flavour matrix is defined by $`V_L^{\stackrel{~}{\nu }e}=S_{LL}^{\stackrel{~}{\nu }}T^e`$ where $`S_{LL}^{\stackrel{~}{\nu }}`$ diagonalizes the sneutrino mass matrix and $`T^e`$ is the matrix that rotates the left-handed charged leptons into their physical mass eigenstates (see appendix A for details.)

We see from Fig. 36 that the $`\tau `$ decay develops through the sneutrino $`\stackrel{~}{\nu }_L^\tau `$$`\stackrel{~}{\nu }_L^\mu `$ scalar line via the $`(\mathrm{\Delta }_{23}^\nu )_{LL}`$ mass insertion. Comparing the bottom with the tau decay, we note that while in the former decay the presence of right-handed up-type squarks allows the diagram in Fig. 33 b) to exist, in the latter decay, the corresponding lepton analogue of such diagram does not exist since the effective low energy theory does not include right-handed sneutrinos ($`\stackrel{~}{\nu }_R`$).

We can now justify why we preferred to consider non-universal $`A`$-terms rather than non-universal soft SUSY masses. If we had chosen to introduce non-universal soft squark masses then unification of quarks and leptons in the $`F`$ and $`F^c`$ multiplets would demand similar non-universal slepton masses. In this scenario it would be difficult to simultaneously suppress $`bs+\gamma `$ and keep $`\mathrm{BR}(\tau \mu \gamma )`$ below the experimental bound. The reason is because both decays can proceed via a $`(\mathrm{\Delta }_{23})_{LL}`$ mass insertion. In contrast, when non-universal $`A`$-terms are introduced, we can control $`bs\gamma `$ via the $`(\mathrm{\Delta }_{23}^u)_{LR}`$ insertion, while leaving the prediction for $`\mathrm{BR}(\tau \mu \gamma )`$ approximately unchanged because the leptonic decay proceeds via the $`(\mathrm{\Delta }_{23}^\nu )_{LL}`$ insertion.

FIG. 37 Values for the chargino $`A_\chi ^R`$ and neutralino amplitudes $`A_{\chi ^0}^{L,R}`$ contributing to the $`\tau \mu \gamma `$ decay against the trilinear parameter $`x`$ in Eq. (49). We observe that $`A_{\chi ^0}^{L,R}`$ are small compared with $`A_\chi ^R`$. Moreover, the magnitude of $`A_\chi ^R`$ slowly decreases as $`x`$ increases.

FIG. 38 Branch ratio for the $`\tau \mu \gamma `$ decay against the trilinear parameter $`x`$ in Eq. (49). The dashed line A corresponds to the result when $`A_0=0`$. We observe that the solid line B is driven to smaller values as $`x`$ increases. In fact, for large $`x2.0`$, the predicted branch ratio is roughly one order of magnitude smaller than the present experimental bound (here indicated by the dotted line.)

In Fig. 37 and Fig. 38 we show how the amplitudes and the branch ratio of the $`\tau \mu \gamma `$ decay depend on the trilinear parameter $`x`$ in Eq. (49). We see that, for $`x0`$, the prediction for the tau decay is close to the experimental limit $`\mathrm{BR}(\tau \mu \gamma )<3.0\times 10^6`$. However as $`x`$ increases the magnitude of the chargino amplitude $`|A_\chi ^{}|`$ slowly decreases thus driving the prediction for $`\mathrm{BR}(\tau \mu \gamma )`$ to smaller values. For $`x1.60`$ the predicted $`\mathrm{BR}(\tau \mu \gamma )`$ is about one order of magnitude below the experimental upper bound.

In summary, we have verified that by introducing non-universal $`A`$-terms one can simultaneously satisfy the present experimental constraints on $`bs\gamma `$ and $`\tau \mu \gamma `$ even when $`\mu `$ is negative.

Finally we point that the success in suppressing the $`bs\gamma `$ decay is not without some tuning. Indeed we found that the suppression works well only for a restricted range of $`x1.60\pm 0.15`$. Thus taking as a measure of tuning $`x`$ the ratio $`\delta =\delta x/x`$ we find $`\delta 19`$ %. Nevertheless, it is unclear if it is more natural to expect $`bs\gamma `$ to be suppressed by flavour physics, implying tuning in the flavour parameters, or by suppressing the charged Higgs and chargino amplitudes by demanding large $`m_H^{}`$ and stop masses, implying tuning in setting $`M_Z`$.

VII. CONCLUSION

We have studied Yukawa unification, including the effects of a physical neutrino mass consistent with the Superkamiokande observations. We began our study by reviewing the usual mSUGRA scenario with universal soft mass parameters, but including the effect of the neutrino Yukawa coupling. Assuming hierarchical neutrino masses, and mixing angles arising mainly from the neutrino sector (so that the charged lepton Yukawa matrix has no large off-diagonal entries) we saw that the usual predictions are not much affected. 262626Large off-diagonal entries in the neutrino Yukawa matrix will not affect our results very much since the right-handed neutrinos decouple from the right-hand sides of the RGEs at high energy. For example the usual result that positive $`\mu `$ is not allowed, and negative $`\mu `$ leads to top quark masses which are too small is still valid.

We then analysed a string/$`D`$-brane inspired $`SU(4)SU(2)_LSU(2)_R`$ model since this allows the most general non-universal scalar and gaugino masses, and is therefore the perfect laboratory for studying the effects of non-universality. We explored the sensitivity of the predictions to variations in all these non-universal soft masses, and showed that the usual results can change considerably as a function of the degree of non-universality of the soft parameters. We then switched on the usual $`D`$-term contributions which arise in $`SO(10)`$, and which by themselves are enough to allow successful electroweak symmetry breaking, and permit small corrections to the $`b`$-quark mass which implies an acceptable large top quark mass. We studied the effect of the $`D`$-terms in the $`SU(4)SU(2)_LSU(2)_R`$ model, for the sake of clarity working in the (approximate) $`SO(10)`$ limit of the model, in order to distinguish clearly the effect of the D-terms from that of explicit non-universality. Including D-terms as the only source of non-universality, we studied the sparticle spectrum in some detail, although these results should be considered in conjunction with the effect of the explicit non-universal scalar masses and non-universal gaugino masses considered previously, since in a realistic $`SU(4)SU(2)_LSU(2)_R`$ model both effects will simulaneously be present.

We then turned to rare decays such as $`bs\gamma `$ and $`\tau \mu \gamma `$ which severely constrain Yukawa unification. Assuming that the only source of non-universality is due to $`D`$-terms, we showed how non-universal trilinear parameters can lead to cancellations of the important effects and so provide information about the family-dependent supersymmetry breaking soft Lagrangian. Again, the effect of more general non-universal scalar masses and non-universal gaugino masses associated with the $`SU(4)SU(2)_LSU(2)_R`$ model will modify the results, but the main message remains clear: family-dependent non-universality will play an important role in $`bs\gamma `$, and such effects should be considered in conjunction with the effects of family-independent non-universality. We have shown that successful Yukawa unification can be achieved if both types of non-universality are simultaneously present.

In summary Yukawa unification is well motivated from both a theoretical point of view, and from the point of view of predicting large $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ which helps to raise the Higgs mass. We have found that Yukawa unification is perfectly viable providing the soft masses are non-universal in both family-independent and family-dependent ways, and we have explored the specific correlations between the soft parameters required in order to satisfy all the constraints simultaneously. In our view the sensitivity of Yukawa unification to soft SUSY breaking parameters is to be welcomed, since it provides a window into the soft supersymmetry breaking Lagrangian.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The work of M.O. was supported by JNICT under contract grant : PRAXIS XXI/BD/ 5536/95.

APPENDIX A
Notation and Conventions

In this appendix we briefly summarize our conventions and explain in detail the notation concerning the diagonalization of the mass matrices. The superpotential of the MSSM+$`\nu ^c`$ model is given by :

$`𝒲=ϵ_{\alpha \beta }(`$ $`u_A^c(\lambda _u)_{AB}q_B^\alpha h_u^\beta d_A^c(\lambda _d)_{AB}q_B^\alpha h_d^\beta `$ (55)
$`+\nu _A^c(\lambda _\nu )_{AB}l_B^\alpha h_u^\beta e_A^c(\lambda _e)_{AB}l_B^\alpha h_d^\beta +\mu h_u^\alpha h_d^\beta )+\frac{1}{2}(M_\nu )_{AB}\nu ^c_A\nu ^c_B`$
where $`ϵ_{12}=ϵ_{21}=1`$, $`A,B=1,..,3`$ are flavour indices and $`\alpha ,\beta =1,2`$ are $`SU(2)_L`$ indices. The Yukawa matrices are diagonalized by the following transformations :

$$S^u\lambda _uT^u=\lambda _u^{}S^d\lambda _dT^d=\lambda _d^{}S^e\lambda _eT^e=\lambda _e^{}S^\nu \lambda _\nu T^\nu =\lambda _\nu ^{}$$
(56)
where the primed $`\lambda ^{}`$s are diagonal. In this notation the CKM matrix is given by $`V=T^uT^d`$. The full lagrangian of the model also includes trilinear, soft scalar masses and gaugino masses given by :

$`𝒱=ϵ_{\alpha \beta }(`$ $`\stackrel{~}{u}_A^c(\stackrel{~}{A}_u)_{AB}\stackrel{~}{q}_B^\alpha h_u^\beta \stackrel{~}{d}_A^c(\stackrel{~}{A}_d)_{AB}\stackrel{~}{q}_B^\alpha h_d^\beta `$ (57)
$`+\stackrel{~}{\nu }_A^c(\stackrel{~}{A}_\nu )_{AB}\stackrel{~}{l}_B^\alpha h_u^\beta \stackrel{~}{e}_A^c(\stackrel{~}{A}_e)_{AB}\stackrel{~}{l}_B^\alpha h_d^\beta +m_3h_u^\alpha h_d^\beta )+\mathrm{h}.\mathrm{c}.`$
$`=\frac{1}{2}(`$ $`m_2^2|h_u|^2+m_1^2|h_d|^2+\stackrel{~}{q}_A^{}(\stackrel{~}{m}_q^2)_{AB}\stackrel{~}{q}_B+\stackrel{~}{l}_A^{}(\stackrel{~}{m}_l^2)_{AB}\stackrel{~}{l}_B+`$ (58)
$`\stackrel{~}{u}_A^c(\stackrel{~}{m}_{u^c}^2)_{AB}\stackrel{~}{u}_B^c+\stackrel{~}{d}_A^c(\stackrel{~}{m}_{d^c}^2)_{AB}\stackrel{~}{d}_B^c+\stackrel{~}{e}_A^c(\stackrel{~}{m}_{e^c}^2)_{AB}\stackrel{~}{e}_B^c+\stackrel{~}{\nu }_A^c(\stackrel{~}{m}_{\nu ^c}^2)_{AB}\stackrel{~}{\nu }_B^c)+\mathrm{h}.\mathrm{c}.`$
$$=\frac{1}{2}M_1\lambda _1\lambda _1+\frac{1}{2}M_2\lambda _2^a\lambda _2^a+\frac{1}{2}M_3\lambda _3^m\lambda _3^m+\mathrm{h}.\mathrm{c}.$$
(59)
The chargino and neutralino mass matrices can be conveniently written in the basis of the following 4-component gaugino and higgsino fields : 272727$`\lambda ^\pm =(\lambda _2^1i\lambda _2^2)/\sqrt{2}`$

$$\stackrel{~}{W}^{}=\left(\begin{array}{c}i\lambda ^{}\\ i\overline{\lambda }^+\end{array}\right)\stackrel{~}{H}^{}=\left(\begin{array}{c}\stackrel{~}{H}_d^2\\ i\overline{\stackrel{~}{H}}_u^1\end{array}\right)$$
(60)
$$\stackrel{~}{B}=\left(\begin{array}{c}i\lambda _1\\ i\overline{\lambda }_1\end{array}\right)\stackrel{~}{W}^0=\left(\begin{array}{c}i\lambda _2^3\\ i\overline{\lambda }_2^3\end{array}\right)\stackrel{~}{H}_d^0=\left(\begin{array}{c}\stackrel{~}{H}_d^1\\ \overline{\stackrel{~}{H}}_d^1\end{array}\right)\stackrel{~}{H}_u^0=\left(\begin{array}{c}\stackrel{~}{H}_u^2\\ \overline{\stackrel{~}{H}}_u^2\end{array}\right).$$
(61)
Thus,

$$=\left(\overline{\stackrel{~}{W}}_L^{}\overline{\stackrel{~}{H}}_L^{}\right)\left(\begin{array}{cc}M_2& \sqrt{2}M_Ws_\beta \\ \sqrt{2}M_Wc_\beta & \mu \end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}\stackrel{~}{W}_R^{}\\ \stackrel{~}{H}_R^{}\end{array}\right)+\mathrm{h}.\mathrm{c}.$$
(62)
and,

$$=\frac{1}{2}\left(\overline{\stackrel{~}{B}}\overline{\stackrel{~}{W}}^0\overline{\stackrel{~}{H}}_d^1\overline{\stackrel{~}{H}}_u^2\right)\left(\begin{array}{cccc}M_1& 0& M_Zc_\beta s_\theta & M_Zs_\beta s_\theta \\ 0& M_2& M_Zc_\beta c_\theta & M_Zs_\beta c_\theta \\ M_Zc_\beta s_\theta & M_Zc_\beta c_\theta & 0& \mu \\ M_Zs_\beta s_\theta & M_Zs_\beta c_\theta & \mu & 0\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}\stackrel{~}{B}\\ \stackrel{~}{W}^0\\ \stackrel{~}{H}_d^1\\ \stackrel{~}{H}_u^2\end{array}\right)$$
(63)
where $`s_\beta =\mathrm{sin}\beta `$, $`c_\beta =\mathrm{cos}\beta `$ ($`\mathrm{tan}\beta =v_2/v_1`$ = the ratio of the up/down Higgs VEVs) and $`\theta `$ the weak mixing angle. The chargino mass matrix $`M^C`$ in Eq. (62) and the neutralino matrix $`M^N`$ in Eq. (63) are diagonalized by :

$`S^CM^CT^C`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{Diag}(m_{\chi _1^{}},m_{\chi _2^{}})`$ (64)
$`S^NM^NS^N`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{Diag}(m_{\chi _1^0},m_{\chi _2^0},m_{\chi _3^0},m_{\chi _4^0})`$ (65)
The mass matrices for the charged scalar sparticles are written in the following basis :

$$\left(\begin{array}{c}\stackrel{~}{u}_L\\ \stackrel{~}{u}_R\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{c}\stackrel{~}{u}\\ \stackrel{~}{u}^c\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}\stackrel{~}{d}_L\\ \stackrel{~}{d}_R\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{c}\stackrel{~}{d}\\ \stackrel{~}{d}^c\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}\stackrel{~}{e}_L\\ \stackrel{~}{e}_R\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{c}\stackrel{~}{e}\\ \stackrel{~}{e}^c\end{array}\right)$$
(66)
Explicitly we find :

$$\left(\stackrel{~}{u}_L^{}\stackrel{~}{u}_R^{}\right)\left(\begin{array}{cc}\stackrel{~}{m}_q^2+m_u^{}m_u+M_Z^2Z_uc_{2\beta }& \mu \lambda _u^{}v_1+\stackrel{~}{A}_u^{}v_2\\ \mu \lambda _uv_1+\stackrel{~}{A}_uv_2& \stackrel{~}{m}_{u^c}^2+m_um_u^{}+M_Z^2Z_{u^c}c_{2\beta }\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}\stackrel{~}{u}_L\\ \stackrel{~}{u}_R\end{array}\right)$$
(67)
$$\left(\stackrel{~}{d}_L^{}\stackrel{~}{d}_R^{}\right)\left(\begin{array}{cc}\stackrel{~}{m}_q^2+m_d^{}m_d+M_Z^2Z_dc_{2\beta }& \mu \lambda _d^{}v_2+\stackrel{~}{A}_d^{}v_1\\ \mu \lambda _dv_2+\stackrel{~}{A}_dv_1& \stackrel{~}{m}_{d^c}^2+m_dm_d^{}+M_Z^2Z_{d^c}c_{2\beta }\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}\stackrel{~}{d}_L\\ \stackrel{~}{d}_R\end{array}\right)$$
(68)
$$\left(\stackrel{~}{e}_L^{}\stackrel{~}{e}_R^{}\right)\left(\begin{array}{cc}\stackrel{~}{m}_l^2+m_e^{}m_e+M_Z^2Z_ec_{2\beta }& \mu \lambda _e^{}v_2+\stackrel{~}{A}_e^{}v_1\\ \mu \lambda _ev_2+\stackrel{~}{A}_ev_1& \stackrel{~}{m}_{e^c}^2+m_em_e^{}+M_Z^2Z_{e^c}c_{2\beta }\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}\stackrel{~}{e}_L\\ \stackrel{~}{e}_R\end{array}\right)$$
(69)
The light sneutrino mass matrix in the $`\stackrel{~}{\nu }_L=\stackrel{~}{\nu }`$ basis, after the heavy right-handed sneutrinos are integrated out, is given by :

$$\stackrel{~}{\nu }_L^{}\left(\stackrel{~}{m}_l^2+M_Z^2Z_{\nu _L}c_{2\beta }\right)\stackrel{~}{\nu }_L$$
(70)
The Z factors in Eqs.(67)-(70) are defined by $`Z_f=I_fQ_fs_\theta ^2`$ where $`I_f`$ is the isospin and $`Q_f`$ the electric charge of the $`f`$ field :

$$\begin{array}{cc}Z_u=(+\frac{1}{2})(+\frac{2}{3})s_\theta ^2& Z_{u^c}=(0)(\frac{2}{3})s_\theta ^2\\ & \\ Z_d=(\frac{1}{2})(\frac{1}{3})s_\theta ^2& Z_{d^c}=(0)(+\frac{1}{3})s_\theta ^2\\ & \\ Z_e=(\frac{1}{2})(1)s_\theta ^2& Z_{e^c}=(0)(+1)s_\theta ^2\\ & \\ Z_\nu =(+\frac{1}{2})(0)s_\theta ^2& \end{array}$$
(71)
The diagonalization of the up-type squark squared mass matrix $`M^{\stackrel{~}{u}2}`$ of Eq. (67), down-type squark matrix $`M^{\stackrel{~}{d}2}`$ of Eq. (68), charged slepton matrix $`M^{\stackrel{~}{e}2}`$ of Eq. (69) and sneutrino matrix of Eq. (70) is achieved in the following way :

$`S^{\stackrel{~}{u}}M^{\stackrel{~}{u}2}S^{\stackrel{~}{u}}`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{Diag}(m_{\stackrel{~}{U}_1},..,m_{\stackrel{~}{U}_6})`$ (72)
$`=`$ $`\mathrm{Diag}(m_{\stackrel{~}{u}_1},m_{\stackrel{~}{c}_1},m_{\stackrel{~}{t}_1},m_{\stackrel{~}{u}_2},m_{\stackrel{~}{c}_2},m_{\stackrel{~}{t}_2})`$ (73)
$`S^{\stackrel{~}{d}}M^{\stackrel{~}{d}2}S^{\stackrel{~}{d}}`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{Diag}(m_{\stackrel{~}{D}_1},..,m_{\stackrel{~}{D}_6})`$ (74)
$`=`$ $`\mathrm{Diag}(m_{\stackrel{~}{d}_1},m_{\stackrel{~}{s}_1},m_{\stackrel{~}{b}_1},m_{\stackrel{~}{d}_2},m_{\stackrel{~}{s}_2},m_{\stackrel{~}{b}_2})`$ (75)
$`S^{\stackrel{~}{e}}M^{\stackrel{~}{e}2}S^{\stackrel{~}{e}}`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{Diag}(m_{\stackrel{~}{E}_1},..,m_{\stackrel{~}{E}_6})`$ (76)
$`=`$ $`\mathrm{Diag}(m_{\stackrel{~}{e}_1},m_{\stackrel{~}{\mu }_1},m_{\stackrel{~}{\tau }_1},m_{\stackrel{~}{e}_2},m_{\stackrel{~}{\mu }_2},m_{\stackrel{~}{\tau }_2})`$ (77)
$`S_{LL}^{\stackrel{~}{\nu }}M_{LL}^{\stackrel{~}{\nu }2}S_{LL}^{\stackrel{~}{\nu }}`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{Diag}(m_{\stackrel{~}{\nu }_1},m_{\stackrel{~}{\nu }_2},m_{\stackrel{~}{\nu }_3})`$ (78)
.

Finally it is convenient to define the following matrices that are, in a way, supersymmetric generalizations of the CKM matrix, i.e. they describe the flavour properties of vertices that involve the interaction between a SUSY scalar particle and a standard model fermion :

$$\begin{array}{cc}(V_R^{\stackrel{~}{u}u})_{\alpha A}=_{B=1}^3S_{\alpha B+3}^{\stackrel{~}{u}}S_{BA}^u& (V_R^{\stackrel{~}{u}u})_{A\alpha }=_{B=1}^3S_{AB}^uS_{B+3\alpha }^{\stackrel{~}{u}}\\ & \\ (V_L^{\stackrel{~}{d}d})_{\alpha A}=_{B=1}^3S_{\alpha B}^{\stackrel{~}{d}}T_{BA}^d& (V_L^{\stackrel{~}{d}d})_{A\alpha }=_{B=1}^3T_{AB}^dS_{B\alpha }^{\stackrel{~}{d}}\\ & \\ (V_R^{\stackrel{~}{d}d})_{\alpha A}=_{B=1}^3S_{\alpha B+3}^{\stackrel{~}{d}}S_{BA}^d& (V_R^{\stackrel{~}{d}d})_{A\alpha }=_{B=1}^3S_{AB}^dS_{B+3\alpha }^{\stackrel{~}{d}}\\ & \\ (V_L^{\stackrel{~}{u}d})_{\alpha A}=_{B=1}^3S_{\alpha B}^{\stackrel{~}{u}}T_{BA}^d& (V_L^{\stackrel{~}{u}d})_{A\alpha }=_{B=1}^3T_{AB}^dS_{B\alpha }^{\stackrel{~}{u}}\\ & \\ (V_{LL}^{\stackrel{~}{\nu }e})_{\alpha A}=_{B=1}^3(S_{LL}^{\stackrel{~}{\nu }})_{\alpha B}T_{BA}^e& (V_{LL}^{\stackrel{~}{\nu }e})_{A\alpha }=_{B=1}^3T_{AB}^e(S_{LL}^{\stackrel{~}{\nu }})_{B\alpha }\end{array}$$
(79)
APPENDIX B
The supersymmetry mass scale

In this section we will define the effective SUSY scale $`M_S`$ which we used to represent the average sparticle masses. Above $`M_S`$ the theory was described by the MSSM+$`\nu ^c`$ and below it we had the Standard Model. Traditionally it is convenient to introduce three $`T_i`$ scales that describe the effect of the decoupling of the SUSY particles on the gauge couplings  :

$`T_1`$ $`=`$ $`m_{\stackrel{~}{q}}^{11/25}m_{\stackrel{~}{l}}^{9/25}m_{\stackrel{~}{H}}^{4/25}m_H^{1/25}`$ (80)
$`T_2`$ $`=`$ $`m_{\stackrel{~}{q}}^{9/25}m_{\stackrel{~}{W}}^{8/25}m_{\stackrel{~}{H}}^{4/25}m_{\stackrel{~}{l}}^{3/25}m_H^{1/25}`$ (81)
$`T_3`$ $`=`$ $`m_{\stackrel{~}{q}}^{1/2}m_{\stackrel{~}{g}}^{1/2}`$ (82)
where $`m_{\stackrel{~}{q}}`$, $`m_{\stackrel{~}{l}}`$, $`m_{\stackrel{~}{H}}`$, $`m_H`$, $`m_{\stackrel{~}{W}}`$ and $`m_{\stackrel{~}{g}}`$ are the squark, slepton, higgsino, heavy CP-even Higgs boson, wino and gluino masses respectively. In models with gauge unification at $`M_X`$ the prediction for $`\alpha _s(M_\mathrm{Z})`$ depends on $`M_{SUSY}`$ given by  :

$$M_{SUSY}=T_1^{25/19}T_2^{100/19}T_3^{56/19}$$
(83)
Combining the equations above we obtain  :

$$M_{SUSY}=m_{\stackrel{~}{H}}\left(\frac{m_{\stackrel{~}{W}}}{m_{\stackrel{~}{g}}}\right)^{28/19}\left[\left(\frac{m_{\stackrel{~}{l}}}{m_{\stackrel{~}{q}}}\right)^{3/19}\left(\frac{m_H}{m_{\stackrel{~}{H}}}\right)^{3/19}\left(\frac{m_{\stackrel{~}{W}}}{m_{\stackrel{~}{H}}}\right)^{4/19}\right]$$
(84)
In this article we did not use the above scale to describe the average sparticle masses since as was emphasized in Refs. , $`M_{SUSY}`$ is only related to the overall sparticle masses in the unlikely case of degenerate SUSY spectrum. Instead, we introduced a new scale $`M_S`$ which was defined such that the sum of the squares of the threshold corrections induced by the decoupling of the SUSY spectrum on the gauge couplings is minimal :

$$\frac{}{M_S}\left\{\underset{i=1}{\overset{3}{}}\frac{B_i}{2\pi }\mathrm{ln}\left(\frac{M_S}{T_i}\right)\right\}^2=0\mathrm{where}B_i=(\frac{5}{2},\frac{25}{6},4)$$
(85)
Explicitly we find that $`M_S`$ is given by :

$`M_\mathrm{S}`$ $`=`$ $`T_1^{225/1426}T_2^{625/1426}T_3^{576/1426}`$ (86)
$`=`$ $`m_{\stackrel{~}{q}}^{612/1426}m_{\stackrel{~}{g}}^{228/1426}m_{\stackrel{~}{W}}^{200/1426}m_{\stackrel{~}{l}}^{156/1426}m_{\stackrel{~}{H}}^{136/1426}m_H^{34/1426}`$ (87)
where the exponent values of the $`m_{\stackrel{~}{q}}`$,..,$`m_H`$ terms are : 0.43, 0.20, 0.14, 0.11, 0.10 and 0.02 respectively. It is interesting to note that the unphysical nature of $`M_{SUSY}`$ can be immediately identified through the appearance of negative exponents (see Eq. (83)) whereas the $`T_i`$’s in Eqs. (80)-(82) and $`M_S`$ in Eq. (86) and Eq. (87) are weighed by positive numbers.

In Table VI we list the low energy values of the masses of the gauginos, the effective SUSY scales in Eqs. (80)-(82), and the value of the new supersymmetry scale $`M_S`$ defined in Eq. (87) against the often used $`M_{SUSY}`$ of Eq. (84). We observe that while $`M_S`$ is a good average of the $`T_i`$’s, $`M_{SUSY}`$ fails to represent a meaningful effective SUSY mass.

| TABLE VI. | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | | |
| Case | $`m_{\stackrel{~}{B}}`$ | $`m_{\stackrel{~}{W}}`$ | $`m_{\stackrel{~}{g}}`$ | $`T_1`$ | $`T_2`$ | $`T_3`$ | $`M_S`$ | $`M_{SUSY}`$ |
|  | | | | | | | | |
| A | 173 | 334 | 942 | 440 | 454 | 874 | 588 | 68 |
| B | 356 | 674 | 1787 | 851 | 887 | 1650 | 1132 | 150 |
| C | 174 | 334 | 942 | 438 | 433 | 879 | 577 | 53 |
| D | 356 | 674 | 1789 | 818 | 820 | 1662 | 1091 | 103 |
| E | 173 | 334 | 976 | 449 | 474 | 903 | 610 | 76 |
| F | 355 | 673 | 1845 | 889 | 935 | 1700 | 1181 | 172 |
| G | 173 | 334 | 976 | 451 | 466 | 907 | 607 | 68 |
| H | 356 | 673 | 1845 | 876 | 911 | 1707 | 1166 | 150 |
| I | 264 | 503 | 1415 | 718 | 714 | 1319 | 915 | 116 |
|  | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | | | | | | |

TABLE VI. Predicted values for the bino ($`m_{\stackrel{~}{B}}`$), wino ($`m_{\stackrel{~}{W}}`$) and gluino ($`m_{\stackrel{~}{g}}`$) masses at low energies and for the three SUSY scales $`T_i`$ and the effective $`M_S`$, $`M_{SUSY}`$ scales defined in Eqs. (87),(84) (masses given in GeV units.). The first column indicates the input for each model as defined by list of values in Table I.

APPENDIX C
Tables for the SUSY corrections

In this appendix we present some examples which illustrate the magnitude of the SUSY corrections to the bottom and tau mass.

In Table VII we systematically list the values of all the parameters, evaluated at low energy, that are needed to compute the gluino correction. The columns refer to : the input taken according to Table I; the value of the strong gauge coupling; the ratio of the MSSM VEVs; the mass of the gluino; the value of the Higgs mixing parameter $`\mu `$; the masses of the physical bottom squarks; the value of the dimensionless function $`I_{\stackrel{~}{g}}=m_{\stackrel{~}{g}}\mu I(m_{\stackrel{~}{g}}^2,m_{\stackrel{~}{b}_1}^2,m_{\stackrel{~}{b}_2}^2)`$; 282828 $`I(x,y,z)=\frac{xy\mathrm{ln}(x/y)+yz\mathrm{ln}(y/z)+zx\mathrm{ln}(z/x)}{(xy)(yz)(zx)}`$  and finally, in the last column, the value of the gluino correction (in percentage %.) In Table VIII we list similar values appropriate for the evaluation of the higgsino correction. For example, $`\alpha _t=\lambda _t^2/4\pi `$, $`m_{\stackrel{~}{t}_{1,2}}`$ are stop masses and $`I_{\stackrel{~}{H}}=A_t\mu I(\mu ^2,m_{\stackrel{~}{t}_1}^2,m_{\stackrel{~}{t}_2}^2)`$. Comparing Table VII with Table VIII we read that $`\mathrm{\Delta }^{\stackrel{~}{g}}m_b20\%`$ dominates over $`\mathrm{\Delta }^{\stackrel{~}{H}}m_b6\%`$.

In Table IX we present, in the last column, the values for the bino corrections to the tau mass $`\mathrm{\Delta }^{\stackrel{~}{B}}m_\tau `$. In this table we also give the values for $`\alpha ^{}=g^2/4\pi `$, for the bino mass $`m_{\stackrel{~}{B}}`$, for the stau masses and for $`I_{\stackrel{~}{B}}=m_{\stackrel{~}{B}}\mu I(m_{\stackrel{~}{B}}^2,m_{\stackrel{~}{\tau }_1}^2,m_{\stackrel{~}{\tau }_2}^2)`$. We read that, on average, $`\mathrm{\Delta }^{\stackrel{~}{B}}m_\tau `$ is -2.45 %.

Finally we computed $`\mathrm{\Delta }m_d`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }m_s`$ which we show in Table X. Two comments deserve attention. Firstly, $`\mathrm{\Delta }^{\stackrel{~}{H}}m_{d,s}0`$ due to small $`\lambda _{d,s}`$ Yukawa couplings. Secondly, we see that the gluino contribution is not universal, i.e. $`\mathrm{\Delta }^{\stackrel{~}{g}}m_d\mathrm{\Delta }^{\stackrel{~}{g}}m_s\simeq ̸\mathrm{\Delta }^{\stackrel{~}{g}}m_b`$ due to $`m_{\stackrel{~}{d},\stackrel{~}{s}}\simeq ̸m_{\stackrel{~}{b}}`$. In conjunction, they lead to non-universal SUSY corrections $`\mathrm{\Delta }m_{d,s}\simeq ̸\mathrm{\Delta }m_b`$, thus slightly affecting the ratio $`\lambda _{d,s}(M_X)/\lambda _b(M_X)`$ .

| TABLE VII. | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | | |
| Case | $`\alpha _3`$ | $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ | $`m_{\stackrel{~}{g}}`$ | $`\mu `$ | $`m_{\stackrel{~}{b}_1}`$ | $`m_{\stackrel{~}{b}_2}`$ | $`I_{\stackrel{~}{g}}`$ | $`\mathrm{\Delta }^{\stackrel{~}{g}}m_b`$ |
|  | | | | | | | | |
| A | 0.0904 | 42.16 | 942 | -417 | 775 | 691 | -0.305 | -24.65 |
| B | 0.0848 | 44.16 | 1787 | -795 | 1431 | 1316 | -0.311 | -24.72 |
| C | 0.0906 | 35.94 | 942 | -339 | 790 | 725 | -0.238 | -16.43 |
| D | 0.0850 | 37.51 | 1789 | -636 | 1475 | 1373 | -0.238 | -16.11 |
| E | 0.0960 | 47.15 | 976 | -494 | 794 | 692 | -0.358 | -34.36 |
| F | 0.0896 | 49.40 | 1845 | -942 | 1452 | 1323 | -0.367 | -34.44 |
| G | 0.0960 | 41.99 | 976 | -445 | 804 | 719 | -0.313 | -26.81 |
| H | 0.0897 | 44.06 | 1845 | -847 | 1480 | 1364 | -0.320 | -26.82 |
| I | 0.0920 | 47.34 | 1415 | -703 | 1144 | 1035 | -0.347 | -32.03 |
|  | | | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | | |

TABLE VII. Values of the parameters required to compute the gluino correction to the bottom quark mass $`\mathrm{\Delta }^{\stackrel{~}{g}}m_b20\%`$ (all evaluated at low energy.) The gluino mass is given by $`m_{\stackrel{~}{g}}`$, the sbottom masses by $`m_{\stackrel{~}{b}_{1,2}}`$ and the dimensionless function $`I_{\stackrel{~}{g}}`$ is given by $`I_{\stackrel{~}{g}}=m_{\stackrel{~}{g}}\mu I(m_{\stackrel{~}{g}}^2,m_{\stackrel{~}{b}_1}^2,m_{\stackrel{~}{b}_2}^2)`$.

| TABLE VIII. | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | | |
| Case | $`\alpha _t`$ | $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ | $`A_t`$ | $`\mu `$ | $`m_{\stackrel{~}{t}_1}`$ | $`m_{\stackrel{~}{t}_2}`$ | $`I_{\stackrel{~}{H}}`$ | $`\mathrm{\Delta }^{\stackrel{~}{H}}m_b`$ |
|  | | | | | | | | |
| A | 0.0476 | 42.16 | -780 | -417 | 812 | 665 | 0.408 | 6.51 |
| B | 0.0482 | 44.16 | -1410 | -795 | 1457 | 1291 | 0.401 | 6.80 |
| C | 0.0363 | 35.94 | -879 | -339 | 831 | 690 | 0.385 | 4.00 |
| D | 0.0364 | 37.51 | -1605 | -636 | 1504 | 1345 | 0.376 | 4.09 |
| E | 0.0597 | 47.15 | -728 | -494 | 826 | 676 | 0.406 | 9.10 |
| F | 0.0602 | 49.40 | -1302 | -942 | 1472 | 1303 | 0.399 | 9.45 |
| G | 0.0499 | 41.99 | -814 | -445 | 842 | 692 | 0.416 | 6.94 |
| H | 0.0504 | 44.06 | -1465 | -847 | 1506 | 1338 | 0.409 | 7.23 |
| I | 0.0573 | 47.34 | -1055 | -703 | 1170 | 1013 | 0.400 | 8.64 |
|  | | | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | | |

TABLE VIII. Values of the parameters required to compute the higgsino correction to the bottom quark mass $`\mathrm{\Delta }^{\stackrel{~}{H}}m_b6\%`$ (all evaluated at low energy.) The higgsino mass is approximately given by $`\left|\mu \right|`$, the stop masses are given by $`m_{\stackrel{~}{t}_{1,2}}`$ and the dimensionless function $`I_{\stackrel{~}{H}}`$ is given by $`I_{\stackrel{~}{H}}=A_t\mu I(\mu ^2,m_{\stackrel{~}{t}_1}^2,m_{\stackrel{~}{t}_2}^2)`$.

| TABLE IX. | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | | |
| Case | $`\alpha ^{}`$ | $`\mathrm{tan}\beta `$ | $`m_{\stackrel{~}{B}}`$ | $`\mu `$ | $`m_{\stackrel{~}{\tau }_1}`$ | $`m_{\stackrel{~}{\tau }_2}`$ | $`I_{\stackrel{~}{B}}`$ | $`\mathrm{\Delta }^{\stackrel{~}{B}}m_\tau `$ |
|  | | | | | | | | |
| A | 0.0104 | 42.16 | 173 | -417 | 348 | 178 | -0.669 | -2.33 |
| B | 0.0105 | 44.16 | 356 | -795 | 653 | 387 | -0.656 | -2.42 |
| C | 0.0104 | 35.94 | 174 | -339 | 343 | 207 | -0.507 | -1.51 |
| D | 0.0105 | 37.51 | 356 | -636 | 657 | 424 | -0.494 | -1.55 |
| E | 0.0104 | 47.15 | 173 | -494 | 355 | 143 | -0.860 | -3.36 |
| F | 0.0105 | 49.40 | 355 | -942 | 652 | 352 | -0.818 | -3.37 |
| G | 0.0104 | 41.99 | 173 | -445 | 350 | 175 | -0.715 | -2.49 |
| H | 0.0105 | 44.06 | 356 | -847 | 655 | 387 | -0.696 | -2.56 |
| I | 0.0104 | 47.34 | 264 | -703 | 549 | 329 | -0.641 | -2.52 |
|  | | | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | | |

TABLE IX. Values of the parameters required to compute the bino correction to the tau lepton mass $`\mathrm{\Delta }^{\stackrel{~}{B}}m_\tau 2.45\%`$. (all evaluated at low energy.) The bino mass is given by $`m_{\stackrel{~}{B}}`$, the stau masses by $`m_{\stackrel{~}{\tau }_{1,2}}`$ and the dimensionless function $`I_{\stackrel{~}{B}}`$ is given by $`I_{\stackrel{~}{B}}=m_{\stackrel{~}{B}}\mu I(m_{\stackrel{~}{B}}^2,m_{\stackrel{~}{\tau }_1}^2,m_{\stackrel{~}{\tau }_2}^2)`$

| TABLE X. | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | |
| Case | $`\mathrm{\Delta }^{\stackrel{~}{g}}m_d`$ | $`\mathrm{\Delta }^{\stackrel{~}{H}}m_d`$ | $`\mathrm{\Delta }^{\stackrel{~}{g}}m_s`$ | $`\mathrm{\Delta }^{\stackrel{~}{H}}m_s`$ | $`\mathrm{\Delta }m_d`$ | $`\mathrm{\Delta }m_s`$ | $`\mathrm{\Delta }m_b`$ |
|  | | | | | | | |
| A | -19.24 | 0.00 | -19.25 | 0.01 | -19.24 | -19.23 | -17.20 |
| B | -19.28 | 0.00 | -19.28 | 0.01 | -19.28 | -19.27 | -17.04 |
| C | -12.95 | 0.00 | -12.95 | 0.01 | -12.95 | -12.94 | -11.35 |
| D | -12.72 | 0.00 | -12.72 | 0.01 | -12.72 | -12.71 | -11.16 |
| E | -26.38 | 0.00 | -26.39 | 0.02 | -26.38 | -26.37 | -24.40 |
| F | -26.38 | 0.00 | -26.38 | 0.02 | -26.38 | -26.36 | -24.19 |
| G | -20.92 | 0.00 | -20.92 | 0.01 | -20.92 | -20.91 | -18.87 |
| H | -20.91 | 0.00 | -20.92 | 0.01 | -20.91 | -20.90 | -18.67 |
| I | -24.40 | 0.00 | -24.40 | 0.02 | -24.40 | -24.38 | -22.55 |
|  | | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | |

TABLE X. Gluino and higgsino SUSY corrections to the down and strange masses $`\mathrm{\Delta }^{\stackrel{~}{g},\stackrel{~}{H}}m_{d,s}`$ and the total correction to the down, strange and bottom quark masses $`\mathrm{\Delta }m_{d,s,b}`$ (in percentage values.)

APPENDIX D
Boundary conditions for the gauge and gaugino masses

In this appendix we review the origin of Eq. (20) that relates the gauge and the gaugino masses of the $`SU(3)_cSU(2)_LU(1)_Y`$ MSSM and of the $`SU(4)SU(2)_LSU(2)_R`$ Pati-Salam Model.

We start by considering the constraint on the $`U(1)_Y`$, $`SU(2)_R`$ and $`SU(4)`$ gauge couplings $`g^{}`$, $`g_{2R}`$ and $`g_4`$. The covariant derivative for the heavy Higgs boson $`H`$ that breaks the GUT symmetry is :

$$D_\mu H=_\mu H+ig_{2R}\tau _R^aW_{R\mu }^aH+ig_4T^mG_\mu ^mH$$
(88)
where $`\tau _R^a=\frac{1}{2}\sigma ^a`$ and $`T^m`$ are the $`SU(2)_R`$ and $`SU(4)`$ group generators with associated gauge bosons $`W_R^a`$ and $`G^m`$ ($`a=1,..,3`$ and $`m=1,..,15`$). When $`H`$ develops a non-vanishing VEV $`H_\nu =\sqrt{2}V_\nu `$ along the neutrino direction the quadratic interaction $`|D_\mu H|^2`$ generates the following mass terms :

$$2g_{2R}^2V_\nu ^2(\tau _R^a\tau _R^b)_{22}W_R^{a\mu }W_{R\mu }^b$$
(89)
$$4g_{2R}g_4V_\nu ^2(\tau _R^3)_{22}(T^{15})_{44}W_R^{3\mu }G_\mu ^{15}$$
(90)
$$2g_4^2V_\nu ^2(T^mT^n)_{44}G^{m\mu }G_\mu ^n.$$
(91)
where $`\tau _R^3=\mathrm{diag}(\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2})`$ and $`T^{15}=\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}\mathrm{Diag}(\frac{1}{6},\frac{1}{6},\frac{1}{6},\frac{1}{2})`$ are diagonal matrices. Upon explicit substitution of the group generators (and after adding to the above expressions similar terms associated with the $`\overline{H}`$ Higgs field, with a VEV $`\overline{H}_\nu =\sqrt{2}\overline{V}_\nu `$) the mixing between the $`W_R^3`$, $`G^{15}`$ gauge bosons can be written as :

$$\frac{1}{2}V^2\left(\begin{array}{cc}W_R^{3\mu }& G^{15\mu }\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{cc}g_{2R}^2& \sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}g_4g_{2R}\\ \sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}g_4g_{2R}& \frac{3}{2}g_4^2\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}W_{\mu _R}^3\\ G_\mu ^{15}\end{array}\right)$$
(92)
where $`V^2=V_\nu ^2+\overline{V}_\nu ^2`$. The matrix above can be diagonalized by a unitary matrix parameterised by the rotation angle $`\alpha `$ given by :

$$\mathrm{sin}\alpha =\frac{g_{2R}}{\sqrt{g_{2R}^2+\frac{3}{2}g_4^2}}\mathrm{cos}\alpha =\frac{\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}g_4}{\sqrt{g_{2R}^2+\frac{3}{2}g_4^2}}$$
(93)
to yield a massless $`B`$ state (the MSSM bino) and a heavy gauge boson $`X`$ with a mass $`m_X^2=V^2(g_{2R}^2+\frac{3}{2}g_4^2)`$. These are related to the $`W_R^3`$, $`G^{15}`$ bosons through :

$$\left(\begin{array}{c}B\\ X\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{cos}\alpha & \mathrm{sin}\alpha \\ \mathrm{sin}\alpha & \mathrm{cos}\alpha \end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}W_R^3\\ G^{15}\end{array}\right),\left(\begin{array}{c}W_R^3\\ G^{15}\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{cos}\alpha & \mathrm{sin}\alpha \\ \mathrm{sin}\alpha & \mathrm{cos}\alpha \end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}B\\ X\end{array}\right)$$
(94)
Finally, in order to obtain the first equation in Eq. (20) we need to relate $`g^{}`$ to $`g_{2R}`$ and $`g_4`$. This can be achieved by examining, for example, the kinetic term for the fermions in the $`F`$ representation :

$`=i\overline{F}\gamma ^\mu D_\mu F\overline{F}\gamma ^\mu \left[g_4T^{15}G_\mu ^{15}\right]F\overline{u}\gamma ^\mu \left[\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}g_4\left(\frac{1}{6}\right)(\mathrm{sin}\alpha B_\mu )\right]u`$ (95)
and comparing it to the $`U(1)_Y`$ neutral current Lagrangian :

$$=\overline{u}\gamma ^\mu \left[g^{}\left(\frac{1}{6}\right)B_\mu \right]u$$
(96)
We get :

$$g^{}=\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}g_4\mathrm{sin}\alpha $$
(97)
Thus combining Eq. (93) and (97) we find :

$$\frac{1}{g^2}=\frac{1}{g_{2R}^2}+\frac{1}{\frac{3}{2}g_4^2}$$
(98)
which agrees with Eq. (20) after replacing $`g^2=\frac{3}{5}g_1^2`$.

In the second part of this appendix we will justify the second equation in Eq. (20). We start by considering the following Higgs-gaugino-higgsino interaction :

$$=i\sqrt{2}H^{}\left(g_{2R}\tau _R^a\lambda _R^a+g_4T^m\lambda _4^m\right)\stackrel{~}{H}+\mathrm{h}.\mathrm{c}.$$
(99)
where $`H`$ is the heavy Higgs boson, $`\stackrel{~}{H}`$ the heavy higgsino field, and $`\lambda _R^a`$, $`\lambda _4^m`$ the $`SU(2)_R`$, $`SU(4)`$ gauginos (a similar expression applies to $`\overline{H}`$). When the Higgs bosons $`H`$, $`\overline{H}`$ develop their VEVs, we obtain (after appropriately substituting the generator matrices $`\tau _R^3`$, $`T^{15}`$) :

$$=g_{2R}(i\lambda _R^3)\left[V_\nu \stackrel{~}{H}_\nu +\overline{V}_\nu \stackrel{~}{\overline{H}}_\nu \right]+\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}g_4(i\lambda _4^{15})\left[V_\nu \stackrel{~}{H}_\nu +\overline{V}_\nu \stackrel{~}{\overline{H}}_\nu \right]+\mathrm{h}.\mathrm{c}.$$
(100)
From Eq. (100) it is clear that the gauginos only couple to the $`V_\nu \stackrel{~}{H}_\nu +\overline{V}_\nu \stackrel{~}{\overline{H}}_\nu `$ combination of higgsinos. Thus, it is convenient to define new fields $`\stackrel{~}{N}_1`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{N}_2`$ through :

$$\left(\begin{array}{c}\stackrel{~}{N}_1\\ \stackrel{~}{N}_2\end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{cc}\mathrm{cos}\theta _N& \mathrm{sin}\theta _N\\ \mathrm{sin}\theta _N& \mathrm{cos}\theta _N\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c}\stackrel{~}{H}_\nu \\ \stackrel{~}{\overline{H}}_\nu \end{array}\right)$$
(101)
where $`\mathrm{tan}\theta _N=\overline{V}_\nu /V_\nu `$. The bosonic partners of $`\stackrel{~}{N}_1`$, $`\stackrel{~}{N}_2`$ have VEVs given by $`N_1=\sqrt{2}V_1=\sqrt{2}V_\nu \mathrm{cos}\theta _N+\sqrt{2}\overline{V}_\nu \mathrm{sin}\theta _N=\sqrt{2}(V_\nu ^2+\overline{V}_\nu ^2)^{1/2}`$ and $`N_2=0`$. The gaugino mass matrix in the $`(i\lambda _R^3,i\lambda _4^{15},\stackrel{~}{N}_1)`$ basis can be written as :

$$M_\lambda =\left(\begin{array}{ccc}M_{2R}& 0& g_{2R}V_1\\ 0& M_4& \sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}g_4V_1\\ g_{2R}V_1& \sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}g_4V_1& 0\end{array}\right)$$
(102)
where the 13, 23 entries derive from Eq. (100) and $`M_{2R}`$, $`M_4`$ are explicit light soft masses for the $`SU(2)_{2R}`$, $`SU(4)`$ gauginos. The two heavy eigenvalues of the above matrix are approximately given by $`M_{\lambda _{2,3}}\pm (g_{2R}^2+\frac{3}{2}g_4^2)^{1/2}V_1`$. The lightest eigenvalue (the bino mass) can easily be computed from $`M_1=\mathrm{Det}M_\lambda /(M_{\lambda _1}M_{\lambda _2})`$. We find :

$$M_1=\frac{\frac{3}{2}g_4^2}{g_{2R}^2+\frac{3}{2}g_4^2}M_{2R}+\frac{g_{2R}^2}{g_{2R}^2+\frac{3}{2}g_4^2}M_4$$
(103)
Finally, replacing the result of Eq. (98) into Eq. (103) gives us the expression we wanted to prove :

$$\frac{M_1}{g^2}=\frac{M_{2R}}{g_{2R}^2}+\frac{M_4}{\frac{3}{2}g_4^2}$$
(104)
We would like to conclude this appendix with the following observation. The rotation that diagonalizes the $`W_R^3`$$`G^{15}`$ gauge bosons mass matrix (see Eq. (92)) also simultaneously block diagonalizes the gaugino mass matrix in Eq. (102). Indeed we note that :

$$\left(\begin{array}{ccc}c_\alpha & s_\alpha & 0\\ s_\alpha & c_\alpha & 0\\ 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right)M_\lambda \left(\begin{array}{ccc}c_\alpha & s_\alpha & 0\\ s_\alpha & c_\alpha & 0\\ 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{ccc}M_{\lambda _1}& 𝒪(M)& 0\\ 𝒪(M)& 𝒪(M)& 𝒪(V_1)\\ 0& 𝒪(V_1)& 1\end{array}\right)$$
(105)
where $`s_\alpha =\mathrm{sin}\alpha `$, $`c_\alpha =\mathrm{cos}\alpha `$ and $`𝒪(M)`$ is a number of order $`M_{2R}`$ and/or $`M_4`$. Thus we find from Eq. (105) that $`M_{\lambda _1}=c_\alpha ^2M_{2R}+s_\alpha ^2M_4`$ which is nothing less than the bino mass of Eq. (103) re-written in terms of the gauge mixing angle $`\alpha `$ defined in Eq. (93).

APPENDIX E
Expressions for the $`D`$-terms

The $`D`$-term corrections to the soft masses in Eqs. (26)-(33) arise when the rank of the Pati-Salam group is reduced from five to four due to gauge symmetry breaking. In this appendix we show that the coefficients of the corrections are related to the charge carried by the fields under the $`U(1)`$ broken generator and that their magnitude depends on the difference between the soft masses of the heavy Higgs that break the GUT symmetry.

We start by carefully reporting our index conventions. The matrix elements of the fields of the $`SU(4)SU(2)_LSU(2)_R`$ model in Eqs. (15)-(17) are indicated by :

$$\begin{array}{ccc}F_{\dot{\alpha }i}^c:(\overline{4},1,\overline{2})& \overline{H}_{\dot{\theta }p}:(\overline{4},1,\overline{2})& \\ & & h_\rho ^{\dot{\sigma }}:(1,\overline{2},2)\\ F^{\gamma k}:(4,2,1)& H^{\dot{\eta }r}:(4,1,2)& \end{array}$$
(106)
where $`i,k,p,r=1,..,4`$ are $`SU(4)`$ indices, $`\dot{\alpha },\dot{\theta },\dot{\eta },\dot{\sigma }=1,2`$ are $`SU(2)_R`$ indices and $`\gamma ,\rho =1,2`$ are $`SU(2)_L`$ indices. The position of the indices is the following, the first/second index refers to the line/column of the matrices in Eqs. (15)-(17). Moreover up/down indices are related to the representation of the multiplet. For example, the lower $`\rho `$ index of $`h`$ indicates that $`h`$ transforms in the $`\overline{2}`$ (anti-matter) representation of $`SU(2)`$ under the $`SU(2)_L`$ symmetry, whereas the upper $`\dot{\sigma }`$ index indicates that $`h`$ transforms in the fundamental representation of $`SU(2)`$ under the $`SU(2)_R`$ symmetry.

The $`D`$-term contributions from the $`SU(2)_{2R}`$ and $`SU(4)`$ groups are given by :

$$𝒱=\frac{1}{2}g_{2R}^2\underset{a=1}{\overset{3}{}}D_{2R}^aD_{2R}^a+\frac{1}{2}g_4^2\underset{m=1}{\overset{15}{}}D_4^mD_4^m.$$
(107)
We focus on the $`a=3`$ and $`m=15`$ contributions of Eq. (107) which involve the

$$\tau _R^3=\mathrm{diag}(\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2})T^{15}=\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}\mathrm{diag}(\frac{1}{6},\frac{1}{6},\frac{1}{6},\frac{1}{2})$$
(108)
diagonal generators of the $`SU(2)_{2R}`$ and $`SU(4)`$ groups. Using the notation of Eq. (106) we find that $`D_{2R}^3`$, $`D_4^{15}`$ are given by :

$`D_{2R}^2`$ $`=`$ $`\overline{H}_{\dot{\theta }p}^{}(\tau _R^3)_{\dot{\theta }\dot{\omega }}\overline{H}_{\dot{\omega }p}+H^{\dot{\eta }r}(\tau _R^3)_{\dot{\eta }\dot{\xi }}H^{\dot{\xi }r}+\stackrel{~}{F}_{\dot{\alpha }i}^c(\tau _R^3)_{\dot{\alpha }\dot{\beta }}\stackrel{~}{F}_{\dot{\beta }i}^c+h_\rho ^{\dot{\sigma }}(\tau _R^3)_{\dot{\sigma }\dot{\pi }}h_\rho ^{\dot{\pi }}`$ (109)
$`D_4^{15}`$ $`=`$ $`\overline{H}_{\dot{\theta }p}^{}(T^{15})_{pq}\overline{H}_{\dot{\theta }q}+H^{\dot{\eta }r}(T^{15})_{rs}H^{\dot{\eta }s}+\stackrel{~}{F}_{\dot{\alpha }i}^c(T^{15})_{ij}\stackrel{~}{F}_{\dot{\alpha }j}^c+\stackrel{~}{F}^{\gamma k}(T^{15})_{kl}\stackrel{~}{F}^{\gamma l}`$ (110)
Assuming that the heavy Higgs develop VEVs along the neutrino directions :

$$\overline{H}=\overline{H}_{\dot{2}4}=\overline{H}_\nu H=H^{\dot{2}4}=H_\nu $$
(111)
we can expand $`D_{2R}^3`$, $`D_4^{15}`$ :

$`D_{2R}^3`$ $`=`$ $`\overline{H}_\nu ^{}(\tau _R^3)_{\dot{2}\dot{2}}\overline{H}_\nu +H_\nu ^{}(\tau _R^3)_{\dot{2}\dot{2}}H_\nu +`$ (112)
$`\stackrel{~}{d}^c(\tau _R^3)_{\dot{1}\dot{1}}\stackrel{~}{d}^c+\stackrel{~}{e}^c(\tau _R^3)_{\dot{1}\dot{1}}\stackrel{~}{e}^c+\stackrel{~}{u}^c(\tau _R^3)_{\dot{2}\dot{2}}\stackrel{~}{u}^c+\stackrel{~}{\nu }^c(\tau _R^3)_{\dot{2}\dot{2}}\stackrel{~}{\nu }^c+`$
$`h_d^{}(\tau _R^3)_{\dot{1}\dot{1}}h_d+h_u^{}(\tau _R^3)_{\dot{2}\dot{2}}h_u`$
$`=`$ $`+\frac{1}{2}|\overline{H}_\nu |^2\frac{1}{2}|H_\nu |^2\frac{1}{2}|\stackrel{~}{d}^c|^2\frac{1}{2}|\stackrel{~}{e}^c|^2+\frac{1}{2}|\stackrel{~}{u}^c|^2+\frac{1}{2}|\stackrel{~}{\nu }^c|^2+\frac{1}{2}|h_d|^2\frac{1}{2}|h_u|^2`$
$`D_4^{15}`$ $`=`$ $`\overline{H}_\nu ^{}(T^{15})_{44}\overline{H}_\nu +H_\nu ^{}(T^{15})_{44}H_\nu +`$ (113)
$`\stackrel{~}{d}^c(T^{15})_{11}\stackrel{~}{d}^c+\stackrel{~}{e}^c(T^{15})_{44}\stackrel{~}{e}^c+\stackrel{~}{u}^c(T^{15})_{11}\stackrel{~}{u}^c+\stackrel{~}{\nu }^c(T^{15})_{44}\stackrel{~}{\nu }^c+`$
$`\stackrel{~}{q}^{}(T^{15})_{11}\stackrel{~}{q}+\stackrel{~}{l}^{}(T^{15})_{44}\stackrel{~}{l}`$
$`=`$ $`\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}[+\frac{1}{2}|\overline{H}_\nu |^2\frac{1}{2}|H_\nu |^2\frac{1}{6}|\stackrel{~}{d}^c|^2+\frac{1}{2}|\stackrel{~}{e}^c|^2\frac{1}{6}|\stackrel{~}{u}^c|^2+\frac{1}{2}|\stackrel{~}{\nu }^c|^2+\frac{1}{6}|\stackrel{~}{q}|^2\frac{1}{2}|\stackrel{~}{l}|^2]`$
One can summarize the results of Eqs. (112)-(113) by writing :

$$D_{2R}^3=D_H+\underset{\varphi }{}I_\varphi |\varphi |^2D_4^{15}=\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}D_H+\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}\underset{\varphi }{}\left(\frac{BL}{2}\right)_\varphi |\varphi |^2$$
(114)
where $`D_H=\frac{1}{2}(|\overline{H}_\nu |^2|H_\nu |^2)`$ and $`\varphi `$ denotes any of the light fields $`\stackrel{~}{u}^c`$, $`\stackrel{~}{d}^c`$, $`\stackrel{~}{e}^c`$, $`\stackrel{~}{\nu }^c`$, $`\stackrel{~}{q}`$, $`\stackrel{~}{l}`$, $`h_u`$, $`h_d`$. The factor $`I_\varphi `$ refers to the charge carried by $`\varphi `$ with respect to the $`SU(2)_R`$ group and $`(BL)/2`$ to the semi-difference between the baryon and lepton numbers of $`\varphi `$. These are can be read from the coefficients of the terms in Eqs. (112)-(113) and are collected in Table XI.

| TABLE XI. | | | | | | | | |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|  | | | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | | |
|  | $`\stackrel{~}{u}^c`$ | $`\stackrel{~}{d}^c`$ | $`\stackrel{~}{e}^c`$ | $`\stackrel{~}{\nu }^c`$ | $`\stackrel{~}{q}`$ | $`\stackrel{~}{l}`$ | $`h_u`$ | $`h_d`$ |
|  | | | | | | | | |
| $`I_\varphi `$ | $`+\frac{1}{2}`$ | $`\frac{1}{2}`$ | $`\frac{1}{2}`$ | $`+\frac{1}{2}`$ | 0 | 0 | $`\frac{1}{2}`$ | $`+\frac{1}{2}`$ |
| $`\left(\frac{BL}{2}\right)_\varphi `$ | $`\frac{1}{6}`$ | $`\frac{1}{6}`$ | $`+\frac{1}{2}`$ | $`+\frac{1}{2}`$ | $`+\frac{1}{6}`$ | $`\frac{1}{2}`$ | 0 | 0 |
|  | | | | | | | | |
|  | | | | | | | | |

TABLE XI. Charges carried by the light scalar fields under the $`SU\left(2\right)_{2R}`$ and (Baryon-Lepton)/2 symmetries.

Finally, using Eq. (114) into Eq. (107) gives :

$`𝒱`$ $`=`$ $`\frac{1}{2}g_{2R}^2D_{2R}^3D_{2R}^2+\frac{1}{2}g_4^2D_4^{15}D_4^{15}`$ (115)
$`=`$ $`\frac{1}{2}g_{2R}^2[\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}D_H{\displaystyle \underset{\varphi }{}}I_\varphi |\varphi |^2]+\frac{1}{2}g_4^2[\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}2}\frac{3}{2}D_H{\displaystyle \underset{\varphi }{}}\left(\frac{BL}{2}\right)_\varphi |\varphi |^2]`$ (116)
$`=`$ $`\frac{1}{2}(|\overline{H}_\nu |^2|H_\nu |^2){\displaystyle \underset{\varphi }{}}\left\{g_{2R}^2I_\varphi +\frac{3}{2}g_4^2\left(\frac{BL}{2}\right)_\varphi \right\}|\varphi |^2`$ (117)
The equation above deserves two comments. Firstly, we see that the broken $`U(1)`$ generator $`X`$ resulting from the GUT symmetry breaking :

$$SU(4)SU(2)_{2R}SU(3)_cU(1)_YU(1)_X$$
(118)
is given by $`X=I+(BL)/2`$ whereas the unbroken hypercharge is $`Y=I+(BL)/2`$. Secondly, comparing Eq. (117) with Eqs. (26)-(33) we find :

$$D^2=\frac{1}{8}(|\overline{H}_\nu |^2|H_\nu |^2)$$
(119)
From Eq. (119) alone, one might be tempted to conclude that the natural scale for the $`D`$-term is of the order of the mass of the heavy Higgs. However this is not true.

The scale of the $`D`$-term in Eq. (119) can be estimated upon the minimization of the heavy Higgs potential given by :

$$𝒱=\frac{1}{8}(g_{2R}^2+\frac{3}{2}g_4^2)(\overline{H}_\nu ^2H_\nu ^2)^2+\lambda _S^2(\overline{H}_\nu H_\nu M_H^2)^2+m_{\overline{H}}^2\overline{H}_\nu ^2+m_H^2H_\nu ^2$$
(120)
where the first term is a $`D`$-term, the second an $`F_S`$-term where $`S`$ is the gauge singlet of Eq. (18) and $`M_H10^{16}`$ GeV, and $`m_{\overline{H}}`$, $`m_H`$ soft scalar masses.

The minimization conditions for $`𝒱`$, re-written as combinations of $`𝒱/\overline{H}_\nu \pm 𝒱/H_\nu =0`$, are given by :

$$[g_H^2(\overline{H}_\nu ^2H_\nu ^2)^2+\lambda _S^2(\overline{H}_\nu H_\nu M_H^2)](\overline{H}_\nu +H_\nu )=m_{\overline{H}}^2\overline{H}_\nu m_H^2H_\nu $$
(121)
$$[g_H^2(\overline{H}_\nu ^2+H_\nu ^2)^2\lambda _S^2(\overline{H}_\nu H_\nu M_H^2)](\overline{H}_\nu H_\nu )=m_{\overline{H}}^2\overline{H}_\nu +m_H^2H_\nu $$
(122)
where $`g_H^2=\frac{1}{4}(g_{2R}^2+\frac{3}{2}g_4^2)`$. In the limit of negligible soft masses the right-hand side of Eqs. (121)-(122) vanishes. Thus, we find that $`\overline{H}_\nu =H_\nu =M_H`$, implying that $`D=0`$. This result could had been anticipated since, if $`m_{\overline{H}}=m_H`$ then the Higgs potential is invariant under the exchange of the $`\overline{H}_\nu H_\nu `$ fields. When the soft masses are not zero, but still much smaller than $`M_H`$ a perturbative solution to Eqs. (121)-(122) is appropriate. In terms of the new parameters $`m`$, $`\overline{m}`$ defined by :

$$\overline{H}_\nu =M_H\overline{m}H_\nu =M_Hm$$
(123)
the minimization conditions are :

$$2\lambda _S^2(\overline{m}+m)M=m_{\overline{H}}^2+m_H^24g_H^2(\overline{m}m)M=m_{\overline{H}}^2m_H^2$$
(124)
Thus we find :

$$\overline{m}=\frac{1}{\lambda ^2+2g_H^2}\left(\frac{m_{\overline{H}}^2}{M}\right)m=\frac{1}{\lambda ^2+2g_H^2}\left(\frac{m_H^2}{M}\right)$$
(125)
and finally :

$$D^2=\frac{m_H^2m_{\overline{H}}^2}{4\lambda _S^2+2g_{2R}^2+3g_4^2}$$
(126)
We see that, in spite of $`D`$ being the difference of two GUT scale masses, it actually scales with the difference between the heavy soft Higgs masses. The reason is because $`D^2ϵM_H^2`$ where $`ϵ=(m_H^2m_{\overline{H}}^2)/M_H^2`$ is a very small parameter which measures the amount of the $`\overline{H}_\nu H_\nu `$ symmetry breaking of the potential $`𝒱`$ in Eq. (120).