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# GENERALIZED LIE BIALGEBROIDS AND JACOBI STRUCTURES

## 1 Introduction

Roughly speaking, a Lie algebroid over a manifold $`M`$ is a vector bundle $`A`$ over $`M`$ such that its space of sections $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$ admits a Lie algebra structure $`[[,]]`$ and, moreover, there exists a bundle map $`\rho `$ from $`A`$ to $`TM`$ which provides a Lie algebra homomorphism from $`(\mathrm{\Gamma }(A),[[,]])`$ into the Lie algebra of vector fields $`X(M)`$ (see ). Lie algebroids are a natural generalization of tangent bundles and real Lie algebras of finite dimension. But, there are many other interesting examples, for instance, the cotangent bundle $`T^{}M`$ of any Poisson manifold $`M`$ possesses a natural Lie algebroid structure (). In fact, there is a one-to-one correspondence between Lie algebroid structures on a vector bundle $`A`$ and linear Poisson structures on the dual bundle $`A^{}`$ (see ). An important class of Lie algebroids are the so-called Lie bialgebroids. This is a Lie algebroid $`A`$ such that the dual vector bundle $`A^{}`$ also carries a Lie algebroid structure which is compatible in a certain way with that on $`A`$ (see ). If $`M`$ is a Poisson manifold, then the pair $`(TM,T^{}M)`$ is a Lie bialgebroid. As a kind of converse, it was proved in  that the base space of a Lie bialgebroid is a Poisson manifold. Apart from the pair $`(TM,T^{}M)`$ ($`M`$ being a Poisson manifold), other interesting examples of Lie bialgebroids are Lie bialgebras . A Lie bialgebra is a Lie bialgebroid such that the base space is a single point and there is a one-to-one correspondence between Lie bialgebras and connected simply connected Poisson Lie groups (see ). We remark that a connected simply connected abelian Poisson Lie group is isomorphic to the dual space of a real Lie algebra endowed with the usual linear Poisson structure (the Lie-Poisson structure). Moreover, Poisson Lie groups are closely related with quantum groups (see ).

As it is well-known, a Jacobi structure on a manifold $`M`$ is a 2-vector $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ and a vector field $`E`$ on $`M`$ such that $`[\mathrm{\Lambda },\mathrm{\Lambda }]=2E\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ and $`[E,\mathrm{\Lambda }]=0`$, where $`[,]`$ is the Schouten-Nijenhuis bracket . If $`(M,\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ is a Jacobi manifold one can define a bracket of functions, the Jacobi bracket, in such a way that the space $`C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$ endowed with the Jacobi bracket is a local Lie algebra in the sense of Kirillov . Conversely, a local Lie algebra structure on $`C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$ induces a Jacobi structure on $`M`$ . Jacobi manifolds are natural generalizations of Poisson manifolds. However, very interesting manifolds like contact and locally conformal symplectic (l.c.s.) manifolds are also Jacobi and they are not Poisson. In fact, a Jacobi manifold admits a generalized foliation whose leaves are contact or l.c.s. manifolds (see ). If $`M`$ is an arbitrary manifold, the vector bundle $`TM\times \text{}M`$ possesses a natural Lie algebroid structure. Moreover, if $`M`$ is a Jacobi manifold then the 1-jet bundle $`T^{}M\times \text{}M`$ admits a Lie algebroid structure  (for a Jacobi manifold the vector bundle $`T^{}M`$ is not, in general, a Lie algebroid). However, the pair $`(TM\times \text{},T^{}M\times \text{})`$ is not, in general, a Lie bialgebroid (see ).

On the other hand, in , we studied Jacobi structures on the dual bundle $`A^{}`$ to a vector bundle $`A`$ such that the Jacobi bracket of linear functions is again linear and the Jacobi bracket of a linear function and the constant function 1 is a basic function. We proved that a Lie algebroid structure on $`A`$ and a 1-cocycle $`\varphi _0\mathrm{\Gamma }(A^{})`$ induce a Jacobi structure on $`A^{}`$ which satisfies the above conditions. Moreover, we showed that this correspondence is a bijection. We also consider two interesting examples: i) for an arbitrary manifold $`M`$, the Lie algebroid $`A=TM\times \text{}`$ and the 1-cocycle $`\varphi _0=(0,1)\mathrm{\Omega }^1(M)\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})\mathrm{\Gamma }(A^{})`$, we prove that the resultant linear Jacobi structure on $`T^{}M\times \text{}`$ is just the canonical contact structure and ii) for a Jacobi manifold $`M`$, the Lie algebroid $`A^{}=T^{}M\times \text{}`$ and the 1-cocycle $`X_0=(E,0)X(M)\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$, we deduce that the corresponding linear Jacobi structure $`(\mathrm{\Lambda }_{(TM\times \text{},X_0)},E_{(TM\times \text{},X_0)})`$ on $`TM\times \text{}`$ is given by

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }_{(TM\times \text{},X_0)}=\mathrm{\Lambda }^c+\frac{}{t}E^ct\left(\mathrm{\Lambda }^v+\frac{}{t}E^v\right),E_{(TM\times \text{},X_0)}=E^v,$$

where $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^c`$ (resp. $`\mathrm{\Lambda }^v`$) is the complete (resp. vertical) lift to $`TM`$ of $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ and $`E^c`$ (resp. $`E^v`$) is the complete (resp. vertical) lift to $`TM`$ of $`E`$. This Jacobi structure was introduced in  and it is the Jacobi counterpart to the tangent Poisson structure first used in  (see also ).

Therefore, for a Jacobi manifold $`M`$, it seems reasonable to consider the pair $`((A=TM\times \text{},\varphi _0=(0,1))`$,$`(A^{}=T^{}M\times \text{},X_0=(E,0)))`$ instead of the pair $`(TM\times \text{},T^{}M\times \text{})`$. In fact, we prove, in this paper, that the Lie algebroids $`TM\times \text{}`$ and $`T^{}M\times \text{}`$ and the 1-cocycles $`\varphi _0`$ and $`X_0`$ satisfy some compatibility conditions. These results suggest us to introduce, in a natural way, the definition of a generalized Lie bialgebroid. The aim of this paper is to discuss some relations between generalized Lie bialgebroids and Jacobi structures.

The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we recall several definitions and results about Jacobi manifolds and Lie algebroids which will be used in the sequel. In Section 3, we show some facts about the differential calculus on Lie algebroids in the presence of a 1-cocycle. If $`(A,[[,]],\rho )`$ is a Lie algebroid over $`M`$ and, in addition, we have a 1-cocycle $`\varphi _0\mathrm{\Gamma }(A^{})`$ then the usual representation of the Lie algebra $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$ on the space $`C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$ can be modified and a new representation is obtained. The resultant cohomology operator $`d_{\varphi _0}`$ is called the $`\varphi _0`$-differential of $`A`$ and its expression, in terms of the differential $`d`$ of $`A`$, is $`d_{\varphi _0}\omega =d\omega +\varphi _0\omega `$, for $`\omega \mathrm{\Gamma }(^kA^{})`$. The $`\varphi _0`$-differential of $`A`$ allows us to define, in a natural way, the $`\varphi _0`$-Lie derivative by a section $`X\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$, $`(_{\varphi _0})_X`$, as the commutator of $`d_{\varphi _0}`$ and the contraction by $`X`$, that is, $`(_{\varphi _0})_X=d_{\varphi _0}i_X+i_Xd_{\varphi _0}`$. On the other hand, imitating the definition of the Schouten bracket of two multilinear first-order differential operators on the space of $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$ real-valued functions on a manifold $`N`$ (see ), we introduce the $`\varphi _0`$-Schouten bracket of a $`k`$-section $`P`$ and a $`k^{}`$-section $`P^{}`$ as the $`k+k^{}1`$-section given by

$$[[P,P^{}]]_{\varphi _0}=[[P,P^{}]]+(1)^{k+1}(k1)P(i_{\varphi _0}P^{})(k^{}1)(i_{\varphi _0}P)P^{},$$

where $`[[,]]`$ is the usual Schouten bracket of $`A`$ (for the properties of the $`\varphi _0`$-Schouten bracket, see Theorem 3.5). When $`(M,\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ is a Jacobi manifold and we consider the Lie algebroids $`TM\times \text{}`$ and $`T^{}M\times \text{}`$ and the 1-cocycles $`\varphi _0=(0,1)`$ and $`X_0=(E,0)`$, we prove that the above operators satisfy certain compatibility conditions (see Proposition 3.7). These results suggest us to introduce, in Section 4, the definition of a generalized Lie bialgebroid as follows. Suppose that $`(A,[[,]],\rho )`$ is a Lie algebroid and that $`\varphi _0\mathrm{\Gamma }(A^{})`$ is a 1-cocycle. Assume also that the dual bundle $`A^{}`$ is a Lie algebroid and that $`X_0\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$ is a 1-cocycle. Then, the pair $`((A,\varphi _0),(A^{},X_0))`$ is said to be a generalized Lie bialgebroid over $`M`$ if for all $`X,Y\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$ and $`P\mathrm{\Gamma }(^kA)`$

$$d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}[[X,Y]]=[[X,d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}Y]]_{\varphi _0}[[Y,d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}X]]_{\varphi _0},$$

$$(_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{})_{\varphi _0}P+[[X_0,P]]_{\varphi _0}=0,$$

where $`d_{}_{X_0}`$ and $`_{}_{X_0}`$ are the $`X_0`$-differential and the $`X_0`$-Lie derivative, respectively, of $`A^{}`$. If the 1-cocycles $`\varphi _0`$ and $`X_0`$ are null, we recover the notion of a Lie bialgebroid. Moreover, if $`(M,\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ is a Jacobi manifold, the pair $`((TM\times \text{},(0,1))`$,$`(T^{}M\times \text{},(E,0)))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebroid. In fact, extending a result of  for Lie bialgebroids, we prove that the base space of a generalized Lie bialgebroid is a Jacobi manifold (Theorem 4.6). It is well-known that the product of a Jacobi manifold with , endowed with the Poissonization of the Jacobi structure, is a Poisson manifold (see  and Section 2.1). We show a similar result for generalized Lie bialgebroids. Namely, we prove that if $`((A,\varphi _0),(A^{},X_0))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebroid over $`M`$ then it is possible to define a Lie bialgebroid structure on the dual pair of vector bundles $`(A\times \text{},A^{}\times \text{})`$ over $`M\times \text{}`$, in such a way that the induced Poisson structure on $`M\times \text{}`$ is just the Poissonization of the Jacobi structure on $`M`$ (Theorem 4.11). Using this result, we deduce that the generalized Lie bialgebroids satisfy a duality theorem, that is, if $`((A,\varphi _0),(A^{},X_0))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebroid, so is $`((A^{},X_0),(A,\varphi _0))`$.

In Section 5, we prove that it is possible to obtain a generalized Lie bialgebroid from a Lie algebroid $`(A,[[,]],\rho )`$, a 1-cocycle $`\varphi _0`$ on it and a bisection $`P\mathrm{\Gamma }(^2A)`$ satisfying $`[[P,P]]_{\varphi _0}=0`$ (Theorem 5.1). This type of generalized Lie bialgebroids are called triangular. Examples of triangular generalized Lie bialgebroids are the triangular Lie bialgebroids in the sense of  and the generalized Lie bialgebroid associated with a Jacobi structure. Finally, in Section 6, we study generalized Lie bialgebras, i.e., generalized Lie bialgebroids over a single point. Using the results of Section 5, we deduce that generalized Lie bialgebras can be obtained from algebraic Jacobi structures on a Lie algebra. This fact allows us to give examples of Lie groups whose Lie algebras are generalized Lie bialgebras. The study of this type of Lie groups is the subject of a forthcoming paper .

## 2 Jacobi manifolds and Lie algebroids

Let $`M`$ be a differentiable manifold of dimension $`n`$. We will denote by $`C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$ the algebra of $`C^{\mathrm{}}`$ real-valued functions on $`M`$, by $`\mathrm{\Omega }^k(M)`$ the space of $`k`$-forms, by $`𝒱^k(M)`$ the space of $`k`$-vectors, with $`k2`$, by $`X(M)`$ the Lie algebra of vector fields, by $`\delta `$ the usual differential on $`\mathrm{\Omega }^{}(M)=_k\mathrm{\Omega }^k(M)`$ and by $`[,]`$ the Schouten-Nijenhuis bracket ().

### 2.1 Jacobi manifolds

A Jacobi structure on $`M`$ is a pair $`(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$, where $`\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is a 2-vector and $`E`$ is a vector field on $`M`$ satisfying the following properties:

$$[\mathrm{\Lambda },\mathrm{\Lambda }]=2E\mathrm{\Lambda },[E,\mathrm{\Lambda }]=0.$$
(2.1)
The manifold $`M`$ endowed with a Jacobi structure is called a Jacobi manifold. A bracket of functions (the Jacobi bracket) is defined by

$$\{f,g\}=\mathrm{\Lambda }(\delta f,\delta g)+fE(g)gE(f),$$

for all $`f,gC^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$. In fact, the space $`C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$ endowed with the Jacobi bracket is a local Lie algebra in the sense of Kirillov (see ), that is, the mapping $`\{,\}:C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$ is -bilinear, skew-symmetric, satisfies the Jacobi identity and

$$support\{f,g\}supportfsupportg,\text{ for }f,gC^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{}),$$

or, equivalently, $`\{,\}`$ is -bilinear, skew-symmetric, satisfies the Jacobi identity and is a first-order differential operator on each of its arguments, with respect to the ordinary multiplication of functions, i.e.,

$$\{f_1f_2,g\}=f_1\{f_2,g\}+f_2\{f_1,g\}f_1f_2\{1,g\},\text{ for }f_1,f_2,gC^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{}).$$

Conversely, a structure of local Lie algebra on $`C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$ defines a Jacobi structure on $`M`$ (see ). If the vector field $`E`$ identically vanishes then $`(M,\mathrm{\Lambda })`$ is a Poisson manifold. Jacobi and Poisson manifolds were introduced by Lichnerowicz () (see also ).

###### Remark 2.1

Let $`(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ be a Jacobi structure on a manifold $`M`$ and consider on the product manifold $`M\times \text{}`$ the 2-vector $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$ given by

$$\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}=e^t\left(\mathrm{\Lambda }+\frac{}{t}E\right),$$

where $`t`$ is the usual coordinate on . Then, $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$ defines a Poisson structure on $`M\times \text{}`$ (see ). The manifold $`M\times \text{}`$ endowed with the structure $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$ is called the Poissonization of the Jacobi manifold $`(M,\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$.

### 2.2 Lie algebroids

A Lie algebroid $`A`$ over a manifold $`M`$ is a vector bundle $`A`$ over $`M`$ together with a Lie algebra structure on the space $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$ of the global cross sections of $`AM`$ and a bundle map $`\rho :ATM`$, called the anchor map, such that if we also denote by $`\rho :\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)X(M)`$ the homomorphism of $`C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$-modules induced by the anchor map then:

1. $`\rho :(\mathrm{\Gamma }(A),[[,]])(X(M),[,])`$ is a Lie algebra homomorphism and
2. for all $`fC^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$ and for all $`X,Y\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$, one has

$$[[X,fY]]=f[[X,Y]]+(\rho (X)(f))Y.$$

The triple $`(A,[[,]],\rho )`$ is called a Lie algebroid over $`M`$ (see ).

A real Lie algebra of finite dimension is a Lie algebroid over a point. Another trivial example of a Lie algebroid is the triple $`(TM,[,],Id)`$, where $`M`$ is a differentiable manifold and $`Id:TMTM`$ is the identity map.

If $`A`$ is a Lie algebroid, the Lie bracket on the sections of $`A`$ can be extended to the so-called Schouten bracket $`[[,]]`$ on the space $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(^{}A)=_k\mathrm{\Gamma }(^kA)`$ of multi-sections of $`A`$. The Schouten bracket $`[[,]]:\mathrm{\Gamma }(^kA)\times \mathrm{\Gamma }(^k^{}A)\mathrm{\Gamma }(^{k+k^{}1}A)`$ is characterized by the following conditions: $`[[,]]:\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)\times \mathrm{\Gamma }(A)\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$ coincides with the Lie algebroid bracket, $`[[X,f]]=\rho (X)(f)`$ for $`X\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$ and $`fC^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$ and the properties

$$[[P,P^{}]]=(1)^{kk^{}}[[P^{},P]],$$

$$[[P,P^{}P^{\prime \prime }]]=[[P,P^{}]]P^{\prime \prime }+(1)^{k^{}(k+1)}P^{}[[P,P^{\prime \prime }]],$$

$$(1)^{kk^{\prime \prime }}[[[[P,P^{}]],P^{\prime \prime }]]+(1)^{k^{}k^{\prime \prime }}[[[[P^{\prime \prime },P]],P^{}]]+(1)^{kk^{}}[[[[P^{},P^{\prime \prime }]],P]]=0,$$

holds for all $`P\mathrm{\Gamma }(^kA)`$, $`P^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }(^k^{}A)`$ and $`P^{\prime \prime }\mathrm{\Gamma }(^{k^{\prime \prime }}A)`$ (see ).

Next, we will recall the definition of the Lie algebroid cohomology complex with trivial coefficients. For this purpose, we recall the definition of the cohomology of a Lie algebra $`𝒜`$ with coefficients in an $`𝒜`$-module (we will follow ).

Let $`(𝒜,[,])`$ be a real Lie algebra (not necessarily finite dimensional) and $``$ a real vector space endowed with a -bilinear multiplication

$$𝒜\times ,(a,m)am,$$

such that

$$[a_1,a_2]m=a_1(a_2m)a_2(a_1m),$$

for $`a_1,a_2𝒜`$ and $`m`$. In other words, we have a representation of $`𝒜`$ on $``$. In such a case, a $`k`$-linear skew-symmetric mapping $`c^k:𝒜^k`$ is called an $``$-valued k-cochain. These cochains form a real vector space $`C^k(𝒜;)`$ and the linear operator $`^k:C^k(𝒜;)C^{k+1}(𝒜;)`$ given by

$$\begin{array}{ccc}(^kc^k)(a_0,\mathrm{},a_k)& =& \underset{i=0}{\overset{k}{}}(1)^ia_ic^k(a_0,\mathrm{},\widehat{a}_i,\mathrm{},a_k)+\hfill \\ & & \underset{i<j}{}(1)^{i+j}c^k([a_i,a_j],a_0,\mathrm{},\widehat{a}_i,\mathrm{},\widehat{a}_j,\mathrm{},a_k)\hfill \end{array}$$

defines a coboundary since $`^{k+1}^k=0`$. Hence we have the corresponding cohomology spaces

$$H^k(𝒜;)=\frac{\text{ker}\{^k:C^k(𝒜;)C^{k+1}(𝒜;)\}}{\text{Im}\{^{k1}:C^{k1}(𝒜;)C^k(𝒜;)\}}.$$

This cohomology is called the cohomology of the Lie algebra $`𝒜`$ with coefficients in $``$, or relative to the given representation of $`𝒜`$ on $``$.

Now, if $`(A,[[,]],\rho )`$ is a Lie algebroid, we can define the representation of the Lie algebra $`(\mathrm{\Gamma }(A),[[,]])`$ on the space $`C^{\mathrm{}}(M,`$ $`\text{})`$ given by $`Xf=\rho (X)(f)`$, for $`X\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$ and $`fC^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$. We will denote by $`d`$ the cohomology operator of the corresponding cohomology complex. Note that the space of the $`k`$-cochains which are $`C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$-linear is just $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(^kA^{})`$, where $`A^{}`$ is the dual bundle to $`A`$. Moreover, we have that $`d(\mathrm{\Gamma }(^kA^{}))\mathrm{\Gamma }(^{k+1}A^{})`$, for all $`k`$, and thus one can consider the subcomplex $`(\mathrm{\Gamma }(^{}A^{}),d_{|\mathrm{\Gamma }(^{}A^{})})`$. The cohomology of this subcomplex is the Lie algebroid cohomology with trivial coefficients and the restriction of $`d`$ to $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(^{}A^{})`$ is the differential of the Lie algebroid $`A`$ (see ).

Using the above definitions, it follows that a 1-cochain $`\varphi \mathrm{\Gamma }(A^{})`$ is a 1-cocycle if and only if

$$\varphi [[X,Y]]=\rho (X)(\varphi (Y))\rho (Y)(\varphi (X)),\text{ for all }X,Y\mathrm{\Gamma }(A).$$
(2.2)
To end this section, we will consider two examples of Lie algebroids.

1.- The Lie algebroid $`(TM\times \text{},\text{[}\text{ , }\text{]},\pi )`$

If $`M`$ is a differentiable manifold, we will exhibit a natural Lie algebroid structure on the vector bundle $`TM\times \text{}`$. First, we will show some identifications which will be useful in the sequel.

Let $`AM`$ be a vector bundle over $`M`$. Then, it is clear that $`A\times \text{}`$ is the total space of a vector bundle over $`M`$. Moreover, the dual bundle to $`A\times \text{}`$ is $`A^{}\times \text{}`$ and the spaces $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(^r(A\times \text{}))`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(^k(A^{}\times \text{}))`$ can be identified with $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(^rA)\mathrm{\Gamma }(^{r1}A)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(^kA^{})\mathrm{\Gamma }(^{k1}A^{})`$ in such a way that

$$\begin{array}{ccc}(P,Q)((\alpha _1,f_1),\mathrm{},(\alpha _r,f_r))& =& P(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _r)+\underset{i=1}{\overset{r}{}}(1)^{i+1}f_iQ(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\widehat{\alpha }_i,\mathrm{},\alpha _r),\hfill \\ (\alpha ,\beta )((X_1,g_1),\mathrm{},(X_k,g_k))& =& \alpha (X_1,\mathrm{},X_k)+\underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}(1)^{i+1}g_i\beta (X_1,\mathrm{},\widehat{X}_i,\mathrm{},X_k),\hfill \end{array}$$
(2.3)
for $`(P,Q)\mathrm{\Gamma }(^rA)\mathrm{\Gamma }(^{r1}A)`$, $`(\alpha ,\beta )\mathrm{\Gamma }(^kA^{})\mathrm{\Gamma }(^{k1}A^{})`$, $`(\alpha _i,f_i)\mathrm{\Gamma }(A^{})C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$ and $`(X_j,g_j)\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$, with $`i\{1,\mathrm{},r\}`$ and $`j\{1,\mathrm{},k\}`$.

Under these identifications, the contractions and the exterior products are given by

$$\begin{array}{cccc}i_{(\alpha ,\beta )}(P,Q)\hfill & =& (i_\alpha P+i_\beta Q,(1)^ki_\alpha Q),\hfill & \hfill \text{if }kr,\\ i_{(\alpha ,\beta )}(P,Q)\hfill & =& 0,\hfill & \hfill \text{if }k>r,\\ i_{(P,Q)}(\alpha ,\beta )\hfill & =& (i_P\alpha +i_Q\beta ,(1)^ri_P\beta ),\hfill & \hfill \text{if }rk,\\ i_{(P,Q)}(\alpha ,\beta )\hfill & =& 0,\hfill & \hfill \text{if }r>k,\\ (P,Q)(P^{},Q^{})\hfill & =& (PP^{},QP^{}+(1)^rPQ^{}),\hfill & \\ (\alpha ,\beta )(\alpha ^{},\beta ^{})\hfill & =& (\alpha \alpha ^{},\beta \alpha ^{}+(1)^k\alpha \beta ^{}),\hfill & \end{array}$$
(2.4)
for $`(P^{},Q^{})\mathrm{\Gamma }(^r^{}A)\mathrm{\Gamma }(^{r^{}1}A)`$ and $`(\alpha ^{},\beta ^{})\mathrm{\Gamma }(^k^{}A^{})\mathrm{\Gamma }(^{k^{}1}A^{})`$.

Now, suppose that $`A`$ is the tangent bundle $`TM`$. Then, the triple $`(A\times \text{}=TM\times \text{},\text{[}\text{ , }\text{]},\pi )`$ is a Lie algebroid over $`M`$, where $`\pi :TM\times \text{}TM`$ is the canonical projection over the first factor and \[ , \] is the bracket given by (see )

$$\text{[}(X,f),(Y,g)\text{]}=([X,Y],X(g)Y(f)),$$
(2.5)
for $`(X,f),(Y,g)X(M)\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})\mathrm{\Gamma }(TM\times \text{})`$. In this case, the dual bundle to $`TM\times \text{}`$ is $`T^{}M\times \text{}`$ and the spaces $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(^r(TM\times \text{}))`$ and $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(^k(T^{}M\times \text{}))`$ can be identified with $`𝒱^r(M)𝒱^{r1}(M)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }^k(M)\mathrm{\Omega }^{k1}(M)`$. Under these identifications, the differential $`\stackrel{~}{\delta }`$ of the Lie algebroid is

$$\stackrel{~}{\delta }(\alpha ,\beta )=(\delta \alpha ,\delta \beta )$$
(2.6)
and the Schouten bracket $`\text{[},\text{]}`$ is given by

$$\text{[}(P,Q),(P^{},Q^{})\text{]}=([P,P^{}],(1)^{k+1}[P,Q^{}][Q,P^{}]).$$
(2.7)
2.- The Lie algebroid $`(T^{}M\times \text{},[[,]]_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)},\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\#}}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)})`$ associated with a Jacobi manifold $`(M,\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$

If $`AM`$ is a vector bundle over $`M`$ and $`P\mathrm{\Gamma }(^2A)`$ is a 2-section of $`A`$, we will denote by $`\mathrm{\#}_P:\mathrm{\Gamma }(A^{})\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$ the homomorphism of $`C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$-modules given by

$$\beta (\mathrm{\#}_P(\alpha ))=P(\alpha ,\beta ),\text{ for }\alpha ,\beta \mathrm{\Gamma }(A^{}).$$
(2.8)
We will also denote by $`\mathrm{\#}_P:A^{}A`$ the corresponding bundle map.

Then, a Jacobi manifold $`(M,\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ has an associated Lie algebroid $`(T^{}M\times \text{},[[,]]_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)},`$ $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\#}}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)})`$, where $`[[,]]_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}`$,$`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\#}}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}`$ are defined by

$$\begin{array}{ccc}[[(\alpha ,f),(\beta ,g)]]_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}& =\hfill & (_{\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\alpha )}\beta _{\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\beta )}\alpha \delta (\mathrm{\Lambda }(\alpha ,\beta ))+f_E\beta g_E\alpha i_E(\alpha \beta ),\hfill \\ & \hfill & \mathrm{\Lambda }(\beta ,\alpha )+\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\alpha )(g)\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\beta )(f)+fE(g)gE(f)),\hfill \\ & & \\ \stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\#}}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}(\alpha ,f)& =\hfill & \mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\alpha )+fE,\hfill \end{array}$$
(2.9)
for $`(\alpha ,f),(\beta ,g)\mathrm{\Omega }^1(M)\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$, $``$ being the Lie derivative operator (see ). For this algebroid, the differential $`d_{}`$ is given by (see )

$$d_{}(P,Q)=([\mathrm{\Lambda },P]+kEP+\mathrm{\Lambda }Q,[\mathrm{\Lambda },Q](k1)EQ+[E,P]),$$
(2.10)
for $`(P,Q)𝒱^k(M)𝒱^{k1}(M)`$.

In the particular case when $`(M,\mathrm{\Lambda })`$ is a Poisson manifold we recover, by projection, the Lie algebroid $`(T^{}M,[[,]]_\mathrm{\Lambda },\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda })`$, where $`[[,]]_\mathrm{\Lambda }`$ is the bracket of 1-forms defined by (see ):

$$[[,]]_\mathrm{\Lambda }:\mathrm{\Omega }^1(M)\times \mathrm{\Omega }^1(M)\mathrm{\Omega }^1(M),[[\alpha ,\beta ]]_\mathrm{\Lambda }=_{\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\alpha )}\beta _{\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda }(\beta )}\alpha \delta (\mathrm{\Lambda }(\alpha ,\beta )).$$
(2.11)
For this algebroid, the differential is the operator $`d_{}=[\mathrm{\Lambda },]`$. This operator was introduced by Lichnerowicz in  to define the Poisson cohomology.

## 3 Differential calculus on Lie algebroids in the presence of a 1-cocycle

### 3.1 $`\varphi _0`$-differential and $`\varphi _0`$-Lie derivative

Let $`(A,[[,]],\rho )`$ be a Lie algebroid over $`M`$ and $`\varphi _0\mathrm{\Gamma }(A^{})`$ be a 1-cocycle in the Lie algebroid cohomology complex with trivial coefficients. Using (2.2), we can define a representation $`\rho _{\varphi _0}:\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$ of the Lie algebra $`(\mathrm{\Gamma }(A),[[,]])`$ on the space $`C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$ given by

$$\rho _{\varphi _0}(X)f=\rho (X)(f)+\varphi _0(X)f,$$
(3.1)
for $`X\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$ and $`fC^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$. Thus, one can consider the cohomology of the Lie algebra $`(\mathrm{\Gamma }(A),[[,]])`$ with coefficients in $`C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$ and the subcomplex $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(^{}A^{})`$ consisting of the cochains which are $`C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$-linear. The cohomology operator $`d_{\varphi _0}:\mathrm{\Gamma }(^kA^{})\mathrm{\Gamma }(^{k+1}A^{})`$ of this subcomplex is called the $`\varphi _0`$-differential of $`A`$. We have that

$$d_{\varphi _0}\omega =d\omega +\varphi _0\omega ,$$
(3.2)
where $`d`$ is the differential of the Lie algebroid $`(A,[[,]],\rho )`$. As a consequence,

$$d_{\varphi _0}1=\varphi _0,$$
(3.3)
$$d_{\varphi _0}(\omega \omega ^{})=(d_{\varphi _0}\omega )\omega ^{}+(1)^k\omega (d_{\varphi _0}\omega ^{})\varphi _0\omega \omega ^{},$$
(3.4)
for $`\omega \mathrm{\Gamma }(^kA^{})`$ and $`\omega ^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }(^k^{}A^{})`$.

###### Remark 3.1

If $`\varphi _0`$ is a closed 1-form on a manifold $`M`$ then $`\varphi _0`$ is a 1-cocycle for the trivial Lie algebroid $`(TM,[,],Id)`$ and we can consider the operator $`d_{\varphi _0}`$. Some results about the cohomology defined by $`d_{\varphi _0}`$ were obtained in . These results were used in the study of locally conformal Kähler and locally conformal symplectic structures.

On the other hand, if $`k0`$ and $`X\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$, the $`\varphi _0`$-Lie derivative with respect to $`X`$, $`(_{\varphi _0})_X:\mathrm{\Gamma }(^kA^{})\mathrm{\Gamma }(^kA^{})`$, is defined by

$$(((_{\varphi _0})_X)\omega )(X_1,\mathrm{},X_k)=\rho _{\varphi _0}(X)(\omega (X_1,\mathrm{},X_k))\underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}\omega (X_1,\mathrm{},[[X,X_i]],\mathrm{},X_k),$$
(3.5)
for $`\omega \mathrm{\Gamma }(^kA^{})`$ and $`X_1,\mathrm{},X_k\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$. It follows that

$$(_{\varphi _0})_X\omega =_X\omega +\varphi _0(X)\omega ,$$
(3.6)
$``$ being the Lie derivative of the Lie algebroid $`(A,[[,]],\rho )`$. Thus,

$$(_{\varphi _0})_X=d_{\varphi _0}i_X+i_Xd_{\varphi _0},$$
(3.7)
where $`i_X`$ is the usual contraction by $`X`$. Using (3.6) and the properties of $``$ (see ), we deduce that

###### Proposition 3.2

Let $`(A,[[,]],\rho )`$ be a Lie algebroid over $`M`$ and $`\varphi _0\mathrm{\Gamma }(A^{})`$ be a 1-cocycle. If $`X\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$, $`fC^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$, $`\omega \mathrm{\Gamma }(^kA^{})`$ and $`\omega ^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }(^k^{}A^{})`$, we have

$$(_{\varphi _0})_X(\omega \omega ^{})=((_{\varphi _0})_X\omega )\omega ^{}+\omega ((_{\varphi _0})_X\omega ^{})\varphi _0(X)\omega \omega ^{},$$
(3.8)
$$(_{\varphi _0})_{fX}\omega =f(_{\varphi _0})_X\omega +dfi_X\omega .$$
(3.9)
Now, we will consider the examples of Lie algebroids studied in Section 2.2.

1.- The Lie algebroid $`(TM\times \text{},\text{[}\text{ , }\text{]},\pi )`$

Using (2.6), it follows that $`\varphi _0=(0,1)\mathrm{\Omega }^1(M)\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})\mathrm{\Gamma }(T^{}M\times \text{})`$ is a 1-cocycle. Thus, we have the corresponding representation $`\pi _{(0,1)}:(X(M)\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{}))\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$ of the Lie algebra $`(X(M)\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{}),\text{[}\text{ , }\text{]})`$ on the space $`C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$ which, in this case, is given by (see (3.1))

$$\pi _{(0,1)}((X,f),g)=X(g)+fg,$$
(3.10)
for $`(X,f)X(M)\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$ and $`gC^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$. From (2.3), (2.6) and (3.2), we deduce that the $`\varphi _0`$-differential $`\stackrel{~}{\delta }_{\varphi _0}=\stackrel{~}{\delta }_{(0,1)}`$ is given by

$$\stackrel{~}{\delta }_{(0,1)}(\alpha ,\beta )=(\delta \alpha ,\alpha \delta \beta ),$$
(3.11)
for $`(\alpha ,\beta )\mathrm{\Omega }^k(M)\mathrm{\Omega }^{k1}(M)`$.

###### Remark 3.3

i) If $`(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)\mathrm{\Gamma }(^2(TM\times \text{}))`$ is a Jacobi structure on $`M`$ a long computation, using (2.3), (2.4), (3.7) and (3.11), shows that the Lie algebroid bracket $`[[,]]_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}`$ and the anchor map $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\#}}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}`$ can be written using the homomorphism $`\mathrm{\#}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}:\mathrm{\Gamma }(T^{}M\times \text{})\mathrm{\Gamma }(TM\times \text{})`$ and the operators $`_{(0,1)}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\delta }_{(0,1)}`$ as follows

$$\begin{array}{ccc}[[(\alpha ,f),(\beta ,g)]]_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}& =\hfill & (_{(0,1)})_{\mathrm{\#}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}(\alpha ,f)}(\beta ,g)(_{(0,1)})_{\mathrm{\#}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}(\beta ,g)}(\alpha ,f)\hfill \\ & & \stackrel{~}{\delta }_{(0,1)}\left((\mathrm{\Lambda },E)((\alpha ,f),(\beta ,g))\right)\hfill \\ & =\hfill & i_{\mathrm{\#}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}(\alpha ,f)}(\stackrel{~}{\delta }_{(0,1)}(\beta ,g))i_{\mathrm{\#}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}(\beta ,g)}(\stackrel{~}{\delta }_{(0,1)}(\alpha ,f))\hfill \\ & & +\stackrel{~}{\delta }_{(0,1)}\left((\mathrm{\Lambda },E)((\alpha ,f),(\beta ,g))\right),\hfill \\ & & \\ \stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\#}}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}& =\hfill & \pi \mathrm{\#}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}.\hfill \end{array}$$

Compare equation (2.11) with the above expression of the Lie algebroid bracket $`[[,]]_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}`$.

ii) Let $`(A,[[,]],\rho )`$ be a Lie algebroid over $`M`$ and $`\varphi _0\mathrm{\Gamma }(A^{})`$ be a 1-cocycle. The homomorphism of $`C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$-modules

$$\begin{array}{cccc}(\rho ,\varphi _0):& \mathrm{\Gamma }(A)& & X(M)\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})\hfill \\ & X& & (\rho (X),\varphi _0(X)),\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.12)
induces a homomorphism between the Lie algebroids $`(A,[[,]],\rho )`$ and $`(TM\times \text{},\text{[}\text{ , }\text{]},\pi )`$, that is,

$$(\rho ,\varphi _0)[[X,Y]]=\text{[}(\rho ,\varphi _0)(X),(\rho ,\varphi _0)(Y)\text{]},\pi ((\rho ,\varphi _0)(X))=\rho (X),$$
(3.13)
for $`X,Y\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$. Moreover, if $`(\rho ,\varphi _0)^{}:\mathrm{\Omega }^1(M)\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})\mathrm{\Gamma }(A^{})`$ is the adjoint homomorphism of $`(\rho ,\varphi _0)`$, then $`(\rho ,\varphi _0)^{}(0,1)=\varphi _0.`$ As a consequence, the corresponding homomorphism $`(\rho ,\varphi _0)^k:\mathrm{\Gamma }(^kA)\mathrm{\Gamma }(^k(TM\times \text{}))𝒱^k(M)𝒱^{k1}(M)`$ and its adjoint homomorphism $`((\rho ,\varphi _0)^k)^{}:\mathrm{\Omega }^k(M)\mathrm{\Omega }^{k1}(M)\mathrm{\Gamma }(^kA^{})`$ satisfy

$$((\rho ,\varphi _0)^{k+1})^{}(\stackrel{~}{\delta }(\alpha ,\beta ))=d(((\rho ,\varphi _0)^k)^{}(\alpha ,\beta )),$$

$$((\rho ,\varphi _0)^{k+1})^{}(\stackrel{~}{\delta }_{(0,1)}(\alpha ,\beta ))=d_{\varphi _0}(((\rho ,\varphi _0)^k)^{}(\alpha ,\beta )).$$

In particular,

$$(\rho ,\varphi _0)^{}(\stackrel{~}{\delta }_{(0,1)}f)=(\rho ,\varphi _0)^{}(\delta f,f)=d_{\varphi _0}f,\text{ for }fC^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{}).$$
(3.14)
2.- The Lie algebroid $`(T^{}M\times \text{},[[,]]_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)},\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\#}}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)})`$ associated with a Jacobi manifold $`(M,\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$

Let $`(M,\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ be a Jacobi manifold and $`(T^{}M\times \text{},[[,]]_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)},\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\#}}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)})`$ the associated Lie algebroid (see Section 2.2). Denote by $`d_{}`$ the differential of $`(T^{}M\times \text{},[[,]]_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)},\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\#}}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)})`$. From (2.1) and (2.10), it follows that $`X_0=(E,0)X(M)\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})\mathrm{\Gamma }(TM\times \text{})`$ is a 1-cocycle. Using (2.10) and (3.2), we obtain the following expression for the $`X_0`$-differential $`d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}=d_{}_{(E,0)}`$,

$$\begin{array}{ccc}d_{}{}_{(E,0)}{}^{}(P,Q)& =& ([\mathrm{\Lambda },P]+(k1)EP+\mathrm{\Lambda }Q,\hfill \\ & & [\mathrm{\Lambda },Q](k2)EQ+[E,P]),\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.15)
for $`(P,Q)𝒱^k(M)𝒱^{k1}(M)`$. Note that $`d_{}_{(E,0)}`$ is just the cohomology operator of the 1-differentiable Chevalley-Eilenberg cohomology complex of M (see ).

### 3.2 $`\varphi _0`$-Schouten bracket

In , a skew-symmetric Schouten bracket was defined for two multilinear maps of a commutative associative algebra $`F`$ over  with unit as follows. Let $`𝒫`$ and $`𝒫^{}`$ be skew-symmetric multilinear maps of degree $`k`$ and $`k^{}`$, respectively, and $`f_1,\mathrm{},f_{k+k^{}1}F`$. If $`A`$ is any subset of $`\{1,2,\mathrm{},(k+k^{}1)\}`$, let $`A^{}`$ denote its complement and $`|A|`$ the number of elements in $`A`$. If $`|A|=l`$ and the elements in $`A`$ are $`\{i_1,\mathrm{},i_l\}`$ in increasing order, let us write $`f_A`$ for the ordered $`k`$-uple $`(f_{i_1},\mathrm{},f_{i_l})`$. Furthermore, we write $`\epsilon _A`$ for the sign of the permutation which rearranges the elements of the ordered $`(k+k^{}1)`$-uple (A’,A), in the original order. Then, the Schouten bracket of $`𝒫`$ and $`𝒫^{}`$, $`\text{[}𝒫,𝒫^{}\text{]}_{(0,1)}`$, is the skew-symmetric multilinear map of degree $`k+k^{}1`$ given by

$$\text{[}𝒫,𝒫^{}\text{]}_{(0,1)}(f_1,\mathrm{}f_{k+k^{}1})=\underset{|A|=k^{}}{}\epsilon _A𝒫(𝒫^{}(f_A),f_A^{})+(1)^{kk^{}}\underset{|B|=k}{}\epsilon _B𝒫^{}(𝒫(f_B),f_B^{}).$$

One can prove that if $`𝒫`$ and $`𝒫^{}`$ are first-order differential operators on each of its arguments, so is $`\text{[}𝒫,𝒫^{}\text{]}_{(0,1)}`$. In particular, if $`M`$ is a differentiable manifold and $`F=C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$, we know that a $`k`$-linear skew-symmetric first-order differential operator can be identified with a pair $`(P,Q)𝒱^k(M)𝒱^{k1}(M)`$ (that is, a $`k`$-section of $`TM\times \text{}M`$) in such a way that

$$(P,Q)(f_1,\mathrm{},f_k)=P(df_1,\mathrm{},df_k)+\underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}(1)^{i+1}f_iQ(df_1,\mathrm{},\widehat{df_i},\mathrm{},df_k),$$

for $`f_1,\mathrm{},f_kC^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$. Under the above identification, we have that

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\text{[}(P,Q),(P^{},Q^{})\text{]}_{(0,1)}& =\hfill & ([P,P^{}]+(1)^{k+1}(k1)PQ^{}(k^{}1)QP^{},\hfill \\ & & (1)^{k+1}[P,Q^{}][Q,P^{}]+(1)^{k+1}(kk^{})QQ^{}),\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.16)
for $`(P,Q)𝒱^k(M)𝒱^{k1}(M)`$ and $`(P^{},Q^{})𝒱^k^{}(M)𝒱^{k^{}1}(M)`$. If $`\text{[},\text{]}`$ is the Schouten bracket of the Lie algebroid $`(TM\times \text{},\text{[},\text{]},\pi )`$, an easy computation, using (2.4), (2.7) and (3.16), shows that

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\text{[}(P,Q),(P^{},Q^{})\text{]}_{(0,1)}& =& \text{[}(P,Q),(P^{},Q^{})\text{]}+(1)^{k+1}(k1)(P,Q)(i_{(0,1)}(P^{},Q^{}))\hfill \\ & & (k^{}1)(i_{(0,1)}(P,Q))(P^{},Q^{}).\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.17)
###### Remark 3.4

i) Note that $`(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)\mathrm{\Gamma }(^2(TM\times \text{}))`$ defines a Jacobi structure on $`M`$ if and only if $`\text{[}(\mathrm{\Lambda },E),(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)\text{]}_{(0,1)}=0`$ (see (2.1) and (3.16)).

ii) Using (3.15) and (3.16), we have that the $`X_0`$-differential $`d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}=d_{}_{(E,0)}`$ of the Lie algebroid associated with a Jacobi manifold $`(M,\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ is given by

$$d_{}{}_{(E,0)}{}^{}(P,Q)=\text{[}(\mathrm{\Lambda },E),(P,Q)\text{]}_{(0,1)},$$
(3.18)
for $`(P,Q)𝒱^k(M)𝒱^{k1}(M)`$. Compare equation (3.18) with the expression of the differential of the Lie algebroid associated with a Poisson manifold (see Section 2.2).

Suggested by (3.17), we prove the following result

###### Theorem 3.5

Let $`(A,[[,]],\rho )`$ be a Lie algebroid and $`\varphi _0\mathrm{\Gamma }(A^{})`$ a 1-cocycle. Then, there exists a unique operation $`[[,]]_{\varphi _0}:\mathrm{\Gamma }(^kA)\times \mathrm{\Gamma }(^k^{}A)\mathrm{\Gamma }(^{k+k^{}1}A)`$ such that

$$[[X,f]]_{\varphi _0}=\rho _{\varphi _0}(X)(f),$$
(3.19)
$$[[X,Y]]_{\varphi _0}=[[X,Y]],$$
(3.20)
$$[[P,P^{}]]_{\varphi _0}=(1)^{kk^{}}[[P^{},P]]_{\varphi _0},$$
(3.21)
$$[[P,P^{}P^{\prime \prime }]]_{\varphi _0}=[[P,P^{}]]_{\varphi _0}P^{\prime \prime }+(1)^{k^{}(k+1)}P^{}[[P,P^{\prime \prime }]]_{\varphi _0}(i_{\varphi _0}P)P^{}P^{\prime \prime },$$
(3.22)
for $`fC^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$, $`X,Y\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$, $`P\mathrm{\Gamma }(^kA)`$, $`P^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }(^k^{}A)`$ and $`P^{\prime \prime }\mathrm{\Gamma }(^{k^{\prime \prime }}A)`$. This operation is given by the general formula

$$[[P,P^{}]]_{\varphi _0}=[[P,P^{}]]+(1)^{k+1}(k1)P(i_{\varphi _0}P^{})(k^{}1)(i_{\varphi _0}P)P^{}.$$

Furthermore, it satisfies the graded Jacobi identity

$$(1)^{kk^{\prime \prime }}[[[[P,P^{}]]_{\varphi _0},P^{\prime \prime }]]_{\varphi _0}+(1)^{k^{}k^{\prime \prime }}[[[[P^{\prime \prime },P]]_{\varphi _0},P^{}]]_{\varphi _0}+(1)^{kk^{}}[[[[P^{},P^{\prime \prime }]]_{\varphi _0},P]]_{\varphi _0}=0.$$
(3.23)
Proof: We define the operation $`[[,]]_{\varphi _0}:\mathrm{\Gamma }(^kA)\times \mathrm{\Gamma }(^k^{}A)\mathrm{\Gamma }(^{k+k^{}1}A)`$ by

$$[[P,P^{}]]_{\varphi _0}=[[P,P^{}]]+(1)^{k+1}(k1)P(i_{\varphi _0}P^{})(k^{}1)(i_{\varphi _0}P)P^{}.$$
(3.24)
Using (3.24) and properties of the Schouten bracket of multi-sections of $`A`$, we deduce (3.19), (3.20), (3.21) and (3.22).

To prove the graded Jacobi identitity, we proceed as follows. If $`\alpha \mathrm{\Gamma }(A^{})`$ is a 1-cocycle, we have that

$$i_\alpha [[X,P^{}]]=[[X,i_\alpha P^{}]]i_{d(\alpha (X))}P^{},$$

for $`X\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$ and $`P^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }(^k^{}A)`$. Using this relation and the fact that

$$[[X_1\mathrm{}X_k,P^{}]]=\underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}(1)^{i+1}X_1\mathrm{}\widehat{X}_i\mathrm{}X_k[[X_i,P^{}]],$$

it follows that

$$i_\alpha [[P,P^{}]]=[[i_\alpha P,P^{}]]+(1)^{k+1}[[P,i_\alpha P^{}]],$$
(3.25)
for $`P\mathrm{\Gamma }(^kA)`$. From (3.24) and (3.25), we deduce that

$$i_{\varphi _0}([[P,P^{}]]_{\varphi _0})=[[i_{\varphi _0}P,P^{}]]_{\varphi _0}+(1)^{k+1}[[P,i_{\varphi _0}P^{}]]_{\varphi _0}.$$
(3.26)
On the other hand, we have that

$$[[P,f]]_{\varphi _0}=i_{d_{\varphi _0}f}P,$$
(3.27)
for $`fC^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$. From (3.25), (3.26) and (3.27), we obtain that

$$[[f,[[P^{},P^{\prime \prime }]]_{\varphi _0}]]_{\varphi _0}+[[[[f,P^{}]]_{\varphi _0},P^{\prime \prime }]]_{\varphi _0}+(1)^k^{}[[P^{},[[f,P^{\prime \prime }]]_{\varphi _0}]]_{\varphi _0}=0.$$
(3.28)
This proves (3.23) for $`k=0`$.

On the other hand if $`X\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$, using (3.25) and the properties of the Schouten bracket $`[[,]]`$, it follows that

$$[[X,[[P^{},P^{\prime \prime }]]_{\varphi _0}]]_{\varphi _0}=[[[[X,P^{}]]_{\varphi _0},P^{\prime \prime }]]_{\varphi _0}+[[P^{},[[X,P^{\prime \prime }]]_{\varphi _0}]]_{\varphi _0}.$$
(3.29)
We must show that (3.23) holds, for $`k1`$. But, this is equivalent to prove that (3.23) holds for $`P^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }(^k^{}A)`$, $`P^{\prime \prime }\mathrm{\Gamma }(^{k^{\prime \prime }}A)`$ and $`P=\overline{P}Y,`$ with $`\overline{P}\mathrm{\Gamma }(^{k1}A)`$ and $`Y\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$.

We will proceed by induction on $`k`$. From (3.29), we deduce that the result is true for $`k=1`$. Now, assume that

$$(1)^{(\overline{k}+1)k^{\prime \prime }}[[[[\overline{Q}Y,P^{}]]_{\varphi _0},P^{\prime \prime }]]_{\varphi _0}+(1)^{k^{}k^{\prime \prime }}[[[[P^{\prime \prime },\overline{Q}Y]]_{\varphi _0},P^{}]]_{\varphi _0}+$$

$$(1)^{(\overline{k}+1)k^{}}[[[[P^{},P^{\prime \prime }]]_{\varphi _0},\overline{Q}Y]]_{\varphi _0}=0,$$

for $`\overline{Q}\mathrm{\Gamma }(^{\overline{k}}A)`$, with $`\overline{k}k2`$.

Then, we have that

$$(1)^{\stackrel{~}{k}k^{\prime \prime }}[[[[\stackrel{~}{Q},P^{}]]_{\varphi _0},P^{\prime \prime }]]_{\varphi _0}+(1)^{k^{}k^{\prime \prime }}[[[[P^{\prime \prime },\stackrel{~}{Q}]]_{\varphi _0},P^{}]]_{\varphi _0}+(1)^{\stackrel{~}{k}k^{}}[[[[P^{},P^{\prime \prime }]]_{\varphi _0},\stackrel{~}{Q}]]_{\varphi _0}=0,$$

for $`\stackrel{~}{Q}\mathrm{\Gamma }(^{\stackrel{~}{k}}A)`$, with $`\stackrel{~}{k}k1`$.

Using this fact, (3.26) and (3.29), we conclude that

$$(1)^{kk^{\prime \prime }}[[[[\overline{P}Y,P^{}]]_{\varphi _0},P^{\prime \prime }]]_{\varphi _0}+(1)^{k^{}k^{\prime \prime }}[[[[P^{\prime \prime },\overline{P}Y]]_{\varphi _0},P^{}]]_{\varphi _0}+$$

$$(1)^{kk^{}}[[[[P^{},P^{\prime \prime }]]_{\varphi _0},\overline{P}Y]]_{\varphi _0}=0.$$

Finally, if $`[[,]]\stackrel{~}{}:\mathrm{\Gamma }(^kA)\times \mathrm{\Gamma }(^k^{}A)\mathrm{\Gamma }(^{k+k^{}1}A)`$ is an operation which satisfies (3.19), (3.20), (3.21) and (3.22), then it is clear that $`[[,]]\stackrel{~}{}=[[,]]_{\varphi _0}`$.         $`QED`$

The operation $`[[,]]_{\varphi _0}`$ is called the $`\varphi _0`$-Schouten bracket of $`(A,[[,]],\rho )`$. Now, if $`X\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$ and $`P\mathrm{\Gamma }(^kA)`$, we can define the $`\varphi _0`$-Lie derivative of $`P`$ by $`X`$ as follows

$$(_{\varphi _0})_X(P)=[[X,P]]_{\varphi _0}.$$
(3.30)
From Theorem 3.5, we deduce

###### Proposition 3.6

Let $`(A,[[,]],\rho )`$ be a Lie algebroid and $`\varphi _0\mathrm{\Gamma }(A^{})`$ a 1-cocycle. If $`fC^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$, $`X\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$, $`P\mathrm{\Gamma }(^kA)`$ and $`P^{}\mathrm{\Gamma }(^k^{}A)`$, we have

$$(_{\varphi _0})_X(PP^{})=(_{\varphi _0})_X(P)P^{}+P(_{\varphi _0})_X(P^{})\varphi _0(X)PP^{},$$
(3.31)
$$(_{\varphi _0})_{fX}(P)=f(_{\varphi _0})_X(P)Xi_{df}P.$$
(3.32)
Using (3.5), (3.20) (3.30) and (3.31), we obtain that

$$(_{\varphi _0})_X(i_\omega P)=i_P\left((_{\varphi _0})_X\omega \right)+i_\omega \left((_{\varphi _0})_XP\right)+(k1)\varphi _0(X)i_\omega P,$$
(3.33)
for $`\omega \mathrm{\Gamma }(^kA^{})`$, $`P\mathrm{\Gamma }(^kA)`$ and $`X\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$.

Now, suppose that $`(M,\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ is a Jacobi manifold. We consider the 1-jet Lie algebroid $`(T^{}M\times \text{},[[,]]_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)},\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\#}}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)})`$ associated with the Jacobi structure $`(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ and the 1-cocycle $`(E,0)\mathrm{\Gamma }(TM\times \text{})X(M)\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$. As we know, the dual bundle $`TM\times \text{}`$ admits a Lie algebroid structure $`(\text{[}\text{ , }\text{]},\pi )`$ and the pair $`(0,1)\mathrm{\Gamma }(T^{}M\times \text{})\mathrm{\Omega }^1(M)\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$ is a 1-cocycle (see Sections 2.2 and 3.1).

For the above Lie algebroids and 1-cocycles, we deduce

###### Proposition 3.7

* If $`(X,f),(Y,g)\mathrm{\Gamma }(TM\times \text{})X(M)\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$, then

$$d_{}{}_{(E,0)}{}^{}\text{[}(X,f),(Y,g)\text{]}=\text{[}(X,f),d_{}{}_{(E,0)}{}^{}(Y,g)\text{]}_{(0,1)}\text{[}(Y,g),d_{}{}_{(E,0)}{}^{}(X,f)\text{]}_{(0,1)}.$$
* If $`_{}`$ denotes the Lie derivative on the Lie algebroid $`(T^{}M\times \text{},[[,]]_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)},\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\#}}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)})`$, then

$$(_{}{}_{(E,0)}{}^{})_{(0,1)}(P,Q)+(_{(0,1)})_{(E,0)}(P,Q)=0,$$

for $`(P,Q)\mathrm{\Gamma }(^k(TM\times \text{}))𝒱^k(M)𝒱^{k1}(M)`$.

Proof: i) It follows from (3.18), (3.21) and (3.23).

ii) Using (2.4), (3.7), (3.15), (3.16) and (3.30), we have that

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\hfill (_{}{}_{(E,0)}{}^{})_{(0,1)}(P,Q)+(_{(0,1)})_{(E,0)}(P,Q)& =& \\ & =& d_{}{}_{(E,0)}{}^{}(Q,0)+i_{(0,1)}([\mathrm{\Lambda },P]+(k1)EP+\mathrm{\Lambda }Q,[\mathrm{\Lambda },Q]\hfill \\ & & (k2)EQ+[E,P])([E,P],[E,Q])=0.\hfill \end{array}$$

$`QED`$

###### Remark 3.8

i) Let $`(A,[[,]],\rho )`$ be a Lie algebroid and $`A^{}`$ the dual bundle to $`A`$. Suppose that $`([[,]]_{},\rho _{})`$ is a Lie algebroid structure on $`A^{}`$. Then, the pair $`(A,A^{})`$ is said to be a Lie bialgebroid if

$$d_{}[[X,Y]]=[[X,d_{}Y]][[Y,d_{}X]],$$

for $`X,Y\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$, where $`d_{}`$ is the differential of the Lie algebroid $`(A^{},[[,]]_{},\rho _{})`$ (see ).

ii) Let $`(M,\mathrm{\Lambda })`$ be a Poisson manifold and $`(T^{}M,[[,]]_\mathrm{\Lambda },\mathrm{\#}_\mathrm{\Lambda })`$ the associated Lie algebroid (see Section 2.2). If on $`TM`$ we consider the trivial Lie algebroid structure, the pair $`(TM,T^{}M)`$ is a Lie bialgebroid (see ).

iii) If $`(M,\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ is a Jacobi manifold and on $`TM\times \text{}`$ (resp. $`T^{}M\times \text{}`$) we consider the Lie algebroid structure $`(\text{[}\text{ , }\text{]},\pi )`$ (resp. $`([[,]]_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)},\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\#}}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)})`$) then, from Proposition 3.7, we deduce that the pair $`(TM\times \text{},T^{}M\times \text{})`$ is not, in general, a Lie bialgebroid (see ).

## 4 Generalized Lie bialgebroids

### 4.1 Generalized Lie bialgebroids and Jacobi structures on the base space

Let $`A`$ be a vector bundle over $`M`$ and $`A^{}`$ the dual bundle to $`A`$. Suppose that $`([[,]],\rho )`$ (resp. $`([[,]]_{},\rho _{})`$) is a Lie algebroid structure on $`A`$ (resp. $`A^{}`$) and that $`\varphi _0\mathrm{\Gamma }(A^{})`$ (resp. $`X_0\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$) is a 1-cocycle in the corresponding Lie algebroid cohomology complex with trivial coefficients. Then, we will use the following notation:

$``$ $`d`$ (resp. $`d_{}`$) is the differential of $`(A,[[,]],\rho )`$ (resp. $`(A^{},[[,]]_{},\rho _{})`$).

$``$ $`d_{\varphi _0}`$ (resp. $`d_{}_{X_0}`$) is the $`\varphi _0`$-differential (resp. $`X_0`$-differential) of $`A`$ (resp. $`A^{}`$).

$``$ $``$ (resp. $`_{}`$) is the Lie derivative of $`A`$ (resp. $`A^{}`$).

$``$ $`_{\varphi _0}`$ (resp. $`_{}_{X_0}`$) is the $`\varphi _0`$-Lie derivative (resp. $`X_0`$-Lie derivative).

$``$ $`[[,]]_{\varphi _0}`$ (resp. $`[[,]]_{}_{X_0}`$) is the $`\varphi _0`$-Schouten bracket (resp. $`X_0`$-Schouten bracket) on $`(A,[[,]],\rho )`$ (resp. $`(A^{},[[,]]_{},\rho _{})`$).

$``$ $`\rho _{\varphi _0}:\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$ (resp. $`\rho _{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}:\mathrm{\Gamma }(A^{})\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$) is the representation given by (3.1).

$``$ $`(\rho ,\varphi _0):\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)X(M)\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$ (resp. $`(\rho _{},X_0):\mathrm{\Gamma }(A^{})X(M)\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$) is the homomorphism of $`C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$-modules given by (3.12) and $`(\rho ,\varphi _0)^{}:\mathrm{\Omega }^1(M)\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})\mathrm{\Gamma }(A^{})`$ (resp. $`(\rho _{},X_0)^{}:\mathrm{\Omega }^1(M)\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$) is the adjoint operator of $`(\rho ,\varphi _0)`$ (resp. $`(\rho _{},X_0)`$).

###### Definition 4.1

The pair $`((A,\varphi _0),(A^{},X_0))`$ is said to be a generalized Lie bialgebroid over $`M`$ if for all $`X,Y\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$ and $`P\mathrm{\Gamma }(^kA)`$

$$d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}[[X,Y]]=[[X,d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}Y]]_{\varphi _0}[[Y,d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}X]]_{\varphi _0},$$
(4.1)
$$(_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{})_{\varphi _0}P+(_{\varphi _0})_{X_0}P=0.$$
(4.2)
Using (3.1), (3.5), (3.20), (3.30) and (3.31), we obtain that (4.2) holds if and only if

$$\varphi _0(X_0)=0,\rho (X_0)=\rho _{}(\varphi _0),$$
(4.3)
$$(_{})_{\varphi _0}X+[[X_0,X]]=0,\text{ for }X\mathrm{\Gamma }(A).$$
(4.4)
Note that (4.3) and (4.4) follow applying (4.2) to $`P=fC^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})=\mathrm{\Gamma }(^0A)`$ and $`P=X\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$.

###### Examples 4.2

* In the particular case when $`\varphi _0=0`$ and $`X_0=0`$, (4.1) and (4.2) are equivalent to the condition

$$d_{}[[X,Y]]=[[X,d_{}Y]][[Y,d_{}X]].$$

Thus, the pair $`((A,0),(A^{},0))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebroid if and only if the pair $`(A,A^{})`$ is a Lie bialgebroid.
* Let $`(M,\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ be a Jacobi manifold. From Proposition 3.7, we deduce that $`((TM\times \text{},(0,1))`$,$`(T^{}M\times \text{},(E,0)))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebroid.

Next, we will show that if $`((A,\varphi _0),(A^{},X_0))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebroid over $`M`$, then $`M`$ carries an induced Jacobi structure. First, we will prove some results.

###### Proposition 4.3

Let $`((A,\varphi _0),(A^{},X_0))`$ be a generalized Lie bialgebroid. Then,

$$(_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{})_{d_{\varphi _0}f}X=[[X,d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}f]],$$
(4.5)
for $`X\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$ and $`fC^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$.

Proof: Using (3.4) and the derivation law on Lie algebroids, we obtain that

$$\begin{array}{ccc}d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}\left([[X,fY]]\right)& =& (d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}f)[[X,Y]]+fd_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}[[X,Y]]fX_0[[X,Y]]\hfill \\ & & +d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}(\rho (X)(f))Y+\rho (X)(f)d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}Y\rho (X)(f)X_0Y,\hfill \end{array}$$

for $`X,Y\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$ and $`fC^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$.

On the other hand, from (3.4), (3.31), (3.32) and (4.1), we deduce that

$$\begin{array}{ccc}d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}\left([[X,fY]]\right)& =& (_{\varphi _0})_X(d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}(fY))(_{\varphi _0})_{fY}(d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}(X))\hfill \\ & =& \left((_{\varphi _0})_X(d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}f)\right)Y+(d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}f)(_{\varphi _0})_XY\varphi _0(X)(d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}f)Y\hfill \\ & & +f(_{\varphi _0})_X(d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}Y)+\rho (X)(f)d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}Y\hfill \\ & & f\left((_{\varphi _0})_XX_0Y+X_0(_{\varphi _0})_XY\varphi _0(X)X_0Y\right)\hfill \\ & & \rho (X)(f)X_0Yf(_{\varphi _0})_Y(d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}X)i_{df}(d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}X)Y.\hfill \end{array}$$

Thus, using again (4.1), it follows that

$$\begin{array}{ccc}d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}(\rho (X)(f))Y& =& ((_{\varphi _0})_Xd_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}f\varphi _0(X)d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}ff(_{\varphi _0})_XX_0\hfill \\ & & +f\varphi _0(X)X_0i_{df}(d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}X))Y,\hfill \end{array}$$

and so

$$d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}(\rho (X)(f))(_{\varphi _0})_Xd_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}f+\varphi _0(X)d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}f+f(_{\varphi _0})_XX_0f\varphi _0(X)X_0+i_{df}(d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}X)=0,$$

which, by (3.4), (3.7) and (4.4), implies (4.5).         $`QED`$

###### Corollary 4.4

Under the same hypothesis as in Proposition 4.3, we have

$$[[d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}g,d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}f]]=d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}(d_{\varphi _0}fd_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}g),$$
(4.6)
for all $`f,gC^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$.

Proof: If $`\stackrel{~}{\delta }_{(0,1)}`$ is the operator defined by (3.11) then, from (3.1), (3.5), (3.7), (3.12), (3.14) and Proposition 4.3, we have

$$\begin{array}{ccc}[[d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}g,d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}f]]& =& (_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{})_{d_{\varphi _0}f}(d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}g)=d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}\left((_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{})_{d_{\varphi _0}f}(g)\right)\hfill \\ & =& d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}\left(\rho _{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}(d_{\varphi _0}f)(g)\right)=d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}(\stackrel{~}{\delta }_{(0,1)}g(\rho _{},X_0)(d_{\varphi _0}f))\hfill \\ & =& d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}(d_{\varphi _0}f(\rho _{},X_0)^{}(\stackrel{~}{\delta }_{(0,1)}g))=d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}(d_{\varphi _0}fd_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}g).\hfill \end{array}$$

$`QED`$

###### Remark 4.5

Using (3.11), (3.12) and (3.14), it follows that

$$\begin{array}{ccc}d_{\varphi _0}fd_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}g& =& \stackrel{~}{\delta }_{(0,1)}f\left((\rho ,\varphi _0)(\rho _{},X_0)^{}\right)(\stackrel{~}{\delta }_{(0,1)}g)\hfill \\ & =& \pi _{(0,1)}(((\rho ,\varphi _0)(\rho _{},X_0)^{})(\stackrel{~}{\delta }_{(0,1)}g),f),\hfill \end{array}$$

where $`\pi _{(0,1)}:(X(M)\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{}))\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$ is the representation given by (3.10).

Now, we will prove the main result of this section.

###### Theorem 4.6

Let $`((A,\varphi _0),(A^{},X_0))`$ be a generalized Lie bialgebroid. Then, the bracket of functions $`\{,\}:C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$ given by

$$\{f,g\}:=d_{\varphi _0}fd_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}g,\text{ for }f,gC^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{}),$$

defines a Jacobi structure on $`M`$.

Proof: First of all, we need to prove that $`\{,\}`$ is skew-symmetric. For that purpose, we first show that

$$\stackrel{~}{\delta }_{(0,1)}f\left(((\rho ,\varphi _0)(\rho _{},X_0)^{})(0,1)\right)=\stackrel{~}{\delta }_{(0,1)}1\left(((\rho ,\varphi _0)(\rho _{},X_0)^{})(\delta f,0)\right),$$
(4.7)
for $`fC^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$. We have that (see (3.11), (3.12) and (4.3))

$$\stackrel{~}{\delta }_{(0,1)}f\left(((\rho ,\varphi _0)(\rho _{},X_0)^{})(0,1)\right)=(\delta f,f)(\rho (X_0),0)=\rho (X_0)(f)=\rho _{}(\varphi _0)(f).$$

On the other hand, from (3.12) and (4.3), we deduce that

$$\stackrel{~}{\delta }_{(0,1)}1\left(((\rho ,\varphi _0)(\rho _{},X_0)^{})(\delta f,0)\right)=\varphi _0(\rho _{},X_0)^{}(\delta f,0))=\rho _{}(\varphi _0)(f).$$

Thus, we deduce (4.7). Using (3.11), (4.7) and Remark 4.5, we obtain that

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\{f,f\}& =& \left(((\rho ,\varphi _0)(\rho _{},X_0)^{})(\delta f,0)\right)(\delta f,0).\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.8)
Now, we will prove that

$$\left(((\rho ,\varphi _0)(\rho _{},X_0)^{})(\delta f,0)\right)(\delta f,0)=0.$$

From (3.4), (4.8), Corollary 4.4 and Remark 4.5, it follows that $`d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}(((\rho ,\varphi _0)(\rho _{},X_0)^{})`$ $`(\delta f^2,0)(\delta f^2,0))=0`$. Then,

$$\begin{array}{ccc}0& =& \left(((\rho ,\varphi _0)(\rho _{},X_0)^{})(\delta f,0)(\delta f,0)\right)(d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}f_{}^{2}f^2X_0)\hfill \\ & =& \left(((\rho ,\varphi _0)(\rho _{},X_0)^{})(\delta f,0)(\delta f,0)\right)d_{}f^2\hfill \\ & =& 2f\left(((\rho ,\varphi _0)(\rho _{},X_0)^{})(\delta f,0)(\delta f,0)\right)d_{}f.\hfill \end{array}$$
(4.9)
On the other hand, in general, $`d_{}g=(\rho _{},X_0)^{}(\delta g,0).`$ Thus, using (4.9),

$$f\left(((\rho ,\varphi _0)(\rho _{},X_0)^{})(\delta f,0)(\delta f,0)\right)^2=0,\text{for all }f.$$

This implies that

$$\left(((\rho ,\varphi _0)(\rho _{},X_0)^{})(\delta f,0)\right)(\delta f,0)=0,$$

as we wanted to prove. Therefore, we conclude that $`\{f,f\}=0`$, for all $`fC^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$, that is, $`\{,\}`$ is skew-symmetric.

From (3.3) and (3.4), we deduce that $`\{,\}`$ is a first-order differential operator on each of its arguments.

Now, let us prove the Jacobi identity. Using (4.6), we have

$$d_{\varphi _0}h[[d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}g,d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}f]]=d_{\varphi _0}hd_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}(\{f,g\}).$$

Thus, from (3.13) and (3.14), we deduce that

$$\stackrel{~}{\delta }_{(0,1)}h\text{[}(\rho ,\varphi _0)((\rho _{},X_0)^{}(\stackrel{~}{\delta }_{(0,1)}g)),(\rho ,\varphi _0)((\rho _{},X_0)^{}(\stackrel{~}{\delta }_{(0,1)}f))\text{]}=d_{\varphi _0}hd_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}(\{f,g\}),$$

or equivalently

$$\pi _{(0,1)}(\text{[}((\rho ,\varphi _0)(\rho _{},X_0)^{})(\stackrel{~}{\delta }_{(0,1)}(g)),((\rho ,\varphi _0)(\rho _{},X_0)^{})(\stackrel{~}{\delta }_{(0,1)}(f))\text{]},h)=d_{\varphi _0}hd_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}(\{f,g\}).$$

Consequently, since $`\pi _{(0,1)}`$ is a representation of the Lie algebra $`(X(M)\times C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{}),\text{[}\text{ , }\text{]})`$ on the space $`C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$, this implies that (see Remark 4.5)

$$\{f,\{g,h\}\}+\{g,\{h,f\}\}+\{h,\{f,g\}\}=0.$$

$`QED`$

From (3.2) and (4.3), we have that

$$\{f,g\}=dfd_{}g+f\rho (X_0)(g)g\rho (X_0)(f),$$
(4.10)
for $`f,gC^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$. Since the differential $`d`$ is a derivation with respect to the ordinary multiplication of functions we have that the map $`(f,g)dfd_{}g`$, for $`f,gC^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$, is also a derivation on each of its arguments. Thus, we can define the 2-vector $`\mathrm{\Lambda }𝒱^2(M)`$ characterized by the relation

$$\mathrm{\Lambda }(\delta f,\delta g)=dfd_{}g=dgd_{}f,$$
(4.11)
for $`f,gC^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$, and the vector field $`EX(M)`$ by

$$E=\rho (X_0)=\rho _{}(\varphi _0).$$
(4.12)
From (4.10), we obtain that

$$\{f,g\}=\mathrm{\Lambda }(\delta f,\delta g)+fE(g)gE(f),$$

for $`f,gC^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$. Therefore, the pair $`(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ is the Jacobi structure induced by the Jacobi bracket $`\{,\}`$.

If $`(A,A^{})`$ is a Lie bialgebroid, then the pair $`((A,0),(A^{},0))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebroid and, by Theorem 4.6, a Jacobi structure $`(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ can be defined on the base space $`M`$. Since $`\varphi _0=X_0=0`$, we deduce that $`E=0`$, that is, the Jacobi structure is Poisson, which implies a well known result (see ): given a Lie bialgebroid $`(A,A^{})`$ over $`M`$, the base space $`M`$ carries an induced Poisson structure.

### 4.2 Lie bialgebroids and generalized Lie bialgebroids

Along this section we will use the same notation as in the precedent one.

#### 4.2.1 Time-dependent sections of a Lie algebroid

Let $`(A,[[,]],\rho )`$ be a Lie algebroid over $`M`$. Then, the space of sections $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(\stackrel{~}{A})`$ of the vector bundle $`\stackrel{~}{A}=A\times \text{}M\times \text{}`$ can be identified with the set of time-dependent sections of $`AM`$. Under this identification, the Lie bracket $`[[,]]`$ induces, in a natural way, a Lie bracket on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(\stackrel{~}{A})`$ which is also denoted by $`[[,]]`$. In fact, if $`\stackrel{~}{X},\stackrel{~}{Y}\mathrm{\Gamma }(\stackrel{~}{A})`$ then $`[[\stackrel{~}{X},\stackrel{~}{Y}]]`$ is the time-dependent section of $`AM`$ given by

$$[[\stackrel{~}{X},\stackrel{~}{Y}]](x,t)=[[\stackrel{~}{X}_t,\stackrel{~}{Y}_t]](x),$$

for all $`(x,t)M\times \text{}`$, where $`\stackrel{~}{X}_t`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{Y}_t`$ are the sections of $`AM`$ defined by

$$\stackrel{~}{X}_t(y)=\stackrel{~}{X}(y,t),\stackrel{~}{Y}_t(y)=\stackrel{~}{Y}(y,t),$$

for all $`yM`$. The anchor map $`\rho :ATM`$ induces a bundle map from $`\stackrel{~}{A}`$ into $`TMT(M\times \text{})TMT\text{}`$ which we also denote by $`\rho `$. A direct computation shows that the triple $`(\stackrel{~}{A},[[,]],\rho )`$ is a Lie algebroid over $`M\times \text{}`$.

Now, denote by $`d`$ the differentials of the Lie algebroids $`(A,[[,]],\rho )`$ and $`(\stackrel{~}{A},[[,]],\rho )`$. Then, if $`\stackrel{~}{\omega }\mathrm{\Gamma }(^k\stackrel{~}{A}^{})`$ and $`(x,t)M\times \text{}`$, $`d\stackrel{~}{\omega }\mathrm{\Gamma }(^{k+1}\stackrel{~}{A}^{})`$ and

$$(d\stackrel{~}{\omega })(x,t)=(d\stackrel{~}{\omega }_t)(x).$$

We also denote by $`[[,]]`$ the Schouten bracket of the Lie algebroid $`(\stackrel{~}{A},[[,]],\rho )`$.

On the other hand, for $`\stackrel{~}{P}\mathrm{\Gamma }(^k\stackrel{~}{A})`$ or $`\stackrel{~}{\omega }\mathrm{\Gamma }(^k\stackrel{~}{A}^{})`$, one can define its derivative with respect to the time

$$\frac{\stackrel{~}{P}}{t}\mathrm{\Gamma }(^k\stackrel{~}{A}),\frac{\stackrel{~}{\omega }}{t}\mathrm{\Gamma }(^k\stackrel{~}{A}^{}).$$

Thus, we have two -linear operators of degree zero

$$\frac{}{t}:\mathrm{\Gamma }(^k\stackrel{~}{A})\mathrm{\Gamma }(^k\stackrel{~}{A}),\frac{}{t}:\mathrm{\Gamma }(^k\stackrel{~}{A}^{})\mathrm{\Gamma }(^k\stackrel{~}{A}^{}),$$

which have the following properties

$$\frac{}{t}(\stackrel{~}{P}\stackrel{~}{Q})=\frac{\stackrel{~}{P}}{t}\stackrel{~}{Q}+\stackrel{~}{P}\frac{\stackrel{~}{Q}}{t},\frac{}{t}(\stackrel{~}{\omega }\stackrel{~}{\mu })=\frac{\stackrel{~}{\omega }}{t}\stackrel{~}{\mu }+\stackrel{~}{\omega }\frac{\stackrel{~}{\mu }}{t},$$
(4.13)
$$\frac{}{t}[[\stackrel{~}{P},\stackrel{~}{Q}]]=[[\frac{\stackrel{~}{P}}{t},\stackrel{~}{Q}]]+[[\stackrel{~}{P},\frac{\stackrel{~}{Q}}{t}]],$$
(4.14)
$$d\left(\frac{\stackrel{~}{\omega }}{t}\right)=\frac{}{t}\left(d\stackrel{~}{\omega }\right),$$
(4.15)
for $`\stackrel{~}{P}\mathrm{\Gamma }(^k\stackrel{~}{A})`$, $`\stackrel{~}{Q}\mathrm{\Gamma }(^r\stackrel{~}{A})`$, $`\stackrel{~}{\omega }\mathrm{\Gamma }(^k\stackrel{~}{A}^{})`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }\mathrm{\Gamma }(^r\stackrel{~}{A}^{})`$.

Next, suppose that $`\varphi _0\mathrm{\Gamma }(A^{})`$ is a 1-cocycle. In  we proved that the vector bundle $`\stackrel{~}{A}M\times \text{}`$ admits a Lie algebroid structure $`([[,]]\widehat{}^{\varphi _0},\widehat{\rho }^{\varphi _0})`$ where, under the above identifications, $`[[,]]\widehat{}^{\varphi _0}`$ and $`\widehat{\rho }^{\varphi _0}`$ are defined by

$$\begin{array}{c}[[\stackrel{~}{X},\stackrel{~}{Y}]]\widehat{}^{\varphi _0}=e^t\left([[\stackrel{~}{X},\stackrel{~}{Y}]]+\varphi _0(\stackrel{~}{X})(\frac{\stackrel{~}{Y}}{t}\stackrel{~}{Y})\varphi _0(\stackrel{~}{Y})(\frac{\stackrel{~}{X}}{t}\stackrel{~}{X})\right),\\ \\ \widehat{\rho }^{\varphi _0}(\stackrel{~}{X})=e^t\left(\rho (\stackrel{~}{X})+\varphi _0(\stackrel{~}{X})\frac{}{t}\right),\end{array}$$
(4.16)
for all $`\stackrel{~}{X},\stackrel{~}{Y}\mathrm{\Gamma }(\stackrel{~}{A})`$. If $`\widehat{d}^{\varphi _0}`$ is the differential of the Lie algebroid $`(\stackrel{~}{A},[[,]]\widehat{}^{\varphi _0},\widehat{\rho }^{\varphi _0})`$, we have

$$\widehat{d}^{\varphi _0}\stackrel{~}{f}=e^t\left(d\stackrel{~}{f}+\frac{\stackrel{~}{f}}{t}\varphi _0\right),$$
(4.17)
$$\widehat{d}^{\varphi _0}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }=e^t\left(d_{\varphi _0}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }+\varphi _0\frac{\stackrel{~}{\varphi }}{t}\right),$$
(4.18)
for $`\stackrel{~}{f}C^{\mathrm{}}(M\times \text{},\text{})`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }\mathrm{\Gamma }(\stackrel{~}{A}^{})=\mathrm{\Gamma }(A^{}\times \text{})`$.

In a similar way, we can define the bracket $`[[,]]\overline{}^{\varphi _0}`$ on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(\stackrel{~}{A})`$ and the map $`\overline{\rho }^{\varphi _0}:\mathrm{\Gamma }(\stackrel{~}{A})X(M\times \text{})`$ by

$$\begin{array}{c}[[\stackrel{~}{X},\stackrel{~}{Y}]]\overline{}^{\varphi _0}=[[\stackrel{~}{X},\stackrel{~}{Y}]]+\varphi _0(\stackrel{~}{X})\frac{\stackrel{~}{Y}}{t}\varphi _0(\stackrel{~}{Y})\frac{\stackrel{~}{X}}{t},\\ \\ \overline{\rho }^{\varphi _0}(\stackrel{~}{X})=\rho (\stackrel{~}{X})+\varphi _0(\stackrel{~}{X})\frac{}{t},\end{array}$$
(4.19)
for all $`\stackrel{~}{X},\stackrel{~}{Y}\mathrm{\Gamma }(\stackrel{~}{A})`$. Moreover, the bundle map $`\mathrm{\Psi }:\stackrel{~}{A}\stackrel{~}{A},(v,t)(e^tv,t)`$, is an isomorphism of vector bundles and

$$\widehat{\rho }^{\varphi _0}\mathrm{\Psi }=\overline{\rho }^{\varphi _0},\mathrm{\Psi }[[\stackrel{~}{X},\stackrel{~}{Y}]]\overline{}^{\varphi _0}=[[\mathrm{\Psi }\stackrel{~}{X},\mathrm{\Psi }\stackrel{~}{Y}]]\widehat{}^{\varphi _0}.$$

Thus,

###### Proposition 4.7

Let $`(A,[[,]],\rho )`$ be a Lie algebroid and $`\varphi _0\mathrm{\Gamma }(A^{})`$ a 1-cocycle. Then:

* The triples $`(\stackrel{~}{A},[[,]]\widehat{}^{\varphi _0},`$ $`\widehat{\rho }^{\varphi _0})`$ and $`(\stackrel{~}{A},[[,]]\overline{}^{\varphi _0},\overline{\rho }^{\varphi _0})`$ are Lie algebroids over $`M\times \text{}`$.
* The map $`\mathrm{\Psi }:\stackrel{~}{A}\stackrel{~}{A}`$ defines an isomorphism between the Lie algebroids $`(\stackrel{~}{A},[[,]]\overline{}^{\varphi _0},`$ $`\overline{\rho }^{\varphi _0})`$ and $`(\stackrel{~}{A},[[,]]\widehat{}^{\varphi _0},\widehat{\rho }^{\varphi _0})`$.

If $`\overline{d}^{\varphi _0}`$ is the differential of the algebroid $`(\stackrel{~}{A},[[,]]\overline{}^{\varphi _0},\overline{\rho }^{\varphi _0})`$, we have

$$\overline{d}^{\varphi _0}\stackrel{~}{f}=d\stackrel{~}{f}+\frac{\stackrel{~}{f}}{t}\varphi _0,$$
(4.20)
$$\overline{d}^{\varphi _0}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }=d\stackrel{~}{\varphi }+\varphi _0\frac{\stackrel{~}{\varphi }}{t},$$
(4.21)
for $`\stackrel{~}{f}C^{\mathrm{}}(M\times \text{},\text{})`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }\mathrm{\Gamma }(\stackrel{~}{A}^{})=\mathrm{\Gamma }(A^{}\times \text{})`$. Moreover,

$$[[\stackrel{~}{X},\stackrel{~}{P}]]\overline{}^{\varphi _0}=[[\stackrel{~}{X},\stackrel{~}{P}]]_{\varphi _0}+\varphi _0(\stackrel{~}{X})\left(\stackrel{~}{P}+\frac{\stackrel{~}{P}}{t}\right)\frac{\stackrel{~}{X}}{t}i_{\varphi _0}\stackrel{~}{P},$$
(4.22)
for $`\stackrel{~}{X}\mathrm{\Gamma }(\stackrel{~}{A})`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{P}\mathrm{\Gamma }(^2\stackrel{~}{A})`$.

Now, let $`AM`$ be a vector bundle over a manifold $`M`$ and suppose that $`[[,]]:\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)\times \mathrm{\Gamma }(A)\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$ is a bracket on the space $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$, that $`\rho :\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)X(M)`$ is a homomorphism of $`C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$-modules and that $`\varphi _0`$ is a section of the dual bundle $`A^{}`$.

We can define the bracket $`[[,]]\overline{}^{\varphi _0}:\mathrm{\Gamma }(\stackrel{~}{A})\times \mathrm{\Gamma }(\stackrel{~}{A})\mathrm{\Gamma }(\stackrel{~}{A})`$ on the space $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(\stackrel{~}{A})`$ and the homomorphism of $`C^{\mathrm{}}(M\times \text{},\text{})`$-modules $`\overline{\rho }^{\varphi _0}:\mathrm{\Gamma }(\stackrel{~}{A})X(M\times \text{})`$ given by (4.19).

###### Proposition 4.8

If the triple $`(\stackrel{~}{A},[[,]]\overline{}^{\varphi _0},\overline{\rho }^{\varphi _0})`$ is a Lie algebroid on $`M\times \text{}`$ then the triple $`(A,[[,]],\rho )`$ is a Lie algebroid on $`M`$ and the section $`\varphi _0`$ is a 1-cocycle.

Proof: From (4.19), it follows that $`[[X,Y]]\overline{}^{\varphi _0}=[[X,Y]],`$ for $`X,Y\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$. Thus, we have that the bracket $`[[,]]`$ defines a Lie algebra structure on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$.

On the other hand, since $`\overline{\rho }^{\varphi _0}[[X,Y]]\overline{}^{\varphi _0}=[\overline{\rho }^{\varphi _0}(X),\overline{\rho }^{\varphi _0}(Y)],`$ we deduce that (see (4.19))

$$\rho [[X,Y]]=[\rho (X),\rho (Y)],\varphi _0[[X,Y]]=\rho (X)(\varphi _0(Y))\rho (Y)(\varphi _0(X)).$$

Finally, if $`fC^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$ then, using (4.19) and the fact that $`[[X,fY]]\overline{}^{\varphi _0}=f[[X,Y]]\overline{}^{\varphi _0}+(\overline{\rho }^{\varphi _0}(X)(f))Y`$, we obtain that

$$[[X,fY]]=f[[X,Y]]+(\rho (X)(f))Y.$$

$`QED`$

From Propositions 4.7 and 4.8, we conclude

###### Proposition 4.9

Let $`AM`$ be a vector bundle over a manifold $`M`$. Suppose that $`[[,]]:\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)\times \mathrm{\Gamma }(A)\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$ is a bracket on the space $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$, that $`\rho :\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)X(M)`$ is a homomorphism of $`C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$-modules and that $`\varphi _0`$ is a section of the dual bundle $`A^{}`$. If $`[[,]]\widehat{}^{\varphi _0}:\mathrm{\Gamma }(\stackrel{~}{A})\times \mathrm{\Gamma }(\stackrel{~}{A})\mathrm{\Gamma }(\stackrel{~}{A})`$ and $`\widehat{\rho }^{\varphi _0}:\mathrm{\Gamma }(\stackrel{~}{A})X(M\times \text{})`$ (respectively, $`[[,]]\overline{}^{\varphi _0}:\mathrm{\Gamma }(\stackrel{~}{A})\times \mathrm{\Gamma }(\stackrel{~}{A})\mathrm{\Gamma }(\stackrel{~}{A})`$ and $`\overline{\rho }^{\varphi _0}:\mathrm{\Gamma }(\stackrel{~}{A})X(M\times \text{})`$) are the bracket on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(\stackrel{~}{A})`$ and the homomorphism of $`C^{\mathrm{}}(M\times \text{},\text{})`$-modules given by (4.16) (respectively, (4.19)) then the following conditions are equivalent:

i) The triple $`(A,[[,]],\rho )`$ is a Lie algebroid and $`\varphi _0`$ is a 1-cocycle.

ii) The triple $`(\stackrel{~}{A},[[,]]\widehat{}^{\varphi _0},\widehat{\rho }^{\varphi _0})`$ is a Lie algebroid.

iii) The triple $`(\stackrel{~}{A},[[,]]\overline{}^{\varphi _0},\overline{\rho }^{\varphi _0})`$ is a Lie algebroid.

#### 4.2.2 Lie bialgebroids and generalized Lie bialgebroids

First of all, we will prove a general result which will be useful in the sequel.

Suppose that $`(A_i,[[,]]_i,\rho _i)`$, $`i=1,2`$, are two Lie algebroids over $`M`$ such that the dual bundles $`A_1^{}`$ and $`A_2^{}`$ are Lie algebroids with Lie algebroid structures $`([[,]]_1{}_{}{}^{},\rho _1{}_{}{}^{})`$ and $`([[,]]_2{}_{}{}^{},\rho _2{}_{}{}^{})`$, respectively.

###### Proposition 4.10

Let $`\mathrm{\Phi }:A_1A_2`$ be a Lie algebroid isomorphism such that its adjoint homomorphism $`\mathrm{\Phi }^{}:A_2^{}A_1^{}`$ is also a Lie algebroid isomorphism. Then, if $`(A_1,A_1^{})`$ is a Lie bialgebroid, so is $`(A_2,A_2^{})`$.

Proof: Denote also by $`\mathrm{\Phi }:^kA_1^kA_2`$ the isomorphism between the vector bundles $`^kA_1M`$ and $`^kA_2M`$ induced by $`\mathrm{\Phi }:A_1A_2`$. If $`\mathrm{\Phi }:\mathrm{\Gamma }(^kA_1)\mathrm{\Gamma }(^kA_2)`$ is the corresponding isomorphism of $`C^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$-modules, we have that

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(P)(\psi _1,\mathrm{},\psi _k)=P(\mathrm{\Phi }^{}\psi _1,\mathrm{},\mathrm{\Phi }^{}\psi _k),$$

$$\mathrm{\Phi }(X_1\mathrm{}X_k)=\mathrm{\Phi }(X_1)\mathrm{}\mathrm{\Phi }(X_k),$$

for $`P\mathrm{\Gamma }(^kA_1),\psi _1,\mathrm{},\psi _k\mathrm{\Gamma }(A_2^{})`$ and $`X_1,\mathrm{},X_k\mathrm{\Gamma }(A_1)`$. Thus, using that $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ and $`\mathrm{\Phi }^{}`$ are Lie algebroid isomorphisms, it follows that

$$d_2{}_{}{}^{}(\mathrm{\Phi }(X_1))=\mathrm{\Phi }(d_1{}_{}{}^{}X_{1}^{}),\mathrm{\Phi }[[X_1,P_1]]_1=[[\mathrm{\Phi }(X_1),\mathrm{\Phi }(P_1)]]_2,$$
(4.23)
for $`X_1\mathrm{\Gamma }(A_1)`$ and $`P_1\mathrm{\Gamma }(^kA_1)`$, where $`d_1_{}`$ (resp. $`d_2_{}`$) is the differential of $`(A_1^{},[[,]]_1{}_{}{}^{},`$ $`\rho _1{}_{}{}^{})`$ (resp. $`(A_2^{},[[,]]_2{}_{}{}^{},\rho _2{}_{}{}^{})`$).

Now, if $`X_2,Y_2\mathrm{\Gamma }(A_2)`$ then there exist $`X_1,Y_1\mathrm{\Gamma }(A_1)`$ such that $`Y_i=\mathrm{\Phi }(X_i)`$, for $`i=1,2`$. Therefore, from (4.23) and since $`(A_1,A_1^{})`$ is a Lie bialgebroid, we obtain that

$$\begin{array}{ccc}d_2{}_{}{}^{}[[X_2,Y_2]]_{2}^{}& =& (d_2{}_{}{}^{}\mathrm{\Phi })[[X_1,Y_1]]_1=\mathrm{\Phi }([[X_1,d_1{}_{}{}^{}Y_{1}^{}]]_1[[Y_1,d_1{}_{}{}^{}X_{1}^{}]]_1)\hfill \\ & =& [[X_2,d_2{}_{}{}^{}Y_{2}^{}]]_2[[Y_2,d_2{}_{}{}^{}X_{2}^{}]]_2.\hfill \end{array}$$

Consequently, $`(A_2,A_2^{})`$ is a Lie bialgebroid.         $`QED`$

Next, assume that $`(M,\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ is a Jacobi manifold. Consider on $`A=TM\times \text{}`$ and on $`A^{}=T^{}M\times \text{}`$ the Lie algebroid structures $`(\text{[}\text{ , }\text{]},\pi )`$ and $`([[,]]_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)},\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\#}}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)})`$, respectively. Then, the pair $`((A,\varphi _0=(0,1)),(A^{},X_0=(E,0)))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebroid.

On the other hand, the map $`\mathrm{\Phi }:\stackrel{~}{A}=A\times \text{}T(M\times \text{})`$ defined by

$$\mathrm{\Phi }((v_{x_0},\lambda _0),t_0)=v_{x_0}+\lambda _0\frac{}{t}_{|t_0},$$

for $`x_0M`$, $`v_{x_0}T_{x_0}M`$ and $`\lambda _0,t_0\text{}`$, induces an isomorphism between the vector bundles $`A\times \text{}M\times \text{}`$ and $`T(M\times \text{})M\times \text{}`$. Thus, $`\stackrel{~}{A}=A\times \text{}`$ can be identified with $`T(M\times \text{})`$ and, under this identification, the Lie algebroid structure $`(\text{[}\text{ , }\text{]}\overline{}^{\varphi _0},\overline{\pi }^{\varphi _0})`$ is just the trivial Lie algebroid structure on $`T(M\times \text{})`$ (see (4.19)). Note that if $`(\stackrel{~}{X},\stackrel{~}{f})`$ is a time-dependent section of the vector bundle $`TM\times \text{}M`$ then $`\frac{(\stackrel{~}{X},\stackrel{~}{f})}{t}`$ is the time-dependent section given by $`([\frac{}{t},\stackrel{~}{X}],\frac{\stackrel{~}{f}}{t})`$.

Now, if $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha }`$ is a time-dependent 1-form on $`M`$, $`\stackrel{~}{X}`$ is a time-dependent vector field and $`(x_0,t_0)M\times \text{}`$ then, using the isomorphism $`T_{(x_0,t_0)}^{}(M\times \text{})T_{x_0}^{}MT_{t_0}^{}\text{}`$, it follows that

$$(\stackrel{~}{}_{\stackrel{~}{X}}\stackrel{~}{\alpha })_{(x_0,t_0)}=(_{\stackrel{~}{X}_{t_0}}\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{t_0})_{(x_0)}+\stackrel{~}{\alpha }_{(x_0,t_0)}\left(\frac{\stackrel{~}{X}}{t}_{|(x_0,t_0)}\right)dt_{|t_0},$$
(4.24)
where $`\stackrel{~}{}`$ (resp. $``$) is the Lie derivative on $`M\times \text{}`$ (resp. $`M`$).

Moreover, $`\stackrel{~}{}_\frac{}{t}\stackrel{~}{\alpha }`$ is a time-dependent 1-form on $`M`$ and if $`\stackrel{~}{f}C^{\mathrm{}}(M\times \text{},\text{})`$, then $`(\stackrel{~}{\alpha },\stackrel{~}{f})`$ is a time-dependent section of the vector bundle $`T^{}M\times \text{}M`$ and

$$\frac{(\stackrel{~}{\alpha },\stackrel{~}{f})}{t}=(\stackrel{~}{}_\frac{}{t}\stackrel{~}{\alpha },\frac{\stackrel{~}{f}}{t}).$$
(4.25)
A long computation, using (2.9), (2.11), (4.24) and (4.25), shows that

$$\begin{array}{ccc}[[(\stackrel{~}{\alpha },\stackrel{~}{f}),(\stackrel{~}{\beta },\stackrel{~}{g})]]_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}^{\widehat{}X_0}& =& [[\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(\stackrel{~}{\alpha }+\stackrel{~}{f}dt),\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(\stackrel{~}{\beta }+\stackrel{~}{g}dt)]]_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}^{\widehat{}X_0}=[[\stackrel{~}{\alpha }+\stackrel{~}{f}dt,\stackrel{~}{\beta }+\stackrel{~}{g}dt]]_{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}}\hfill \\ \widehat{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\#}}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}}^{X_0}(\stackrel{~}{\alpha },\stackrel{~}{f})& =& \widehat{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\#}}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}}^{X_0}(\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(\stackrel{~}{\alpha }+\stackrel{~}{f}dt))=\mathrm{\#}_{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}}(\stackrel{~}{\alpha }+\stackrel{~}{f}dt),\hfill \end{array}$$

for $`\stackrel{~}{\alpha },\stackrel{~}{\beta }`$ time-dependent 1-forms on $`M`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{f},\stackrel{~}{g}C^{\mathrm{}}(M\times \text{},\text{})`$, where $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$ is the Poissonization of the Jacobi structure $`(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ and $`\mathrm{\Phi }^{}:T^{}(M\times \text{})\stackrel{~}{A}^{}=A^{}\times \text{}`$ is the adjoint isomorphism of $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$.

Therefore, $`\stackrel{~}{A}^{}=A^{}\times \text{}`$ can be identified with $`T^{}(M\times \text{})`$ and, under this identification, the Lie algebroid structure $`([[,]]_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}^{\widehat{}X_0},\widehat{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\#}}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}}^{X_0})`$ is just the Lie algebroid structure $`([[,]]_{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}},\mathrm{\#}_{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}})`$ on $`T^{}(M\times \text{})`$.

Consequently, using Proposition 4.10, we deduce that, for this particular case, the pair $`(\stackrel{~}{A},\stackrel{~}{A}^{})`$ is a Lie bialgebroid, when we consider on $`\stackrel{~}{A}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{A}^{}`$ the Lie algebroid structures $`(\text{[}\text{ , }\text{]}\overline{}^{\varphi _0},\overline{\pi }^{\varphi _0})`$ and $`([[,]]_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}^{\widehat{}X_0},\widehat{\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\#}}_{(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)}}^{X_0})`$, respectively.

In this section, we generalize the above result for an arbitrary generalized Lie bialgebroid. In fact, we prove

###### Theorem 4.11

Let $`((A,\varphi _0),(A^{},X_0))`$ be a generalized Lie bialgebroid and $`(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ the induced Jacobi structure over $`M`$. Consider on $`\stackrel{~}{A}`$ (resp. $`\stackrel{~}{A}^{}`$) the Lie algebroid structure $`([[,]]\overline{}^{\varphi _0},\overline{\rho }^{\varphi _0})`$ (resp. $`([[,]]_{}\widehat{}^{X_0},\widehat{\rho _{}}^{X_0})`$). Then:

* The pair $`(\stackrel{~}{A},\stackrel{~}{A}^{})`$ is a Lie bialgebroid over $`M\times \text{}`$.
* If $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$ is the induced Poisson structure on $`M\times \text{}`$ then $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$ is the Poissonization of the Jacobi structure $`(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$.

Proof: i) Using (4.18) and (4.19), we obtain that

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\widehat{d_{}}^{X_0}[[\stackrel{~}{X},\stackrel{~}{Y}]]\overline{}^{\varphi _0}& =& e^t(d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}[[\stackrel{~}{X},\stackrel{~}{Y}]]+d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}(\varphi _0(\stackrel{~}{X})\frac{\stackrel{~}{Y}}{t})d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}(\varphi _0(\stackrel{~}{Y})\frac{\stackrel{~}{X}}{t})\hfill \\ & & +X_0\frac{}{t}[[\stackrel{~}{X},\stackrel{~}{Y}]]+X_0\frac{}{t}(\varphi _0(\stackrel{~}{X})\frac{\stackrel{~}{Y}}{t})X_0\frac{}{t}(\varphi _0(\stackrel{~}{Y})\frac{\stackrel{~}{X}}{t})).\hfill \end{array}$$

Moreover, applying (3.4), (4.13), (4.14) and (4.15), it follows that

$$\begin{array}{ccc}\widehat{d_{}}^{X_0}[[\stackrel{~}{X},\stackrel{~}{Y}]]\overline{}^{\varphi _0}& =& e^t(d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}[[\stackrel{~}{X},\stackrel{~}{Y}]]+X_0[[\frac{\stackrel{~}{X}}{t},\stackrel{~}{Y}]]+X_0[[\stackrel{~}{X},\frac{\stackrel{~}{Y}}{t}]]+\varphi _0(\stackrel{~}{X})\frac{}{t}(d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}\stackrel{~}{Y})\hfill \\ & & \varphi _0(\stackrel{~}{Y})\frac{}{t}(d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}\stackrel{~}{X})\varphi _0(\stackrel{~}{X})X_0\frac{\stackrel{~}{Y}}{t}+\varphi _0(\stackrel{~}{Y})X_0\frac{\stackrel{~}{X}}{t}\hfill \\ & & +\varphi _0(\stackrel{~}{X})X_0\frac{^2\stackrel{~}{Y}}{t^2}\varphi _0(\stackrel{~}{Y})X_0\frac{^2\stackrel{~}{X}}{t^2}+\frac{}{t}(\varphi _0(\stackrel{~}{X}))X_0\frac{\stackrel{~}{Y}}{t}\hfill \\ & & \frac{}{t}(\varphi _0(\stackrel{~}{Y}))X_0\frac{\stackrel{~}{X}}{t}+d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}(\varphi _0(\stackrel{~}{X}))\frac{\stackrel{~}{Y}}{t}d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}(\varphi _0(\stackrel{~}{Y}))\frac{\stackrel{~}{X}}{t}).\hfill \end{array}$$

On the other hand, from (4.3), (4.13), (4.18) and (4.22), we have

$$\begin{array}{ccc}[[\stackrel{~}{X},\widehat{d_{}}^{X_0}\stackrel{~}{Y}]]\overline{}^{\varphi _0}& =& e^t([[\stackrel{~}{X},d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}\stackrel{~}{Y}]]_{\varphi _0}+[[\stackrel{~}{X},X_0\frac{\stackrel{~}{Y}}{t}]]_{\varphi _0}+\varphi _0(\stackrel{~}{X})\frac{}{t}(d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}\stackrel{~}{Y})\hfill \\ & & +\varphi _0(\stackrel{~}{X})X_0\frac{^2\stackrel{~}{Y}}{t^2}\frac{\stackrel{~}{X}}{t}i_{\varphi _0}(d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}\stackrel{~}{Y})+\varphi _0(\frac{\stackrel{~}{Y}}{t})\frac{\stackrel{~}{X}}{t}X_0).\hfill \end{array}$$

Therefore, using (3.20) and (3.22) and the fact that $`\frac{}{t}(\varphi _0(\stackrel{~}{Z}))=\varphi _0(\frac{\stackrel{~}{Z}}{t})`$, for $`\stackrel{~}{Z}\mathrm{\Gamma }(\stackrel{~}{A})`$,

$$\begin{array}{ccc}[[\stackrel{~}{X},\widehat{d_{}}^{X_0}\stackrel{~}{Y}]]\overline{}^{\varphi _0}& =& e^t([[\stackrel{~}{X},d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}\stackrel{~}{Y}]]_{\varphi _0}+[[\stackrel{~}{X},X_0]]\frac{\stackrel{~}{Y}}{t}+X_0[[\stackrel{~}{X},\frac{\stackrel{~}{Y}}{t}]]\varphi _0(\stackrel{~}{X})X_0\frac{\stackrel{~}{Y}}{t}\hfill \\ & & +\varphi _0(\stackrel{~}{X})\frac{}{t}(d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}\stackrel{~}{Y})+\varphi _0(\stackrel{~}{X})X_0\frac{^2\stackrel{~}{Y}}{t^2}\frac{\stackrel{~}{X}}{t}i_{\varphi _0}(d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}\stackrel{~}{Y})\hfill \\ & & +\frac{}{t}(\varphi _0(\stackrel{~}{Y}))\frac{\stackrel{~}{X}}{t}X_0).\hfill \end{array}$$

Finally, from (4.1) and (4.4), we deduce that

$$\widehat{d_{}}^{X_0}[[\stackrel{~}{X},\stackrel{~}{Y}]]\overline{}^{\varphi _0}=[[\stackrel{~}{X},\widehat{d_{}}^{X_0}\stackrel{~}{Y}]]\overline{}^{\varphi _0}[[\stackrel{~}{Y},\widehat{d_{}}^{X_0}\stackrel{~}{X}]]\overline{}^{\varphi _0}.$$

ii) Using (4.3), (4.17), (4.20) and Theorem 4.6, we obtain that the induced Poisson structure $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$ on $`M\times \text{}`$ is given by

$$\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}(\delta \stackrel{~}{f},\delta \stackrel{~}{g})=\widehat{d_{}}^{X_0}\stackrel{~}{f}\overline{d}^{\varphi _0}\stackrel{~}{g}=e^t\left(d\stackrel{~}{g}d_{}\stackrel{~}{f}+\frac{\stackrel{~}{f}}{t}\rho (X_0)(\stackrel{~}{g})\frac{\stackrel{~}{g}}{t}\rho (X_0)(\stackrel{~}{f})\right),$$

for $`\stackrel{~}{f},\stackrel{~}{g}C^{\mathrm{}}(M\times \text{},\text{})`$.

On the other hand, using (4.11) and (4.12), we prove that

$$e^t\left(\mathrm{\Lambda }+\frac{}{t}E\right)(\stackrel{~}{f},\stackrel{~}{g})=e^t\left(d\stackrel{~}{g}d_{}\stackrel{~}{f}+\frac{\stackrel{~}{f}}{t}\rho (X_0)(\stackrel{~}{g})\frac{\stackrel{~}{g}}{t}\rho (X_0)(\stackrel{~}{f})\right),$$

for $`\stackrel{~}{f},\stackrel{~}{g}C^{\mathrm{}}(M\times \text{},\text{})`$. Therefore, $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Lambda }}`$ is the Poissonization of $`(\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$.         $`QED`$

Now, we discuss a converse of Theorem 4.11.

###### Theorem 4.12

Let $`(A,[[,]],\rho )`$ be a Lie algebroid and $`\varphi _0\mathrm{\Gamma }(A^{})`$ a 1-cocycle. Suppose that $`([[,]]_{},\rho _{})`$ is a Lie algebroid structure on $`A^{}`$ and that $`X_0\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$ is a 1-cocycle. Consider on $`\stackrel{~}{A}=A\times \text{}`$ (resp. $`\stackrel{~}{A}^{}=A^{}\times \text{}`$) the Lie algebroid structure $`([[,]]\overline{}^{\varphi _0},\overline{\rho }^{\varphi _0})`$ (resp. $`([[,]]_{}\widehat{}^{X_0},\widehat{\rho _{}}^{X_0})`$). If $`(\stackrel{~}{A},\stackrel{~}{A}^{})`$ is a Lie bialgebroid then the pair $`((A,\varphi _0),(A^{},X_0))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebroid.

Proof: Let $`\{,\}\stackrel{~}{}`$ be the induced Poisson bracket on $`M\times \text{}`$. Then, from (4.17), (4.20) and Theorem 4.6, it follows that

$$\{\stackrel{~}{f},\stackrel{~}{g}\}\stackrel{~}{}=e^t\left(d\stackrel{~}{g}d_{}\stackrel{~}{f}+\frac{\stackrel{~}{f}}{t}\rho (X_0)(\stackrel{~}{g})+\frac{\stackrel{~}{g}}{t}\rho _{}(\varphi _0)(\stackrel{~}{f})+\frac{\stackrel{~}{g}}{t}\frac{\stackrel{~}{f}}{t}\varphi _0(X_0)\right),$$

for $`\stackrel{~}{f},\stackrel{~}{g}C^{\mathrm{}}(M\times \text{},\text{})`$. Since $`\{,\}\stackrel{~}{}`$ is skew-symmetric, we have that $`\{t,t\}\stackrel{~}{}=0`$ which implies that $`\varphi _0(X_0)=0`$. As a consequence,

$$\{\stackrel{~}{f},\stackrel{~}{g}\}\stackrel{~}{}=e^t\left(d\stackrel{~}{g}d_{}\stackrel{~}{f}+\frac{\stackrel{~}{f}}{t}\rho (X_0)(\stackrel{~}{g})+\frac{\stackrel{~}{g}}{t}\rho _{}(\varphi _0)(\stackrel{~}{f})\right).$$

In particular, if $`fC^{\mathrm{}}(M,\text{})`$ then, using that $`\{f,t\}\stackrel{~}{}=\{t,f\}\stackrel{~}{}`$, we conclude that $`\rho (X_0)=\rho _{}(\varphi _0)`$.

Now, if $`X,Y\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$, from (4.18), (4.19) and (4.22), we obtain that

$$\widehat{d_{}}^{X_0}[[X,Y]]\overline{}^{\varphi _0}=e^td_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}[[X,Y]],$$

$$\begin{array}{ccc}[[X,\widehat{d_{}}^{X_0}Y]]\overline{}^{\varphi _0}[[Y,\widehat{d_{}}^{X_0}X]]\overline{}^{\varphi _0}& =& \overline{\rho }^{\varphi _0}(X)(e^t)d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}Y+e^t[[X,d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}Y]]\overline{}^{\varphi _0}\hfill \\ & & \overline{\rho }^{\varphi _0}(Y)(e^t)d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}Xe^t[[Y,d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}X]]\overline{}^{\varphi _0}\hfill \\ & =& e^t\left([[X,d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}Y]]_{\varphi _0}[[Y,d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}X]]_{\varphi _0}\right).\hfill \end{array}$$

Thus, since $`\widehat{d_{}}^{X_0}[[X,Y]]\overline{}^{\varphi _0}=[[X,\widehat{d_{}}^{X_0}Y]]\overline{}^{\varphi _0}[[Y,\widehat{d_{}}^{X_0}X]]\overline{}^{\varphi _0}`$, we deduce (4.1).

Finally, if $`X\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$ then, using the computations in the proof of Theorem 4.11 and the fact that

$$\widehat{d_{}}^{X_0}[[X,e^tY]]\overline{}^{\varphi _0}=[[X,\widehat{d_{}}^{X_0}(e^tY)]]\overline{}^{\varphi _0}[[e^tY,\widehat{d_{}}^{X_0}X]]\overline{}^{\varphi _0},$$

for all $`Y\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$, we prove that $`([[X_0,X]]+(_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{})_{\varphi _0}X)Y=0`$. But this implies that

$$[[X_0,X]]+(_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{})_{\varphi _0}X=0.$$

$`QED`$

In  it was proved that if the pair $`(A,A^{})`$ is a Lie bialgebroid then the pair $`(A^{},A)`$ is also a Lie bialgebroid. Using this fact, Propositions 4.7 and 4.10 and Theorems 4.11 and 4.12, we conclude that a similar result holds for generalized Lie bialgebroids.

###### Theorem 4.13

If $`((A,\varphi _0),(A^{},X_0))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebroid, so is $`((A^{},X_0),`$ $`(A,\varphi _0))`$.

## 5 Triangular generalized Lie bialgebroids

Let $`(A,[[,]],\rho )`$ be a Lie algebroid over $`M`$ and $`\varphi _0\mathrm{\Gamma }(A^{})`$ a 1-cocycle. Moreover, let $`P\mathrm{\Gamma }(^2A)`$ be a bisection satisfying

$$[[P,P]]_{\varphi _0}=0.$$

We shall discuss what happens on the dual bundle $`A^{}M`$. Remark 3.3 i) and Remark 3.4 i) suggest us to introduce the bracket $`[[,]]_P`$ on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(A^{})`$ defined by

$$\begin{array}{ccc}[[\varphi ,\psi ]]_P& =& (_{\varphi _0})_{\mathrm{\#}_P(\varphi )}\psi (_{\varphi _0})_{\mathrm{\#}_P(\psi )}\varphi d_{\varphi _0}(P(\varphi ,\psi ))\hfill \\ & =& i_{\mathrm{\#}_P(\varphi )}d_{\varphi _0}\psi i_{\mathrm{\#}_P(\psi )}d_{\varphi _0}\varphi +d_{\varphi _0}(P(\varphi ,\psi )),\hfill \end{array}$$
(5.1)
for $`\varphi ,\psi \mathrm{\Gamma }(A^{})`$.

###### Theorem 5.1

Let $`(A,[[,]],\rho )`$ a Lie algebroid over $`M`$, $`\varphi _0\mathrm{\Gamma }(A^{})`$ a 1-cocycle and $`P\mathrm{\Gamma }(^2A)`$ a bisection of $`AM`$ satisfying $`[[P,P]]_{\varphi _0}=0`$. Then:

* The dual bundle $`A^{}M`$ together with the bracket defined in (5.1) and the bundle map $`\rho _P=\rho \mathrm{\#}_P:A^{}TM`$ is a Lie algebroid.
* $`X_0=\mathrm{\#}_P(\varphi _0)\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$ is a 1-cocycle.
* The pair $`((A,\varphi _0),(A^{},X_0))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebroid.

Proof: If we consider the Lie algebroid structure $`([[,]]\overline{}^{\varphi _0},\overline{\rho }^{\varphi _0})`$ on $`\stackrel{~}{A}=A\times \text{}M\times \text{}`$ and the bisection $`\stackrel{~}{P}=e^tP\mathrm{\Gamma }(^2\stackrel{~}{A})`$ then, from (4.19), (4.20) and Theorem 3.5, it follows that $`[[\stackrel{~}{P},\stackrel{~}{P}]]\overline{}^{\varphi _0}=0.`$ Thus, using the results of Mackenzie and Xu , we deduce that the vector bundle $`\stackrel{~}{A}^{}M\times \text{}`$ admits a Lie algebroid structure $`([[,]]\stackrel{~}{},\stackrel{~}{\rho })`$, where $`\stackrel{~}{\rho }:\stackrel{~}{A}^{}T(M\times \text{})`$ is the bundle map given by $`\stackrel{~}{\rho }=\overline{\rho }^{\varphi _0}\mathrm{\#}_{\stackrel{~}{P}}`$ and $`[[,]]\stackrel{~}{}`$ is the bracket on $`\mathrm{\Gamma }(\stackrel{~}{A}^{})`$ defined by

$$[[\stackrel{~}{\varphi },\stackrel{~}{\psi }]]\stackrel{~}{}=i_{\mathrm{\#}_{\stackrel{~}{P}}(\stackrel{~}{\varphi })}\overline{d}^{\varphi _0}\stackrel{~}{\psi }i_{\mathrm{\#}_{\stackrel{~}{P}}(\stackrel{~}{\psi })}\overline{d}^{\varphi _0}\stackrel{~}{\varphi }+\overline{d}^{\varphi _0}(\stackrel{~}{P}(\stackrel{~}{\varphi },\stackrel{~}{\psi })),$$

for $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi },\stackrel{~}{\psi }\mathrm{\Gamma }(\stackrel{~}{A}^{})`$.

Now, we will prove that

$$[[\stackrel{~}{\varphi },\stackrel{~}{\psi }]]_P^{\widehat{}X_0}=e^t\left([[\stackrel{~}{\varphi },\stackrel{~}{\psi }]]_P+\stackrel{~}{\varphi }(X_0)(\frac{\stackrel{~}{\psi }}{t}\stackrel{~}{\psi })\stackrel{~}{\psi }(X_0)(\frac{\stackrel{~}{\varphi }}{t}\stackrel{~}{\varphi })\right)=[[\stackrel{~}{\varphi },\stackrel{~}{\psi }]]\stackrel{~}{}.$$
(5.2)
From (3.2), (5.1) and the definition of $`X_0`$, we have that

$$\begin{array}{ccc}[[\stackrel{~}{\varphi },\stackrel{~}{\psi }]]_P^{\widehat{}X_0}& =& e^t(i_{\mathrm{\#}_P(\stackrel{~}{\varphi })}d\stackrel{~}{\psi }i_{\mathrm{\#}_P(\stackrel{~}{\psi })}d\stackrel{~}{\varphi }+d(P(\stackrel{~}{\varphi },\stackrel{~}{\psi }))+P(\stackrel{~}{\psi },\stackrel{~}{\varphi })\varphi _0\hfill \\ & & +(i_{\mathrm{\#}_P(\stackrel{~}{\varphi })}\varphi _0)\frac{\stackrel{~}{\psi }}{t}(i_{\mathrm{\#}_P(\stackrel{~}{\psi })}\varphi _0)\frac{\stackrel{~}{\varphi }}{t}).\hfill \end{array}$$

Using the fact that

$$\frac{}{t}(P(\stackrel{~}{\varphi },\stackrel{~}{\psi }))=P(\frac{\stackrel{~}{\varphi }}{t},\stackrel{~}{\psi })+P(\stackrel{~}{\varphi },\frac{\stackrel{~}{\psi }}{t})=i_{\mathrm{\#}_P(\stackrel{~}{\varphi })}\frac{\stackrel{~}{\psi }}{t}i_{\mathrm{\#}_P(\stackrel{~}{\psi })}\frac{\stackrel{~}{\varphi }}{t},$$

we obtain that,

$$\begin{array}{ccc}[[\stackrel{~}{\varphi },\stackrel{~}{\psi }]]_P^{\widehat{}X_0}& =& e^t(i_{\mathrm{\#}_P(\stackrel{~}{\varphi })}(d\stackrel{~}{\psi }+\varphi _0\frac{\stackrel{~}{\psi }}{t})i_{\mathrm{\#}_P(\stackrel{~}{\psi })}(d\stackrel{~}{\varphi }+\stackrel{~}{\varphi }_0\frac{\stackrel{~}{\varphi }}{t})+d(P(\stackrel{~}{\varphi },\stackrel{~}{\psi }))\hfill \\ & & (P(\stackrel{~}{\varphi },\stackrel{~}{\psi }))\varphi _0+\frac{}{t}(P(\stackrel{~}{\varphi },\stackrel{~}{\psi }))\varphi _0).\hfill \end{array}$$

Thus, from (4.20) and (4.21), we deduce (5.2).

On the other hand, using (4.16) and (4.19), it follows that

$$\stackrel{~}{\rho }(\stackrel{~}{\varphi })=e^t\left(\rho _P(\stackrel{~}{\varphi })+X_0(\stackrel{~}{\varphi })\frac{}{t}\right)=\widehat{\rho _P}^{X_0}(\stackrel{~}{\varphi }),$$

for $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }\mathrm{\Gamma }(\stackrel{~}{A}^{})`$. Therefore, from Proposition 4.9, we prove i) and ii).

Now, if we consider on $`\stackrel{~}{A}`$ (resp. $`\stackrel{~}{A}^{}`$) the Lie algebroid structure $`([[,]]\overline{}^{\varphi _0},\overline{\rho }^{\varphi _0})`$ (resp. $`([[,]]_P^{\widehat{}X_0},`$ $`\widehat{\rho _P}^{X_0})`$) then the pair $`(\stackrel{~}{A},\stackrel{~}{A}^{})`$ is a Lie bialgebroid (see ). Consequently, using Theorem 4.12, we conclude that $`((A,\varphi _0),(A^{},X_0))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebroid.         $`QED`$

Let $`(A,[[,]],\rho )`$ be a Lie algebroid and $`\varphi _0\mathrm{\Gamma }(A^{})`$ a 1-cocycle. Suppose that $`([[,]]_{},\rho _{})`$ is a Lie algebroid structure on $`A^{}`$ and that $`X_0\mathrm{\Gamma }(A)`$ is a 1-cocycle. Moreover, assume that $`((A,\varphi _0),(A^{},X_0))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebroid. Then, the pair $`((A,\varphi _0),(A^{},X_0))`$ is said to be a triangular generalized Lie bialgebroid if there exists $`P\mathrm{\Gamma }(^2A)`$ such that $`[[P,P]]_{\varphi _0}=0`$ and

$$[[,]]_{}=[[,]]_P,\rho _{}=\rho __P,X_0=\mathrm{\#}_P(\varphi _0).$$

Note that a triangular generalized Lie bialgebroid $`((A,\varphi _0),(A^{},X_0))`$ such that $`\varphi _0=0`$ is just a triangular Lie bialgebroid (see ). On the other hand, if $`(M,\mathrm{\Lambda },E)`$ is a Jacobi manifold then, using Remarks 3.3 and 3.4, we deduce that the pair $`((TM\times \text{},(0,1)),(T^{}M\times \text{},`$ $`(E,0)))`$ is a triangular generalized Lie bialgebroid.

## 6 Generalized Lie bialgebras

In this Section, we will study generalized Lie bialgebroids over a point.

###### Definition 6.1

A generalized Lie bialgebra is a generalized Lie bialgebroid over a point, that is, a pair $`((g,\varphi _0),(g^{},X_0))`$, where $`(g,[,])`$ is a real Lie algebra of finite dimension such that the dual space $`g^{}`$ is also a Lie algebra with Lie bracket $`[,]_{}`$, $`X_0g`$ and $`\varphi _0g^{}`$ are 1-cocycles on $`g^{}`$ and $`g`$, respectively, and

$$d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}[X,Y]=[X,d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}Y]_{\varphi _0}[Y,d_{}{}_{X_0}{}^{}X]_{\varphi _0},$$
(6.1)
$$\varphi _0(X_0)=0,$$
(6.2)
$$i_{\varphi _0}(d_{}X)+[X_0,X]=0,$$
(6.3)
for all $`X,Yg`$, $`d_{}`$ being the differential on $`(g^{},[,]_{})`$.

###### Remark 6.2

In the particular case when $`\varphi _0=0`$ and $`X_0=0`$, we recover the concept of a Lie bialgebra, that is, a dual pair $`(g,g^{})`$ of Lie algebras such that

$$d_{}[X,Y]=[X,d_{}Y][Y,d_{}X],$$

for $`X,Yg`$ (see ).

Next, we give different methods to obtain generalized Lie bialgebras.

###### Proposition 6.3

Let $`(h,[,]_h)`$ be a Lie algebra, $`r^2h`$ and $`\overline{X}_0h`$ such that

$$[r,r]_h2\overline{X}_0r=0,[\overline{X}_0,r]_h=0.$$
(6.4)
Then, if $`g=h\times \text{}`$, the pair $`((g,(0,1)),(g^{},(\overline{X}_0,0)))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebra.

Proof: Consider on $`g`$ the Lie bracket $`[,]`$ given by

$$[(X,\lambda ),(Y,\mu )]=([X,Y]_h,0),$$
(6.5)
for $`(X,\lambda ),(Y,\mu )g`$. One easily follows that $`\varphi _0=(0,1)h^{}\times \text{}g^{}`$ is a 1-cocycle. On the other hand, the space $`^2g=^2(h\times \text{})`$ can be identified with the product $`^2h\times h`$ (see Section 2.2) and, using (2.4), (6.4), (6.5) and Theorem 3.5, we have that $`P=(r,\overline{X}_0)^2h\times h^2g`$ satisfies

$$[P,P]_{\varphi _0}=0.$$

Therefore, from Theorem 5.1, we deduce that there exists a Lie bracket on $`g^{}`$ and the pair $`((g,(0,1)),(g^{},\mathrm{\#}_P(0,1))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebra. Moreover, we have that $`\mathrm{\#}_P(0,1)=(\overline{X}_0,0)`$ (see (2.4) and (2.8)).         $`QED`$

###### Remark 6.4

* Note that this method of finding generalized Lie bialgebras is related to find algebraic Jacobi structures.
* Using (2.3), (2.4) and (5.1), it follows that the Lie bracket $`[,]_{}`$ on $`g^{}`$ is given by

$$\begin{array}{ccc}[(\alpha ,\lambda ),(\beta ,\mu )]_{}& =& (coad_{\mathrm{\#}_r(\alpha )}\beta coad_{\mathrm{\#}_r(\beta )}\alpha i_{\overline{X}_0}(\alpha \beta )\hfill \\ & & \mu coad_{\overline{X}_0}\alpha +\lambda coad_{\overline{X}_0}\beta ,r(\alpha ,\beta )),\hfill \end{array}$$
(6.6)
for $`(\alpha ,\lambda ),(\beta ,\mu )g^{}`$, where $`coad:h\times h^{}h^{}`$ is the coadjoint representation of $`h`$ over $`h^{}`$ defined by $`(coad_X\alpha )(Y)=\alpha [X,Y]`$, for $`X,Yh`$ and $`\alpha h^{}`$.

###### Corollary 6.5

Let $`(h,[,]_h)`$ be a Lie algebra and $`𝒵(h)`$ the center of $`h`$. If $`r^2h`$, $`\overline{X}_0𝒵(h)`$ and

$$[r,r]_h2\overline{X}_0r=0,$$

then the pair $`((h,0),(h^{},\overline{X}_0))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebra.

Proof: Using Proposition 6.3, we have that $`((g=h\times \text{},(0,1)),(g^{}=h^{}\times \text{},(\overline{X}_0,0)))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebra. Furthermore, from (6.6) and since $`\overline{X}_0𝒵(h)`$, we deduce that the Lie bracket on $`g^{}`$ is given by

$$[(\alpha ,\lambda ),(\beta ,\mu )]_{}=(coad_{\mathrm{\#}_r(\alpha )}\beta coad_{\mathrm{\#}_r(\beta )}\alpha i_{\overline{X}_0}(\alpha \beta ),r(\alpha ,\beta )),$$
(6.7)
for $`(\alpha ,\lambda ),(\beta ,\mu )g^{}`$. Then $`h`$ and $`h^{}`$ are Lie algebras, where the Lie bracket on $`h^{}`$ is defined by

$$[\alpha ,\beta ]_h^{}=coad_{\mathrm{\#}_r(\alpha )}\beta coad_{\mathrm{\#}_r(\beta )}\alpha i_{\overline{X}_0}(\alpha \beta ),$$
(6.8)
for $`\alpha ,\beta h^{}`$. Moreover, using (6.5), (6.7), (6.8) and the fact that $`((g,(0,1)),(g^{},(\overline{X}_0,0)))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebra, we conclude that $`((h,0),(h^{},\overline{X}_0))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebra.         $`QED`$

###### Remark 6.6

From (6.8) and Corollary 6.5, we deduce a well-known result (see ): if $`(h,[,]_h)`$ is a Lie algebra, $`r^2h`$ is a solution of the classical Yang-Baxter equation (that is, $`[r,r]_h=0`$) and on $`h^{}`$ we consider the bracket defined by

$$[\alpha ,\beta ]_h^{}=coad_{\mathrm{\#}_r(\alpha )}\beta coad_{\mathrm{\#}_r(\beta )}\alpha ,\text{ for }\alpha ,\beta h^{},$$

then the pair $`(h,h^{})`$ is a Lie bialgebra.

###### Examples 6.7

* Let $`(h,[,]_h)`$ be the Lie algebra of the Heisenberg group $`H(1,1)`$. Then, $`h=<\{e_1,e_2,e_3\}>`$ and

$$[e_1,e_2]_h=e_3,e_3𝒵(h).$$

If we take $`r=e_1e_2`$ and $`\overline{X}_0=e_3`$, we have that $`[r,r]_h2\overline{X}_0r=0`$ and thus, using Corollary 6.5, we conclude that $`((h,0),(h^{},e_3))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebra. Note that $`r`$ and $`\overline{X}_0`$ induce the canonical left-invariant contact structure of $`H(1,1)`$.
* Denote by $`h=su(2)=\{Agl(2,\text{})/\overline{A}^T=A,traceA=0\}`$ the Lie algebra of the special unitary group $`SU(2)`$ and by $`\sigma _1,\sigma _2`$ and $`\sigma _3`$ the Pauli matrices

$$\sigma _1=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& 1\\ 1& 0\end{array}\right)\sigma _2=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& i\\ i& 0\end{array}\right)\sigma _3=\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 0\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right).$$

Then, the matrices $`\{e_1=\frac{i}{2}\sigma _1,e_2=\frac{i}{2}\sigma _2,e_3=\frac{i}{2}\sigma _3\}`$ form a basis of $`h=su(2)`$ and if $`[,]_h`$ is the Lie bracket on $`h`$, we have that

$$[e_1,e_2]_h=e_3,[e_1,e_3]_h=e_2,[e_2,e_3]_h=e_1.$$

Since $`r=e_1e_2`$ and $`\overline{X}_0=e_3`$ satisfy the equations (6.4), $`((su(2)\times \text{},(0,1)),(su(2)^{}\times \text{},(\overline{X}_0,0)))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebra. Note that if $`[,]`$ is the Lie bracket on $`su(2)\times \text{}`$ then, from (6.5), it follows that $`(su(2)\times \text{},[,])`$ is just the Lie algebra of the unitary group $`U(2)`$. Moreover, $`r`$ and $`\overline{X}_0`$ induce a left-invariant contact structure on $`SU(2)`$.
* Let $`Gl(2,\text{})`$ be the general linear group and $`h=gl(2,\text{})`$ its Lie algebra. A basis of $`h`$ is given by the following matrices

$$e_1=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& 1\\ 0& 0\end{array}\right)e_2=\left(\begin{array}{cc}0& 0\\ 1& 0\end{array}\right)e_3=\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 0\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right)e_4=\left(\begin{array}{cc}1& 0\\ 0& 1\end{array}\right).$$

If $`[,]_h`$ is the Lie bracket on $`h`$, we have that

$$[e_1,e_2]_h=e_3,[e_1,e_3]_h=2e_1,[e_2,e_3]_h=2e_2,e_4𝒵(h).$$

Therefore, if $`r=e_1e_3+(e_1\frac{1}{2}e_3)e_4`$ and $`\overline{X}_0=e_4`$, we deduce that

$$[r,r]_h2\overline{X}_0r=0.$$

Consequently, $`((h,0),(h^{},\overline{X}_0))`$ is a generalized Lie bialgebra (see Corollary 6.5).

Acknowledgments. Research partially supported by DGICYT grant PB97-1487 (Spain). D. Iglesias wishes to thank Spanish Ministerio de Educación y Cultura for a FPU grant.