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# 1 Introduction

## 1 Introduction

Vertex operator algebras are a family of new “algebras,” which arose in mathematics in the 80’s. Affine Lie algebras are attached in a certain way to the family of vertex operator algebras. More specifically, for an affine Lie algebra $`\widehat{g}`$ with a fixed level $`\mathrm{}`$, a certain generalized Verma module $`M(\mathrm{},0)`$ has a canonical vertex operator algebra structure and the category of $`M(\mathrm{},0)`$-modules is canonically isomorphic to the category of suitably restricted $`\widehat{g}`$-modules of level $`\mathrm{}`$ (see for example \[DL2\], \[FF\], \[FZ\], \[Li2\], \[MP2\]). In the study of the representation theory for affine Lie algebras, $`Z`$-algebras, introduced in \[LW4-7\] and \[LP1-3\], have played an important role (see for example \[LW4-7\], \[LP1-3\], \[C\], \[Hu\], \[Ma\], \[Mi1-4\], \[MP1-2\] and \[P\]). In fact, the construction of modules and the understanding of the new algebraic structures underlying the construction using $`Z`$-algebras amounts to the vertex-operator-theoretic interpretation of generalized Rogers-Ramanujan partition identities \[LW4-7\]. To place the untwisted $`Z`$-algebras \[LP1-3\] into an elegant axiomatic context, and in particular, to embed such algebras into larger, more natural algebras, Dong and Lepowsky in \[DL2\] introduced “relative (untwisted) vertex operators” and “quotient relative vertex operators” and studied the algebraic structure of such vertex operators. This study led in \[DL2\] to three levels of generalization of the concept of vertex operator algebra (and module). One of these notions — that of “generalized vertex operator algebra” — enabled Dong and Lepowsky to clarify the essential equivalence between the $`Z`$-algebras of \[LP1-2\] and the parafermion algebra of \[ZF1\], among other things, providing a precise mathematical foundation for “parafermion conformal field theory”. In this sense, $`Z`$-algebras or parafermion algebras are attached to the family of generalized vertex operator algebras. Algebraic structures similar to generalized vertex operator algebras, and to generalized vertex algebras have been independently introduced and studied in \[FFR\], with certain different motivations and examples (involving spinor constructions), and also in \[Mo\].

The theory of relative (untwisted) vertex operators in \[DL2\] was built on a space $`V_L`$ associated to a rational lattice $`L`$. For a certain abelian subgroup $`A`$ of a central extension of $`L`$, the space $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{V_L}^A`$ and quotient relative vertex operators on $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{V_L}^A`$ were explicitly constructed. Note that on the one hand, when $`A=0`$, $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{V_L}^A`$ specializes to $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{V_L}`$, the vacuum space of a Heisenberg algebra in $`V_L`$, and on the other hand, $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{V_L}^A`$ is a quotient space of $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{V_L}`$. Among the results in \[DL2\], it was proved that $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{V_L}^A`$ is a generalized vertex algebra for an even lattice $`L`$. Furthermore, for a simple Lie algebra $`g`$ of type $`A,D,E`$ and for a positive integer level $`\mathrm{}`$, by using the technique embedding the higher-level standard modules into tensor products of level-one standard modules, it was proved that for a certain $`A`$, $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{L(\mathrm{},0)}^A`$ defined similarly is a generalized vertex operator algebra and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{L(\mathrm{},\lambda )}^A`$ is an irreducible $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{L(\mathrm{},0)}^A`$-module for any standard $`\widehat{g}`$-module $`L(\mathrm{},\lambda )`$ of level $`\mathrm{}`$.

In \[GL\], as an application of a general result on generalized vertex algebras generated by parafermion-like vertex operators, it was proved that the vacuum space $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{L(\mathrm{},0)}`$ of the homogeneous Heisenberg algebra of $`\widehat{g}`$ has a canonical generalized vertex algebra structure for any nonzero level $`\mathrm{}`$ (not just positive integer levels).

As discussed in \[DL2\], the construction of the Virasoro algebra of generalized vertex operator algebras $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{L(\mathrm{},0)}^A`$ is a special case of “coset construction” \[GKO1-2\] (cf. \[FZ\]). Coset constructions and dual pairs for a general pair of vertex operator algebras have been studied in \[DM\] and a beautiful duality of Schur-Weyl type was obtained. The study of \[DM\] is in the context of vertex operator algebras and modules, i.e., the vacuum space was studied as a module for the commutant vertex operator subalgebra of the Heisenberg algebra.

In this paper, we revisit the abelian coset theory from a different point of view with a different approach and our naive purpose is to give a solution to the following problems that naturally arise from \[DL2\]:

a) Explicitly construct the generalized vertex algebra $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{L(\mathrm{},0)}`$ for any nonzero level $`\mathrm{}`$ by using the vertex operator algebra structure on $`L(\mathrm{},0)`$.

b) Classify all irreducible $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{L(\mathrm{},0)}^A`$-modules for a positive integer level $`\mathrm{}`$.

c) Prove the conjecture that for a positive integer level $`\mathrm{}`$, every $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{L(\mathrm{},0)}^A`$-module is completely reducible. (It was known (cf. \[FZ\], \[Li2\]) that the category of $`L(\mathrm{},0)`$-modules is semisimple.)

d) Prove the conjecture that $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{L(\mathrm{},0)}^A`$ is the vacuum space of a vertex operator subalgebra in $`L(\mathrm{},0)`$. (Note that $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{L(\mathrm{},0)}`$ by definition is the vacuum space of the vertex operator subalgebra generated by the Heisenberg algebra.)

These are rather basic and natural questions in vertex operator algebra theory and a solution to these questions, in particular, b) and c), is also important in the study of abelian coset conformal field theory. In this paper, not only do we completely solve all the four problems, but this is done with great generality with a general vertex operator algebra $`V`$ in place of $`V_L`$ and $`L(\mathrm{},0)`$ also. Consequently, this provides a mathematical foundation for general abelian coset conformal field theory.

Now, we explain our main results. Let $`V`$ be a vertex operator algebra with a subspace $`𝐡`$ of $`V_{(1)}`$ such that components $`h(m)`$ of $`Y(h,z)`$ for $`h𝐡`$ satisfy the Heisenberg algebra relation with a level $`\mathrm{}`$ and such that $`h(0)`$ acts semisimply on $`V`$. Let $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$ be the vacuum space of the Heisenberg algebra $`\widehat{𝐡}`$ in $`V`$. We define a vertex operator map $`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }`$ on $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$ by using the construction of $`Z`$-operators (\[LW4-7\], \[LP1-3\]) and we prove that $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$ equipped with $`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }`$ is a generalized vertex algebra in the sense of \[DL2\]. We also prove that for any $`V`$-module $`W`$, $`\mathrm{\Omega }_W`$ is a natural $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-module. We define a notion of $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-$`𝐡`$-module, analogous to a notion in \[LW4\] and \[LP2\], and then we prove that the category of weak $`V`$-modules of a certain type is naturally equivalent to the category of $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-$`𝐡`$-modules. As the first step in classifying irreducible $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-modules, we prove that for two irreducible $`V`$-modules $`W_1,W_2`$, $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{W_1}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{W_2}`$ are isomorphic $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-modules if and only if $`W_2`$ is isomorphic to $`W_1^{(\alpha )}`$ for some $`\alpha 𝐡`$, where $`W_1^{(\alpha )}`$ is a $`V`$-module constructed in \[Li3\] (see also \[Li4-6\]) as a deformation of $`W_1`$. When $`\mathrm{}`$ is irrational, it is proved that the generalized vertex algebra $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$ is simple and all irreducible $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-modules are classified as those $`\mathrm{\Omega }_W`$ with $`W`$ being irreducible $`V`$-modules.

In general, generalized vertex algebra $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$ may have nontrivial ideals. To explicitly construct quotient algebras, motivated by our previously mentioned results on $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$ and by \[DL2\] we study the automorphism group $`\mathrm{Aut}_{\mathrm{\Omega }_V}\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$ of the adjoint $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-module. Assuming that $`V`$ is simple, we show that the group $`\mathrm{Aut}_{\mathrm{\Omega }_V}\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$ is a central extension of a subgroup $`K`$ in $`𝐡`$ by $`𝐂^\times `$, where $`K`$ consists of those $`\alpha 𝐡`$ such that $`V^{(\alpha )}V`$ as a $`V`$-module. We then construct quotient generalized vertex algebras $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^A`$ of $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$ for certain central subgroups $`A`$ of $`\mathrm{Aut}_{\mathrm{\Omega }_V}\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$. We also construct certain functors between the categories of $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-$`𝐡`$-modules and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^A`$-modules (with a certain grading group) are constructed. With these functors, all irreducible $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^A`$-modules are classified. Furthermore, if the category of $`V`$-modules is semisimple, we show that the category of $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^A`$-modules is semisimple. As the last result of our study on the general case, we identify $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^A`$ as the vacuum space of a lattice vertex operator subalgebra of $`V`$. In the last section, we apply our results for $`V=L(\mathrm{},0)`$. In particular, we recover the corresponding results of \[DL2\].

General abelian coset theory has been also studied in physics such as in \[Br1-3\] and \[Gep\]. As usual, physics papers on abelian coset theory, or parafermion algebras focused on the conformal-field-theoretic structure, including the role of the Virasoro algebra. On the other hand, the present paper like \[DL1-3\], \[LW4-7\] and \[LP1-3\] focuses on the vertex-operator-algebraic structure.

A natural continuation of the present study is to study the twisted case as a counterpart of \[DL3\]. This will be done in a future publication.

This paper is organized as follows: Section 2 is preliminary; We recall certain basic definitions and results from \[DL2\]. In Section 3, we prove that the vacuum space $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$ is a generalized vertex algebra with $`\mathrm{\Omega }_W`$ as a module for any $`V`$-module $`W`$. In Section 4, we determine the group $`\mathrm{Aut}_{\mathrm{\Omega }_V}\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$. In Section 5, we study quotient generalized vertex algebras $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^A`$ and classify their irreducible modules. In Section 6, as an application we study $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{L(\mathrm{},0)}^A`$ and its modules.

## 2 Definitions of generalized vertex algebra and module

This section is preliminary. In this section, we recall from \[DL2\] the notions of generalized vertex (operator) algebra and module, and for our need we define and discuss the notions of submodule, homomorphism and ideal.

First, we briefly review some formal variable notations. Throughout this paper, $`z,z_0,z_1,z_2`$ and $`x,y`$ will be mutually commuting (independent) formal variables. We shall use $`𝐍`$ for the nonnegative integers, $`𝐙_+`$ for the positive integers, $`𝐐`$ for the rational numbers, $`𝐂`$ for the complex numbers and $`𝐂^\times `$ for the nonzero complex numbers.

We shall use standard formal variable notations as defined in \[FLM\] and \[FHL\]. For example, for a vector space $`U`$,

$`U\{z\}=\{{\displaystyle \underset{n𝐂}{}}u(n)z^n|u(n)U\text{ for }n𝐂\}.`$ (2.1)
The following are useful subspaces of $`U\{z\}`$:

$`U[[z,z^1]]`$ $`=`$ $`\{{\displaystyle \underset{n𝐙}{}}u(n)z^n|u(n)U\text{ for }n𝐙\},`$ (2.2)
$`U((z))`$ $`=`$ $`\{{\displaystyle \underset{n𝐙}{}}u(n)z^nU[[z,z^1]]|u(n)=0\text{ for }n\text{sufficiently small}\},`$ (2.3)
$`U[[z]]`$ $`=`$ $`\{{\displaystyle \underset{n𝐙}{}}u(n)z^nU[[z,z^1]]|u(n)=0\text{ for }n<0\}.`$ (2.4)
A typical element of $`𝐂[[z,z^1]]`$ is the formal Fourier expansion of the delta-function at $`0`$:

$`\delta (z)={\displaystyle \underset{n𝐙}{}}z^n.`$ (2.5)
Its fundamental property is:

$`f(z)\delta (z)=f(1)\delta (z)\text{ for }f(z)𝐂[z,z^1].`$ (2.6)
For $`\alpha 𝐂`$, by definition,

$`(z_1z_2)^\alpha ={\displaystyle \underset{i0}{}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{\alpha }{i}}\right)(1)^iz_1^{\alpha i}z_2^i.`$ (2.7)
Then as a formal series,

$`\delta \left({\displaystyle \frac{z_1z_2}{z_0}}\right)={\displaystyle \underset{n𝐙}{}}\left({\displaystyle \frac{z_1z_2}{z_0}}\right)^n={\displaystyle \underset{n𝐙}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{i0}{}}\left({\displaystyle \genfrac{}{}{0pt}{}{n}{i}}\right)(1)^iz_0^nz_1^{ni}z_2^i.`$ (2.8)
We have the following fundamental properties of delta function (see \[FLM\], \[FHL\], \[Le\], \[Zhu\]):

###### Lemma 2.1

For $`\alpha 𝐂`$,

$`z_0^1\left({\displaystyle \frac{z_1z_2}{z_0}}\right)^\alpha \delta \left({\displaystyle \frac{z_1z_2}{z_0}}\right)=z_1^1\left({\displaystyle \frac{z_0+z_2}{z_1}}\right)^\alpha \delta \left({\displaystyle \frac{z_0+z_2}{z_2}}\right);`$ (2.9)
For $`r,s,k𝐙`$ and for $`p(z_1,z_2)𝐂[[z_1,z_2]]`$,

$`z_0^1\delta \left({\displaystyle \frac{z_1z_2}{z_0}}\right)z_1^rz_2^s(z_1z_2)^kp(z_1,z_2)z_0^1\delta \left({\displaystyle \frac{z_2z_0}{z_0}}\right)z_1^rz_2^s(z_2+z_1)^kp(z_1,z_2)`$ (2.10)
$`=`$ $`z_2^1\delta \left({\displaystyle \frac{z_1z_0}{z_2}}\right)(z_2+z_0)^rz_2^sz_0^kp(z_2+z_0,z_2).`$
In particular,

$`z_0^1\delta \left({\displaystyle \frac{z_1z_2}{z_0}}\right)z_0^1\delta \left({\displaystyle \frac{z_2z_0}{z_0}}\right)=z_2^1\delta \left({\displaystyle \frac{z_1z_0}{z_2}}\right).`$ (2.11)
A generalized vertex algebra as defined in \[DL2\] is associated to an abelian group $`G`$, a symmetric $`𝐂/2𝐙`$-valued $`𝐙`$-bilinear form (not necessarily nondegenerate) on $`G`$:

$`(g,h)𝐂/2𝐙\text{ for }g,hG`$ (2.12)
and $`c(,)`$ is a $`𝐂^\times `$-valued alternating $`𝐙`$-bilinear form on $`G`$.

###### Definition 2.2

\[DL2\] A generalized vertex algebra associated with the group $`G`$ and the forms $`(,)`$ and $`c(,)`$ is a vector space with two gradations:

$`V={\displaystyle \underset{n𝐂}{}}V_n={\displaystyle \underset{gG}{}}V^g;\text{ for }vV_n,n=\mathrm{wt}v;`$ (2.13)
such that

$`V^g={\displaystyle \underset{n𝐂}{}}V_n^g\text{(where }V_n^g=V_nV^g\text{)}\text{ for }gG,`$ (2.14)
equipped with a linear map

$`Y:`$ $`V(\mathrm{End}V)\{z\}`$ (2.15)
$`vY(v,z)={\displaystyle \underset{n𝐂}{}}v_nz^{n1}\text{(}v_n\mathrm{End}V\text{)}`$
and with two distinguished vectors $`\mathrm{𝟏}V_0^0,\omega V_2^0,`$ satisfying the following conditions for $`g,hG,u,vV`$ and $`l𝐂`$:

$`u_lV^hV^{g+h}\text{ if }uV^g;`$ (2.16)
$`u_lv=0\text{ if the real part of }l\text{ is sufficiently large};`$ (2.17)
$`Y(\mathrm{𝟏},z)=1;`$ (2.18)
$`Y(v,z)\mathrm{𝟏}V[[z]]\text{ and }\underset{z0}{lim}Y(v,z)\mathrm{𝟏}=v;`$ (2.19)
$`Y(v,z)|_{V^h}={\displaystyle \underset{n(g,h)\mathrm{mod}𝐙}{}}v_nz^{n1}\text{ if }vV^g`$ (2.20)
(i.e., $`n+2𝐙(g,h)\mathrm{mod}𝐙/2𝐙`$);

$`z_0^1\left({\displaystyle \frac{z_1z_2}{z_0}}\right)^{(g,h)}\delta \left({\displaystyle \frac{z_1z_2}{z_0}}\right)Y(u,z_1)Y(v,z_2)`$ (2.21)
$`c(g,h)z_0^1\left({\displaystyle \frac{z_2z_1}{z_0}}\right)^{(g,h)}\delta \left({\displaystyle \frac{z_2z_1}{z_0}}\right)Y(v,z_2)Y(u,z_1)`$
$`=`$ $`z_2^1\delta \left({\displaystyle \frac{z_1z_0}{z_2}}\right)Y(Y(u,z_0)v,z_2)\left({\displaystyle \frac{z_1z_0}{z_2}}\right)^g`$
(the generalized Jacobi identity) if $`uV^g,vV^h`$, where

$`\delta \left({\displaystyle \frac{z_1z_0}{z_2}}\right)\left({\displaystyle \frac{z_1z_0}{z_2}}\right)^gw=\left({\displaystyle \frac{z_1z_0}{z_2}}\right)^{(g,k)}\delta \left({\displaystyle \frac{z_1z_0}{z_2}}\right)w`$ (2.22)
for $`wV^k,kG`$;

$`[L(m),L(n)]=(mn)L(m+n)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{12}}(m^3m)\delta _{m+n,0}(\text{rank }V)`$ (2.23)
for $`m,n𝐙`$, where

$`L(n)=\omega _{n+1}\text{ for }n𝐙,\text{ i.e., }Y(\omega ,z)={\displaystyle \underset{n𝐙}{}}L(n)z^{n2}`$ (2.24)
and

$`\text{rank }V𝐂;`$ (2.25)
$`L(0)v=nv=(\mathrm{wt}v)v\text{ for }n𝐂,vV_n;`$ (2.26)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dz}}Y(v,z)=Y(L(1)v,z).`$ (2.27)
This completes the definition. This generalized vertex algebra is denoted by

$`(V,Y,\mathrm{𝟏},\omega ,G,(,),c(,)),`$ (2.28)
or simply by $`V`$.

Note: We here allow the form $`(,)`$ to be $`𝐂/2𝐙`$-valued instead of $`(\frac{1}{T}𝐙)/2𝐙`$-valued, so that the parameter $`T`$ in the original definition given in \[DL2\] disappeared.

We recall the following remark from \[DL2\]:

###### Remark 2.3

If $`G=0`$, the notion of generalized vertex algebra reduces to the notion of vertex algebra. If $`G=𝐙/2𝐙`$ with $`(m+2𝐙,n+2𝐙)=mn+2𝐙`$ for $`m,n𝐙`$, the notion of generalized vertex algebra reduces to the notion of vertex superalgebra, noting that $`c(,)=1`$.

###### Definition 2.4

\[DL2\] A generalized vertex algebra $`(V,Y,\mathrm{𝟏},\omega ,G,c(,),(,))`$ is called a generalized vertex operator algebra if $`G`$ is finite, $`c(,)=1`$, $`(,)`$ is nondegenerate and if $`V`$ satisfies the following two grading restrictions:

$`dimV_n<\mathrm{}\text{ for }n𝐂,`$ (2.29)
$`V_n=0\text{ for }n\text{ whose real part is sufficiently small}.`$ (2.30)
###### Remark 2.5

Note that it is possible that $`V^g=0`$ for some $`gG`$. For example, $`V=V^0`$, i.e., $`V^g=0`$ for $`0gG`$. Denote by $`H`$ the subgroup of $`G`$ generated by $`g`$ with $`V^g0`$. (For those studied in \[DL2\], $`H=\{gG|V^g0\}G`$.) Then $`V`$ is an $`H`$-graded space. However, the form $`(,)`$ restricted to $`H`$ may be degenerate.

###### Remark 2.6

We here show that on the other hand, the nondegeneracy of $`(,)`$ can always be achieved by enlarging the grading group $`G`$. Let $`G`$ be a finite abelian group and $`(,)`$ a degenerate symmetric $`𝐂/2𝐙`$-valued $`𝐙`$-bilinear form on $`G`$. Let $`F`$ be a free covering group of $`G`$ of finite rank with covering map $`\pi `$. Through $`\pi `$, $`(,)`$ lifts to a $`𝐂/2𝐙`$-valued $`𝐙`$-bilinear form $`(,)`$ on $`F`$. Furthermore, by using a basis of $`F`$ we can lift $`(,)`$ to a nondegenerate symmetric $`𝐂`$-valued $`𝐙`$-bilinear form $`,`$ on $`F`$. Since $`G`$ is finite, it is easy to see that $`,`$ is $`𝐐`$-valued. Set

$`𝐡=𝐂_𝐙F,`$ (2.31)
and then extend $`,`$ to be a symmetric $`𝐂`$-bilinear form on $`𝐡`$. Let $`F_0`$ be the kernel of $`\pi `$ and denote by $`F_0^o`$ the dual lattice of $`F_0`$ in $`𝐡`$. Then $`F2F_0^o`$. Set

$`\stackrel{~}{G}=2F_0^o/F_0.`$ (2.32)
Since $`|G|FF_0`$, $`F_0`$ must also span $`𝐡`$ over $`𝐂`$. It follows that $`\stackrel{~}{G}`$ is finite. Then $`G`$ is a natural subgroup of $`\stackrel{~}{G}`$ and $`,`$ gives rise to a natural nondegenerate symmetric $`𝐂/2𝐙`$-valued $`𝐙`$-bilinear form on $`\stackrel{~}{G}`$ whose restriction on $`G`$ gives $`(,)`$.

###### Proposition 2.7

\[DL2\] In the presence of all the axioms except the generalized Jacobi identity in defining the notion of generalized vertex algebra, the generalized Jacobi identity is equivalent to the following generalized weak commutativity and associativity:

(A) For $`g_1,g_2G`$ and $`v_1V^{g_1},v_2V^{g_2}`$, there exists $`k𝐍`$ such that

$`(z_1z_2)^{k+(g_1,g_2)}Y(v_1,z_1)Y(v_2,z_2)`$ (2.33)
$`=`$ $`(1)^kc(g_1,g_2)(z_2z_1)^{k+(g_1,g_2)}Y(v_2,z_2)Y(v_1,z_1).`$
(B) For $`g_1,g_2,hG`$ and $`v_1V^{g_1},v_2V^{g_2},wV^h`$, there exists $`l𝐍`$ such that

$`(z_0+z_2)^{l+(g_1,h)}Y(v_1,z_0+z_2)Y(v_2,z_2)w=(z_2+z_0)^{l+(g_1,h)}Y(Y(v_1,z_0)v_2,z_2)w,`$ (2.34)
where $`l`$ is independent of $`v_2`$.

###### Definition 2.8

\[DL2\] A $`V`$-module is a vector space $`W=_{sS}W^s`$, where $`S`$ is a $`G`$-set with action of $`G`$ on $`S`$ denoted by $`+`$, equipped with a $`𝐂/𝐙`$-valued function $`(,)`$ on $`G\times S`$ such that in $`𝐂/𝐙`$,

$`(g_1+g_2,g_3+s)=(g_1,g_3)+(g_2,g_3)+(g_1,s)+(g_2,s)`$ (2.35)
for $`g_1,g_2,g_3G,sS`$, such that all the axioms defining the notion of generalized vertex algebra that make sense hold for $`W`$ with obvious modifications. Denote this module by $`(W,Y,S,(,))`$.

When $`V`$ is a generalized vertex operator algebra, a $`V`$-module is a module for $`V`$ as a generalized vertex algebra such that the two grading restrictions on the $`𝐂`$-gradation hold. A weak module for a generalized vertex operator algebra $`V`$ is a module for $`V`$ as a generalized vertex algebra.

###### Remark 2.9

In the definition of a $`V`$-module, the axioms (2.23) and (2.27) are consequences of the others (cf. \[FHL\], \[DLM2\]).

A homomorphism from $`(W_1,Y,S_1,(,)_1)`$ to $`(W_2,Y,S_2,(,)_2)`$ consists of a $`G`$-set map $`\overline{f}`$ from $`S_1`$ to $`S_2`$ and a linear map $`f`$ from $`W_1`$ to $`W_2`$ such that

$`(g,s)_1=(g,\overline{f}(s))_2\text{ for }gG,sS_1,`$ (2.36)
$`f(W_1^s)W_2^{\overline{f}(s)}\text{ for }sS_1,`$ (2.37)
$`f(Y(v,z)w)=Y(v,z)f(w)\text{ for }vV,wW_1.`$ (2.38)
It is called an isomorphism if both $`f`$ and $`\overline{f}`$ are one-to-one and onto.

Next we shall introduce the notion of a submodule of $`(W,Y,S,(,))`$. A submodule of $`(W,Y,S,(,))`$ is an $`S`$-graded subspace which is stable under the action of $`v_n`$ for $`vV,n𝐂`$. Later, we shall need the following a little more general notion.

Set

$`G_0=\{gG|c(g,h)=1,(g,h)=0+2𝐙\text{ for }hG\},`$ (2.39)
$`G_1=\{gG|(g,h)=0+2𝐙\text{ for }hG\}.`$ (2.40)
Clearly, $`G_0`$ and $`G_1`$ are subgroups of $`G`$.

Let $`AG_1`$ be a subgroup. Then for any $`V`$-module $`(W,Y,S,(,))`$, $`W`$ can be naturally $`S/A`$-graded as

$`W={\displaystyle \underset{A+sS/A}{}}W^{A+s},\text{ where }W^{A+s}={\displaystyle \underset{\alpha A}{}}W^{\alpha +s}.`$ (2.41)
Furthermore, the form $`(,)`$ on $`G\times S`$ reduces to $`G\times (S/A)`$. Thus, $`(W,Y,S/A,(,))`$ is a $`V`$-module. We shall use the term “an $`S/A`$-graded submodule of $`W`$” for a submodule of $`(W,Y,S/A,(,))`$.

We define an ideal of $`V`$ to be a $`G/A`$-graded submodule of $`V`$ for some subgroup $`A`$ of $`G_0`$. Recall from \[GL\] the following skew-symmetry:

$`Y(u,z)v=c(g,h)e^{\pi i(g,h)}e^{zL(1)}Y(v,e^{\pi i}z)u`$ (2.42)
for $`uV^g,vV^h,g,hG`$. Then for an ideal $`I`$ of $`V`$ we have

$`Y(u,z)v,Y(v,z)uI\{z\}\text{ for }uV,vI,`$ (2.43)
and both the forms $`c(,)`$ and $`(,)`$ reduce to $`G/A`$. Therefore, $`V/I`$ is a generalized vertex algebra with $`G/A`$ as the grading group.

## 3 Abelian coset generalized vertex algebras $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$

In this section, we shall establish a general abelian coset theory in the context of generalized vertex algebras. Let $`V`$ be a general vertex operator algebra with a vertex operator subalgebra $`M(\mathrm{})`$ associated to an affine Lie algebra $`\widehat{𝐡}`$ of level $`\mathrm{}`$ where $`𝐡`$ is a finite-dimensional abelian Lie algebra. ($`M(\mathrm{})`$ and $`V`$ possibly have different Virasoro vectors.) We assume that $`V`$ is a semisimple $`𝐡`$-module with $`h𝐡`$ being represented by $`h(0)`$. By extending the construction of $`Z`$-operators in \[LW4-6\] (or $`U`$-operators in \[LP2\]) we define a vertex operator map $`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }`$ on $`V`$ and we show that the vacuum space $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$ of $`\widehat{𝐡}`$, namely the space of highest weight vectors for $`\widehat{𝐡}`$, equipped with $`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }`$ has a natural generalized vertex algebra structure with $`V`$ as a module. Similarly, we show that for a $`V`$-module $`W`$, $`W`$ is a natural $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-module with $`\mathrm{\Omega }_W`$ as a submodule. Furthermore, we show that for irreducible $`V`$-modules $`W_1`$ and $`W_2`$, $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{W_1}\mathrm{\Omega }_{W_2}`$ if and only if $`W_1^{(\alpha )}W_2`$ for some $`\alpha 𝐡`$, where $`W_1^{(\alpha )}`$ is a $`V`$-module which was constructed in \[Li3\] as a deformation of $`W_1`$. Motivated by the $`Z`$-algebra theory developed in \[LW4-6\] and \[LP1-2\], we define a notion of $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-$`𝐡`$-module and we prove that the category of $`V`$-modules is naturally equivalent to the category of $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-$`𝐡`$-modules.

Now we start to establish our basic notations. Let $`𝐡`$ be a $`d`$-dimensional vector space equipped with a nondegenerate symmetric bilinear form $`,`$. Viewing $`𝐡`$ as an abelian Lie algebra, we have the corresponding affine Lie algebra

$`\widehat{𝐡}=𝐡𝐂[t,t^1]𝐂c,`$ (3.1)
where

$`[c,\widehat{𝐡}]=0,`$
$`[at^m,bt^n]=ma,b\delta _{m+n,0}c\text{ for }a,b𝐡,m,n𝐙.`$ (3.2)
Following the tradition we also use $`h(m)`$ for $`ht^m`$.

Set

$`\widehat{𝐡}^+=𝐡t𝐂[t],\widehat{𝐡}^{}=𝐡t^1𝐂[t^1].`$ (3.3)
The subalgebra

$`\widehat{𝐡}_𝐙=\widehat{𝐡}^+\widehat{𝐡}^{}𝐂c`$ (3.4)
of $`\widehat{𝐡}`$ is a Heisenberg algebra.

Let $`\mathrm{}`$ be a nonzero complex number. Consider the induced irreducible $`\widehat{𝐡}`$-module, irreducible even under $`\widehat{𝐡}_𝐙`$,

$`M(\mathrm{})=U(\widehat{𝐡})_{U(𝐡𝐂[t]𝐂c)}𝐂S(\widehat{𝐡}^{})\text{(linearly)},`$ (3.5)
$`𝐡𝐂[t]`$ acting trivially on $`𝐂`$ and $`c`$ acting as $`\mathrm{}`$. An $`\widehat{𝐡}`$-module on which $`c`$ acts as $`\mathrm{}`$ is called a level  $`\mathrm{}`$ module. Then $`M(\mathrm{})`$ is of level $`\mathrm{}`$.

###### Remark 3.1

Note that a level-$`\mathrm{}`$ module for the affine Lie algebra $`\widehat{𝐡}`$ with respect to $`,`$ amounts to a level-$`1`$ module for the affine Lie algebra $`\widehat{𝐡}`$ with respect to $`\mathrm{},`$.

Let $`\{\beta _1,\mathrm{},\beta _d\}`$ be an orthonormal basis of $`𝐡`$ with respect to the bilinear form $`,`$. (Then $`\{\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathrm{}}}\beta _1,\mathrm{},\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mathrm{}}}\beta _d\}`$ is an orthonormal basis with respect to $`\mathrm{},`$, where $`\sqrt{\mathrm{}}`$ is a square root of $`\mathrm{}`$.) Set

$`\omega _𝐡={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\mathrm{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{d}{}}}\beta _i(1)\beta _i(1)1M(\mathrm{}).`$ (3.6)
Then from \[FLM\] $`M(\mathrm{})`$ is a vertex operator algebra with the Virasoro vector $`\omega _𝐡`$ of rank $`d`$. Furthermore, a weak $`M(\mathrm{})`$-module structure on a vector space $`W`$ amounts to a level-$`\mathrm{}`$ $`\widehat{𝐡}`$-module structure on $`W`$ such that for every $`wW`$, $`(𝐡t^n)w=0`$ for $`n`$ sufficiently large.

Set

$`Y(\omega _𝐡,z)={\displaystyle \underset{n𝐙}{}}L_𝐡(n)z^{n2}.`$ (3.7)
Then (cf. \[FLM\])

$`[L_𝐡(m),h(n)]=nh(m+n)\text{ for }h𝐡,m,n𝐙.`$ (3.8)
The following results are well known (\[FLM\], (1.9.56), (8.7.23), (8.7.25)):

###### Lemma 3.2

Let $`\mathrm{}𝐂^\times `$ and let $`W`$ be a weak $`M(\mathrm{})`$-module, or what is equivalent to, a level-$`\mathrm{}`$ $`\widehat{𝐡}`$-module such that for every $`wW`$, $`(𝐡t^n)w=0`$ for $`n`$ sufficiently large. Let $`aW`$ be a highest weight vector of $`W`$ of weight $`\alpha 𝐡`$, i.e.,

$`h(n)a=h,\alpha \delta _{n,0}a\text{ for }h𝐡,n0.`$ (3.9)
Then

$`L_𝐡(0)a={\displaystyle \frac{\alpha ,\alpha }{2\mathrm{}}}a,`$ (3.10)
$`L_𝐡(1)a={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha (1)a.`$ (3.11)
Basic Assumption 1: Throughout Sections 3-5, we assume that $`V`$ is a vertex operator algebra, $`\mathrm{}𝐂^\times `$ and that $`M(\mathrm{})`$ is a vertex operator subalgebra generated by the subspace $`𝐡`$ of $`V_{(1)}`$ with the Virasoro vector $`\omega _𝐡`$ which is possibly different from the Virasoro vector $`\omega `$ of $`V`$. We also assume that $`V`$ is a semisimple $`𝐡`$-module with $`h𝐡`$ being represented by $`h(0)`$ and that

$`L(n)𝐡=0\text{ for }n1.`$ (3.12)
It is known (cf. \[FHL\]) that the last condition together with $`𝐡V_{(1)}`$ is equivalent to

$`[L(m),h(n)]=nh(m+n)\text{ for }h𝐡,m,n𝐙.`$ (3.13)
For $`\alpha 𝐡`$, set

$`V^\alpha =\{vV|h(0)v=\alpha ,hv\text{ for }h𝐡\}.`$ (3.14)
Using the general notation $``$ for “group generated by,” we define

$`L=\alpha 𝐡|V^\alpha 0,`$ (3.15)
a subgroup of the additive group $`𝐡`$. Then

$`V={\displaystyle \underset{\alpha L}{}}V^\alpha .`$ (3.16)
When $`V`$ is simple, one can show that $`L=\{\alpha 𝐡|V^\alpha 0\}`$ (cf. \[LX\]).

Define

$`\mathrm{\Omega }_V=\{vV|h(n)v=0\text{ for }h𝐡,n1\}.`$ (3.17)
Since $`[h(0),h^{}(m)]=0`$ for $`h,h^{}𝐡,m𝐙`$, $`h(0)`$ preserves $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$. Then

$`\mathrm{\Omega }_V={\displaystyle \underset{\alpha L}{}}\mathrm{\Omega }_V^\alpha ,\text{ where }\mathrm{\Omega }_V^\alpha =\mathrm{\Omega }_VV^\alpha .`$ (3.18)
Since $`𝐡`$ commutes with $`\widehat{𝐡}`$, $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^\alpha `$ is an $`\widehat{𝐡}`$-submodule of $`V`$ for $`\alpha L`$. For $`h𝐡,v\mathrm{\Omega }_V^\alpha `$, it follows from the commutator formula (see \[B\], \[FLM\]) that

$`[h(n),Y(v,z)]=h,\alpha z^nY(v,z)\text{ for }n𝐙.`$ (3.19)
###### Definition 3.3

Define $`𝒞`$ to be the category of weak $`V`$-modules $`W`$ on which $`𝐡`$ acts semisimply and $`\widehat{𝐡}^+`$ acts locally nilpotently.

It follows from \[LW3\] and \[K\] that each $`W`$ from $`𝒞`$ is a completely reducible $`\widehat{𝐡}`$-module. Then

$`W=U(\widehat{𝐡}^{})\mathrm{\Omega }_W=U(\widehat{𝐡}^{})\mathrm{\Omega }_W,`$ (3.20)
where

$`\mathrm{\Omega }_W=\{wW|h(n)w=0\text{ for }h𝐡,n1\}.`$ (3.21)
As $`V`$ satisfies the two grading restrictions (\[FLM\], \[FHL\]), the adjoint module $`V`$ is in the category $`𝒞`$.

For $`vV^\alpha ,\alpha L`$, following \[LW2\] we set

$`Z(v,z)=E^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)Y(u,z)E^+({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z),`$ (3.22)
where for $`h𝐡`$,

$`E^\pm (h,z)=\mathrm{exp}\left({\displaystyle \underset{n\pm 𝐙_+}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{h(n)}{n}}z^n\right).`$ (3.23)
Then for any $`W𝒞`$, $`Z(v,z)`$ is a canonical element of $`(\mathrm{End}W)[[z,z^1]]`$. Furthermore, with (3.19), from \[LP1\] and \[LW5\] we immediately have:

###### Lemma 3.4

Let $`W𝒞,h𝐡,v\mathrm{\Omega }_V^\alpha `$ for $`\alpha L`$. On $`W`$,

$`[h(n),Z(v,z)]=\delta _{n,0}h,\alpha Z(v,z)\text{ for }n𝐙.\mathrm{}`$ (3.24)
For a $`V`$-module $`W𝒞`$, let

$`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(,z):\mathrm{\Omega }_V(\mathrm{End}W)\{z\}`$ (3.25)
be the linear map given by

$`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(u,z)=Z(u,z)z^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha (0)}=E^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)Y(u,z)E^+({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)z^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha (0)}`$ (3.26)
for $`uV^\alpha ,\alpha L`$. In particular, we have

$`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(u,z)=Y(u,z)\text{ for }u\mathrm{\Omega }_V^0.`$ (3.27)
Clearly, the following lower truncation condition holds:

$`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(u,z)z^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha (0)}wW((z))\text{ for }u\mathrm{\Omega }_V^\alpha ,\alpha L,wW.`$ (3.28)
Let $`W𝒞`$. For $`\lambda 𝐡`$, we define

$`W^\lambda =\{wW|h(0)w=\lambda ,hw\text{ for }h𝐡\}.`$ (3.29)
Set

$`P(W)=_{\lambda 𝐡,W^\lambda 0}(\lambda +L),`$ (3.30)
i.e., $`P(W)`$ is the $`L`$-subset of $`𝐡`$ generated by $`\lambda `$ with $`W^\lambda 0`$. If $`W`$ is irreducible, one can easily show that $`P(W)=\lambda +L`$ for any $`\lambda 𝐡`$ with $`W^\lambda 0`$.

In view of Lemma 3.4, we immediately have:

###### Lemma 3.5

Let $`W𝒞`$ be a $`V`$-module. Then for $`h𝐡,n𝐙,u\mathrm{\Omega }_V^\alpha ,\alpha L,\lambda P(W)`$,

$`[h(n),Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(u,z)]=\delta _{n,0}h,\alpha Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(u,z),`$ (3.31)
$`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(u,z)\mathrm{\Omega }_W^\lambda \mathrm{\Omega }_W^{\alpha +\lambda }\{z\}.\mathrm{}`$ (3.32)
Set

$`\omega _\mathrm{\Omega }=\omega \omega _𝐡V_{(2)}`$ (3.33)
and

$`Y(\omega _\mathrm{\Omega },z)={\displaystyle \underset{n𝐙}{}}L_\mathrm{\Omega }(n)z^{n2}.`$ (3.34)
From (3.8) and (3.13) we immediately have

$`[L_\mathrm{\Omega }(m),h(n)]=0\text{ for }h𝐡,m,n𝐙.`$ (3.35)
Using (3.35) we get

$`h(n)\omega _\mathrm{\Omega }=h(n)L_\mathrm{\Omega }(2)\mathrm{𝟏}=L_\mathrm{\Omega }(2)h(n)\mathrm{𝟏}=0\text{ for }h𝐡,n0.`$ (3.36)
Then $`\omega _\mathrm{\Omega }\mathrm{\Omega }_V^0`$. Hence $`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(\omega _\mathrm{\Omega },z)=Y(\omega _\mathrm{\Omega },z)`$. Furthermore, from (3.35) we have

$`[L_\mathrm{\Omega }(m),L_𝐡(n)]=0\text{ for }m,n𝐙.`$ (3.37)
Then it follows (cf. \[FZ\], \[DL2\], \[GKO1-2\]) that component operators $`L_\mathrm{\Omega }(n)`$ satisfy the Virasoro relations with central charge $`\mathrm{rank}Vd`$. To summarize we have:

###### Lemma 3.6

The relation (3.35) holds and

$`\omega _\mathrm{\Omega }=\omega \omega _𝐡\mathrm{\Omega }_V^0.`$ (3.38)
Furthermore,

$`[L_\mathrm{\Omega }(m),L_\mathrm{\Omega }(n)]=(mn)L_\mathrm{\Omega }(m+n)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{12}}(m^3m)\delta _{m+n,0}(\mathrm{rank}Vd)`$ (3.39)
for $`m,n𝐙`$, where $`d=dim𝐡`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Proposition 3.7

Let $`W𝒞`$ be a $`V`$-module. On $`W`$, we have

$`[L_\mathrm{\Omega }(1),Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(a,z)]=Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(L_\mathrm{\Omega }(1)a,z)={\displaystyle \frac{d}{dz}}Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(a,z)\text{ for }a\mathrm{\Omega }_V.`$ (3.40)
Proof. For $`uV`$, set

$`Y(u,z)^+={\displaystyle \underset{n0}{}}u_nz^{n1},Y(u,z)^{}={\displaystyle \underset{n0}{}}u_{n1}z^n.`$ (3.41)
Then for $`u,vV`$,

$`Y(u_1v,z)=Y(u,z)^{}Y(v,z)+Y(v,z)Y(u,z)^+`$ (3.42)
(cf. formula (13.24) of \[DL2\]). Note that

$`[L_\mathrm{\Omega }(1),Y(v,z)]=Y(L_\mathrm{\Omega }(1)v,z)\text{ for }vV`$ (3.43)
because $`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(\omega _\mathrm{\Omega },z)=Y(\omega _\mathrm{\Omega },z)`$ and $`L_\mathrm{\Omega }(1)=(\omega _\mathrm{\Omega })_0`$.

Let $`a\mathrm{\Omega }_V^\alpha ,\alpha L`$. Then using (3.35), (3.43), Lemma 3.2 and (3.42) we obtain

$`[L_\mathrm{\Omega }(1),Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(a,z)]`$ (3.44)
$`=`$ $`E^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)[L_\mathrm{\Omega }(1),Y(a,z)]E^+({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)z^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha (0)}`$
$`=`$ $`E^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)Y(L_\mathrm{\Omega }(1)a,z)E^+({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)z^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha (0)}`$
$`(=`$ $`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(L_\mathrm{\Omega }(1)a,z),\text{ noting that from (}\text{3.32}\text{}L_\mathrm{\Omega }(1)a\mathrm{\Omega }_V^\alpha .)`$
$`=`$ $`E^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)(Y(L(1)a,z)Y(L_𝐡(1)a,z))E^+({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)z^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha (0)}`$
$`=`$ $`E^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)\left({\displaystyle \frac{d}{dz}}Y(a,z)\right)E^+({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)z^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha (0)}`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}E^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)Y(\alpha (1)a,z)E^+({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)z^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha (0)}`$
$`=`$ $`E^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)\left({\displaystyle \frac{d}{dz}}Y(a,z)\right)E^+({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)z^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha (0)}`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha (z)^{}E^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)Y(a,z)E^+({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)z^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha (0)}`$
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}E^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)Y(a,z)\alpha (z)^+E^+({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)z^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha (0)}`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dz}}\left(E^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)Y(a,z)E^+({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)z^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha (0)}\right)`$
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dz}}Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(a,z).`$
This completes the proof.$`\mathrm{}`$

Now we present our first main result of this paper.

###### Theorem 3.8

Let $`W𝒞`$ be a $`V`$-module and let $`u\mathrm{\Omega }_V^{\alpha _1},v\mathrm{\Omega }_V^{\alpha _2},wW^\lambda `$ with $`\alpha _1,\alpha _2L,\lambda P(W)`$. Then

$`z_0^1\left({\displaystyle \frac{z_1z_2}{z_0}}\right)^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha _1,\alpha _2}\delta \left({\displaystyle \frac{z_1z_2}{z_0}}\right)Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(u,z_1)Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z_2)w`$ (3.45)
$``$ $`z_0^1\left({\displaystyle \frac{z_2z_1}{z_0}}\right)^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha _1,\alpha _2}\delta \left({\displaystyle \frac{z_2z_1}{z_0}}\right)Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z_2)Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(u,z_1)w`$
$`=`$ $`z_2^1\left({\displaystyle \frac{z_1z_0}{z_2}}\right)^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha _1,\lambda }\delta \left({\displaystyle \frac{z_1z_0}{z_2}}\right)Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(u,z_0)v,z_2)w.`$
Proof. Since $`W=U(\widehat{𝐡}^{})\mathrm{\Omega }_W`$ and $`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(a,z)`$ for $`a\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$ commutes with the action of $`U(\widehat{𝐡}^{})`$ by (3.31), it is enough to prove (3.45) for $`w\mathrm{\Omega }_W^\lambda `$.

We first prove a conjugation formula. Let $`h𝐡,u\mathrm{\Omega }_V^\alpha `$. Using (3.19) we get

$`[{\displaystyle \underset{n1}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{h(n)}{n}}z_2^n,Y(u,z_1)]={\displaystyle \underset{n1}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{h,\alpha }{n}}z_1^nz_2^nY(u,z_1)=\left(\mathrm{log}(1z_2/z_1)^{h,\alpha }\right)Y(u,z_1).`$ (3.46)
Then

$`E^{}(h,z_2)Y(u,z_1)E^{}(h,z_2)=(1z_2/z_1)^{\alpha ,h}Y(u,z_2).`$ (3.47)
Let $`u\mathrm{\Omega }_V^{\alpha _1},v\mathrm{\Omega }_V^{\alpha _2},w\mathrm{\Omega }_V^{\alpha _3}`$. Using (3.47) and the fact that

$`z_1^{h(0)}Y(v,z_2)=Y(v,z_2)z_1^{\alpha _2,h+h(0)}\text{ for }h𝐡,`$ (3.48)
we get

$`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(u,z_1)Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z_2)w`$ (3.49)
$`=`$ $`E^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha _1,z_1)Y(u,z_1)z_1^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha _1(0)}E^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha _2,z_2)Y(v,z_2)z_2^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha _2(0)}w`$
$`=`$ $`(1z_2/z_1)^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha _1,\alpha _2}E^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha _1,z_1)E^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha _2,z_2)`$
$`\times Y(u,z_1)Y(v,z_2)z_1^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha _1,\alpha _2\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha _1(0)}z_2^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha _2(0)}w`$
$`=`$ $`(z_1z_2)^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha _1,\alpha _2}E^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha _1,z_1)E^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha _2,z_2)Y(u,z_1)Y(v,z_2)z_1^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha _1(0)}z_2^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha _2(0)}w.`$
Then

$`z_0^1\left({\displaystyle \frac{z_1z_2}{z_0}}\right)^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha _1,\alpha _2}\delta \left({\displaystyle \frac{z_1z_2}{z_0}}\right)Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(u,z_1)Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z_2)w`$ (3.50)
$`=`$ $`z_0^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha _1,\alpha _2}E^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha _1,z_1)E^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha _2,z_2)`$
$`\times z_0^1\delta \left({\displaystyle \frac{z_1z_2}{z_0}}\right)Y(u,z_1)Y(v,z_2)z_1^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha _1(0)}z_2^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha _2(0)}w.`$
Symmetrically, we have

$`z_0^1\left({\displaystyle \frac{z_2z_1}{z_0}}\right)^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha _1,\alpha _2}\delta \left({\displaystyle \frac{z_2z_1}{z_0}}\right)Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z_2)Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(u,z_1)w`$ (3.51)
$`=`$ $`z_0^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha _1,\alpha _2}E^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha _1,z_1)E^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha _2,z_2)`$
$`\times z_0^1\delta \left({\displaystyle \frac{z_2z_1}{z_0}}\right)Y(v,z_2)Y(u,z_1)z_1^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha _1(0)}z_2^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha _2(0)}w.`$
Recall from \[Li5\] (Lemma 3.5) (see also (8.6.9) of \[FLM\]) that

$`Y(E^{}(h,z_0)a,z_2)=E^{}(h,z_2+z_0)E^{}(h,z_2)Y(a,z_2)`$
$`\times E^+(h,z_2)E^+(h,z_2+z_0)z_2^{h(0)}(z_2+z_0)^{h(0)}`$ (3.52)
for $`h𝐡,aV`$. Noticing that $`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(u,z_0)v\mathrm{\Omega }_V^{\alpha _1+\alpha _2}\{z_0\}`$, then using the fundamental properties of delta function we obtain

$`z_2^1\left({\displaystyle \frac{z_1z_0}{z_2}}\right)^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha _1,\lambda }\delta \left({\displaystyle \frac{z_1z_0}{z_2}}\right)Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(u,z_0)v,z_2)w`$ (3.53)
$`=`$ $`z_2^1\left({\displaystyle \frac{z_1z_0}{z_2}}\right)^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha _1,\lambda }\delta \left({\displaystyle \frac{z_1z_0}{z_2}}\right)`$
$`\times E^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}(\alpha _1+\alpha _2),z_2)Y(E^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha _1,z_0)Y(u,z_0)z_0^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha _1(0)}v,z_2)z_2^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}(\alpha _1(0)+\alpha _2(0))}w`$
$`=`$ $`z_1^1\left({\displaystyle \frac{z_2+z_0}{z_1}}\right)^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha _1,\lambda }\delta \left({\displaystyle \frac{z_2+z_0}{z_1}}\right)z_0^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha _1,\alpha _2}`$
$`\times E^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha _2,z_2)E^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha _1,z_2+z_0)Y(Y(u,z_0)v,z_2)`$
$`\times z_2^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha _1(0)}(z_2+z_0)^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha _1(0)}z_2^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}(\alpha _1(0)+\alpha _2(0))}w`$
$`=`$ $`z_1^1\left({\displaystyle \frac{z_2+z_0}{z_1}}\right)^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha _1,\lambda }\delta \left({\displaystyle \frac{z_2+z_0}{z_1}}\right)z_0^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha _1,\alpha _2}`$
$`\times E^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha _2,z_2)E^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha _1,z_1)Y(Y(u,z_0)v,z_2)(z_2+z_0)^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha _1,\lambda }z_2^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha _2(0)}w`$
$`=`$ $`z_0^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha _1,\alpha _2}E^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha _2,z_2)E^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha _1,z_1)`$
$`\times z_1^1\delta \left({\displaystyle \frac{z_2+z_0}{z_1}}\right)Y(Y(u,z_0)v,z_2)z_1^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha _1(0)}z_2^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha _2(0)}w.`$
We are using the fact that

$$E^{}(h,z)E^{}(h^{},z)=E^{}(h+h^{},z),E^+(h,z)b=b\text{ for }h,h^{}𝐡,b\mathrm{\Omega }_V.$$

It follows from (3.50), (3.51) and (3.53) that the generalized Jacobi identity of $`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }`$ for $`(u,v,w)`$ is equivalent to the Jacobi identity of $`Y`$ for $`(u,v,w)`$. The proof is complete.$`\mathrm{}`$

With Proposition 3.7 and Theorem 3.8 we have:

###### Theorem 3.9

The tuple $`(\mathrm{\Omega }_V,Y_\mathrm{\Omega },\mathrm{𝟏},\omega _\mathrm{\Omega },L,(,))`$ carries the structure of a generalized vertex algebra with $`c(,)=1`$ and

$`(\alpha ,\beta )={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,\beta +2𝐙\text{ for }\alpha ,\beta L.`$ (3.54)
Furthermore, for $`W𝒞`$, $`(W,Y_\mathrm{\Omega })`$ is an $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-module associated with the free $`L`$-set $`P(W)`$ equipped with the $`𝐂`$-valued function $`\frac{1}{\mathrm{}},`$ on $`L\times P(W)`$ with $`\mathrm{\Omega }_W`$ as a submodule.

Proof. From definition we have $`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(\mathrm{𝟏},z)=1`$ and

$`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(u,z)\mathrm{𝟏}=E^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)Y(u,z)\mathrm{𝟏}\mathrm{\Omega }_V[[z]],`$ (3.55)
which implies that $`lim_{z0}Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(u,z)\mathrm{𝟏}=u`$. Then it follows immediately from Proposition 3.7 and Theorem 3.8.$`\mathrm{}`$

For our need in a sequel, we prove the following:

###### Proposition 3.10

Let $`\tau `$ be an automorphism of the vertex operator algebra $`V`$ such that $`\tau (𝐡)=𝐡`$ and $`\tau `$ preserves the bilinear form $`,`$ on $`𝐡`$. Then $`\tau (V_\mathrm{\Omega })=V_\mathrm{\Omega }`$ and $`\tau `$ restricted to $`V_\mathrm{\Omega }`$ is an automorphism of the generalized vertex algebra $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$.

Proof. For $`h𝐡,n𝐙`$, we have

$`h(n)\tau =\tau (\tau ^1(h))(n).`$ (3.56)
Then it follows that $`\tau (V_\mathrm{\Omega })=V_\mathrm{\Omega }`$ and that there is a map $`\tau _L`$ from $`L`$ to $`L`$ such that

$`\tau (\mathrm{\Omega }_V^\alpha )=\mathrm{\Omega }_V^{\tau _L(\alpha )}\text{ for }\alpha L.`$ (3.57)
Let $`v\mathrm{\Omega }_V^\alpha ,\alpha L`$. Then

$`\tau Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z)\tau ^1`$ $`=`$ $`\tau E^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)Y(v,z)E^+({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)z^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha (0)}\tau ^1`$ (3.58)
$`=`$ $`E^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\tau _L(\alpha ),z)Y(\tau (v),z)E^+({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\tau _L(\alpha ),z)z^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\tau (\alpha )(0)}`$
$`=`$ $`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(\tau (v),z).`$
By definition, we have $`\tau (\mathrm{𝟏})=\mathrm{𝟏}`$ and $`\tau (\omega )=\omega `$. Since $`\tau (𝐡)=𝐡`$ and $`\tau `$ preserves the form $`,`$, $`\tau (\omega _𝐡)=\omega _𝐡`$. Consequently, $`\tau (\omega _\mathrm{\Omega })=\omega _\mathrm{\Omega }`$ Then $`\tau `$ is an automorphism of the generalized vertex algebra $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

Sometimes, we are interested in knowing how to get a set of generators of the generalized vertex algebra $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$. The following result is a simple generalization of Proposition 14.9 of \[DL2\]:

###### Proposition 3.11

Let $`U`$ be an $`𝐡`$-submodule of $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$ such that $`U+𝐡`$ generates $`V`$ as a vertex algebra. Then $`U`$ generates $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$ in the sense that $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$ is linearly spanned by

$`Z(u_1,m_1)\mathrm{}Z(u_k,m_k)\mathrm{𝟏}`$ (3.59)
for $`k𝐍,u_iU^{\alpha _i},\alpha _iL,m_i𝐙`$, where

$`Z(u_i,z)=Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(u_i,z)z^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha _i(0)}={\displaystyle \underset{m𝐙}{}}Z(u_i,m)z^m.`$ (3.60)
Proof. Let $`\overline{U}`$ be the subspace spanned by elements of the form (3.59). With $`U`$ being an $`𝐡`$-submodule of $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$, $`\overline{U}`$ is an $`𝐡`$-submodule of $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$, hence $`\overline{U}`$ is stable under the action of components of $`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(u,z)`$ for $`uU`$. Then $`U(\widehat{𝐡}^{})\overline{U}=M(\mathrm{})\overline{U}`$ is stable under the actions of $`\widehat{𝐡}`$ and the components of $`Y(u,z)`$ for $`uU`$. Because by assumption $`U+𝐡`$ generates $`V`$, we must have $`M(\mathrm{})\overline{U}=V`$, Thus $`\overline{U}=\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$. This completes the proof. $`\mathrm{}`$

The following definition was motivated by \[LW4-6\] and \[LP1-2\]:

###### Definition 3.12

An $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-$`𝐡`$-module $`U`$ is a semisimple $`𝐡`$-module and an $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-module associated to the $`L`$-set $`S=P(U)𝐡`$ with $`(,)=\frac{1}{\mathrm{}},`$ such that

$`[h,Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z)]=h,\alpha Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z)\text{ for }h𝐡,v\mathrm{\Omega }_V^\alpha ,\alpha L.`$ (3.61)
We denote the category of $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-$`𝐡`$-modules by $`𝒟`$.

As an immediate consequence we have (cf. \[LW5\], Theorem 5.7):

###### Corollary 3.13

Let $`W𝒞`$. The correspondences

$$MM\mathrm{\Omega }_W,UU(\widehat{𝐡})U$$

define mutually inverse bijections between the set of all $`V`$-submodules of $`W`$ and the set of all $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-$`𝐡`$-submodules of $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$. In particular, $`W`$ is $`V`$-irreducible if and only if $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$ is $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-$`𝐡`$-irreducible.$`\mathrm{}`$

In view of Theorem 3.9, we have a functor $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ from $`𝒞`$ to $`𝒟`$ which maps $`W`$ to $`\mathrm{\Omega }_W`$. Conversely, given an $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-$`𝐡`$-module $`U`$ we shall construct a $`V`$-module in $`𝒞`$ (cf. \[LW3\], \[LP2\]).

Set

$`E(U)=M(\mathrm{})U\text{ as a vector space}.`$ (3.62)
First, view $`E(U)`$ as an $`\widehat{𝐡}`$-module with

$`h(n)(vw)=h(n)vw,`$ (3.63)
$`h(0)(vw)=h(uv)=vhw`$ (3.64)
for $`h𝐡,n𝐙\{0\},vM(\mathrm{}),wU`$. For $`h𝐡`$, set

$`h(z)={\displaystyle \underset{m𝐙}{}}h(m)z^{m1}(\mathrm{End}W)[[z,z^1]].`$ (3.65)
For $`a\mathrm{\Omega }_V^\alpha ,\alpha L`$, we define

$`Y(a,z)=E^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)E^+({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(a,z)z^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha (0)}(\mathrm{End}E(U))[[z,z^1]].`$ (3.66)
(Recall that $`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(a,z)z^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha (0)}(\mathrm{End}U)[[z,z^1]]`$.) Then we inductively define

$`Y(h(n1)v,z)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{n!}}\left(h^{(n)}(z)^{}Y(v,z)+Y(v,z)h^{(n)}(z)^+\right)`$ (3.67)
for $`h𝐡,n0,vV`$, where $`h^{(n)}(z)`$ is the $`n`$-th derivative of $`h(z)`$. With $`V=U(\widehat{𝐡}^{})\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$, it follows from induction that this really defines a vertex operator map $`Y`$ from $`V`$ to $`(\mathrm{End}E(U))[[z,z^1]]`$.

###### Proposition 3.14

The space $`E(U)`$ equipped with the defined vertex operator map $`Y`$ is a weak $`V`$-module in $`𝒞`$ such that $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{E(U)}`$ is naturally isomorphic to $`U`$ as an $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-module. On the other hand, for any $`W𝒞`$, $`E(\mathrm{\Omega }_W)`$ is naturally isomorphic to $`W`$ as a $`V`$-module.

Proof. Clearly, $`Y(a,z)wE(U)((z))`$ for $`a\mathrm{\Omega }_V^\alpha ,\alpha L,wE(U)`$. Then it follows from induction that $`Y(v,z)wE(U)((z))`$ for all $`vV,wE(U)`$. From the definition, we have $`Y(\mathrm{𝟏},z)=1`$. Then for proving $`E(U)`$ is a weak $`V`$-module, it remains to prove the Jacobi identity.

First, we list certain properties that $`Y(,z)`$ satisfies.

From definition, we have

$`[h(m),Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(a,z)]=\delta _{m,0}h,\alpha Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(a,z)\text{ for }h𝐡,m𝐙,a\mathrm{\Omega }_V^\alpha ,\alpha L.`$ (3.68)
Recall from \[FLM\] that for $`h,h^{}𝐡`$,

$`[h(0),E^\pm (h^{},z)]=0`$ (3.69)
$`[h(\pm m),E^\pm (h^{},z)]=0`$ (3.70)
$`[h(\pm m),E^{}(h^{},z)]=\mathrm{}h,h^{}z^mE^{}(h^{},z)\text{ for }m𝐙_+`$ (3.71)
$`E^+(h,z_1)E^{}(h^{},z_2)=(1z_2/z_1)^{\mathrm{}h,h^{}}E^{}(h^{},z_2)E^+(h,z_1).`$ (3.72)
It follows from the definition of $`Y(u,z)`$ and (3.72) that (3.47) holds.

Using (3.69)-(3.71) we get

$`[h(m),Y(u,z)]=h,\alpha z^mY(u,z)\text{ for }h𝐡,m𝐙,u\mathrm{\Omega }_V^\alpha `$ (3.73)
(cf. (3.19)). Furthermore, using (3.73) we obtain

$`[h(z)^{},Y(u,z_1)]=h,\alpha (z_1z)^1Y(u,z_1),`$ (3.74)
$`[h(z)^+,Y(u,z_1)]=h,\alpha (zz_1)^1Y(u,z_1).`$ (3.75)
It follows from (3.67) that (3) holds. (Cf. (8.6.9) of \[FLM\], Lemma 3.5 of \[Li4\].)

Writing (3.67) in terms of generating series we have

$`Y(h(z_0)^{}v,z)`$ $`=`$ $`\left(e^{z_0\frac{}{z}}h(z)^{}\right)Y(v,z)+Y(v,z)\left(e^{z_0\frac{}{z}}h(z)^+\right)`$ (3.76)
$`=`$ $`h(z+z_0)^{}Y(v,z)+Y(v,z)h(z+z_0)^+.`$
Claim 1: The Jacobi identity of $`Y`$ holds for $`(u,v,w)`$ with $`u\mathrm{\Omega }_V^\alpha ,v\mathrm{\Omega }_V^\beta ,wU`$. With (3.47) and (3), it was shown in the proof of Theorem 3.8 that the Jacobi identity of $`Y`$ for $`(u,v,w)`$ is equivalent to the generalized Jacobi identity of $`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }`$ for $`(u,v,w)`$.

Claim 2: The Jacobi identity of $`Y`$ holds for $`(u,v,w)`$ with $`u\mathrm{\Omega }_V^\alpha ,v\mathrm{\Omega }_V^\beta ,wE(U)`$. Assume that the Jacobi identity of $`Y`$ holds for $`(u,v,w)`$ for some $`wE(U)`$. Let $`h𝐡,m𝐙_+`$. Then using (3.73) we get

$`[h(m),Y(u,z_1)Y(v,z_2)]=(h,\alpha z_1^m+h,\beta z_2^m)Y(u,z_1)Y(v,z_2)`$ (3.77)
$`[h(m),Y(v,z_2)Y(u,z_1)]=(h,\alpha z_1^m+h,\beta z_2^m)Y(v,z_2)Y(u,z_1)`$ (3.78)
and using (3) and (3.73) we get

$`[h(m),Y(Y(u,z_0)v,z_2)]`$ (3.79)
$`=`$ $`[h(m),Y(E^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z_0)Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(u,z_0)v,z_2)]z_0^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha ,\beta }`$
$`=`$ $`[h(m),E^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z_2+z_0)E^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z_2)Y(Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(u,z_0)v,z_2)E^+({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z_2+z_0)E^+({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z_2)]`$
$`\times z_0^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha ,\beta }z_2^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha (0)}(z_2+z_0)^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha (0)}`$
$`=`$ $`(h,\alpha +\beta z_2^m+h,\alpha (z_2+z_0)^mh,\alpha z_2^m)z_0^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha ,\beta }`$
$`\times E^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z_2+z_0)E^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z_2)Y(Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(u,z_0)v,z_2)E^+({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z_2+z_0)E^+({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z_2)`$
$`\times z_2^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha (0)}(z_2+z_0)^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha (0)}`$
$`=`$ $`(h,\alpha (z_2+z_0)^m+h,\beta z_2^m)Y(Y(u,z_0)v,z_2).`$
Note that

$`z_2^1\delta \left({\displaystyle \frac{z_1z_0}{z_2}}\right)(z_2+z_0)^m=z_2^1\delta \left({\displaystyle \frac{z_1z_0}{z_2}}\right)z_1^m.`$ (3.80)
Then we see that the Jacobi identity of $`Y`$ for $`(u,v,h(m)w)`$ follows from the Jacobi identity for $`(u,v,w)`$. It follows from induction that the Jacobi identity of $`Y`$ holds for $`(u,v,w)`$ with $`wE(U)`$ being arbitrary.

Claim 3: The Jacobi identity holds for $`(u,v,w)`$ with $`u\mathrm{\Omega }_V^\alpha ,vV,wE(U)`$. Assume that the Jacobi identity holds for $`(u,v,w)`$ for some $`vV`$ and for all $`wE(U)`$ with $`u`$ being fixed. Let $`h𝐡`$. Using (3.76) and (3.74) we get

$`Y(u,z_1)Y(h(z)^{}v,z_2)`$ (3.81)
$`=`$ $`Y(u,z_1)h(z_2+z)^{}Y(v,z_2)+Y(u,z_1)Y(v,z_2)h(z_2+z)^+`$
$`=`$ $`h(z_2+z)^{}Y(u,z_1)Y(v,z_2)+Y(u,z_1)Y(v,z_2)h(z_2+z)^+`$
$`h,\alpha (z_1z_2z)^1)Y(u,z_1)Y(v,z_2)`$
and using (3.76) and (3.75) we get

$`Y(h(z)^{}v,z_2)Y(u,z_1)`$ (3.82)
$`=`$ $`h(z_2+z)^{}Y(v,z_2)Y(u,z_1)+Y(v,z_2)Y(u,z_1)h(z_2+z)^+`$
$`+h,\alpha (z_2+zz_1)^1Y(v,z_2)Y(u,z_1).`$
On the other hand, using (3.74) on $`V`$ and (3.76) we get

$`Y(Y(u,z_0)h(z)^{}v,z_2)`$ (3.83)
$`=`$ $`Y(h(z)^{}Y(u,z_0)v,z_2)h,\alpha (z_0z)^1Y(Y(u,z_0)v,z_2)`$
$`=`$ $`h(z_2+z)^{}Y(Y(u,z_0)v,z_2)+Y(Y(u,z_0)v,z_2)h(z_2+z)^+`$
$`h,\alpha (z_0z)^1Y(Y(u,z_0)v,z_2).`$
Note that

$`z_0^1\delta \left({\displaystyle \frac{z_1z_2}{z_0}}\right)(z_1z_2z)^1=z_0^1\delta \left({\displaystyle \frac{z_1z_2}{z_0}}\right)(z_0z)^1,`$ (3.84)
$`z_0^1\delta \left({\displaystyle \frac{z_2z_1}{z_0}}\right)(z_2+zz_1)^1=z_0^1\delta \left({\displaystyle \frac{z_2z_1}{z_0}}\right)(z_0z)^1.`$ (3.85)
Then the Jacobi identity for $`(u,h(z)^{}v)`$ on $`E(U)`$ follows from the Jacobi identity for $`(u,v)`$ on $`E(U)`$. Now, it follows from induction that the Jacobi identity holds for $`(u,v,w)`$ with $`u\mathrm{\Omega }_V,vV,wE(U)`$.

Claim 4: The Jacobi identity of $`Y`$ on $`E(U)`$ holds for $`(h,u)`$ with $`h𝐡,uV`$.

First, consider $`u\mathrm{\Omega }_V^\alpha ,\alpha L`$. Using (3.74) and (3.75) we get

$`z_0^1\delta \left({\displaystyle \frac{z_1z_2}{z_0}}\right)h(z_1)Y(u,z_2)`$ (3.86)
$`=`$ $`z_0^1\delta \left({\displaystyle \frac{z_1z_2}{z_0}}\right)\left(h(z_1)^{}Y(u,z_2)+Y(u,z_2)h(z_1)^++h,\alpha (z_1z_2)^1Y(u,z_2)\right)`$
$`=`$ $`z_0^1\delta \left({\displaystyle \frac{z_1z_2}{z_0}}\right)\left(h(z_1)^{}Y(u,z_2)+Y(u,z_2)h(z_1)^++h,\alpha z_0^1Y(u,z_2)\right)`$
and

$`z_0^1\delta \left({\displaystyle \frac{z_2z_1}{z_0}}\right)Y(u,z_2)h(z_1)`$ (3.87)
$`=`$ $`z_0^1\delta \left({\displaystyle \frac{z_2z_1}{z_0}}\right)\left(Y(u,z_2)h(z_1)^++h(z_1)^{}Y(u,z_2)h,\alpha (z_2z_1)^1Y(u,z_2)\right)`$
$`=`$ $`z_0^1\delta \left({\displaystyle \frac{z_2z_1}{z_0}}\right)\left(h(z_1)^{}Y(u,z_2)+Y(u,z_2)h(z_1)^++h,\alpha z_0^1Y(u,z_2)\right).`$
Then using the fundamental properties of delta function and (3.76) we get

$`z_0^1\delta \left({\displaystyle \frac{z_1z_2}{z_0}}\right)h(z_1)Y(u,z_2)z_0^1\delta \left({\displaystyle \frac{z_2z_1}{z_0}}\right)Y(u,z_2)h(z_1)`$ (3.88)
$`=`$ $`z_2^1\delta \left({\displaystyle \frac{z_1z_0}{z_2}}\right)\left(h(z_1)^{}Y(u,z_2)+Y(u,z_2)h(z_1)^++h,\alpha z_0^1Y(u,z_2)\right)`$
$`=`$ $`z_2^1\delta \left({\displaystyle \frac{z_1z_0}{z_2}}\right)\left(h(z_2+z_0)^{}Y(u,z_2)+Y(u,z_2)h(z_2+z_0)^++h,\alpha z_0^1Y(u,z_2)\right)`$
$`=`$ $`z_2^1\delta \left({\displaystyle \frac{z_1z_0}{z_2}}\right)Y((h(z_0)^{}+h(0)z_0^1)u,z_2)`$
$`=`$ $`z_2^1\delta \left({\displaystyle \frac{z_1z_0}{z_2}}\right)Y(Y(h,z_0)u,z_2).`$
For $`h_1,h_2𝐡`$, we have

$`[h_1(z_1),h_2(z_2)^{}]`$ $`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{m𝐙}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{n1}{}}[h_1(m),h_2(n)]z_1^{m1}z_2^{n1}`$ (3.89)
$`=`$ $`{\displaystyle \underset{n1}{}}n\mathrm{}h_1,h_2z_1^{n1}z_2^{n1}`$
$`=`$ $`\mathrm{}h_1,h_2(z_1z_2)^2`$
and similarly,

$`[h_1(z_1),h_2(z_2)^+]=\mathrm{}h_1,h_2(z_2z_1)^2.`$ (3.90)
Following the proof of Claim 3, using (3.89) and (3.90) we easily see the Jacobi identity holds on $`E(U)`$ for $`(h,v)`$ with all $`vV`$.

Now, the Jacobi identity holds on $`E(U)`$ for $`(u,v)`$ with $`u\mathrm{\Omega }_V𝐡,vV`$. Note that $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V𝐡`$ generates $`V`$ as a vertex algebra. Immediately after this theorem we shall prove a simple general result (Lemma 3.15) from which it follows that $`E(U)`$ is a $`V`$-module.

Clearly, $`E(U)`$ is in $`𝒞`$ and as an $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-module, $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{E(U)}=U`$.

For $`W𝒞`$, let $`\eta `$ be the linear map from $`E(\mathrm{\Omega }_W)`$ to $`W`$ defined by $`\eta (au)=au`$ for $`aU(\widehat{𝐡}^{}),uU`$. Then $`\eta `$ is an $`\widehat{𝐡}`$-isomorphism from \[LW3\].

Furthermore, for $`v\mathrm{\Omega }_V^\alpha ,\alpha L,aU(\widehat{𝐡}^1),u\mathrm{\Omega }_W`$, we have

$`\eta (Y(v,z)(au))`$ (3.91)
$`=`$ $`\eta \left(E^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)E^+({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)aY_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z)z^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha (0)}u\right)`$
$`=`$ $`E^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)E^+({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)\eta (aY_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z)z^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha (0)}u)`$
$`=`$ $`E^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)E^+({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)(aY_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z)z^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha (0)}u)`$
$`=`$ $`E^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)E^+({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z)z^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha (0)}(au)`$
$`=`$ $`Y(v,z)\eta (au).`$
Since $`𝐡`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^\alpha ,\alpha L`$ generate $`V`$ as a vertex algebra, $`\eta `$ must be a $`V`$-homomorphism. Thus $`\eta `$ is a $`V`$-isomorphism from $`E(\mathrm{\Omega }_W)`$ to $`W`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Lemma 3.15

Let $`V`$ be a vertex algebra for now and $`(W,Y)`$ be a pair satisfying all the axioms defining the notion of a $`V`$-module except the Jacobi identity. In addition, assume that the Jacobi identity holds for $`(Y_W;a,v)`$ with $`aA,vV`$, where $`A`$ is a set of generators of $`V`$ as a vertex algebra. Then $`(W,Y_W)`$ is a $`V`$-module.

Proof. One can in principle use induction to prove that the Jacobi identity holds for any pair of elements $`u,v`$ of $`V`$. Here we use a result of \[Li2\] to prove this.

Set

$`\stackrel{~}{A}=\{Y_W(a,z)(\mathrm{End}W)[[z,z^1]]|aA\}.`$ (3.92)
For $`aA,vV`$, due to the Jacobi identity of $`Y_W`$ for $`(a,v)`$, $`Y_W(a,z)`$ and $`Y_W(v,z)`$ are mutually local, i.e., they satisfy the generalized weak commutativity with $`c(\alpha ,\beta )=1`$ and $`(\alpha ,\beta )=0`$. In particular, $`\stackrel{~}{A}`$ is a local set of vertex operators on $`W`$. From \[Li2\], $`\stackrel{~}{A}`$ generates a canonical vertex algebra $`\stackrel{~}{V}`$ inside $`(\mathrm{End}W)[[z,z^1]]`$ with $`W`$ as a natural module.

For $`aA,uV`$, using the Jacobi identity of $`Y_W`$ for $`(a,u)`$ and the definition of the vertex operator map of $`\stackrel{~}{V}`$ \[Li2\] we have

$`Y_W(Y(a,z_0)u,z)`$ $`=`$ $`\mathrm{Res}_{z_1}z_0^1\delta \left({\displaystyle \frac{z_1z}{z_0}}\right)Y_W(a,z_1)Y_W(u,z)`$ (3.93)
$`\mathrm{Res}_{z_1}z_0^1\delta \left({\displaystyle \frac{zz_1}{z_0}}\right)Y_W(u,z)Y_W(a,z_1)`$
$`=`$ $`Y_{\stackrel{~}{V}}(Y_W(a,z),z_0)Y_W(u,z).`$
Since $`A`$ generates $`V`$ and $`Y_W(a,z)\stackrel{~}{V}`$ for $`aA`$, it follows from (3.93) and induction that $`Y_W(u,z)\stackrel{~}{V}`$ for $`uV`$. Then we have a linear map from $`V`$ to $`\stackrel{~}{V}`$:

$`\rho :vY_W(v,z)\text{ for }vV.`$ (3.94)
In view of (3.93), we have

$`\rho (Y(a,z_0)v)=Y(\rho (a),z_0)\rho (v)\text{ for }aA,vV.`$ (3.95)
Since $`A`$ generates $`V`$, it follows from induction that

$`\rho (Y(u,z_0)v)=Y(\rho (u),z_0)\rho (v)\text{ for }u,vV.`$ (3.96)
Thus $`\rho `$ is a homomorphism of vertex algebras, noting that $`\rho (\mathrm{𝟏})=1`$ follows from the assumption. Consequently, $`W`$ is a $`V`$-module. $`\mathrm{}`$

With Theorem 3.9 and Proposition 3.14 we immediately have (cf. \[LW5\], Theorem 5.5):

###### Theorem 3.16

The functors $`\mathrm{\Omega }`$ from $`𝒞`$ to $`𝒟`$ and $`E`$ from $`𝒟`$ to $`𝒞`$ define equivalences of categories. $`\mathrm{}`$

Note that an $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-$`𝐡`$-module amounts to an $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-module associated with a free $`L`$-set $`S`$ and with a $`𝐂`$-valued function on $`L\times S`$. Since different $`𝐂`$-valued functions on $`L\times S`$ may give rise to the same $`𝐂/2𝐙`$-valued (or $`𝐂/𝐙`$-valued) function on $`L\times S`$, nonisomorphic $`V`$-modules may give rise to isomorphic $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-modules. In the following, we shall give a criterion to determine when two $`V`$-modules give rise to isomorphic $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-modules.

Define

$`L^o=\{\beta 𝐡|\alpha ,\beta 𝐙\text{ for }\alpha L\}.`$ (3.97)
Let $`\beta L^o`$ and let $`W`$ be a weak $`V`$-module. Recall from \[Li3\] (see also \[Li6\]) the weak $`V`$-module $`W^{(\beta )}`$:

$`W^{(\beta )}=𝐂e^\beta W\text{ as a vector space},`$ (3.98)
where $`𝐂e^\beta `$ is a one-dimensional vector space with a distinguished basis element $`e^\beta `$, with action

$`Y(v,z)(e^\beta w)=e^\beta Y(E^+(\beta ,z)z^{\beta (0)}v,z)w\text{ for }vV,wW.`$ (3.99)
Furthermore, for weak $`V`$-modules $`W_1,W_2`$,

$`e^\beta f\mathrm{Hom}_V(W_1^{(\beta )},W_2^{(\beta )})\text{ for }f\mathrm{Hom}_V(W_1,W_2).`$ (3.100)
Thus, we have a functor $`F_\beta `$ of the category of weak $`V`$-modules defined in the obvious way. The following are some straightforward consequences:

###### Lemma 3.17

Let $`\beta L^o`$ and let $`W`$ be a weak $`V`$-module. Then the map $`e^\beta `$ gives rise to a one-to-one correspondence between the set of $`V`$-submodules of $`W`$ and the set of $`V`$-submodules of $`W^{(\beta )}`$. In particular, $`W^{(\beta )}`$ is irreducible if and only if $`W`$ is irreducible. Furthermore, as weak $`V`$-modules,

$`W^{(0)}W,`$ (3.101)
$`(W^{(\beta _1)})^{(\beta _2)}W^{(\beta _1+\beta _2)}\text{ for }\beta _1,\beta _2L^o,`$ (3.102)
where the map

$`e^{\beta _2}(e^{\beta _1}w)e^{\beta _1+\beta _2}w`$ (3.103)
is a $`V`$-isomorphism from $`(W^{(\beta _1)})^{(\beta _2)}`$ to $`W^{(\beta _1+\beta _2)}`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

Next we show that each functor $`F_\beta `$ preserves the subcategory $`𝒞`$.

###### Proposition 3.18

Let $`\beta L^o,W𝒞`$. Then $`W^{(\beta )}𝒞`$ and the linear map

$`e^\beta :WW^{(\beta )}=𝐂e^\beta W;we^\beta w`$ (3.104)
is an $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-isomorphism such that

$`𝐂e^\beta \mathrm{\Omega }_W=\mathrm{\Omega }_{W^{(\beta )}},`$ (3.105)
$`e^\beta \mathrm{\Omega }_W^s=\mathrm{\Omega }_{W^{(\beta )}}^{s+\mathrm{}\beta }\text{ for }sP(W).`$ (3.106)
Proof. Note that for $`h𝐡`$,

$`E^+(\beta ,z)z^{\beta (0)}h=h+\mathrm{}\beta ,h\mathrm{𝟏}z^1.`$ (3.107)
Then for $`wW`$,

$`Y(h,z)(e^\beta w)=e^\beta (Y(h,z)+\mathrm{}\beta ,hz^1)w.`$ (3.108)
In terms of components, we have

$`h(n)(e^\beta w)=e^\beta (h(n)+\mathrm{}\beta ,h\delta _{n,0})w\text{ for }n𝐙.`$ (3.109)
Then it follows immediately that $`W^{(\beta )}𝒞`$ and (3.105), (3.106) hold.

For $`v\mathrm{\Omega }_V^\alpha ,\alpha L`$, we have

$`E^+(\beta ,z)z^{\beta (0)}v=z^{\beta ,\alpha }v=z^{\alpha ,\beta }v.`$ (3.110)
Then for $`wW`$, using (3.109) and the definition (3.99) we get

$`e^\beta Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z)w`$ (3.111)
$`=`$ $`e^\beta E^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)Y(v,z)E^+({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)z^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha (0)}w`$
$`=`$ $`E^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)(e^\beta Y(v,z)E^+({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)z^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha (0)}w)`$
$`=`$ $`E^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)Y(v,z)(e^\beta E^+({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)z^{\alpha ,\beta \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha (0)}w)`$
$`=`$ $`E^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)Y(v,z)E^+({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)z^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha (0)}(e^\beta w)`$
$`=`$ $`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z)(e^\beta w).`$
This proves that $`e^\beta `$ is an $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-isomorphism from $`W`$ to $`W^{(\beta )}`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

Let $`W_1,W_2𝒞`$ be weak $`V`$-modules and let $`f\mathrm{Hom}_V(W_1^{(\beta )},W_2)`$ for some $`\beta L^o`$. It follows from Proposition 3.18 that the restriction on $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{W_1}`$ of the map $`f(e^\beta )`$ is an $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-homomorphism. Furthermore, we have:

###### Proposition 3.19

Let $`W_1,W_2𝒞`$ be weak $`V`$-modules and let $`\beta L^o`$. Denote by $`\mathrm{Hom}_{\mathrm{\Omega }_V}^\beta (\mathrm{\Omega }_{W_1},\mathrm{\Omega }_{W_2})`$ the space of $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-homomorphisms $`f`$ from $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{W_1}`$ to $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{W_2}`$ such that

$`f(\mathrm{\Omega }_{W_1}^\lambda )\mathrm{\Omega }_{W_2}^{\lambda +\mathrm{}\beta }\text{ for }\lambda P(W_1).`$ (3.112)
Then the map

$`\mathrm{Hom}_V(W_1^{(\beta )},W_2)`$ $``$ $`\mathrm{Hom}_{\mathrm{\Omega }_V}^\beta (\mathrm{\Omega }_{W_1},\mathrm{\Omega }_{W_2})`$ (3.113)
$`f`$ $`f(e^\beta )_\mathrm{\Omega },`$
where $`(e^\beta )_\mathrm{\Omega }`$ denotes the restriction of $`(e^\beta )`$ onto $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{W_1}`$, is a linear isomorphism which sends $`V`$-isomorphisms to $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-isomorphisms.

Proof. It is easy to see that the linear map (3.113) is injective.

On the other hand, let $`f\mathrm{Hom}_{\mathrm{\Omega }_V}^\beta (\mathrm{\Omega }_{W_1},\mathrm{\Omega }_{W_2})`$. Define a linear map

$`\stackrel{~}{f}:W_1^{(\beta )}=𝐂e^\beta M(\mathrm{})\mathrm{\Omega }_{W_1}`$ $``$ $`W_2=M(\mathrm{})\mathrm{\Omega }_{W_2}`$
$`e^\beta aw`$ $``$ $`af(w)`$ (3.114)
for $`aM(\mathrm{}),w\mathrm{\Omega }_{W_1}`$.

For $`u\mathrm{\Omega }_V^\alpha ,\alpha L,aM(\mathrm{}),w\mathrm{\Omega }_{W_1}^s,sP(W_1)`$, we have

$`Y(u,z)\stackrel{~}{f}(e^\beta aw)`$ (3.115)
$`=`$ $`z^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha ,s+\mathrm{}\beta }E^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)E^+({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)aY_\mathrm{\Omega }(u,z)f(w)`$
$`=`$ $`z^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha ,s+\mathrm{}\beta }E^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)E^+({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)af(Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(u,z)w)`$
$`=`$ $`z^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha ,s+\mathrm{}\beta }\stackrel{~}{f}\left(e^\beta E^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)E^+({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)aY_\mathrm{\Omega }(u,z)w\right)`$
$`=`$ $`\stackrel{~}{f}(e^\beta z^{\alpha ,\beta }Y(u,z)(aw))`$
$`=`$ $`\stackrel{~}{f}(e^\beta Y(E^+(\beta ,z)z^{\beta (0)}u,z)(aw))`$
$`=`$ $`\stackrel{~}{f}(Y(u,z)(e^\beta aw)).`$
On the other hand, for $`h𝐡`$, using (3.108) we get

$`Y(h,z)\stackrel{~}{f}(e^\beta aw)`$ (3.116)
$`=`$ $`Y(h,z)(af(w))`$
$`=`$ $`(Y(h,z)h(0)z^1)af(w)+ah(0)f(w)z^1`$
$`=`$ $`(Y(h,z)h(0)z^1)af(w)+\mathrm{}h,\beta z^1)(af(w))`$
$`=`$ $`\stackrel{~}{f}(e^\beta (Y(h,z)h(0)z^1)aw)+h,s+\mathrm{}\beta \stackrel{~}{f}(e^\beta aw)z^1`$
$`=`$ $`\stackrel{~}{f}(e^\beta (Y(h,z)+\mathrm{}h,\beta z^1)(aw))`$
$`=`$ $`\stackrel{~}{f}(e^\beta Y(E^+(\beta ,z)z^{\beta (0)}h,z)(aw))`$
$`=`$ $`\stackrel{~}{f}(Y(h,z)(e^\beta aw)).`$
That is, $`\stackrel{~}{f}`$ is a linear map from $`W_1^{(\beta )}`$ to $`W_2`$ such that

$`Y(v,z)\stackrel{~}{f}(e^\beta w)=\stackrel{~}{f}(Y(v,z)(e^\beta w))`$ (3.117)
for $`v\mathrm{\Omega }_V𝐡,wW_1`$. Since $`𝐡`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$ generate $`V`$ as a vertex algebra, it follows from induction and the Jacobi identity of the vertex algebra $`V`$ that (3.117) holds for all $`vV,wW_1`$. That is, $`\stackrel{~}{f}`$ is a $`V`$-homomorphism. Clearly, $`f`$ is the restriction of $`\stackrel{~}{f}(e^\beta )`$. This proves that the linear map (3.113) is also onto. Clearly, $`\stackrel{~}{f}`$ is a linear isomorphism if and only if $`f`$ is a linear isomorphism. This completes the proof. $`\mathrm{}`$

Now, we present our second main result of this section.

###### Theorem 3.20

Let $`W_1,W_2`$ be irreducible weak $`V`$-modules in $`𝒞`$. Then $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{W_1}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{W_2}`$ are isomorphic $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-modules if and only if $`W_2W_1^{(\beta )}`$ for some $`\beta L^o`$.

Proof. The “if” part follows immediately from Proposition 3.18. Now, suppose that $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{W_1}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{W_2}`$ are isomorphic $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-modules. Let $`f`$ be an $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-isomorphism from $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{W_1}`$ onto $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{W_2}`$ with an $`L`$-set map $`\overline{f}`$ from $`P(W_1)`$ to $`P(W_2)`$. Let $`\lambda 𝐡`$ with $`W_1^\lambda 0`$. Since $`W_1,W_2`$ are irreducible, $`P(W_1)=\lambda +L`$ and $`P(W_2)=\overline{f}(\lambda )+L`$.

Let $`0u\mathrm{\Omega }_V^\alpha `$ for $`\alpha L`$ and $`0w\mathrm{\Omega }_{W_1}^\lambda `$. Then

$`z^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha ,\lambda }Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(u,z)wW_1[[z,z^1]].`$ (3.118)
With $`f`$ being an $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-isomorphism, we have

$`z^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha ,\lambda }Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(u,z)f(w)W_2[[z,z^1]].`$ (3.119)
On the other hand, with $`f(w)\mathrm{\Omega }_{W_2}^{\overline{f}(\lambda )}`$ we have

$`z^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha ,\overline{f}(\lambda )}Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(u,z)f(w)W_2[[z,z^1]].`$ (3.120)
Since $`W_2`$ is irreducible, by Proposition 11.9 of \[DL2\], $`Y(u,z)f(w)0`$. Then we have $`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(u,z)f(w)0`$. Consequently,

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,\overline{f}(\lambda )\lambda 𝐙.`$ (3.121)
Since $`L`$ by definition is generated by $`\alpha `$ with $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^\alpha 0`$, (3.121) holds for all $`\alpha L`$. Thus $`\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}(\overline{f}(\lambda )\lambda )L^o`$. With $`\overline{f}`$ being an $`L`$-set map, clearly $`\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}(\overline{f}(\lambda )\lambda )`$ does not depend on $`\lambda `$. Set

$`\beta ={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}(\overline{f}(\lambda )\lambda )L^o.`$ (3.122)
Then

$`\overline{f}(s)=s+\mathrm{}\beta \text{ for }sP(W_1).`$ (3.123)
Thus $`f\mathrm{Hom}_{\mathrm{\Omega }_V}^\beta (\mathrm{\Omega }_{W_1},\mathrm{\Omega }_{W_2})`$. It follows immediately from Proposition 3.19 that $`\stackrel{~}{f}`$ is a $`V`$-isomorphism from $`W_1^{(\beta )}`$ to $`W_2`$. The proof is complete. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Remark 3.21

In view of Lemma 3.17 and Proposition 3.18, the abelian group $`L^o`$ naturally acts on the set $`Irr(𝒞)`$ of equivalence classes of irreducible weak $`V`$-modules in $`𝒞`$. Then Theorem 3.20 states that for irreducible weak $`V`$-modules $`W_1,W_2𝒞`$, $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{W_1}\mathrm{\Omega }_{W_2}`$ as an $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-module if and only if the equivalence classes $`[W_1]`$ and $`[W_2]`$ are in the same $`L^o`$-orbit.

We conclude this section with the special case where $`\mathrm{}`$ is not rational.

###### Lemma 3.22

Suppose that $`L`$ equipped with $`,`$ is a nondegenerate rational lattice and that $`\mathrm{}`$ is not rational. (1) Let $`S`$ be an $`L`$-set equipped with a $`𝐂/𝐙`$-valued function $`(,)`$ on $`L\times S`$ such that in $`𝐂/𝐙`$,

$`(g_1+g_2,g_3+s)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}g_1,g_3+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}g_2,g_3+(g_1,s)+(g_2,s)`$ (3.124)
for $`g_1,g_2,g_3L,sS`$. Then $`S`$ is a free $`L`$-set. (2) The $`𝐂/2𝐙`$-valued $`𝐙`$-bilinear form $`(,)`$ on $`L`$ defined by

$`(\alpha ,\beta )={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,\beta +2𝐙\text{ for }\alpha ,\beta L`$ (3.125)
is nondegenerate.

Proof. (1) If $`S`$ is not free, there exist $`\alpha _1,\alpha _2L,sS`$ such that $`\alpha _1\alpha _2`$ and $`\alpha _1+s=\alpha _2+s`$. Then for any $`\alpha L`$ from $`(\alpha ,\alpha _1+s)=(\alpha ,\alpha _2+s)`$ we get

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,\alpha _1\alpha _2𝐙.`$ (3.126)
Since $`\alpha ,\alpha _1\alpha _2`$ is rational and $`\mathrm{}`$ is not rational, $`\alpha ,\alpha _1\alpha _2`$ must be zero. This is impossible because $`,`$ by assumption is nondegenerate on $`L`$.

(2) Let $`\beta L`$ such that $`(\alpha ,\beta )=0`$ in $`𝐂/2𝐙`$ for all $`\alpha L`$. Then $`\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha ,\beta 2𝐙`$ for all $`\alpha L`$. With $`\mathrm{}`$ being not rational and $`,`$ being rational, we have $`\alpha ,\beta =0`$. Since $`,`$ is nondegenerate, $`\beta =0`$. Thus $`(,)`$ is nondegenerate. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Proposition 3.23

Suppose that $`L`$ equipped with $`,`$ is a nondegenerate rational lattice and that $`\mathrm{}`$ is not rational. Then for any irreducible weak $`V`$-module $`W𝒞`$, $`\mathrm{\Omega }_W`$ is an irreducible $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-module. Furthermore, the map $`W\mathrm{\Omega }_W`$ gives rise to a one-to-one map between the set of $`L^o`$-orbits of the set of equivalence classes of irreducible weak $`V`$-modules in $`𝒞`$ and the set of equivalence classes of irreducible $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-modules.

Proof. Let $`W𝒞`$ be an irreducible weak $`V`$-module. Then $`P(W)=\lambda +L`$ for any $`\lambda 𝐡`$ with $`W^\lambda 0`$. It follows from the definition of a submodule and Lemma 3.22 that any submodule of $`\mathrm{\Omega }_W`$ must be $`P(W)`$-graded, hence an $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-$`𝐡`$-submodule. Then $`\mathrm{\Omega }_W`$ is an irreducible $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-module because $`\mathrm{\Omega }_W`$ is an irreducible $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-$`𝐡`$-module (Corollary 3.13).

On the other hand, let $`(U,Y_\mathrm{\Omega },S,(,))`$ be an irreducible $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-module. Then by Lemma 3.22 $`S`$ is a free $`L`$-set. Since $`U`$ is irreducible, $`S=L+s`$ for any $`sS`$ with $`U^s0`$. Consequently, $`S`$ is a transitive $`L`$-set. Let $`\{\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _n\}`$ be a basis of $`L`$ and fix an element $`s_0`$ of $`S`$. Choose a representative $`(\alpha _i,s_0)`$ in $`𝐂`$ for each $`i`$. Define a $`𝐂`$-valued function $`f`$ on $`L\times S`$ by

$`f(\alpha ,\beta +s_0)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,\beta +{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}}m_i(\alpha _i,s_0)`$ (3.127)
for $`\alpha =_{i=1}^nm_i\alpha _i,\beta L`$. Set

$`𝐡^{}=𝐂L,𝐡^{\prime \prime }=(𝐡^{})^{}.`$ (3.128)
Since $`,`$ is nondegenerate on $`L`$, we have

$`𝐡=𝐡^{}𝐡^{\prime \prime }.`$ (3.129)
We then lift $`f(,)`$ to a $`𝐂`$-valued function on $`𝐡\times S`$ which is $`𝐂`$-linear in the first variable with $`f(𝐡^{\prime \prime },S)=0`$. We may view each $`sS`$ as an element of $`𝐡`$ by

$`h,s=\mathrm{}f(h,s)\text{ for }h𝐡.`$ (3.130)
Using the fact that $`S=L+s_0`$ and that $`,`$ is nondegenerate on $`𝐡^{}`$ we easily see that $`S`$ is embedded as a subset of $`𝐡`$. Furthermore, we have

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,s+𝐙=f(\alpha ,s)+𝐙=(\alpha ,s)𝐂/𝐙\text{ for }\alpha L,sS.`$ (3.131)
We make $`U`$ an $`𝐡`$-module by defining

$`hw=h,sw\text{ for }h𝐡,wU^s,sS.`$ (3.132)
It is clear that $`U`$ becomes an $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-$`𝐡`$-module. By Proposition 3.14, $`E(U)𝒞`$ with $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{E(U)}=U`$. It follows from Corollary 3.13 that $`E(U)`$ is $`V`$-irreducible. Now the second assertion follows from Theorem 3.20. $`\mathrm{}`$

## 4 Automorphism group $`\mathrm{Aut}_{\mathrm{\Omega }_V}\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$

In this section, we shall determine the automorphism group $`\mathrm{Aut}_{\mathrm{\Omega }_V}\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$ of the adjoint $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-module for the purpose of constructing quotient generalized vertex (operator) algebras $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^A`$ in Section 5. We prove that $`\mathrm{Aut}_{\mathrm{\Omega }_V}\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$ is a central extension of a free group $`K`$ (a subgroup of the additive group $`𝐡`$) by $`𝐂^\times `$ and we furthermore determine the commutator map.

Set

$`K=\{\alpha L^o|V^{(\alpha )}V\text{ as a }V\text{-module}\}.`$ (4.1)
It follows from (3.101) and (3.102) that $`K`$ is a subgroup of $`L^o`$ (cf. \[DLM1\]).

###### Lemma 4.1

Let $`\alpha K`$ and let $`\pi _\alpha `$ be a $`V`$-isomorphism from $`V^{(\alpha )}`$ to $`V`$. Set

$`\psi _\alpha =\pi _\alpha (e^\alpha )\mathrm{End}V,`$ (4.2)
i.e.,

$`\psi _\alpha (v)=\pi _\alpha (e^\alpha v)\text{ for }vV.`$ (4.3)
Then $`\psi _\alpha `$ is an $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-automorphism of $`V`$ such that

$`[h(n),\psi _\alpha ]=\delta _{n,0}\mathrm{}\alpha ,h\psi _\alpha \text{ for }h𝐡,n𝐙,`$ (4.4)
and such that $`\psi _\alpha (\mathrm{\Omega }_V)=\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$ and

$`\psi _\alpha (\mathrm{\Omega }_V^g)=\mathrm{\Omega }_V^{g+\mathrm{}\alpha }\text{ for }gL.`$ (4.5)
Conversely, let $`\varphi `$ be an $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-automorphism of $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$. Then there exist a unique $`\alpha K`$ and a unique $`V`$-isomorphism $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }`$ from $`V^{(\alpha )}`$ to $`V`$ such that $`\varphi =\stackrel{~}{\varphi }(e^\alpha )`$.

Proof. Clearly, $`\pi _\alpha `$ is also an $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-isomorphism from $`V^{(\alpha )}`$ to $`V`$. With $`e^\alpha `$ being an $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-isomorphism (Proposition 3.18), $`\psi _\alpha `$ is an $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-automorphism of $`V`$. The relation (4.4) follows immediately from (3.109). Consequently, $`\psi _\alpha (\mathrm{\Omega }_V)=\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$ and (4.5) holds. This proves the first part.

For the converse, from the definition of $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-isomorphism, associated to $`\varphi `$ there is an $`L`$-set map $`\overline{\varphi }`$ from $`L`$ to $`L`$ such that

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}g,g^{}+𝐙={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}g,\overline{\varphi }(g^{})+𝐙,`$ (4.6)
$`\varphi (\mathrm{\Omega }_V^g)=\mathrm{\Omega }_V^{\overline{\varphi }(g)}\text{ for }g,g^{}L.`$ (4.7)
Set $`\beta =\overline{\varphi }(0)L`$. Then $`\beta \mathrm{}L^o`$ (from (4.6) with $`g^{}=0`$) and

$`\varphi (\mathrm{\Omega }_V^g)=\mathrm{\Omega }_V^{g+\beta }\text{ for }gL.`$ (4.8)
By Proposition 3.19, there is a $`V`$-isomorphism $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }`$ from $`V^{(\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\beta )}`$ to $`V`$ such that $`\varphi =\stackrel{~}{\varphi }(e^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\beta })`$ Consequently, $`\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\beta K`$. Clearly, $`\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\beta `$ is uniquely determined by $`\varphi `$. The uniqueness of $`\stackrel{~}{\varphi }`$ follows from Proposition 3.19. This completes the proof.$`\mathrm{}`$

In view of Lemma 4.1 we have a map $`\gamma `$ from $`\mathrm{Aut}_{\mathrm{\Omega }_V}\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$ onto $`K`$ such that

$`\sigma (\mathrm{\Omega }_V^g)=\mathrm{\Omega }_V^{g+\mathrm{}\gamma (\sigma )}\text{ for }gL.`$ (4.9)
It is clear that $`\gamma `$ is a group homomorphism. Then we have a short sequence of groups:

$`1𝐂^\times \mathrm{Aut}_{\mathrm{\Omega }_V}\mathrm{\Omega }_VK1`$ (4.10)
with $`𝐂^\times `$ being naturally embedded into $`\mathrm{Aut}_{\mathrm{\Omega }_V}\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$.

###### Proposition 4.2

If $`V`$ is a simple vertex operator algebra, the short sequence (4.10) is exact. In particular, $`\mathrm{Aut}_{\mathrm{\Omega }_V}\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$ is a central extension of $`K`$ by $`𝐂^\times `$. Furthermore, any collection of $`V`$-isomorphisms $`\pi _\alpha `$ from $`V^{(\alpha )}`$ to $`V`$ for $`\alpha K`$ gives rise to a section $`\psi `$ as defined in Lemma 4.1.

Proof. We only need to show $`\mathrm{Ker}\gamma =𝐂^\times `$. From definition we have

$`\mathrm{Ker}\gamma =\mathrm{Aut}_{\mathrm{\Omega }_V}^0\mathrm{\Omega }_V,`$ (4.11)
which consists of grading-preserving automorphisms. Since $`V`$ is simple, it follows from Schur lemma that

$$\mathrm{Hom}_V(V^{(0)},V)=\mathrm{End}_V(V)=𝐂.$$

Then by Proposition 3.19,

$`\mathrm{Aut}_{\mathrm{\Omega }_V}^0\mathrm{\Omega }_V=𝐂^\times .`$ (4.12)
This completes the proof.$`\mathrm{}`$

The following is an immediate consequence of (4.5) and the definition of $`L`$:

###### Corollary 4.3

We have

$`\mathrm{}KL.\mathrm{}`$ (4.13)
###### Remark 4.4

Suppose that $`L`$ equipped with the form $`,`$ is a nondegenerate rational lattice and that $`\mathrm{}`$ is a non-rational complex number. We now show that $`K=0`$. Let $`\alpha \mathrm{}K,\beta L`$. By Corollary 4.3 we have $`\alpha \mathrm{}KL`$. Then $`\alpha ,\beta `$ is rational. On the other hand, with $`\beta L`$ and $`\alpha \mathrm{}K\mathrm{}L^o`$, we have $`\alpha ,\beta \mathrm{}𝐙`$. Because $`\mathrm{}`$ is not rational, we must have $`\alpha ,\beta =0`$. Since by assumption $`,`$ is nondegenerate on $`L`$, $`\alpha =0`$. Then $`\mathrm{}K=0`$. That is, $`K=0`$.

Basic Assumption 2: From now on we assume that $`V`$ is simple, $`\mathrm{}`$ is rational and that $`L`$ equipped with $`,`$ is a nondegenerate rational lattice of finite rank.

We shall explicitly determine $`\mathrm{Aut}_{\mathrm{\Omega }_V}\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$ as an extension of $`K`$ by determining the commutator map of the extension (4.10) (cf. \[FLM\], Chapter 5). We shall first relate $`\psi _\alpha `$ with the vertex operator $`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(\psi _\alpha (\mathrm{𝟏}),z)`$, and then use the generalized weak commutativity to determine the commutator map.

###### Proposition 4.5

Let $`\psi `$ be a section of the extension (4.10) obtained through Proposition 4.2. Let $`\alpha K`$ and $`W𝒞`$. Then

$`\alpha ,s𝐙\text{ for }sP(W)`$ (4.14)
and

$`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(\psi _\alpha (\mathrm{𝟏}),z)\mathrm{End}W,`$ (4.15)
i.e., $`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(\psi _\alpha (\mathrm{𝟏}),z)`$ is independent of $`z`$. Furthermore,

$`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z)Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(\psi _\alpha (\mathrm{𝟏}),0)w=(1)^{g,\alpha }Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(\psi _\alpha (\mathrm{𝟏}),0)Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z)w`$ (4.16)
$`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z)Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(\psi _\alpha (\mathrm{𝟏}),0)w=Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(\psi _\alpha (v),z)w\text{ for }v\mathrm{\Omega }_V^g,wW.`$ (4.17)
In particular, for $`\alpha K2L^o`$, $`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(\psi _\alpha (\mathrm{𝟏}),0)`$ is an $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-automorphism of $`W`$.

Proof. Since $`W`$ is an $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-module and $`\psi _\alpha `$ is an $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-automorphism of $`V`$, we have

$`{\displaystyle \frac{d}{dz}}Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(\psi _\alpha (\mathrm{𝟏}),z)=Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(L_\mathrm{\Omega }(1)\psi _\alpha (\mathrm{𝟏}),z)=Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(\psi _\alpha L_\mathrm{\Omega }(1)\mathrm{𝟏},z)=0.`$ (4.18)
Then $`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(\psi _\alpha (\mathrm{𝟏}),z)\mathrm{End}W`$.

Let $`sP(W)`$ with $`W^s0`$. Then $`\mathrm{\Omega }_W^s0`$. Let $`0w\mathrm{\Omega }_W^s`$. Since by assumption $`V`$ is simple, $`Y(\psi _\alpha (\mathrm{𝟏}),z)w0`$ (\[DL2\], Proposition 11.9). Then

$`0z^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\mathrm{}\alpha ,s}Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(\psi _\alpha (\mathrm{𝟏}),z)wW[[z,z^1]]\text{ and }Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(\psi _\alpha (\mathrm{𝟏}),z)wW,`$ (4.19)
noting that $`\psi _\alpha (\mathrm{𝟏})\mathrm{\Omega }_V^\mathrm{}\alpha `$ from (4.5). Consequently, $`\alpha ,s𝐙`$. Since $`\alpha KL^o`$ and $`P(W)`$ by definition is an $`L`$-subset of $`𝐡`$ generated by $`s`$ with $`W^s0`$, we have $`\alpha ,s𝐙`$ for $`sP(W)`$.

Let $`v\mathrm{\Omega }_V^g,wW^s`$ with $`gL,sP(W)`$. By the generalized weak commutativity, there is a nonnegative integer $`k`$ such that

$`(z_1z_2)^{k+\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}g,\mathrm{}\alpha }Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z_1)Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(\psi _\alpha (\mathrm{𝟏}),z_2)w`$ (4.20)
$`=`$ $`(1)^k(z_2z_1)^{k+\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}g,\mathrm{}\alpha }Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(\psi _\alpha (\mathrm{𝟏}),z_2)Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z_1)w.`$
Since $`gL`$ and $`\alpha KL^o`$, we have $`g,\alpha 𝐙`$. Let $`k^{}𝐍`$ be such that

$$r=k^{}+k+g,\alpha 0.$$

Then multiplying (4.20) by $`(z_1z_2)^k^{}`$ we get

$`(z_1z_2)^rY_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z_1)Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(\psi _\alpha (\mathrm{𝟏}),z_2)w=(1)^{g,\alpha }(z_1z_2)^rY_\mathrm{\Omega }(\psi _\alpha (\mathrm{𝟏}),z_2)Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z_1)w.`$ (4.21)
Setting $`z_2=0`$, we obtain

$`z_1^rY_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z_1)Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(\psi _\alpha (\mathrm{𝟏}),0)w=(1)^{g,\alpha }z_1^rY_\mathrm{\Omega }(\psi _\alpha (\mathrm{𝟏}),0)Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z_1)w,`$ (4.22)
which immediately gives (4.16).

For $`v\mathrm{\Omega }_V^g,wW^s`$ with $`gL,sP(W)`$, by the generalized weak associativity, there is a nonnegative integer $`l`$ such that

$`(z_0+z_2)^{l+\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}g,s}Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z_0+z_2)Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(\psi _\alpha (\mathrm{𝟏}),z_2)w`$ (4.23)
$`=`$ $`(z_2+z_0)^{l+\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}g,s}Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z_0)\psi _\alpha (\mathrm{𝟏}),z_2)w.`$
Since

$`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z_0)\psi _\alpha (\mathrm{𝟏}),z_2)w`$ $`=`$ $`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(\psi _\alpha Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z_0)\mathrm{𝟏},z_2)w`$ (4.24)
$`=`$ $`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(\psi _\alpha e^{z_0L_\mathrm{\Omega }(1)}v,z_2)w`$
$`=`$ $`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(e^{z_0L_\mathrm{\Omega }(1)}\psi _\alpha (v),z_2)w`$
$`=`$ $`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(\psi _\alpha (v),z_2+z_0)w,`$
we get

$`(z_0+z_2)^{l+\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}g,s}Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z_0+z_2)Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(\psi _\alpha (\mathrm{𝟏}),z_2)w=(z_2+z_0)^{l+\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}g,s}Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(\psi _\alpha (v),z_2+z_0)w.`$ (4.25)
Note that

$$Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(\psi _\alpha (\mathrm{𝟏}),z_2)wW^{s+\mathrm{}\alpha },\psi _\alpha (v)\mathrm{\Omega }_V^{g+\mathrm{}\alpha }$$

and

$$\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}g,s+\mathrm{}\alpha ,\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}g+\mathrm{}\alpha ,s\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}g,s+𝐙.$$

Then we may update $`l`$ by a larger positive integer so that

$$z^{l+\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}g,s}Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(\psi _\alpha (v),z)wW[[z]].$$

Now we may set $`z_2=0`$ in (4.25) with $`\mathrm{}`$ being updated to get

$`z_0^{l+\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}g,s}Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z_0)Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(\psi _\alpha (\mathrm{𝟏}),0)w=z_0^{l+\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}g,s}Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(\psi _\alpha (v),z_0)w.`$ (4.26)
Then (4.17) follows immediately. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Remark 4.6

Let $`0u\mathrm{\Omega }_V^\mathrm{}\alpha `$, where $`\alpha \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}L`$, be such that $`L_\mathrm{\Omega }(1)u=0`$. The same proof of Proposition 4.5 with $`u`$ in place of $`\psi _\alpha (\mathrm{𝟏})`$ shows that all the assertions of Proposition 4.5 hold with $`u`$ in place of $`\psi _\alpha (\mathrm{𝟏})`$. Furthermore, set

$`f=Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(u,0)(1)^{\alpha (0)}\mathrm{End}W.`$ (4.27)
Then for $`v\mathrm{\Omega }_V^g,gL,wW^s,sP(W)`$, using (4.16) we get

$`f(Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z)w)`$ $`=`$ $`(1)^{\alpha ,g+s}Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(u,0)Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z)w=(1)^{\alpha ,s}Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z)Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(u,0)w`$ (4.28)
$`=`$ $`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z)f(w).`$
That is, $`f`$ is an $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-endomorphism of $`W`$. Clearly, $`f`$ preserves $`\mathrm{\Omega }_W`$.

Note that the $`𝐙`$-bilinear form $`\mathrm{},`$ on $`K`$ is $`𝐙`$-valued because $`KL^o`$ (by definition) and $`K\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}L`$ (by Corollary 4.3).

###### Proposition 4.7

Let $`\psi `$ be a section of the extension (4.10) as in Proposition 4.5. Then

$`\psi _\alpha =Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(\psi _\alpha (\mathrm{𝟏}),0)(1)^{\alpha (0)}\text{ for }\alpha K.`$ (4.29)
Furthermore,

$`\psi _\alpha \psi _\beta =(1)^{\mathrm{}\alpha ,\beta }\psi _\beta \psi _\alpha \text{ for }\alpha ,\beta K.`$ (4.30)
Proof. Combining (4.16) and (4.17) we get

$`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(\psi _\alpha (v),z)w=(1)^{g,\alpha }Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(\psi _\alpha (\mathrm{𝟏}),0)Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z)w.`$ (4.31)
Setting $`w=\mathrm{𝟏}`$ and taking limit $`z0`$ we obtain (4.29).

Setting $`v=\psi _\beta (\mathrm{𝟏})`$ in (4.16) we get

$`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(\psi _\beta (\mathrm{𝟏}),z)Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(\psi _\alpha (\mathrm{𝟏}),0)=(1)^{\mathrm{}\alpha ,\beta }Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(\psi _\alpha (\mathrm{𝟏}),0)Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(\psi _\beta (\mathrm{𝟏}),z),`$ (4.32)
noting that $`\psi _\beta (\mathrm{𝟏})\mathrm{\Omega }_V^\mathrm{}\beta `$. Then (4.30) follows immediately. $`\mathrm{}`$

Now the group $`\mathrm{Aut}_{\mathrm{\Omega }_V}\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$ has been completely determined in terms of $`K`$ and the $`𝐙`$-bilinear form $`\mathrm{},`$. Furthermore, since by assumption $`L`$ is a free group of finite rank, $`\mathrm{}K(L)`$ is a free group of finite rank, and so is $`K`$. The following is an immediate consequence of (4.30) (cf. \[DLM1\], Lemma 3.8):

###### Corollary 4.8

The group $`K`$ equipped with the $`𝐙`$-bilinear form $`\mathrm{},`$ is an even lattice. $`\mathrm{}`$

From \[FLM\], there exists a $`\pm 1`$-valued function $`ϵ_K(,)`$ on $`K\times K`$ such that

$`ϵ_K(\alpha +\beta ,\gamma )=ϵ_K(\alpha ,\gamma )ϵ_K(\beta ,\gamma ),ϵ_K(\gamma ,\alpha +\beta )=ϵ_K(\gamma ,\alpha )ϵ_K(\gamma ,\beta ),`$ (4.33)
$`ϵ_K(\alpha ,\beta )ϵ_K(\beta ,\alpha )^1=(1)^{\mathrm{}\alpha ,\beta }\text{ for }\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma K.`$ (4.34)
Basic Assumption 3: From now on we assume that $`\psi `$ is a section of the extension (4.10) obtained through Proposition 4.2 such that

$`\psi _\alpha \psi _\beta =ϵ_K(\alpha ,\beta )\psi _{\alpha +\beta }\text{ for }\alpha ,\beta K.`$ (4.35)
(The existence of such a section follows from Proposition 4.7 and \[FLM\], Chapter 5.)

Note that for the generalized vertex algebra $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$, the $`𝐂/2𝐙`$-valued form $`(,)`$ is given by the form $`\frac{1}{\mathrm{}},`$ on $`L`$. For a certain technical reason, instead of considering $`K`$ equipped with the form $`\mathrm{},`$ we shall consider $`\mathrm{}K`$ equipped with the form $`\frac{1}{\mathrm{}},`$. By identifying $`K`$ with $`\mathrm{}K`$ in the obvious way we have an extension of $`\mathrm{}K`$:

$`1𝐂^\times \mathrm{Aut}_{\mathrm{\Omega }_V}\mathrm{\Omega }_V\mathrm{}K1,`$ (4.36)
with the commutator map $`(1)^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}},}`$.

Let $`ϵ(,)`$ be the $`\pm 1`$-valued function on $`\mathrm{}K`$ defined by

$`ϵ(\alpha ,\beta )=(1)^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha ,\beta }ϵ_K({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\beta )=ϵ_K({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\beta ,{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha )\text{ for }\alpha ,\beta \mathrm{}K.`$ (4.37)
Then

$`ϵ(\alpha +\beta ,\gamma )=ϵ(\alpha ,\gamma )ϵ(\beta ,\gamma ),ϵ(\gamma ,\alpha +\beta )=ϵ(\gamma ,\alpha )ϵ(\gamma ,\beta ),`$ (4.38)
$`ϵ(\alpha ,\beta )ϵ(\beta ,\alpha )^1=(1)^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha ,\beta }\text{ for }\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma \mathrm{}K.`$ (4.39)
Let $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}K}`$ be the central extension of $`\mathrm{}K`$ by the multiplicative group $`𝐂^\times `$ associated with the $`2`$-cocycle $`ϵ`$. That is,

$`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}K}=𝐂^\times \times \mathrm{}K`$ (4.40)
with multiplication

$`(a,\alpha )(b,\beta )=(abϵ(\alpha ,\beta ),\alpha +\beta )\text{ for }a,b𝐂^\times ,\alpha ,\beta \mathrm{}K.`$ (4.41)
Set

$`\widehat{\mathrm{}K}=\pm 1\times \mathrm{}K\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{}K}.`$ (4.42)
Then $`\widehat{\mathrm{}K}`$ is a subgroup and it is the central extension of $`\mathrm{}K`$ by $`\pm 1`$ associated with the $`2`$-cocycle $`ϵ`$. We define the twisted group algebra $`𝐂_ϵ[\mathrm{}K]`$ to be the associative algebra with a basis $`\{e^\alpha |\alpha \mathrm{}K\}`$ and with multiplication

$`e^\alpha e^\beta =ϵ(\alpha ,\beta )e^{\alpha +\beta }\text{ for }\alpha ,\beta \mathrm{}K.`$ (4.43)
###### Definition 4.9

For $`\alpha \mathrm{}K`$, $`W𝒞`$, we define

$`\sigma _\alpha ^W=Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(\psi _{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha }(\mathrm{𝟏}),0)\mathrm{End}W,`$ (4.44)
recalling Proposition 4.5. When $`W=V`$, we simply use $`\sigma _\alpha `$.

In view of Proposition 4.7 we have

$`\sigma _\alpha =\psi _{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha }(1)^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha (0)}\text{ for }\alpha \mathrm{}K.`$ (4.45)
Note that $`\psi _\alpha `$ shifts the grading by $`\mathrm{}\alpha `$ while $`\sigma _\alpha `$ shifts the grading by $`\alpha `$.

Let $`\alpha \mathrm{}K,vV^g,gL`$. Using (4.31) and (4.45) we get

$`\sigma _\alpha ^WY_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z)=(1)^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha ,g}Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(\psi _{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha }(v),z)=Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(\sigma _\alpha (v),z).`$ (4.46)
In particular,

$`\sigma _\alpha ^W=Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(\psi _{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha }(\mathrm{𝟏}),z)=Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(\sigma _\alpha (\mathrm{𝟏}),z).`$ (4.47)
We summarize the basic properties as follows:

###### Proposition 4.10

Let $`W𝒞`$. Then

$`\sigma _\alpha ^W(\mathrm{\Omega }_W^s)=\mathrm{\Omega }_W^{s+\alpha }\text{ for }sP(W)`$ (4.48)
and

$`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z)\sigma _\alpha ^W=(1)^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha ,g}\sigma _\alpha ^WY_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z),`$ (4.49)
$`\sigma _\alpha ^WY_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z)=Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(\sigma _\alpha (v),z)\text{ for }vV^g,gL.`$ (4.50)
In particular,

$`\sigma _\alpha ^W\mathrm{Aut}_{\mathrm{\Omega }_V}W\text{ for }\alpha \mathrm{}K2\mathrm{}L^o.`$ (4.51)
Furthermore,

$`\sigma _{\alpha _1}^W\sigma _{\alpha _2}^W=ϵ(\alpha _1,\alpha _2)\sigma _{\alpha _1+\alpha _2}^W\text{ for }\alpha _1,\alpha _2\mathrm{}K.`$ (4.52)
Proof. (4.52) follows from (4.17) and (4.35), and all the others follow from Proposition 4.5. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Remark 4.11

Set

$`L_0=\mathrm{}K2\mathrm{}L^oL.`$ (4.53)
For $`\alpha L_0,gL`$, since by definition $`\alpha 2\mathrm{}L^o`$, we have $`\alpha ,g2\mathrm{}𝐙.`$ That is,

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,g2𝐙\text{ for }\alpha L_0,gL.`$ (4.54)
In particular, $`L_0`$ equipped with the form $`\frac{1}{\mathrm{}},`$ is an even lattice.

Define

$`K^o=\{h𝐡|\alpha ,h𝐙\text{ for }\alpha K\}.`$ (4.55)
Note that $`K^o`$ is also the dual of $`\mathrm{}K`$ equipped with the form $`\frac{1}{\mathrm{}},`$.

###### Lemma 4.12

For any $`W𝒞`$, we have

$`P(W)K^o.`$ (4.56)
Furthermore, if $`K`$ spans $`𝐡`$ over $`𝐂`$, $`2\mathrm{}K`$ is the kernel of the $`𝐂/2𝐙`$-valued $`𝐙`$-bilinear form $`(,)`$ on $`K^o`$ defined by

$`(\alpha ,\beta )={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,\beta +2𝐙\text{ for }\alpha ,\beta K^o.`$ (4.57)
Proof. It follows immediately from Proposition 4.5 that $`P(W)K^o`$. In particular, $`L=P(V)K^o`$. Then using Corollary 4.3, we get

$`2\mathrm{}K2LK^o.`$ (4.58)
If $`K`$ spans $`𝐡`$ over $`𝐂`$, we have $`(\frac{1}{2\mathrm{}}K^o)^o=2\mathrm{}K`$. Then $`2\mathrm{}K`$ is the kernel of $`(,)`$. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Remark 4.13

Set

$`G=K^o/2\mathrm{}K,`$ (4.59)
an abelian group. In view of Lemma 4.12, if $`K`$ spans $`𝐡`$ over $`𝐂`$, we have a nondegenerate $`𝐂/2𝐙`$-valued symmetric $`𝐙`$-bilinear form $`(,)`$ on $`G`$ defined by

$`(\alpha +2\mathrm{}K,\beta +2\mathrm{}K)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,\beta +2𝐙\text{ for }\alpha ,\beta K^o.`$ (4.60)
## 5 Quotient generalized vertex (operator) algebras $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^A`$

In this section, we shall construct quotient generalized vertex algebras $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^A`$ of $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$ for central subgroups $`A`$ of $`\mathrm{Aut}_{\mathrm{\Omega }_V}\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$. For certain $`A`$, the quotient algebras $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^A`$ are proved to be generalized vertex operator algebras. We shall construct functors between the categories of $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-modules and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^A`$-modules and prove analogous assertions of Proposition 3.23 for $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^A`$, by which all irreducible $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^A`$-modules are classified in terms of irreducible $`V`$-modules.

Let $`A`$ be a subgroup:

$`AL_0=\mathrm{}K2\mathrm{}L^oL.`$ (5.1)
We set

$`I_V^A=\text{linear span}\{v\sigma _\alpha (v)|v\mathrm{\Omega }_V,\alpha A\}.`$ (5.2)
###### Lemma 5.1

The subspace $`I_V^A`$ of $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$ is an ideal of $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$.

Proof. By Proposition 4.10, for $`\alpha A`$ $`\sigma _\alpha `$ is an $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-homomorphism, so it follows that $`I_V^A`$ is a left ideal of $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$. For $`\alpha A,u,v\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$, by Proposition 4.10, we have

$`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(v\sigma _\alpha (v),z)u=Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z)uY_\mathrm{\Omega }(\sigma _\alpha (v),z)u=Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z)u\sigma _\alpha Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z)uI_V^A\{z\}.`$ (5.3)
This proves that $`I_V^A`$ is also a right ideal. $`\mathrm{}`$

Because $`AL_0=\mathrm{}K2\mathrm{}L^o`$, $`\frac{1}{\mathrm{}},`$ gives rise to a $`𝐂/2𝐙`$-valued $`𝐙`$-bilinear form $`(,)`$ on $`L/A`$. Then the quotient space of $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$ modulo the two-sided ideal $`I_V^A`$ is a generalized vertex algebra with grading group $`L/A`$ and forms $`c(,)=1`$ and $`(,)`$. We denote this quotient generalized vertex algebra by $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^A`$ (cf. \[DL2\]). We shall still use $`\mathrm{𝟏}`$ and $`\omega _\mathrm{\Omega }`$ for the vacuum vector and Virasoro vector for the quotient generalized vertex algebra $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^A`$.

###### Remark 5.2

Clearly, one may define $`I_V^\mathrm{}K`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^\mathrm{}K`$ in the same way. However, $`I_V^\mathrm{}K`$ is a right ideal, but not a left ideal. Also, notice that $`\frac{1}{\mathrm{}},`$ does not give rise to a $`𝐂/2𝐙`$-valued form on $`L/\mathrm{}K`$. It turns out that similar to a situation in \[DLM1\], one can make the quotient space $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^\mathrm{}K`$ an abelian intertwining algebra in the sense of \[DL2\].

Note that $`2\mathrm{}KL_0`$. An important case will be the one with $`A=2\mathrm{}K`$.

###### Lemma 5.3

Let $`A`$ be a subgroup of $`L_0(=\mathrm{}K2\mathrm{}L^o)`$ such that $`L/A`$ is finite. Then $`(\mathrm{\Omega }_V^A,Y_\mathrm{\Omega },\mathrm{𝟏},\omega _\mathrm{\Omega },L/A,(,))`$ is a generalized vertex operator algebra except that the form $`(,)`$ on $`L/A`$ may be degenerate.

Proof. We only need to prove that $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^A`$ graded by $`L_\mathrm{\Omega }(0)`$-weight satisfies the two grading restrictions. From (3.13), $`L(0)`$ preserves $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^g`$ for $`gL`$. For $`gL`$, because $`V`$ satisfies the two grading restrictions and

$`L(0)=L_\mathrm{\Omega }(0)+L_𝐡(0),`$ (5.4)
$`L_𝐡(0)={\displaystyle \frac{g,g}{2\mathrm{}}}\text{ on }\mathrm{\Omega }_V^g,`$ (5.5)
recalling Lemma 3.2, $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^g`$ graded by $`L_\mathrm{\Omega }(0)`$-weight satisfies the two grading restrictions. Let $`\{g_1,\mathrm{},g_n\}`$ be a complete set of representatives of cosets of $`A`$ in $`L`$. Then the covering map from $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$ to $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^A`$ restricted to $`_{i=1}^n\mathrm{\Omega }_V^{g_i}`$ is an $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^0`$-isomorphism. Consequently, $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^A`$ graded by $`L_\mathrm{\Omega }(0)`$-weight satisfies the two grading restrictions. $`\mathrm{}`$.

Regarding generators of $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^A`$, we have the following immediate consequence of Proposition 3.11:

###### Proposition 5.4

Let $`A`$ be a subgroup of $`L_0(=\mathrm{}K2\mathrm{}L^o)`$ and let $`U`$ be an $`𝐡`$-submodule of $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$ such that $`U+𝐡`$ generates $`V`$ as a vertex algebra. Then the image of $`U`$ in $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^A`$ generates $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^A`$ as a generalized vertex algebra. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Remark 5.5

Let $`\tau `$ be an automorphism of the vertex operator algebra $`V`$ as in Proposition 3.10. In addition we assume that $`\sigma _\alpha \tau =\tau \sigma _\alpha `$ for $`\alpha A`$. Then $`I_V^A`$ is stable under $`\tau `$. Consequently, $`\tau `$ gives rise to a canonical automorphism of $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^A`$.

Next, we shall construct an $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^A`$-module $`\mathrm{\Omega }_W^A`$ from a $`V`$-module $`W`$. Similarly, we define

$`I_W^A=\text{linear span}\{w\sigma _\alpha ^W(w)|w\mathrm{\Omega }_W,\alpha A\}.`$ (5.6)
The same proof of Lemma 5.1 gives:

###### Lemma 5.6

The subspace $`I_W^A`$ is a $`(P(W)/A)`$-graded $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-submodule of $`\mathrm{\Omega }_W`$ and

$`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(v\sigma _\alpha (v),z)\mathrm{\Omega }_WI_W^A\{z\}\text{ for }v\mathrm{\Omega }_V,\alpha A.\mathrm{}`$ (5.7)
We define $`\mathrm{\Omega }_W^A`$ to be the quotient $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-module of $`\mathrm{\Omega }_W`$ modulo the submodule $`I_W^A`$.

###### Proposition 5.7

For any weak $`V`$-module $`W𝒞`$, $`\mathrm{\Omega }_W^A`$ is a $`(P(W)/A)`$-graded $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^A`$-module. Furthermore, for $`\beta L^o`$,

$`e^\beta I_W^A=I_{W^{(\beta )}}^A`$ (5.8)
and the linear map $`e^\beta `$ gives rise to an $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^A`$-isomorphism from $`\mathrm{\Omega }_W^A`$ onto $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{W^{(\beta )}}^A`$.

Proof. It follows immediately from Lemma 5.6 that $`\mathrm{\Omega }_W^A`$ is a $`(P(W)/A)`$-graded $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^A`$-module.

Recall from Proposition 3.18 that $`e^\beta `$ is an $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-isomorphism from $`\mathrm{\Omega }_W`$ onto $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{W^{(\beta )}}`$. For $`wW,\alpha A`$, we have

$`e^\beta (w\sigma _\alpha ^W(w))`$ $`=`$ $`e^\beta Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(\mathrm{𝟏}\sigma _\alpha (\mathrm{𝟏}),z)w`$ (5.9)
$`=`$ $`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(\mathrm{𝟏}\sigma _\alpha (\mathrm{𝟏}),z)(e^\beta w)`$
$`=`$ $`e^\beta w\sigma _\alpha ^{W^{(\beta )}}(e^\beta w).`$
Then (5.8) follows immediately. Consequently, $`e^\beta `$ gives rise to an $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^A`$-isomorphism from $`\mathrm{\Omega }_W^A`$ onto $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{W^{(\beta )}}^A`$.$`\mathrm{}`$

###### Remark 5.8

Let $`U`$ be an $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-$`𝐡`$-module. By Proposition 3.14, we have a weak $`V`$-module $`E(U)𝒞`$ with $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{E(U)}=U`$. Then $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{E(U)}^A=U^A`$, where $`U^A`$ is defined as a quotient space of $`U`$ in the obvious way. By Proposition 5.7, $`U^A`$ is a $`P(U)/A`$-graded $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^A`$-module.

Next, we shall prove the irreducibility of $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^A`$-module $`\mathrm{\Omega }_W^A`$ with $`W`$ being irreducible. First, we prove the following result:

###### Lemma 5.9

Let $`W𝒞`$ be a weak $`V`$-module and let $`\xi `$ be the covering map from $`\mathrm{\Omega }_W`$ to $`\mathrm{\Omega }_W^A`$. Then for any $`(P(W)/A)`$-graded $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^A`$-submodule $`U`$ of $`\mathrm{\Omega }_W^A`$, there exists an $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-$`𝐡`$-submodule $`\stackrel{~}{U}`$ of $`\mathrm{\Omega }_W`$ such that $`\xi (\stackrel{~}{U})=U`$, i.e., $`\stackrel{~}{U}+I_W^A=\xi ^1(U)`$.

Proof. Let $`\stackrel{~}{U}`$ be the (unique) maximal $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-$`𝐡`$-submodule of $`\mathrm{\Omega }_W`$ such that $`\xi (\stackrel{~}{U})U`$. Then we must prove that $`U=\xi (\stackrel{~}{U})`$, for which it suffices to prove $`U\xi (\stackrel{~}{U})`$.

In the following we shall use the proof of Theorem 14.20 of \[DL2\]. Set $`S=P(W)/A`$. Since by hypothesis $`U`$ is $`S`$-graded, i.e., $`U=_{sS}U^s`$, it suffices to prove that $`U^s\xi (\stackrel{~}{U})`$ for $`sS`$.

Let $`sS`$ and let $`e(s)P(W)`$ be such that $`s=e(s)+A`$. Let $`uU^s`$. Consider an element of $`\xi ^1(u)`$:

$`{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha A}{}}u^{e(s)+\alpha }`$ (5.10)
(a finite sum), where $`u^{e(s)+\alpha }\mathrm{\Omega }_W^{e(s)+\alpha }`$. Set

$`\stackrel{~}{u}={\displaystyle \underset{\alpha A}{}}\sigma _\alpha ^W(u^{e(s)+\alpha })\mathrm{\Omega }_W^{e(s)}.`$ (5.11)
Then $`\xi (\stackrel{~}{u})=u`$. Denote by $`T(\stackrel{~}{u})`$ the $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-submodule of $`\mathrm{\Omega }_W`$ generated by $`\stackrel{~}{u}`$. Since $`\stackrel{~}{u}\mathrm{\Omega }_W^{e(s)}`$, $`T(\stackrel{~}{u})`$ is clearly an $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-$`𝐡`$-submodule. With $`\xi `$ being an $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-homomorphism and $`\xi (\stackrel{~}{u})=uU`$ we have $`\xi (T(\stackrel{~}{u}))U`$. By definition, $`T(\stackrel{~}{u})\stackrel{~}{U}`$. Hence

$$u\xi (T(\stackrel{~}{u}))\xi (\stackrel{~}{U}).$$

Thus, $`U^s\xi (\stackrel{~}{U})`$. Therefore, $`U\xi (\stackrel{~}{U}).`$ This completes the proof.$`\mathrm{}`$

As an immediate consequence of Lemma 5.9 and Theorem 3.20 we have (cf. \[DL2\], Theorem 14.20):

###### Proposition 5.10

For any irreducible weak $`V`$-module $`W𝒞`$, $`\mathrm{\Omega }_W^A`$ is a $`(P(W)/A)`$-graded irreducible $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^A`$-module. In particular, $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^A`$ is an $`(L/A)`$-graded simple generalized vertex algebra. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Remark 5.11

Note that from Lemma 4.12, $`\mathrm{\Omega }_W^A`$ is a natural $`(K^o/L_0)`$-graded $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^A`$-module for any weak $`V`$-module $`W𝒞`$. When $`AL_0`$, one can show that $`\mathrm{\Omega }_W^A`$ has nontrivial $`(K^o/L_0)`$-graded $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^A`$-submodules. (Cf. \[DL2\], Remark 14.21.)

Note that for any weak $`V`$-module $`W𝒞`$, $`\mathrm{\Omega }_W^A`$ is a $`(K^o/A)`$-graded $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^A`$-module. Next, we shall prove that $`\mathrm{\Omega }_W^A`$ for irreducible $`W𝒞`$ exhaust all irreducible $`(K^o/A)`$-graded $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^A`$-modules.

Fix a complete set $`S`$ of representatives of cosets of $`A`$ in $`K^o`$. Then for any $`\lambda K^o`$, there exists a unique $`t(\lambda )A`$ such that $`\lambda t(\lambda )S`$. Denote by $`t`$ the map from $`K^o`$ to $`A`$ sending $`\lambda `$ to $`t(\lambda )`$. Clearly,

$`t(\alpha +\lambda )=\alpha +t(\lambda )\text{ for }\alpha A,\lambda K^o.`$ (5.12)
It is also clear that the map $`\lambda (t(\lambda ),\lambda t(\lambda ))`$ is a bijection from $`K^o`$ to $`A\times S`$.

Let $`U`$ be a $`(K^o/A)`$-graded $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^A`$-module. View $`U`$ as a natural $`(K^o/A)`$-graded $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-module. Set

$`U_A=𝐂[A]U.`$ (5.13)
For $`\lambda K^o`$, set

$`U_A^\lambda =𝐂e^{t(\lambda )}U^{\lambda t(\lambda )+A}.`$ (5.14)
Then $`U_A=_{\lambda K^o}U_A^\lambda `$.

For $`v\mathrm{\Omega }_V^g,\alpha A,wU^{s+A},sS`$, we define

$`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z)(e^\alpha w)=e^{\alpha +t(g+s)}Y_\mathrm{\Omega }^A(v,z)w.`$ (5.15)
Then

$`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z)U_A^\lambda U_A^{\lambda +g}\{z\}\text{ for }\lambda K^o.`$ (5.16)
For $`h𝐡`$ we define

$`h(e^\alpha w)=h,\alpha +s(e^\alpha w).`$ (5.17)
###### Proposition 5.12

Let $`U`$ be a $`(K^o/A)`$-graded $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^A`$-module. Then $`U_A`$ is a $`K^o`$-graded $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-$`𝐡`$-module such that $`(U_A)^A=U`$. Furthermore, if $`U=\mathrm{\Omega }_W^A`$ for some $`W𝒞`$, then $`U_A\mathrm{\Omega }_W`$ as a $`K^o`$-graded $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-module.

Proof. Let $`u\mathrm{\Omega }_V^{g_1},v\mathrm{\Omega }_V^{g_2},\alpha A,wU^{s+A},sS`$. By definition,

$`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z_2)wU^{g_2+st(g_2+s)+A}\{z_2\}`$ (5.18)
with $`g_2+st(g_2+s)S`$. Note that from (5.12) we have

$`t(g_2+s)+t(g_1+(g_2+st(g_2+s)))=t(g_1+g_2+s).`$ (5.19)
Then we have

$`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(u,z_1)Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z_2)(e^\alpha w)`$ $`=`$ $`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(u,z_1)(e^{\alpha +t(g_2+s)}Y_\mathrm{\Omega }^A(v,z_2)w)`$ (5.20)
$`=`$ $`e^{\alpha +t(g_1+g_2+s)}Y_\mathrm{\Omega }^A(u,z_1)Y_\mathrm{\Omega }^A(v,z_2)w`$
and symmetrically,

$`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z_2)Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(u,z_1)(e^\alpha w)=e^{\alpha +t(g_1+g_2+s)}Y_\mathrm{\Omega }^A(v,z_2)Y_\mathrm{\Omega }^A(u,z_1)w.`$ (5.21)
With $`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(u,z_0)v\mathrm{\Omega }_V^{g_1+g_2}\{z\}`$, we have

$`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(u,z_0)v,z_2)(e^\alpha w)=e^{\alpha +t(g_1+g_2+s)}Y_\mathrm{\Omega }^A(Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(u,z_0)v,z_2)w.`$ (5.22)
Then the generalized Jacobi identity of $`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }`$ on $`U_A`$ follows immediately from the generalized Jacobi identity of $`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }^A`$ on $`U`$. Clearly, $`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(\mathrm{𝟏},z)=1`$. Thus $`U_A`$ is a $`K^o`$-graded $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-module. It follows from the second part of the proof of Proposition 3.23 that $`U_A`$ is an $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-$`𝐡`$-module.

For $`\alpha ,\beta A,wU^{s+A},sS`$, we have

$`\sigma _\alpha ^{U_A}(e^\beta w)`$ $`=`$ $`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(\sigma _\alpha (\mathrm{𝟏}),z)(e^\beta w)`$ (5.23)
$`=`$ $`e^{\alpha +\beta }Y_\mathrm{\Omega }^A(\sigma _\alpha (\mathrm{𝟏}),z)w`$
$`=`$ $`e^{\alpha +\beta }Y_\mathrm{\Omega }^A(\mathrm{𝟏},z)w`$
$`=`$ $`e^{\alpha +\beta }w.`$
Then $`(U_A)^A=U`$.

Let $`U=\mathrm{\Omega }_W^A`$ and let $`\zeta `$ be the covering map from $`\mathrm{\Omega }_W`$ onto $`\mathrm{\Omega }_W^A`$. Define a linear map

$`\eta :\mathrm{\Omega }_W`$ $``$ $`(\mathrm{\Omega }_W^A)_A=𝐂[A]\mathrm{\Omega }_W^A`$
$`w`$ $``$ $`e^{t(\lambda )}\zeta (w)`$ (5.24)
for $`w\mathrm{\Omega }_W^\lambda ,\lambda P(W)K^o`$. Clearly, $`\eta `$ is a linear isomorphism preserving the $`K^o`$-grading. Let $`v\mathrm{\Omega }_V^g,gL`$. Recall that $`\lambda =s+t(\lambda )`$, where $`sS,t(\lambda )A`$. Then

$$t(\lambda +g)=t(t(\lambda )+g+s)=t(\lambda )+t(g+s).$$

Using the definition (5.15) we get

$`\eta (Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z)w)`$ $`=`$ $`e^{t(g+\lambda )}\zeta (Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z)w)`$ (5.25)
$`=`$ $`e^{t(g+\lambda )}Y_\mathrm{\Omega }^A(v,z)\zeta (w)`$
$`=`$ $`e^{t(\lambda )+t(g+s)}Y_\mathrm{\Omega }^A(v,z)\zeta (w)`$
$`=`$ $`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z)(e^{t(\lambda )}\zeta (w))`$
$`=`$ $`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z)\eta (w).`$
This proves that $`\eta `$ is an $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-isomorphism and completes the proof.$`\mathrm{}`$

Now, we present our main theorem of this section.

###### Theorem 5.13

For irreducible weak $`V`$-modules $`W_1,W_2𝒞`$, $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{W_1}^A\mathrm{\Omega }_{W_2}^A`$ if and only if $`W_1^{(\beta )}W_2`$ for some $`\beta L^o`$. Furthermore, the map $`W\mathrm{\Omega }_W^A`$ gives rise to a one-to-one correspondence between the set of $`L^o`$-orbits of the set of the equivalence classes of irreducible weak $`V`$-modules in $`𝒞`$ and the set of equivalence classes of $`(K^o/A)`$-graded irreducible $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^A`$-modules. Moreover, if $`𝒞`$ is semisimple, the category of $`(K^o/A)`$-graded $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^A`$-modules is semisimple.

Proof. If $`W_1^{(\beta )}W_2`$ for some $`\beta L^o`$, it follows from Proposition 5.7 that $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{W_1}^A\mathrm{\Omega }_{W_2}^A`$. Conversely, assume that $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{W_1}^A\mathrm{\Omega }_{W_2}^A`$. By Proposition 5.12,

$$\mathrm{\Omega }_{W_1}=(\mathrm{\Omega }_{W_1}^A)_A(\mathrm{\Omega }_{W_2}^A)_A=\mathrm{\Omega }_{W_2}$$

as a $`K^o`$-graded $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-module. Then it follows from Theorem 3.20 that $`W_1^{(\beta )}W_2`$ for some $`\beta L^o`$. Now, the second assertion follows immediately.

Suppose that $`𝒞`$ is semisimple. Let $`U`$ be any $`(K^o/A)`$-graded $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^A`$-module. By Proposition 5.12, we have an $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$-$`𝐡`$-module $`U_A`$ with $`U=(U_A)^A`$. It follows from Theorem 3.16 that $`U_A`$ is completely reducible. Then it follows from Proposition 5.10 that $`U=(U_A)^A`$ (Proposition 5.12) is completely reducible. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Proposition 5.14

Suppose that $`\mathrm{}`$ is a positive integer, $`L`$ spans $`𝐡`$ over $`𝐂`$ and that $`V`$ has only finitely many irreducible weak modules in $`𝒞`$ up to equivalence. Then $`L/L_0`$ is finite and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^{L_0}`$ is a generalized vertex operator algebra with grading group $`L/L_0`$ except that the form $`(,)`$ may be degenerate. Furthermore, $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^{2\mathrm{}K}`$ is a generalized vertex operator algebra with $`G=K^o/2\mathrm{}K`$ (where the form $`(,)`$ is nondegenerate on $`G`$) and for any $`V`$-module $`W𝒞`$, $`\mathrm{\Omega }_W^{2\mathrm{}K}`$ is a $`G`$-graded $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^{2\mathrm{}K}`$-module.

Proof. For $`\beta L^o`$, there exists a positive integer $`n`$ such that $`V^{(n\beta )}V`$. Hence $`n\beta K`$. With $`L^o`$ being of finite rank, there is a positive integer $`k_1`$ such that $`k_1L^oK`$. Since $`L`$ is a rational lattice of finite rank and $`L`$ spans $`𝐡`$ over $`𝐂`$, there is a positive integer $`k_2`$ such that $`k_2LL^o`$. Then $`k_1k_2LK`$. Hence $`2\mathrm{}k_1k_2L2\mathrm{}KL_0`$. It follows immediately that $`L/2\mathrm{}K`$ and $`L/L_0`$ are finite.

In view of Lemma 5.3, $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^A`$ is a generalized vertex operator algebra except that the form $`(,)`$ may be degenerate. However, if $`A2\mathrm{}K`$, in particular, $`A=2\mathrm{}K`$, we may consider $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^A`$ as a $`(K^o/2\mathrm{}K)`$-graded space in the obvious way and at the same time, by Lemma 4.12 the form $`(,)`$ on $`(K^o/2\mathrm{}K)`$ is nondegenerate. Furthermore, by Lemma 4.12 again, for any $`V`$-module $`W𝒞`$, $`\mathrm{\Omega }_W^A`$ is a $`G`$-graded $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^A`$-module. $`\mathrm{}`$

For the rest of this section we shall show that $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^A`$ is equivalent to the vacuum space of a vertex subalgebra isomorphic to the lattice vertex algebra $`V_A`$ in $`V`$. We assume that all the assumptions in Proposition 5.14 hold, i.e., $`\mathrm{}`$ is a positive integer, $`L`$ spans $`𝐡`$ over $`𝐂`$ and $`V`$ has only finitely many irreducible weak modules in $`𝒞`$ up to equivalence. From the proof of Proposition 5.14, there are positive integers $`k_1,k_2`$ such that $`k_1L^oK`$ and $`k_2LL^o`$. Consequently,

$$2\mathrm{}k_1k_2LL_0=\mathrm{}K2\mathrm{}L^o.$$

Thus, both $`\mathrm{}K`$ and $`L_0`$ span $`𝐡`$ over $`𝐂`$.

Let $`V_\mathrm{}K`$ be the vertex algebra constructed in \[FLM\] (cf. \[B\]) from the even lattice $`\mathrm{}K`$ with the form $`\frac{1}{\mathrm{}},`$. Note that $`K^o`$ is the dual lattice of $`\mathrm{}K`$ equipped with the form $`\frac{1}{\mathrm{}},`$. Let $`\{\beta _1,\mathrm{},\beta _n\}`$ be a complete set of representatives of cosets of $`\mathrm{}K`$ in $`K^o`$. Then from \[FLM\],

$`V_{K^o}={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}}V_{\mathrm{}K+\beta _i},`$ (5.26)
where $`V_{\mathrm{}K+\beta _i}`$ and $`V_{\mathrm{}K+\beta _j}`$ for $`ij`$ are nonisomorphic irreducible $`V_\mathrm{}K`$-modules. Furthermore, from \[D\] any irreducible $`V_\mathrm{}K`$-module is isomorphic to $`V_{\mathrm{}K+\beta _i}`$ for some $`i`$.

###### Proposition 5.15

Let $`V_\mathrm{}K`$ be the vertex algebra associated with the even lattice $`\mathrm{}K`$ with the form $`\frac{1}{\mathrm{}},`$. Define a linear map $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ from $`V_\mathrm{}K`$ to $`V`$ by

$`\mathrm{\Psi }(e^\alpha h_1(n_1)\mathrm{}h_r(n_r))=\mathrm{}^r(\sigma _\alpha (\mathrm{𝟏})h_1(n_1)\mathrm{}h_r(n_r))`$ (5.27)
for $`\alpha \mathrm{}K,r𝐍,h_i𝐡,n_i1`$. Then $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ is an injective vertex algebra homomorphism. Furthermore, let $`W𝒞`$ and let $`0w\mathrm{\Omega }_W^\beta ,\beta P(W)`$. Then the $`V_\mathrm{}K`$-submodule of $`W`$ generated by $`w`$ through the embedding $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ is isomorphic to $`V_{\mathrm{}K+\beta }`$.

Proof. Because $`0\sigma _\alpha (\mathrm{𝟏})\mathrm{\Omega }_V^\alpha `$ for $`\alpha \mathrm{}K`$ (Proposition 4.10), we have

$`\mathrm{\Psi }(V_\mathrm{}K)=_{\alpha L}\left(M(\mathrm{})𝐂\sigma _\alpha (\mathrm{𝟏})\right).`$ (5.28)
Then $`f`$ is a linear embedding of $`V_\mathrm{}K`$ into $`V`$. Since $`𝐡`$ and $`e^\alpha `$ for $`\alpha \mathrm{}K`$ generates $`V_\mathrm{}K`$ as a vertex algebra, to prove that $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ is a vertex algebra homomorphism it suffices to prove

$`\mathrm{\Psi }(Y(v,z)u)=Y(\mathrm{\Psi }(v),z)\mathrm{\Psi }(u)\text{ for }v𝐡\{e^\alpha |\alpha \mathrm{}K\},uV_\mathrm{}K.`$ (5.29)
By definition, we have

$`\mathrm{\Psi }(h)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}h\text{ for }h𝐡,`$ (5.30)
$`\mathrm{\Psi }(e^\alpha )=\sigma _\alpha (\mathrm{𝟏})\text{ for }\alpha \mathrm{}K.`$ (5.31)
Let $`h_1,h_2𝐡,m,n𝐙`$. Then

$`[h_1(m),h_2(n)]=m{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}h_1,h_2\delta _{m+n,0}\text{ on }V_\mathrm{}K,`$ (5.32)
$`[{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}h_1(m),{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}h_2(n)]=m{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}h_1,h_2\delta _{m+n,0}\text{ on }V,`$ (5.33)
noting that for $`h𝐡`$, $`Y(h,z)=_{m𝐙}h(m)z^{m1}`$ is a vertex operator on $`V_\mathrm{}K`$ and $`V`$. We also have

$`h(n)e^\alpha =\delta _{n,0}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}h,\alpha e^\alpha \text{ in }V_\mathrm{}K,`$ (5.34)
$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}h(n)\sigma _\alpha (\mathrm{𝟏})=\delta _{n,0}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}h,\alpha \sigma _\alpha (\mathrm{𝟏})\text{ in }V`$ (5.35)
for $`h𝐡,n𝐙`$. Then using induction we get

$`\mathrm{\Psi }(h(m)u)={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}h(m)\mathrm{\Psi }(u)\text{ for }h𝐡,m𝐙,uV_\mathrm{}K.`$ (5.36)
That is,

$`\mathrm{\Psi }(Y(h,z)u)=Y(\mathrm{\Psi }(h),z)\mathrm{\Psi }(u)\text{ for }h𝐡,uV_\mathrm{}K.`$ (5.37)
From \[FLM\] we have $`V_\mathrm{}K=𝐂_ϵ[\mathrm{}K]M(1)`$ and

$`Y(e^\alpha ,z)=E^{}(\alpha ,z)E^+(\alpha ,z)e^\alpha z^{\alpha (0)}\text{ for }\alpha \mathrm{}K,`$ (5.38)
where

$`e^\alpha e^\beta =ϵ(\alpha ,\beta )e^{\alpha +\beta }\text{ for }\alpha ,\beta \mathrm{}K.`$ (5.39)
For $`\alpha \mathrm{}K`$, using (4.50) we have

$`Y(\sigma _\alpha (\mathrm{𝟏}),z)`$ $`=`$ $`E^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)E^+({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(\sigma _\alpha (\mathrm{𝟏}),z)z^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha (0)}`$ (5.40)
$`=`$ $`E^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)E^+({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)\sigma _\alpha z^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha (0)}.`$
For $`\alpha \mathrm{}K`$, view $`e^\alpha `$ as an operator on $`V_\mathrm{}K`$. Since $`\sigma _\alpha `$ commutes with $`h(n)`$ for $`h𝐡,n0`$ (by (4.4) and (4.45)), using (4.52) and (5.39) we get

$`\mathrm{\Psi }(e^\alpha u)=\sigma _\alpha \mathrm{\Psi }(u)\text{ for }uV_\mathrm{}K.`$ (5.41)
Then using (5.37)-(5.40) we get

$`\mathrm{\Psi }(Y(e^\alpha ,z)u)=Y(\mathrm{\Psi }(e^\alpha ),z)\mathrm{\Psi }(u)\text{ for }\alpha \mathrm{}K,uV_\mathrm{}K.`$ (5.42)
This proves the first assertion. The second assertion can be proved similarly. $`\mathrm{}`$

It is a well known fact (cf. \[FZ\]) that for $`u,vV`$, $`[Y(u,z_1),Y(v,z_2)]=0`$ if and only if $`Y(u,z)vV[[z]]`$, or what is equivalent to, $`u_iv=0`$ for $`i𝐍`$.

###### Proposition 5.16

The subspace $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^0`$ is a vertex operator subalgebra of $`V`$ and

$`V_\mathrm{}K=\{uV|[Y(u,z_1),Y(v,z_2)]=0\text{ for }v\mathrm{\Omega }_V^0\}.`$ (5.43)
Proof. It follows immediately from Theorem 3.8 that $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^0`$ is a vertex operator subalgebra of $`V`$. (It also follows from a result of \[FZ\].)

Set (cf. \[DM\])

$`(\mathrm{\Omega }_V^0)^c=\{uV|[Y(u,z_1),Y(v,z_2)]=0\text{ for }v\mathrm{\Omega }_V^0\}.`$ (5.44)
Since $`h(i)\mathrm{\Omega }_V^0=0`$ for $`h𝐡,i0`$, we have $`𝐡(\mathrm{\Omega }_V^0)^c`$. Recall that $`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z)=Y(v,z)`$ for $`v\mathrm{\Omega }_V^0`$. For $`\alpha \mathrm{}K`$, from Proposition 4.10, $`\sigma _\alpha `$ is an $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^0`$-automorphism of $`V`$. Then for $`v\mathrm{\Omega }_V^0,\alpha \mathrm{}K`$,

$`Y(v,z)\sigma _\alpha (\mathrm{𝟏})=\sigma _\alpha Y(v,z)\mathrm{𝟏}V[[z]].`$ (5.45)
Hence $`\sigma _\alpha (\mathrm{𝟏})(\mathrm{\Omega }_V^0)^c`$. Since $`𝐡`$ and $`\sigma _\alpha (\mathrm{𝟏})`$ for $`\alpha \mathrm{}K`$ generate $`V_\mathrm{}K`$ as a vertex algebra, we have $`V_\mathrm{}K(\mathrm{\Omega }_V^0)^c`$.

Because $`(\mathrm{\Omega }_V^0)^c`$ is a completely reducible $`\widehat{𝐡}`$-module and $`𝐡(\mathrm{\Omega }_V^0)^c`$, to prove $`(\mathrm{\Omega }_V^0)^cV_\mathrm{}K`$ it suffices to prove

$$(\mathrm{\Omega }_V^0)^c\mathrm{\Omega }_V^\beta V_\mathrm{}K\text{ for }\beta L.$$

Let $`u(\mathrm{\Omega }_V^0)^c\mathrm{\Omega }_V^\beta ,\beta L`$. Then $`(\omega _\mathrm{\Omega })_iu=0`$ for $`i0`$. In particular, $`L_\mathrm{\Omega }(1)u=(\omega _\mathrm{\Omega })_0u=0`$. It follows from Remark 4.6 that $`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(u,z)\mathrm{End}\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$ and

$`f=Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(u,z)(1)^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\beta (0)}\mathrm{Hom}_{\mathrm{\Omega }_V}^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\beta }(\mathrm{\Omega }_V,\mathrm{\Omega }_V).`$ (5.46)
Since by assumption $`V`$ is an irreducible $`V`$-module, the linear map $`\stackrel{~}{f}`$ constructed in Proposition 3.19 must be a $`V`$-isomorphism from $`V^{(\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\beta )}`$ to $`V`$. Thus $`\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\beta K`$. By Schur lemma, $`\stackrel{~}{f}𝐂\psi _{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\beta }`$. Consequently, $`u=\stackrel{~}{f}(\mathrm{𝟏})𝐂\sigma _\beta (\mathrm{𝟏})V_\mathrm{}K`$. The proof is complete. $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Remark 5.17

Proposition 5.16 states that $`V_\mathrm{}K=\mathrm{\Omega }_V^c`$. From this we have

$`V_\mathrm{}K^c=(\mathrm{\Omega }_V^c)^c.`$ (5.47)
Since

$`(V_\mathrm{}K)^cM(\mathrm{})^c=\mathrm{\Omega }_V^0(\mathrm{\Omega }_V^c)^c,`$ (5.48)
we have

$`V_\mathrm{}K^c=\mathrm{\Omega }_V.`$ (5.49)
Thus, in terms of a notion defined in \[DM\], $`V_\mathrm{}K`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^0`$ form a dual pair.

Let $`A`$ be a sublattice of $`L_0(=\mathrm{}K2\mathrm{}L^o\mathrm{}K)`$ of the same rank. Then

$`{\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,\lambda 𝐙\text{ for }\alpha A,\lambda K^o.`$ (5.50)
Let $`\{\beta _1,\mathrm{},\beta _k\}`$ be a complete set of representatives of cosets of $`A`$ in $`K^o`$. Then

$`V_{K^o}={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}}V_{A+\beta _i},`$ (5.51)
where $`V_{A+\beta _i}`$ and $`V_{A+\beta _j}`$ for $`ij`$ are nonisomorphic irreducible $`V_A`$-modules. For any weak $`V`$-module $`W𝒞`$, since $`P(W)K^o`$ (Proposition 4.5), we have

$`W={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\mathrm{Hom}_{V_A}(V_{A+\beta _i},W)V_{A+\beta _i},`$ (5.52)
$`\mathrm{Hom}_{V_A}(V_{K^o},W)={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\mathrm{Hom}_{V_A}(V_{A+\beta _i},W).`$ (5.53)
Then $`\mathrm{Hom}_{V_A}(V_{K^o},W)`$ can be considered as the space of “highest weight vectors” of $`V_A`$ in $`W`$. (Since there is no appropriate triangulated Lie algebra associated with $`V_A`$, there is a technical difficulty to define the notion of a highest weight vector of $`V_A`$.) In the following we shall identify $`\mathrm{Hom}_{V_A}(V_{K^o},W)`$ with $`\mathrm{\Omega }_W^A`$.

Let $`W𝒞`$. Since $`V_{K^o}`$ is a finitely generated $`V_A`$-module, by Proposition 4.8 of \[Li7\], $`\mathrm{Hom}_{V_A}(V_{K^o},W)`$ is a natural module for $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^0`$ as a vertex algebra, where

$`(Y(v,z)g)(u)=Y(v,z)g(u)\text{ for }v\mathrm{\Omega }_V^0,g\mathrm{Hom}_{V_A}(V_{K^o},W),uV_{K^o}.`$ (5.54)
###### Proposition 5.18

Let $`\{\beta _1,\mathrm{},\beta _k\}`$ be a complete set of representatives of cosets of $`A`$ in $`K^o`$. For $`W𝒞`$, we define a linear map

$`T:`$ $`\mathrm{Hom}_{V_A}(V_{K^o},W)\mathrm{\Omega }_W^A`$ (5.55)
$`g{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}}g(e^{\beta _i})+I_W^A.`$
Then $`T`$ is an $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^0`$-module isomorphism.

Proof. Since $`V_A`$, identified as a subalgebra of $`V`$, commutes with $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^0`$ (Proposition 5.16), it is easy to see that for any $`uV_{K^o}`$, the evaluation map $`gg(u)`$ from $`\mathrm{Hom}_{V_A}(V_{K^o},W)`$ to $`W`$ is an $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^0`$-homomorphism. Furthermore, if $`u\mathrm{\Omega }_{V_{K^o}}`$, then the evaluation map ranges in $`\mathrm{\Omega }_W`$. Then it follows that $`T`$ is an $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^0`$-homomorphism. Now we need to show that $`T`$ is a linear isomorphism.

Since $`P(W)K^o=_{i=1}^n(\beta _i+A)`$ (Proposition 4.5), for convenience we may assume

$`P(W)=_{i=1}^r(\beta _i+A).`$ (5.56)
Then the restriction of the covering map $`\xi `$ (from $`\mathrm{\Omega }_W`$ to $`\mathrm{\Omega }_W^A`$)

$`\xi :{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{r}{}}}\mathrm{\Omega }_W^{\beta _i}\mathrm{\Omega }_W^A`$ (5.57)
is an $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^0`$-isomorphism. For $`g\mathrm{Hom}_{V_A}(V_{K^o},W)`$, we have

$`g(e^{\beta _i})\mathrm{\Omega }_W^{\beta _i}\text{ for }i=1,\mathrm{},n.`$ (5.58)
For $`i>r`$, since $`\beta _iP(W)`$, we must have $`g(e^{\beta _i})=0`$. Then $`T(g)=0`$ if and only if $`g(e^{\beta _i})=0`$ for $`i=1,\mathrm{},n`$, which is equivalent to $`g=0`$ because $`e^{\beta _i}`$ $`(i=1,\mathrm{},n)`$ generate $`V_{K^o}`$ as a $`V_A`$-module. Then $`T`$ is injective.

On the other hand, let $`0w\mathrm{\Omega }_W^{\beta _i}`$. By Proposition 5.15, $`w`$ generates a $`V_A`$-submodule of $`W`$, which is isomorphic to $`V_{A+\beta _i}`$. Then there is $`g\mathrm{Hom}_{V_A}(V_{K^o},W)`$ such that $`T(g)=w+\mathrm{\Omega }_W^A`$. Then $`T`$ is onto. Therefore, $`T`$ is an $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^0`$-isomorphism.$`\mathrm{}`$

###### Remark 5.19

From Proposition 5.18, $`\mathrm{\Omega }_W^A`$ can be identified as the “vacuum space” $`\mathrm{Hom}_{V_A}(V_{K^o},W)`$ of the subalgebra $`V_A`$ in $`W`$. In view of this, the construction of $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V^A`$ is essentially a non-abelian coset construction.

## 6 Examples

In this section we shall apply the results of Sections 3-5 for $`V=L(\mathrm{},0)`$, the vertex operator algebra associated to an affine Lie algebra $`\widehat{g}`$ with level $`\mathrm{}`$.

Let $`g`$ be a finite-dimensional simple Lie algebra, $`𝐡`$ be a Cartan subalgebra and $`\mathrm{\Phi }`$ be the set of roots. Let $`,`$ be the normalized killing form such that $`\alpha ,\alpha =2`$ for a long root $`\alpha `$ where $`𝐡^{}`$ is identified with $`𝐡`$ through $`,`$. Let $`Q`$ and $`Q^{}`$ be the root lattice and the co-root lattice, respectively. Then $`(Q^{})^o`$ denoted by $`P`$ is the weight lattice and $`Q^o=P^{}`$ is the co-weight lattice.

Let $`\widehat{g}`$ be the affine Lie algebra:

$`\widehat{g}=g𝐂[t,t^1]𝐂c,`$ (6.1)
where

$`[\widehat{g},c]=0,`$ (6.2)
$`[at^m,bt^n]=[a,b]t^{m+n}+ma,b\delta _{m+n,0}c\text{ for }a,bg,m,n𝐙.`$ (6.3)
As usual we also use $`a(n)`$ for $`at^n`$. For $`n𝐙`$, we denote

$`g(n)=\{a(n)|ag\}.`$ (6.4)
For $`ag`$, define the generating series

$`a(z)={\displaystyle \underset{n𝐙}{}}(at^n)z^{n1}\widehat{g}[[z,z^1]].`$ (6.5)
###### Definition 6.1

For $`\mathrm{}𝐂`$, we define a category $`_{\mathrm{}}`$ of level-$`\mathrm{}`$ restricted $`\widehat{g}`$-modules $`W`$ (cf. \[K\]) in the sense that $`c`$ acts as $`\mathrm{}`$ and for every $`wW`$, $`g(n)w=0`$ for $`n`$ sufficiently large.

Assumption: Throughout this section we assume $`\mathrm{}𝐂\{0,h^{}\}`$, where $`h^{}`$ is the dual coxeter number of $`g`$.

Consider the generalized Verma $`\widehat{g}`$-module

$`M(\mathrm{},0)=U(\widehat{g})_{U(g𝐂[t]+𝐂c)}𝐂,`$ (6.6)
$`g𝐂[t]`$ acting trivially on $`𝐂_{\mathrm{}}`$ and $`c`$ acting as $`\mathrm{}`$. Denote by $`\mathrm{𝟏}`$ the highest weight vector $`11`$ of $`M(\mathrm{},0)`$. Let $`L(\mathrm{},0)`$ be the (unique) irreducible quotient module of $`M(\mathrm{},0)`$. We abuse $`\mathrm{𝟏}`$ for the image of $`\mathrm{𝟏}`$ in $`L(\mathrm{},0)`$. Identify $`g`$ as a subspace of $`M(\mathrm{},0)`$ and $`L(\mathrm{},0)`$ through the map $`aa(1)\mathrm{𝟏}`$.

Set

$`\omega ={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2(\mathrm{}+h^{})}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{d}{}}}a_i(1)a_i(1)\mathrm{𝟏}M(\mathrm{},0),`$ (6.7)
where $`\{a_1,\mathrm{},a_d\}`$ is any orthonormal basis of $`g`$. Then we have (see \[DL2\], \[FF\], \[FZ\], \[Li2\] and \[MP2\]):

###### Proposition 6.2

There exists a unique vertex operator algebra structure on $`M(\mathrm{},0)`$ and $`L(\mathrm{},0)`$ such that $`Y(a,z)=a(z)`$ for $`ag`$ with $`\mathrm{𝟏}`$ and $`\omega `$ being the vacuum vector and the Virasoro vector, respectively. The central charge is

$`c_{\mathrm{}}={\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{}dimg}{\mathrm{}+h^{}}}.`$ (6.8)
Furthermore, the category of modules for $`M(\mathrm{},0)`$ viewed as a vertex algebra is naturally isomorphic to the category $`_{\mathrm{}}`$.

The vertex operator $`Y(\omega ,z)`$ turns out to generate the “Segal-Sugawara” realization of the Virasoro algebra (see \[Su\], \[BH\], \[Se\]).

Note that $`\widehat{𝐡}=𝐡𝐂[t,t^1]+𝐂c`$ is a subalgebra of $`\widehat{g}`$ and the subalgebra $`\widehat{𝐡}_𝐙=\widehat{𝐡}^++\widehat{𝐡}^{}+𝐂c`$ is a Heisenberg algebra. We have

$`M(\mathrm{})M(\mathrm{},0),L(\mathrm{},0).`$ (6.9)
###### Definition 6.3

We define a category $`𝒞_{\mathrm{}}`$ of level-$`\mathrm{}`$ restricted $`\widehat{g}`$-modules $`W`$ such that $`𝐡`$ acts semisimply on $`W`$ and such that $`dimU(\widehat{𝐡}^+)w<\mathrm{}`$ for $`wW`$.

Note that in view of Proposition 6.2, the category $`𝒞_{\mathrm{}}`$ is exactly the category $`𝒞`$ defined in Section 3 for $`V=M(\mathrm{},0)`$.

Now, we take $`V=M(\mathrm{},0)`$ (or $`L(\mathrm{},0)`$). We have

$`g_\alpha \mathrm{\Omega }_{M(\mathrm{},0)}^\alpha \text{ for }\alpha \mathrm{\Phi }`$ (6.10)
as

$`h(n)a=h(n)a(1)\mathrm{𝟏}=\alpha (h)a(n1)\mathrm{𝟏}+a(1)h(n)\mathrm{𝟏}=\delta _{n,0}\alpha (h)a`$ (6.11)
for $`h𝐡,n0,ag_\alpha .`$ Since $`M(\mathrm{},0)`$ is generated from $`\mathrm{𝟏}`$ by $`\widehat{g}`$, $`M(\mathrm{},0)`$ is $`Q`$-graded. Then $`L`$ defined in Section 3 is exactly the root lattice $`Q`$ (identified as a subset of $`𝐡`$).

###### Theorem 6.4

There exists a unique generalized vertex algebra structure $`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }`$ on $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{M(\mathrm{},0)}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{L(\mathrm{},0)}`$ with $`G=Q,c(,)=1`$ and $`(,)`$ defined by

$`(\alpha ,\beta )={\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,\beta +2𝐙\text{ for }\alpha ,\beta Q`$ (6.12)
such that $`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(\mathrm{𝟏},z)=1`$ and

$`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(a,z)=E^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)a(z)E^+({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)z^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha (0)}\text{ for }ag_\alpha ,\alpha \mathrm{\Phi }.`$ (6.13)
Furthermore, $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{M(\mathrm{},0)}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{L(\mathrm{},0)}`$ are generated by $`g_\alpha `$ ($`\alpha \mathrm{\Phi }`$), $`g_\alpha `$ is of weight $`1\frac{1}{2\mathrm{}}\alpha ,\alpha `$ and the following relations hold for $`ug_\alpha ,vg_\beta ,\alpha ,\beta \mathrm{\Phi }`$:

$$(z_1z_2)^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha ,\beta }Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(u,z_1)Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z_2)(z_2z_1)^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha ,\beta }Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z_2)Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(u,z_1)=$$

$`=\{\begin{array}{c}z_1^1\delta (z_2/z_1)Y_\mathrm{\Omega }([u,v],z_2)(z_2/z_1)^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha (0)}\text{ if }\alpha +\beta 0,\\ \mathrm{}u,v\frac{}{z_2}\left(z_1^1\delta (z_2/z_1)(z_2/z_1)^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha (0)}\right)\text{ if }\alpha +\beta =0.\end{array}`$ (6.16)
Proof. It follows from Theorem 3.8 that there exists a generalized vertex algebra structure $`Y_\mathrm{\Omega }`$ on $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{M(\mathrm{},0)}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{L(\mathrm{},0)}`$ such that (6.12) and (6.13) hold.

Since $`g`$ generates $`M(\mathrm{},0)`$ as a vertex algebra and $`g/𝐡=_{\alpha \mathrm{\Phi }}g_\alpha `$ is an $`𝐡`$-submodule of $`\mathrm{\Omega }_V`$, by Proposition 3.11, $`g/𝐡`$ generates $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{M(\mathrm{},0)}`$ as a generalized vertex algebra. Then the uniqueness follows immediately.

For $`ag_\alpha ,\alpha \mathrm{\Phi }`$, using Lemma 3.2 we get

$`L_\mathrm{\Omega }(0)a=(L(0)L_𝐡(0))a=\left(1{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,\alpha \right)a.`$ (6.17)
That is, the $`L_\mathrm{\Omega }(0)`$-weight of $`a`$ is $`1\frac{1}{2\mathrm{}}\alpha ,\alpha `$.

From the generalized Jacobi identity we get

$`(z_1z_2)^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha ,\beta }Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(u,z_1)Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z_2)(z_2z_1)^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha ,\beta }Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(v,z_2)Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(u,z_1)`$ (6.18)
$`=`$ $`\mathrm{Res}_{z_0}z_0^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha ,\beta }z_1^1\delta \left({\displaystyle \frac{z_2+z_0}{z_1}}\right)Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(u,z_0)v,z_2)\left({\displaystyle \frac{z_2+z_0}{z_1}}\right)^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha (0)}`$
$`=`$ $`\mathrm{Res}_{z_0}z_0^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha ,\beta }Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(u,z_0)v,z_2)e^{z_0\frac{}{z_2}}\left(z_1^1\delta (z_2/z_1)(z_2/z_1)^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha (0)}\right).`$
Note that from the defining relations of $`\widehat{g}`$ we have

$`Y(u,z)v=\mathrm{}u,vz^2+[u,v]z^1+\text{regular terms.}`$ (6.19)
Then

$`z^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha ,\beta }Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(u,z)v`$ $`=`$ $`E^{}({\displaystyle \frac{1}{\mathrm{}}}\alpha ,z)Y(u,z)v`$ (6.20)
$`=`$ $`\mathrm{}u,vz^2+([u,v]u,v\alpha )z^1+\text{regular terms.}`$
Note also that if $`\alpha +\beta 0`$, we have $`u,v=0`$ and if $`\alpha +\beta =0`$, we have $`[u,v]u,v\alpha =0`$. Then (6.16) immediately follows from (6.18) and (6.20). $`\mathrm{}`$

###### Remark 6.5

Note that for $`W𝒞_{\mathrm{}}`$, by Proposition 6.2 $`W`$ is an $`M(\mathrm{},0)`$-module. Hence, by Theorem 3.9, $`W`$ is an $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{M(\mathrm{},0)}`$-module. Then the same proof shows that (6.16) holds on $`W`$.

###### Remark 6.6

Let $`W𝒞_{\mathrm{}}`$. Recall that for $`ag_\alpha ,\alpha \mathrm{\Phi }`$,

$`Z(a,z)=Y_\mathrm{\Omega }(a,z)z^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha (0)}.`$ (6.21)
Multiplying (6.16) from right by $`z_1^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\alpha (0)}z_2^{\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}\beta (0)}`$ and using (3.31) we obtain

$$(1z_2/z_1)^{\alpha ,\beta /\mathrm{}}Z(u,z_1)Z(v,z_2)(1z_1/z_2)^{\alpha ,\beta /\mathrm{}}Z(v,z_2)Z(u,z_1)=$$

$$=\{\begin{array}{c}z_1^1\delta (z_2/z_1)Z([u,v],z_2)\text{ if }\alpha +\beta 0\\ u,v\left(z_1^1\delta (z_2/z_1)\alpha z_2^1+\mathrm{}\frac{}{z_2}z_1^1\delta (z_2/z_1)\right)\text{ if }\alpha +\beta =0.\end{array}$$
(6.22)
This is a well known result due to \[LP1\].

Let $`\beta Q^o`$ and let $`W`$ be a restricted $`\widehat{g}`$-module $`W`$ of level $`\mathrm{}`$. From Proposition 6.2, $`W`$ is a natural $`M(\mathrm{},0)`$-module. Then we have an $`M(\mathrm{},0)`$-module $`W^{(\beta )}`$. From Proposition 6.2 again, $`W^{(\beta )}`$ is a $`\widehat{g}`$-module of level $`\mathrm{}`$.

Define a linear endomorphism $`\theta _\beta `$ of $`\widehat{g}`$ by

$`\theta _\beta (c)=c,`$ (6.23)
$`\theta _\beta (a(z))=z^{\alpha ,\beta }a(z)\text{ for }ag_\alpha ,\alpha \mathrm{\Phi },`$ (6.24)
$`\theta _\beta (h(z))=h(z)+c\beta ,hz^1\text{ for }h𝐡.`$ (6.25)
It is easy to prove (cf. \[FS\], \[Li4\]) that $`\theta _\beta `$ is an automorphism of $`\widehat{g}`$. Then for any representation $`\rho `$ of $`\widehat{g}`$ on $`W`$, $`\rho \theta _\beta `$ is also a representation of $`\widehat{g}`$ on $`W`$. It follows from \[DLM1\] and \[Li4\] (Proposition 3.5) that the representation $`\rho \theta _\beta `$ of $`\widehat{g}`$ on $`W`$ is canonically equivalent to the representation of $`\widehat{g}`$ on $`W^{(\beta )}`$. As an immediate corollary of Proposition 3.23 we have:

###### Proposition 6.7

Let $`\mathrm{}`$ be non-rational. Then the map $`W\mathrm{\Omega }_W`$ gives rise to a one-to-one correspondence between the set of $`Q^o`$-orbits of the set of equivalence classes of irreducible $`\widehat{g}`$-modules in $`𝒞_{\mathrm{}}`$ and the set of equivalence classes of irreducible $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{L(\mathrm{},0)}`$-modules. $`\mathrm{}`$

It was known that $`M(\mathrm{},0)=L(\mathrm{},0)`$ is simple. Then we immediately have:

###### Corollary 6.8

If $`\mathrm{}`$ is not rational, the generalized vertex algebra $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{M(\mathrm{},0)}`$ $`(=\mathrm{\Omega }_{L(\mathrm{},0)})`$ is simple in the sense that the adjoint module is irreducible. $`\mathrm{}`$

Now, let $`\mathrm{}`$ be a positive integer. Set

$`P_{\mathrm{}}=\{\lambda P_+|\lambda ,\theta \mathrm{}\},`$ (6.26)
where $`P_+`$ is the set of all dominant integral weights of $`g`$ (cf. \[K\]). Then for $`\lambda P_{\mathrm{}}`$, $`L(\mathrm{},\lambda )`$ is an integral module, or a standard module. A known fact about the vertex operator algebra $`L(\mathrm{},0)`$ (cf. \[DL2\], \[DLM2\], \[FZ\], \[Li2\]) is that the category of all weak $`L(\mathrm{},0)`$-modules is semisimple and that irreducible weak $`L(\mathrm{},0)`$-modules are exactly standard or highest weight irreducible integrable $`\widehat{g}`$-modules of level $`\mathrm{}`$.

In view of Theorem 3.20 we immediately have:

###### Proposition 6.9

Let $`\mathrm{}`$ be a positive integer. Then every $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{L(\mathrm{},0)}`$-$`𝐡`$-module is completely reducible and the set of $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{L(\mathrm{},\lambda )}`$ for $`\lambda P_{\mathrm{}}`$ is a complete set of representatives of equivalence classes of irreducible $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{L(\mathrm{},0)}`$-$`𝐡`$-modules. $`\mathrm{}`$

It was proved in \[Li6\] that

$`K=\{\alpha Q^o|L(\mathrm{},0)^{(\alpha )}L(\mathrm{},0)\}=Q^{}.`$ (6.27)
Then we have

$`K^0=(Q^{})^o=P,`$ (6.28)
$`G=K^o/2\mathrm{}K=P/2\mathrm{}Q^{}`$ (6.29)
(cf. \[DL2\]). Then any $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{L(\mathrm{},0)}^{2\mathrm{}Q^{}}`$-module is $`G`$-graded. In view of Theorem 5.13 we immediately have:

###### Theorem 6.10

Let $`\mathrm{}`$ be a positive integer. Then $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{L(\mathrm{},0)}^{2\mathrm{}Q^{}}`$ is a simple generalized vertex operator algebra with $`G=P/2\mathrm{}Q^{}`$. Furthermore, the category of $`G`$-graded modules for $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{L(\mathrm{},0)}^{2\mathrm{}Q^{}}`$ as a generalized vertex algebra is semisimple and the map $`W\mathrm{\Omega }_W^{2\mathrm{}Q^{}}`$ gives rise to a one-to-one correspondence between the set of $`Q^o`$-orbits of the set of equivalence classes of irreducible $`L(\mathrm{},0)`$-modules and the set of equivalence classes of $`G`$-graded irreducible $`\mathrm{\Omega }_{L(\mathrm{},0)}^{2\mathrm{}Q^{}}`$-modules. $`\mathrm{}`$