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# Quantization of Lie bialgebras and shuffle algebras of Lie algebras

### Introduction

According to Drinfeld, a quantum group is a formal deformation of the universal enveloping algebra of a Lie algebra $`𝔤`$. The semiclassical structure associated with such a deformation is a Lie bialgebra structure on $`𝔤`$. The quantization problem of Lie bialgebras, as posed by Drinfeld in , is to construct a functor from the category of Lie bialgebras to that of quantum groups, whose composition with the “semiclassical limit” functor is the identity. Such an object is called a quantization functor. When the structure constants of the quantum group can be expressed by polynomial formulas in terms of those of the Lie bialgebra, the quantization functor is called universal.

An approach to the construction of universal quantization functors was proposed by N. Reshetikhin (). Later, it was solved by P. Etingof and D. Kazhdan (). Their quantization procedure involves associators. An associator in an element of an abstract algebra, subject to certain conditions. An example of an associator is Drinfeld’s “Knizhnik-Zamolodchikov associator”, which involves special values of multiple zeta functions. Drinfeld also proved the existence of nontrivial associators defined over $``$. Let $`𝕂`$ be a field of characteristic zero, and let us denote by $`𝐀ssoc(𝕂)`$ the set of associators defined over $`𝕂`$. The main result of  is the construction of a map $`EK:𝐀ssoc(𝕂)\{`$universal quantization functors of Lie bialgebras over $`𝕂\}`$.

Our purpose in this paper is to study further the set of quantization functors of Lie bialgebras. Our main result may be stated as follows. We introduce a set $`(𝕂)`$ of equivalence classes of Lie polynomials, satisfying certain associativity equations, and we define two maps $`\alpha _𝕂:(𝕂)\{`$universal quantization functors of Lie bialgebras over $`𝕂\}`$ and $`\beta _𝕂:\{`$universal quantization functors of Lie bialgebras over $`𝕂\}(𝕂)`$, such that $`\beta _𝕂\alpha _𝕂=\mathrm{id}_{(𝕂)}`$. In particular, the composition $`\beta _𝕂EK`$ yields a natural map $`𝐀ssoc(𝕂)(𝕂)`$. The image of $`\alpha _𝕂`$ is contained in the set of universal quantization functors with functorial behavior with respect to the operations of dualizing and taking the double of Lie bialgebras. We set up a bijection between this set of quantization functors with the product of $`(𝕂)`$ with a universal group $`𝒢_0`$.

Our approach may be viewed as close to the original approach of Reshetikhin. To describe the latter, it is useful to recall how quantum Kac-Moody algebras were initially constructed in .

Let $`𝔞`$ be a Kac-Moody Lie algebra, and let $`\delta :𝔞^2𝔞`$ be the cocycle defining its standard (Drinfeld-Sklyanin) Lie bialgebra structure. Then there exist two opposite Borel subalgebras $`𝔟_+`$ and $`𝔟_{}`$ of $`𝔞`$, which are Lie subbialgebras of $`𝔞`$. The quantization of $`𝔟_\pm `$ is constructed as follows. Let $`h_i,x_i^\pm `$ be the generators of $`𝔟_\pm `$. Then $`\delta `$ is expressed simply on these generators, by $`\delta (h_i)=0`$, $`\delta (x_i^\pm )=\pm d_ih_ix_i^\pm `$. One then defines the coproduct $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ on these generators by $`\mathrm{\Delta }(h_i)=h_i1+1h_i`$, $`\mathrm{\Delta }(x_i^\pm )=x_i^\pm e^{\pm d_ih_i}+1x_i^\pm `$; up to now the only condition on $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$ is that it should be coassociative and it should deform $`\delta `$. This means that we have defined Hopf algebra structures on the tensor algebras of $`(_ih_i)(_ix_i^\pm )`$. One then finds relations between the generators $`h_i`$ and $`x_i^\pm `$, which deform the classical relations, and are skew-primitive with respect to $`\mathrm{\Delta }`$. One may then show that the resulting algebras are flat deformations of $`U𝔟_\pm `$, and that the relations are the generators of the radical of a Hopf pairing between $`T\left((_ih_i)(_ix_i^+)\right)`$ and $`T\left((_ih_i)(_ix_i^{})\right)`$ (see e.g. ). $`U_{\mathrm{}}𝔞`$ is then constructed as a subalgebra of the quantum double of $`U_{\mathrm{}}𝔟_+`$, because this quantum double contains two copies of the Cartan subalgebra of $`𝔞`$. The procedure is the same in the case of the quantum current algebras (“new realizations algebras”).

The approach of Reshetikhin to the quantization problem was to imitate these steps in the general case. Let $`(𝔤,\delta _𝔤)`$ be a Lie bialgebra and let $`(𝔤^{},\delta _𝔤^{})`$ be the dual Lie bialgebra. Then the tensor algebras $`T(𝔤)`$ and $`T(𝔤^{})`$ of $`𝔤`$ and $`𝔤^{}`$ are cocommutative Hopf algebras, and $`\delta _𝔤`$ and $`\delta _𝔤^{}`$ extend to Hopf co-Poisson structures on $`T(𝔤)`$ and $`T(𝔤^{})`$. The first step is then to construct coproducts $`\mathrm{\Delta }_𝔤`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }_𝔤^{}`$ on these tensor algebras, deforming $`\delta _𝔤`$ and $`\delta _𝔤^{}`$. The second step is to construct a Hopf algebra pairing between $`(T(𝔤),\mathrm{\Delta }_𝔤)`$ and $`(T(𝔤^{}),\mathrm{\Delta }_𝔤^{})`$ and define the quantizations of $`𝔤`$ and $`𝔤^{}`$ as the quotients of $`T(𝔤)`$ and $`T(𝔤^{})`$ by the radicals of this pairing. The pairing between $`T(𝔤)`$ and $`T(𝔤^{})`$ should be chosen in such a way that the quotients are flat deformations of $`U𝔤`$ and $`U(𝔤^{})`$.

In this paper, we study this program placing ourselves in the dual framework. For any vector space $`V`$, the dual to the Hopf algebra structure on its tensor algebra $`T(V)`$ is a Hopf algebra structure defined on the shuffle algebra $`\mathrm{Sh}(V^{})`$ of its dual. The duals of $`(T(𝔤),\delta _𝔤)`$ and $`(T(𝔤^{}),\delta _𝔤^{})`$ are then commutative Hopf-Poisson structures on $`\mathrm{Sh}(𝔤^{})`$ and $`\mathrm{Sh}(𝔤)`$. Moreover, the map $`𝔤\mathrm{Sh}(𝔤)`$ is a functor from the category of Lie algebras to that of Hopf-Poisson algebras. The dual translation of the first step of the above program is to construct a functorial quantization of these Hopf-Poisson structures.

In Section 1, we introduce the main new object of this paper. This is a functor $`𝕂(𝕂)`$ from the category of fields to that of sets. Elements of $`(𝕂)`$ are equivalence classes of families of Lie polynomials, subject to certain relations (see Section 1.1). We construct a bijection between $`(𝕂)`$ and the set of universal quantization functors of the Hopf-Poisson structure of $`\mathrm{Sh}(𝔤)`$ (Proposition 1.4). In Section 1.5, we explain the connection between the quantizations of $`\mathrm{Sh}(𝔤)`$ provided by elements of $`(𝕂)`$ and the PBW quantization of $`S𝔤`$ (). (The shuffle algebras appeared many times in the theory of Hopf algebras and quantum groups (see ), but the construction of $`\mathrm{Sh}(𝔤)`$ using elements of $`(𝕂)`$ seems to be new.) If $`\varpi `$ is an element of $`(𝕂)`$, we denote by $`𝔤\mathrm{Sh}^\varpi (𝔤)`$ the corresponding quantization functor.

When $`(A,m_A,\mathrm{\Delta }_A)`$ and $`(B,m_B,\mathrm{\Delta }_B)`$ are any finite-dimensional Hopf algebras, a Hopf pairing between them is the same as an element $`_{AB}`$ in $`A^{}B^{}`$, such that $`(\mathrm{\Delta }_A^{}\mathrm{id})(_{AB})=_{AB}^{(13)}_{AB}^{(23)}`$ and $`(\mathrm{id}\mathrm{\Delta }_B^{})(_{AB})=_{AB}^{(12)}_{AB}^{(13)}`$ (where $`\mathrm{\Delta }_A^{}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }_B^{}`$ are the dual maps to the multiplication maps of $`A`$ and $`B`$). In that case, the map $`\mathrm{}:B^{}A`$ defined by $`\mathrm{}(\xi )=_{AB},\mathrm{id}\xi `$ defines a Hopf algebra morphism from $`B^{}`$ to $`A`$. With some restrictions, the same is true in our situation. Our next step is then to associate to any $`\varpi (𝕂)`$, any pair $`(𝔞,𝔟)`$ of Lie algebras and any element $`r_{𝔞𝔟}`$ of $`𝔞𝔟`$, a family of elements $`_n^\varpi (r_{𝔞𝔟})`$ in $`\mathrm{Sh}^\varpi (𝔞)\mathrm{Sh}^\varpi (𝔟)`$, such that if $`t`$ is any formal parameter, $`^\varpi (r_{𝔞𝔟})=_{n0}t^n_n^\varpi (r_{𝔞𝔟})`$ satisfies these identities (Proposition 2.1).

In the rest of the construction, we fix an element $`\varpi `$ in $`(𝕂)`$. Assume that $`𝔞=𝔟`$ and set $`r_𝔞=r_{𝔞𝔟}`$. It is natural to ask when $`^\varpi (r_𝔞)`$ satisfies the quantum Yang-Baxter equation (QYBE). To state our next main result, we need some notation. Denote by $`FL_n`$ the part of the free Lie algebra in $`n`$ generators, homogeneous of degree one in each generator. The symmetric group $`𝔖_n`$ acts by simultaneous permutations of generators of both factors of $`FL_nFL_n`$. We set $`F_n=(FL_nFL_n)_{𝔖_n}`$. Then there is a unique linear map $`\kappa _n^{(ab)}(r_𝔞):F_n𝔞𝔞`$, sending the class of $`P(x_1,\mathrm{},x_n)Q(x_1,\mathrm{},x_n)`$ to $`_{i_1,\mathrm{},i_nI}P(a_{i_1},\mathrm{},a_{i_n})Q(b_{i_1},\mathrm{},b_{i_n})`$, if $`r_𝔞`$ has the form $`_{iI}a_ib_i`$. Our next main result is (see Theorem 3.4, Lemma 3.3, Corollary 3.1 and Proposition 3.1)

###### Theorem 0.1.

There exists a family $`(\varrho _n^\varpi )_{n1}`$ in $`_{n1}F_n`$, such that $`\varrho _1^\varpi =x_1x_1`$, and if $`𝔞`$ is Lie algebra and $`r_𝔞𝔞𝔞`$ is a solution of the classical Yang-Baxter equation (CYBE), then $`^\varpi (_{n1}\kappa _n^{(ab)}(r_𝔞)(\varrho _n^\varpi ))`$ is a solution of QYBE in $`\mathrm{Sh}^\varpi (𝔞)^3`$.

We find the family $`(\varrho _n^\varpi )_{n1}`$ as the solution of a system of equations in $`_{n1}F_n`$, the universal Lie QYB equations (see Section 3.2.2). More precisely, we prove that the family $`(\varrho _n^\varpi )_{n1}`$ is the unique solution to these equations (see Theorem 3.4).

For any $`\varpi `$, we have $`\varrho _2^\varpi =\frac{1}{8}[x_1,x_2][x_1,x_2]`$, so that the expansion of $`\rho ^\varpi (r_𝔞)=_{n1}\kappa _n^{(ab)}(r_𝔞)(\varrho _n^\varpi )`$ is

$$\rho ^\varpi (r_𝔞)=\underset{i}{}a_ib_i+\frac{1}{8}\underset{i,jI}{}[a_i,a_j][b_i,b_j]+\mathrm{}.$$

The universal Lie QYB equations are equalities in an algebra $`F^{(3)}`$, which is a particular instance of a family of algebras $`F^{(N)}`$ (see Appendices B and C). The algebras $`F^{(N)}`$ are universal algebras for the pairs $`(𝔞,r_𝔞)`$ of a Lie algebra $`𝔞`$ and a solution $`r_𝔞𝔞𝔞`$ of CYBE. When $`A`$ is any algebra, we connect the problem of deforming a solution $`r_AAA`$ of CYBE into a solution of QYBE with the Lie coalgebra structure on $`A`$ defined by $`r_A`$, more precisely, with the corresponding Lie coalgebra cohomology (Proposition 3.5; the complete statement is in Theorem A.1 of Appendix A). Adapting this result to a family of universal shuffle algebras $`\mathrm{Sh}_k^{(F)}`$ (see Theorem 3.2 and Appendix E), we formulate the universal Lie QYB equations in terms of cohomology groups $`H_n^2`$ and $`H_n^3`$, constructed in terms of the family $`(F^{(N)})_{N=2,3,4}`$. We then show vanishing statements for the groups $`H_n^2`$ and $`H_n^3`$ (Theorem 3.3 and Appendix D), using identities in free Lie algebras (Propositions D.1 and D.2, see also ) . This shows the existence and unicity of the solution $`(\varrho _n^\varpi )_{n1}`$ to the universal Lie QYB equations (Theorem 3.4).

We then apply this construction to the problem of universal quantization of Lie bialgebras (Section 4). To a finite-dimensional Lie bialgebra $`𝔤`$ over $`𝕂`$ are attached its dual Lie bialgebra $`𝔤^{}`$, its double $`𝔡`$, and the canonical $`r`$-matrix $`r_𝔤𝔤𝔤^{}`$ (see Section 4.1 and ). $`𝔤`$ and $`𝔤^{}`$ are Lie subalgebras of $`𝔡`$, so $`r_𝔤𝔡𝔡`$; $`r_𝔤`$ is then a solution of CYBE. Then

$$^\varpi (\rho ^\varpi (\mathrm{}r_𝔤))\mathrm{Sh}^\varpi (𝔤)\mathrm{Sh}^\varpi (𝔤^{})[[\mathrm{}]]\mathrm{Sh}^\varpi (𝔡)^2[[\mathrm{}]],$$

and as an element of the latter algebra, $`^\varpi (\rho (\mathrm{}r_𝔤))`$ is a solution of QYBE (here $`\mathrm{}`$ is a formal parameter). As we explained above, $`^\varpi (\rho ^\varpi (\mathrm{}r_𝔤))`$ induces a Hopf algebra morphism $`\mathrm{}`$ from a Hopf algebra $`T_{\mathrm{}}^\varpi (𝔤)`$ dual to $`\mathrm{Sh}^\varpi (𝔤^{})`$ to $`\mathrm{Sh}^\varpi (𝔤)[[\mathrm{}]]`$. We then define $`U_{\mathrm{}}^\varpi 𝔤`$ as the image $`\mathrm{Im}(\mathrm{})`$ of $`\mathrm{}`$ and show that is a quantization of the Lie bialgebra $`𝔤`$ (Theorem 4.1). We also prove that $`\mathrm{Im}(\mathrm{})`$ is divisible in $`\mathrm{Sh}^\varpi (𝔤)[[\mathrm{}]]`$ (as a $`𝕂[[\mathrm{}]]`$-module). The fact that $`^\varpi (\rho ^\varpi (\mathrm{}r_𝔤))`$ is a solution of QYBE plays an essential role in the proof of both results; the idea from  that the subalgebras of shuffle algebras are necessarily torsion-free is also at the basis of the construction. We show that the map $`(𝔤,[,]_𝔤,\delta _𝔤)U_{\mathrm{}}^\varpi 𝔤`$ defines a functor from the category of Lie bialgebras to that of Hopf algebras (Proposition 4.1). We comment on the extension of this functor to infinite-dimensional Lie bialgebras in Remark 8.

We also characterize the quantized formal series Hopf (QFSH) algebra $`𝒪_{\mathrm{}}^\varpi (G^{})`$ corresponding to $`U_{\mathrm{}}^\varpi 𝔤`$ as the intersection of $`\mathrm{Im}(\mathrm{})`$ with a subalgebra $`\mathrm{Sh}_{\mathrm{}}^\varpi (𝔤)`$ of $`\mathrm{Sh}^\varpi (𝔤)[[\mathrm{}]]`$ (Proposition 4.2). According to a general result (), $`𝒪_{\mathrm{}}^\varpi (G^{})`$ is a quantization of the Hopf algebra of functions on the formal Poisson-Lie group corresponding to $`𝔤^{}`$; we show that $`𝒪_{\mathrm{}}^\varpi (G^{})`$ coincides with the dual $`(U_{\mathrm{}}^\varpi 𝔤^{})^{}`$ of $`U_{\mathrm{}}^\varpi 𝔤^{}`$.

According to Theorem 4.1 and Proposition 4.1, there is a unique map $`\alpha _𝕂:(𝕂)\{`$universal quantization functors of Lie bialgebras over $`𝕂\}`$ such that $`\alpha _𝕂(\varpi )=(𝔤U_{\mathrm{}}^\varpi (𝔤))`$. On the other hand, we define a map $`\beta _𝕂:\{`$universal quantization functors of Lie bialgebras over $`𝕂\}(𝕂)`$ as follows. When $`V`$ is a vector space, denote by $`F(V)`$ the free Lie algebra of $`V`$. If $`𝔤`$ is a Lie algebra, then $`F(𝔤^{})`$ is naturally equipped with a structure of Lie bialgebra. One shows that the restriction of a quantization functor $`Q`$ to bialgebras of the form $`F(𝔤^{})`$ yields an element $`\beta _𝕂(Q)`$ of $`(𝕂)`$.

If $`𝔤Q(𝔤)`$ is a universal quantization functor for Lie bialgebras, let us say that it is compatible with the operations of dual and double if the following holds: if $`𝔤`$ is any Lie bialgebra, then there is are canonical isomorphisms between $`Q(𝔤^{})`$ and $`(Q(𝔤)^{})^{}`$ ($`O^{}`$ is the quantized universal enveloping algebra attached to any quantized formal series Hopf algebra $`O`$, see ) and between $`Q(D(𝔤))`$ and the quantum double of $`Q(𝔤)`$ ($`D(𝔤)`$ is the double of a Lie algebra $`𝔤`$). In that case, we will say that $`Q`$ is a compatible functor.

Let us denote by $`𝒢_0`$ the group of all functorial assignments $`𝔞\rho _𝔞`$, where $`𝔞`$ is a Lie bialgebra and $`\rho _𝔞\mathrm{End}(𝔞)[[\mathrm{}]]`$, such that $`\rho _𝔞`$ is an iterate of tensor products of the Lie bracket and cobracket, and satisfies the identities $`\rho _𝔞([x,y])=[\rho _𝔞(x),y]`$, $`\rho _𝔞^{}=\rho _𝔞^t`$ and $`\rho _𝔞=\mathrm{id}_𝔞+o(\mathrm{})`$. Then $`𝒢_0`$ may be viewed as a group of universal transformations of the solutions of CYBE arising from Lie bialgebras (see Lemma 5.1 and Remark 9), and as a “linear” subgroup of the group of functorial assignments $`(𝔞\rho _𝔞)`$, such that if $`[,]_𝔞`$ and $`\delta _𝔞`$ are the Lie bracket and cobracket of $`𝔞`$, then $`(𝔞,[,]_𝔞,(\rho _𝔞\rho _𝔞)\delta _𝔞\rho _𝔞^1)`$ is a Lie bialgebra.

In Section 5, we prove

###### Theorem 0.2.

The map $`\alpha _𝕂`$ is an injection and $`\beta _𝕂`$ is a retraction of $`\alpha _𝕂`$, that is $`\beta _𝕂\alpha _𝕂=\mathrm{id}_{(𝕂)}`$. These maps depend functorially on $`𝕂`$ and are equivariant with respect to the natural actions of $`\mathrm{Aut}(𝕂[[\mathrm{}]])`$ on $`(𝕂)`$ and $`\{`$universal quantization functors of Lie bialgebras over $`𝕂\}`$.

We have $`\alpha _𝕂((𝕂))\{`$compatible quantization functors for Lie bialgebras$`\}`$. There is a bijection $`\epsilon _𝕂`$ between $`(𝕂)\times 𝒢_0`$ and $`\{`$compatible quantization functors for Lie bialgebras$`\}`$, such that $`\beta _𝕂\epsilon _𝕂`$ is the projection on the first factor and the restriction of $`\epsilon _𝕂`$ on $`(𝕂)\times \{`$neutral element$`\}`$ coincides with $`\alpha _𝕂`$.

In particular, if $`𝒢_0`$ reduces to multiplication by scalars, then $`\alpha _𝕂`$ sets up a bijection between $`(𝕂)`$ and $`\{`$compatible quantization functors for Lie bialgebras$`\}`$.

The proof of this Theorem is in Section 5. It relies on the following idea. If $`𝔤`$ is a Lie algebra, then the universal enveloping algebra of $`F(𝔤)`$ is the Hopf-co-Poisson algebra $`(T(𝔤),\delta _𝔤)`$. The first part of the proof of Theorem 0.2 involves the fact that the quantizations of $`(T(𝔤),\delta _𝔤)`$ given by $`\mathrm{Sh}^\varpi (𝔤)^{}`$ and $`U_{\mathrm{}}^\varpi (F(𝔤^{}))`$ are naturally isomorphic (Section 5.1). The second part of the proof relies on the fact that any Lie bialgebra $`𝔤`$ may be viewed as the image of a Lie bialgebra morphism from $`F(𝔤)`$ to $`F(𝔤^{})^{}`$.

The map $`𝐀ssoc(𝕂)(𝕂)`$ may help to study how the quantization functors of Etingof and Kazhdan depend on associators. More precisely, the image of the map $`EK`$ is contained in $`\{`$compatible quantization functors for Lie bialgebras$`\}`$, so if $`𝒢_0`$ is trivial, then the map $`EK(𝐀ssoc(𝕂))(𝕂)`$ is an injection.

For some classes of Lie algebras, the Etingof-Kazhdan quantizations are known to be independent of the associator (for example in the case of Kac-Moody algebras (see ) and nondegenerate triangular Lie bialgebras ()).

### Acknowledgements

I would like to express my hearty thanks to N. Andruskie-witsch; this project was started in collaboration with him during my visit at Córdoba (Argentina) in July 1998. I would also like to thank P. Etingof for discussions about the relation of the present work with his and D. Kazhdan’s work, and M. Jimbo, who explained to me how he obtained the quantum Kac-Moody algebras in . I thank Y. Kosmann-Schwarzbach, J.-H. Lu and D. Manchon for discussions about this work, and P. Bressler and B. Tsygan who pointed out an important mistake in an earlier version of it. Finally, I am grateful to J. Stasheff for several “red-ink pen” comments on the first drafts of the paper.

## 1. $`(𝕂)`$ and shuffle algebras of Lie algebras

### 1.1. Definition of $`(𝕂)`$

Let $`R`$ be a commutative ring. Let us define $`FL_n(R)`$ as the part of the free Lie algebra over $`R`$ with $`n`$ generators, homogeneous of degree $`1`$ in each generator. If $`\lambda `$ belongs to $`R`$, let us define $`(R)_\lambda `$ as the set of all families $`(B_{pq})_{p,q0}`$, where each $`B_{pq}`$ belongs to $`FL_{p+q}(R)`$, such that $`(B_{pq})_{p,q0}`$ satisfies the equations

$$B_{10}(x)=B_{01}(x)=x,B_{p0}=B_{0p}=0\mathrm{if}p1,B_{11}(x_1,x_2)=\lambda [x_1,x_2],$$

and

(1) $`{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha >0}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{(p_\beta )_{\beta =1,\mathrm{},\alpha }\mathrm{Part}_\alpha (p),(q_\beta )_{\beta =1,\mathrm{},\alpha }\mathrm{Part}_\alpha (q)}{}}B_{\alpha r}(B_{p_1q_1}(x_1,\mathrm{},x_{p_1}|y_1,\mathrm{},y_{q_1})\mathrm{}`$
$`\mathrm{}B_{p_\alpha q_\alpha }(x_{_{\beta =1}^{\alpha 1}p_\beta +1},\mathrm{},x_p|y_{_{\beta =1}^{\alpha 1}q_\beta +1},\mathrm{},y_q)|z_1,\mathrm{},z_r)`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{\alpha >0}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{(q_\beta )_{\beta =1,\mathrm{},\alpha }\mathrm{Part}_\alpha (q),(r_\beta )_{\beta =1,\mathrm{},\alpha }\mathrm{Part}_\alpha (r)}{}}B_{p\alpha }(x_1,\mathrm{},x_p|`$
$`B_{q_1r_1}(y_1,\mathrm{},y_{q_1}|z_1,\mathrm{},z_{r_1})\mathrm{}B_{q_\alpha r_\alpha }(y_{_{\beta =1}^{\alpha 1}q_\beta +1},\mathrm{},y_q|z_{_{\beta =1}^{\alpha 1}r_\beta +1},\mathrm{},z_r))`$
for any integers $`p,q,r>0`$. Here $`\mathrm{Part}_\alpha (n)`$ is the set of $`\alpha `$-partitions of $`n`$, that is the set of $`\alpha `$uples $`(n_1,\mathrm{},n_\alpha )`$ of nonnegative integers such that $`_{\beta =1}^\alpha n_\beta =n`$. We also set $`(R)=_{\lambda R}(R)_\lambda `$.

Let us define $`𝒢(R)`$ as the subset of the product $`_{n1}FL_n(R)`$ of elements $`(P_n)_{n1}`$ such that $`P_1(x)=x`$. If $`P=(P_n)_{n1}`$ and $`Q=(Q_n)_{n1}`$ belong to $`𝒢(R)`$, let us define $`(PQ)_n`$ as the element of $`FL_n(R)`$ equal to

(2) $`(PQ)(x_1,\mathrm{},x_n)={\displaystyle \underset{\alpha >0}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{(n_1,\mathrm{},n_\alpha )\mathrm{Part}_\alpha (n)}{}}P_\alpha (Q_{n_1}(x_1,\mathrm{},x_{n_1}),\mathrm{},`$
$`Q_{n_\alpha }(x_{_{\alpha ^{}=1}^\alpha n_\alpha ^{}+1},\mathrm{},x_n)).`$
Then $``$ defines a group structure on $`𝒢(R)`$.

If $`P=(P_n)_{n1}`$ belongs to $`𝒢(R)`$ and $`B=(B_{pq})_{p,q0}`$ belongs to $`(R)`$, let us define $`(PB)_{pq}`$ as the element of $`FL_{p+q}`$ defined by

$`(PB)_{pq}(x_1,\mathrm{},x_p|y_1,\mathrm{},y_q)={\displaystyle \underset{\alpha ,\beta >0}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{(p_1,\mathrm{},p_\alpha )\mathrm{Part}_\alpha (p),(q_1,\mathrm{},q_\beta )\mathrm{Part}_\beta (q)}{}}`$
$`B_{\alpha \beta }(P_{p_1}(x_1,\mathrm{},x_{p_1}),\mathrm{},P_{p_\alpha }(x_{_{\alpha ^{}=1}^{\alpha 1}p_\alpha ^{}+1},\mathrm{},x_p)|`$
$`P_{q_1}(y_1,\mathrm{},y_{q_1}),\mathrm{},P_{q_\alpha }(y_{_{\beta ^{}=1}^{\beta 1}q_\alpha ^{}+1},\mathrm{},y_q)).`$
Then $``$ defines an action of $`𝒢(R)`$ on each $`(R)_\lambda `$ and on $`(R)`$.

We define $`\stackrel{~}{}(R)`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{}(R)_\lambda `$ as the quotient sets $`(R)/𝒢(R)`$ and $`(R)_\lambda /𝒢(R)`$. If $`𝕂`$ is a field of characteristic zero, we set $`(𝕂)=\stackrel{~}{}(𝕂[[\mathrm{}]])`$, where $`\mathrm{}`$ is a formal variable. We also set $`(𝕂)_\lambda =\stackrel{~}{}(𝕂[[\mathrm{}]])_\lambda `$, if $`\lambda 𝕂[[\mathrm{}]]`$.

If $`R`$ is a ring, then there is a unique involution $`\omega \omega ^{}`$ of $`(R)`$, such that if $`\omega =(B_{pq})_{p,q0}`$, then $`\omega ^{}=(B_{pq}^{})_{p,q0}`$, where $`B_{pq}^{}(x_1,\mathrm{},x_p|y_1,\mathrm{},y_q)=B_{pq}(x_p,\mathrm{},x_1|y_q,\mathrm{},y_1)`$. The map $`\omega \omega ^{}`$ induces an involution $`\varpi \varpi ^{}`$ of $`\stackrel{~}{}(R)`$ and of $`(𝕂)`$, if $`𝕂`$ is any field.

The group $`R^\times `$ also acts on $`(R)`$ by the rule $`r(B_{pq})_{p,q}=(r^{p+q1}B_{pq})_{p,q}`$. This action induces an action of $`R^\times `$ on $`\stackrel{~}{}(R)`$. The group $`\mathrm{Aut}(R)`$ also acts on $`\stackrel{~}{}(R)`$ in the obvious way.

###### Remark 1.

Define $`_n(R)`$ as the set of families $`(B_{pq})_{p,q|p,q0,p+qn}`$ satisfying the relations (1), for any $`p,q,r`$ such that $`p+q+rn`$. Define $`𝒢_n(R)`$ as the set of families $`(P_k)_{k|1kn}`$. Then the rule (2) equips $`𝒢_n(R)`$ with a group structure. Moreover, there are natural projection maps $`_{n+1}(R)_n(R)`$ and $`𝒢_{n+1}(R)𝒢_n(R)`$, which induce maps $`\stackrel{~}{}_{n+1}(R)\stackrel{~}{}_n(R)`$. Then $`\stackrel{~}{}(R)`$ is the projective limit $`lim_n\stackrel{~}{}_n(R)`$.

### 1.2. Hopf-Poisson structures on shuffle algebras

Let $`𝕂`$ be a field of characteristic zero and let $`V`$ be a vector space over $`𝕂`$. The shuffle algebra $`\mathrm{Sh}(V)`$ is a commutative Hopf algebra; it is defined as follows. As a vector space, $`\mathrm{Sh}(V)`$ is isomorphic with the tensor algebra $`T(V)`$. If $`v_1,\mathrm{},v_n`$ are elements of $`V`$, we denote by $`(v_1\mathrm{}v_n)`$ the element of $`\mathrm{Sh}(V)`$ corresponding to $`v_1\mathrm{}v_n`$ by this isomorphism.

If $`p`$ and $`q`$ are integers, let us denote by $`𝔖_{p,q}`$ the subset of $`𝔖_{p+q}`$ of all permutations $`\sigma `$ such that if $`(i,j)`$ is a pair of integers such that $`1i<jp`$ or $`p+1i<jp+q`$, then $`\sigma (i)<\sigma (j)`$ (shuffle permutations). The space $`\mathrm{Sh}(V)`$ is equipped with a multiplication $`m_0`$ defined by

$$m_0((v_1\mathrm{}v_n)(v_{n+1}\mathrm{}v_{n+m}))=\underset{\sigma 𝔖_{n,m}}{}(v_{\sigma (1)}\mathrm{}v_{\sigma (n+m)})$$

and a comutiplication $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{Sh}(V)}`$ defined by

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{Sh}(V)}((v_1\mathrm{}v_n))=\underset{k=0}{\overset{n}{}}(v_1\mathrm{}v_k)(v_{k+1}\mathrm{}v_n).$$

If we define the unit of $`\mathrm{Sh}(V)`$ as $`1T^0(V)`$, its counit $`\epsilon _{\mathrm{Sh}(V)}`$ as the projection map on $`T^0(V)=𝕂`$ parallel to the sum $`_{n>0}T^n(V)`$, and the antipode by the formula $`S_{\mathrm{Sh}(V)}((v_1\mathrm{}v_p))=(1)^p(v_p\mathrm{}v_1)`$, then $`(\mathrm{Sh}(V),m_0,\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{Sh}(V)},\epsilon _{\mathrm{Sh}(V)},S_{\mathrm{Sh}(V)})`$ is a commutative Hopf algebra.

Assume that $`V`$ is the underlying vector space of a Lie algebra $`𝔤`$. Then there is a unique linear map $`m_1:\mathrm{Sh}(𝔤)^2\mathrm{Sh}(𝔤)`$, such that

$`m_1((x_1\mathrm{}x_n)(x_{n+1}\mathrm{}x_{n+m}))`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{m}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma ^{}𝔖_{i1,j1},\sigma ^{\prime \prime }𝔖_{ni,mj}}{}}(y_{\sigma ^{}(1)}^{(i,j)}\mathrm{}y_{\sigma ^{}(i+j2)}^{(i,j)}[x_i,x_{n+j}]z_{\sigma ^{\prime \prime }(1)}^{(i,j)}\mathrm{}z_{\sigma ^{\prime \prime }(n+mij)}^{(i,j)})`$
for any $`x_1,\mathrm{},x_{n+m}`$ in $`𝔤`$, where we set

$$(y_1^{(i,j)},\mathrm{},y_{i+j2}^{(i,j)})=(x_1,\mathrm{},x_{i1},x_{n+1},\mathrm{},x_{n+j1}),$$

$`(z_1^{(i,j)},\mathrm{},z_{i+j2}^{(i,j)})=(x_{i+1},\mathrm{},x_n,x_{n+j+1},\mathrm{},x_{n+m})`$ and $`𝔖_{i,j}`$ is the set of shuffle permutations of $`𝔖_{i+j}`$ associated to the partition $`\{1,\mathrm{},i+j\}=\{1,\mathrm{},i\}\{i+1,\mathrm{},i+j\}`$.

The map $`m_1`$ defines a Poisson structure on the commutative algebra $`\mathrm{Sh}(𝔤)`$. Moreover, this Poisson structure is compatible with $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{Sh}(𝔤)}`$, so $`(\mathrm{Sh}(𝔤),m_0,m_1,\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{Sh}(𝔤)},`$ $`\epsilon _{\mathrm{Sh}(𝔤)},S_{\mathrm{Sh}(𝔤)})`$ is a commutative Hopf-Poisson algebra; moreover, the map $`𝔤(\mathrm{Sh}(𝔤),m_0,m_1,\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{Sh}(𝔤)})`$ defines in a natural way a functor from the category of Lie algebras to that of Hopf-Poisson algebras.

In the same way, the tensor algebra $`T(V)`$ is equipped with a unique Hopf structure $`(T(V),m_{T(V)},\mathrm{\Delta }_{T(V)},\epsilon _{T(V),S_{T(V)}})`$ such that the elements of $`T^1(V)`$ are primitive. If $`V`$ is the underlying space of a Lie coalgebra $`(𝔥,\delta _𝔥)`$, then there exists a unique co-Poisson map $`\delta _{T(𝔥)}:T(𝔥)T(𝔥)^2`$, whose restriction to $`T^1(𝔥)`$ coincides with $`\delta _𝔥`$. $`(T(𝔥),m_{T(𝔥)},\mathrm{\Delta }_{T(𝔥)},\delta _{T(𝔥)})`$ is then a Hopf-co-Poisson algebra, and the map $`𝔥(T(𝔥),m_{T(𝔥)},\mathrm{\Delta }_{T(𝔥)},\delta _{T(𝔥)})`$ is a functor from the category of Lie coalgebras to that of Hopf co-Poisson algebras.

### 1.3. Quantizations of shuffle algebras

Let $`\omega =(B_{pq})_{p,q0}`$ belong to $`(𝕂[[\mathrm{}]])`$. If $`𝔤`$ is a Lie algebra over $`𝕂`$, define $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)`$ as follows. As a vector space, $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)`$ is isomorphic to $`T(𝔤)[[\mathrm{}]]`$. If $`x_1,\mathrm{},x_n`$ belong to $`𝔤`$, let us denote by $`(x_1\mathrm{}x_n)`$ the element corresponding to $`x_1\mathrm{}x_n`$. Define a map $`m_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)}:\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)^{\widehat{}2}\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)`$ by the rule

(3) $`m_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)}((x_1\mathrm{}x_n),(y_1\mathrm{}y_m))={\displaystyle \underset{k0}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{(p_1\mathrm{}p_k)\mathrm{partition}\mathrm{of}n,(q_1\mathrm{}q_k)\mathrm{partition}\mathrm{of}m}{}}`$
$`\left(B_{p_1q_1}(x_1\mathrm{}x_{p_1}|y_1\mathrm{}y_{q_1})\mathrm{}B_{p_kq_k}(x_{p_1+\mathrm{}+p_{k1}+1}\mathrm{}x_p|y_{q_1+\mathrm{}+q_{k1}+1}\mathrm{}y_q)\right)`$
for any $`x_1,\mathrm{},y_m`$ in $`𝔤`$ ($`\widehat{}`$ is the $`\mathrm{}`$-adically completed tensor product) and $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)}`$ as the unique linear map from $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)`$ to $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)\widehat{}\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)`$ such that

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)}((x_1\mathrm{}x_n))=\underset{i=0}{\overset{n}{}}(x_1\mathrm{}x_i)(x_{i+1}\mathrm{}x_n),$$

for any $`x_1,\mathrm{},x_n`$ in $`𝔤`$. Let us define $`\epsilon _{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)}`$ as the unique linear map from $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)`$ to $`𝕂`$, such that the restriction of $`\epsilon _{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)}`$ to $`𝔤^0=𝕂`$ is the identity map, and the restriction of $`\epsilon _{\mathrm{Sh}(𝔤)}`$ to $`_{i>0}𝔤^i`$ is zero.

Finally, let us define inductively $`S_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)}`$ as the unique endomorphism of $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)`$ such that

$$S_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)}(1)=1,S_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)}((x_1\mathrm{}x_n))=\underset{i=0}{\overset{n1}{}}S_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)}((x_1\mathrm{}x_i))(x_{i+1}\mathrm{}x_n)$$

for any $`x_1,\mathrm{},x_n`$ in $`𝔤`$. One checks that

$$S_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)}(x_1\mathrm{}x_n)=\underset{k0}{}(1)^k\underset{(p_1,\mathrm{},p_k)\mathrm{partition}\mathrm{of}n}{}(x_1\mathrm{}x_{p_1})\mathrm{}(x_{p_1+\mathrm{}+p_{k1}+1}\mathrm{}x_{p_1+\mathrm{}+p_k}).$$

###### Proposition 1.1.

$`(\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤),m_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)},\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)},\epsilon _{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)},S_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)})`$ is a Hopf algebra. If $`\omega `$ belongs to $`(𝕂)_{1/2}`$, then the subspace of $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)`$ of all symmetric tensors is a Hopf subalgebra of $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)`$, canonically isomorphic with $`U𝔤`$. Moreover, the mapping $`𝔤\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)`$ defines a functor from the category of Lie algebras to that of Hopf algebras.

If $`\omega `$ and $`\omega ^{}`$ belong to the same orbit of the action of $`𝒢(𝕂[[\mathrm{}]])`$ on $`(𝕂[[\mathrm{}]])`$, then the Hopf algebras $`\mathrm{Sh}_\omega (𝔤)`$ and $`\mathrm{Sh}_\omega ^{}(𝔤)`$ are canonically isomorphic (that is, the isomorphisms are depend functorially on $`𝔤`$). If $`\varpi `$ belongs to $`(𝕂)`$, we will denote by $`\mathrm{Sh}^\varpi (𝔤)`$ any of the Hopf algebras $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)`$, if $`\varpi `$ is the coset of $`\omega `$.

Proof. $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)}`$ is obviously coassociative. Moreover, it is also clear that $`m_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)}`$ is a coalgebra map. The associativity of $`m_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)}`$ follows from the identities (1). The fact that if $`x`$ and $`y`$ belong to $`\mathrm{Sh}(𝔤)`$, then $`S_{\mathrm{Sh}(𝔤)}(xy)=S_{\mathrm{Sh}(𝔤)}(x)S_{\mathrm{Sh}(𝔤)}(y)`$ is proved by induction on the degree of $`x`$ any $`y`$. The other Hopf algebra axioms are checked directly. This proves the first statement.

The form of the product implies that the symmetric tensors form a subalgebra of $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)`$. Let $`\iota `$ be the algebra morphism from $`T(𝔤)`$ to $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)`$ such that for any $`x`$ in $`𝔤`$, $`\iota (x)=(x)`$. Then $`\iota (xyyy[x,y])`$ is equal to zero, so $`\iota `$ induces an algebra morphism $`\overline{\iota }`$ from $`U𝔤`$ to the subalgebra of summetric elements of $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)`$. The associated graded of this morphism coincides with the identity map of $`S(𝔤)`$, therefore $`\overline{\iota }`$ is an isomorphism.

Assume that $`\omega =P\omega ^{}`$, where $`P=(P_i)_{i1}𝒢(𝕂[[\mathrm{}]])`$, then the canonical isomorphism $`i_{\omega ,\omega ^{}}`$ from $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)`$ to $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega ^{}(𝔤)`$ is given by by the rule

$$i_{\omega ,\omega ^{}}(x_1\mathrm{}\mathrm{}x_n)=\underset{\alpha >0}{}\underset{(n_1,\mathrm{},n_\alpha )\mathrm{Part}_\alpha (n)}{}\left(P_{n_1}(x_1,\mathrm{},x_{n_1})\mathrm{}P_{n_\alpha }(x_{_{\alpha ^{}=1}^{\alpha 1}n_\alpha ^{}+1}\mathrm{}x_n)\right).$$

Let us explain why we consider $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)`$ as a quantization of the Hopf-Poisson algebra $`(\mathrm{Sh}(𝔤),m_0,m_1,\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{Sh}(𝔤)},\epsilon _{\mathrm{Sh}(𝔤)},S_{\mathrm{Sh}(𝔤)})`$. Let us denote by $`\mathrm{Sh}^{\omega ,i}(𝔤)`$ the subspace of $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)`$ equal to $`_{i^{}i}T^i^{}(𝔤)[[\mathrm{}]]`$. Then the sequence of inclusions $`\mathrm{Sh}^{\omega ,0}(𝔤)`$ $`\mathrm{Sh}^{\omega ,1}(𝔤)\mathrm{}`$ is a Hopf algebra filtration of $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)`$. The associated graded algebra is commutative and inherits therefore a Poisson bracket. If $`\omega `$ belongs to $`(𝕂[[\mathrm{}]])_\lambda `$, where $`\lambda 1/2+o(\mathrm{})`$, the reduction modulo $`\mathrm{}`$ of this Poisson algebra is $`(\mathrm{Sh}(𝔤),m_0,m_1)`$.

### 1.4. $`(𝕂)`$ and quantizations of tensor algebras

Let $`(𝔞,\delta _𝔞)`$ be a Lie coalgebra. Let us consider the following quantization problem: to construct a topologically free $`𝕂[[\mathrm{}]]`$-Hopf algebra, $`(T,m_T,\mathrm{\Delta },\epsilon _T,S_T)`$ quantizing the Hopf-co-Poisson structure $`(T(𝔞),m_{T(𝔞)},\mathrm{\Delta }_{T(𝔞)}^0,\delta _{T(𝔞)},\epsilon _{T(𝔞)},S_{T(𝔞)})`$ (we call $`(T,m_T,\mathrm{\Delta }_T,\epsilon _T,S_T)`$ a quantized tensor algebra).

The corresponding functorial problem is to construct all functors from the category of Lie coalgebras to that of quantized tensor algebras with the suitable classical limit. Let us say that such a functor is universal if the structure constants of the quantization of $`T(𝔞)`$ depends polynomially in those of $`𝔞`$. The purpose of this Section is to construct a bijection between $`(𝕂)`$ and $`\{`$universal quantization functors of the tensor algebras $`T(𝔤)\}`$.

###### Proposition 1.2.

Let $`(𝔞,\delta _𝔞)`$ be a Lie coalgebra, and let $`(T,m_T,\mathrm{\Delta }_T,\epsilon _T,S_T)`$ be a quantization of $`(T(𝔞),m_{T(𝔞)},\mathrm{\Delta }_{T(𝔞)}^0,\delta _{T(𝔞)},\epsilon _{T(𝔞)},S_{T(𝔞)})`$.

Then there exists an algebra isomorphism $`\theta :TT(𝔞)[[\mathrm{}]]`$, such that if $`\mathrm{\Delta }:T(𝔞)[[\mathrm{}]]T(𝔞)^2[[\mathrm{}]]`$ is the map $`(\theta \theta )\mathrm{\Delta }_T\theta ^1`$, then $`\mathrm{\Delta }(T^i(𝔞))\widehat{}_{p,q|p+qi}\mathrm{}^{p+qi}T^p(𝔞)T^q(𝔞)`$ ($`\widehat{}`$ is the completed direct sum).

Moreover, any isomorphism with this property is of the form $`\kappa \theta `$, where $`\kappa `$ is the automorphism of $`T(𝔞)[[\mathrm{}]]`$ induced by a map $`𝔞\widehat{}_{n1}\mathrm{}^{n1}T^n(𝔞)[[\mathrm{}]]`$ whose reduction modulo $`\mathrm{}`$ is the identity.

Proof. Let $`\varphi :𝔞T`$ be any section of the projection map $`TT/\mathrm{}T=T(𝔞)𝔞`$ (the second map is the projection on $`𝔞`$ parallel to $`_{i1}T^i(𝔞)`$). This map extends to a unique algebra morphism $`\iota :T(𝔞)[[\mathrm{}]]T`$. Since $`T`$ is a flat deformation of $`T(𝔞)`$, $`\iota `$ is a linear isomorphism. Let us set $`\mathrm{\Delta }_T^\iota =(\iota \iota )\mathrm{\Delta }_T\iota ^1`$. Then $`\mathrm{\Delta }_T^\iota `$ is a coproduct map on $`T(𝔞)[[\mathrm{}]]`$. We will now construct an algebra automorphism $`\varphi `$ of $`T(𝔞)[[\mathrm{}]]`$, such that the reduction of $`\varphi `$ mod $`\mathrm{}`$ is the identity and $`(\varphi \varphi )\mathrm{\Delta }_T^\iota \varphi ^1`$ has the required property.

Assume that we constructed an automorphism $`\varphi _{(n)}`$ of $`T(𝔞)[[\mathrm{}]]`$, whose reduction modulo $`\mathrm{}`$ is the identity, and such that $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{T,n}=(\varphi _{(n)}\varphi _{(n)})\mathrm{\Delta }_T^\iota \varphi _{(n)}^1`$ has the property

(4)
$$\mathrm{\Delta }_{T,n}(𝔞)\underset{p,q|p+q1}{}\mathrm{}^{p+q1}T^p(𝔞)T^q(𝔞)+\mathrm{}^nT(𝔞)T(𝔞)[[\mathrm{}]].$$

Let $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{T,n,k}`$ be the linear endomorphisms of $`T(𝔞)`$ such that $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{T,n}=_{k0}\mathrm{}^k\mathrm{\Delta }_{T,n,k}`$. If we denote by $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{T(𝔞)}`$ the usual (undeformed) coproduct of $`T(𝔞)`$, the coassociativity of $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{T,n}`$ implies that $`(\mathrm{\Delta }_{T(𝔞)}\mathrm{id}\mathrm{id}\mathrm{\Delta }_{T(𝔞)})\mathrm{\Delta }_{T,n,n}`$ maps $`T(𝔞)`$ to $`_{p,q,r|p+q+rn+1}T^p(𝔞)T^q(𝔞)T^r(𝔞)`$.

Let us denote by $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{>n+1}`$ the composition of $`(\mathrm{\Delta }_{T,n,n})_{|𝔞}`$ with the projection of $`T(𝔞)^2`$ on $`_{p,q|p+q>n+1}T^p(𝔞)T^q(𝔞)`$ parallel to $`_{p,q|p+qn+1}T^p(𝔞)T^q(𝔞)`$. Then $`(\mathrm{\Delta }_{T(𝔞)}\mathrm{id}\mathrm{id}\mathrm{\Delta }_{T(𝔞)})\mathrm{\Delta }_{>n+1}=0`$. Let $`\psi _n`$ be the composition $`\epsilon _{T(𝔞)}\mathrm{\Delta }_{>n+1}`$; $`\varphi _n^{}`$ is a linear map from $`𝔞`$ to $`T(𝔞)`$. Then the relation

$$\mathrm{id}_{T(𝔞)T(𝔞)}=\mathrm{\Delta }_{T(𝔞)}(\epsilon _{T(𝔞)})+(\epsilon \mathrm{id}_{T(𝔞)}^2)(\mathrm{\Delta }_{(T(𝔞))}\mathrm{id}_{T(𝔞)}\mathrm{id}_{T(𝔞)}\mathrm{\Delta }_{(T(𝔞))})$$

implies that $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{>n+1}=\mathrm{\Delta }_{T(𝔞)}\psi _n`$. Let us define $`\varphi _n^{}`$ as the automorphism of $`T(𝔞)[[\mathrm{}]]`$ induced by the map $`1\mathrm{}^n\psi _n`$, and set $`\varphi _{(n+1)}=\varphi _n^{}\varphi _{(n)}`$, then $`(\varphi _{(n+1)}\varphi _{(n+1)})\mathrm{\Delta }_{T,n}(\varphi _{(n+1)})^1`$ satisfies (4) with $`n`$ replaced by $`n+1`$.

The sequence $`(\varphi _{(n)})_{n0}`$ has a unique $`\mathrm{}`$-adic limit, wich we denote by $`\varphi `$. Then if we set $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{T,\mathrm{}}=(\varphi _{(\mathrm{})}\varphi _{(\mathrm{})})\mathrm{\Delta }_T^\iota \varphi _{(\mathrm{})}^1`$, then we have

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_{T,\mathrm{}}(𝔞)\underset{p,q|p+q1}{}\mathrm{}^{p+q1}T^p(𝔞)T^q(𝔞).$$

Since $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{T,\mathrm{}}`$ is an algebra morphism, this relation implies

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_{T,\mathrm{}}(T^k(𝔞))\underset{p,q|p+qk}{}\mathrm{}^{p+qk}T^p(𝔞)T^q(𝔞)$$

for any $`k`$. So we set $`\theta =\varphi \iota `$. ∎

Assume that $`(𝔞,\delta _𝔞)`$ is a finite-dimensional (or nonnegatively graded with finite dimensional components) Lie coalgebra. Then $`𝔞^{}`$ (or the restricted dual of $`𝔞`$) is a Lie algebra; denote it by $`𝔟`$. In the situation of Proposition 1.2, define $`\delta _{pq}^𝔟`$ as the composition of the restriction $`(\theta \theta )\mathrm{\Delta }\theta ^1`$ with the projection of $`T(𝔞)T(𝔞)[[\mathrm{}]]`$ on $`T^p(𝔞)T^q(𝔞)[[\mathrm{}]]`$ parallel to all other $`T^p^{}(𝔞)T^q^{}(𝔞)[[\mathrm{}]]`$.

Define $`B_{pq}^𝔟`$ as the linear map from $`𝔟^{p+q}`$ to $`𝔟[[\mathrm{}]]`$ dual to $`\delta _{pq}^𝔟`$. Equip $`\mathrm{Sh}(𝔟)[[\mathrm{}]]`$ with its usual coproduct and the product $`m_{T,\theta }`$ given by formula (3), with the $`B_{pq}`$ replaced by $`B_{pq}^𝔟`$.

###### Lemma 1.1.

In the situation of Proposition 1.2, there is a unique Hopf algebra structure $`(\mathrm{Sh}(𝔟)[[\mathrm{}]],m_{T,\theta },\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{Sh}(𝔟)},\epsilon _{\mathrm{Sh}(𝔟)},S_{T,\theta })`$ on $`\mathrm{Sh}(𝔟)[[\mathrm{}]]`$ with product $`m_{T,\theta }`$ and coproduct $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{Sh}(𝔟)}`$. The pairing $`T(𝔞)[[\mathrm{}]]\times \mathrm{Sh}(𝔟)[[\mathrm{}]]𝕂[[\mathrm{}]][\mathrm{}^1]`$ defined by $`a_1\mathrm{}a_p,(b_1\mathrm{}b_q)=\frac{\delta _{pq}}{\mathrm{}^p}_{i=1}^pa_i,b_i`$ induces a Hopf pairing between this Hopf algebra and the Hopf algebra structure on $`T(𝔞)[[\mathrm{}]]`$ defined in Proposition 1.2.

We now construct a map $`\gamma _𝕂:(𝕂)\{`$universal quantization functors of the tensor algebras $`T(𝔞)\}`$. If $`n`$ is an integer and $`P`$ belongs to $`FL_n(𝕂)`$, and if $`(𝔞,\delta _𝔞)`$ is a Lie coalgebra, let us define the map $`\delta _𝔞^{(P)}:𝔞𝔞^n`$ as follows. Let $`FA_n(𝕂)`$ be the part of the free algebra with $`n`$ generators, homogeneous in each generator. There is a unique element $`(P_\sigma )_{\sigma 𝔖_n}`$ in $`𝕂^{𝔖_n}`$ such that $`P=_{\sigma _in𝔖_n}P_\sigma x_{\sigma (1)}\mathrm{}x_{\sigma (n)}`$. Let us set

$$\delta _𝔞^{(P)}(a)=\frac{1}{n}\left((\mathrm{id}_𝔞^n\delta _𝔞)\mathrm{}(\mathrm{id}_𝔞\delta )\delta (a)\right)^{(\sigma (1)\mathrm{}\sigma (n))},$$

for any $`a`$ in $`𝔞`$. Then Proposition D.1 implies that if $`𝔟`$ is any Lie algebra dual to $`𝔞`$, then

$$\delta _𝔞^{(P)}(a),b_1\mathrm{}b_n_{𝔞^n\times 𝔟^n}=a,P(b_1,\mathrm{},b_n)_{𝔞^n\times 𝔟^n}$$

(here $`,_{𝔞\times 𝔟}`$ is the pairing between $`𝔞`$ and $`𝔟`$ and $`,_{𝔞^n\times 𝔟^n}`$ is its $`n`$th tensor power). If $`P`$ belongs to $`𝕂[[\mathrm{}]]`$, the map $`\delta ^{(P)}:𝔞𝔞^n[[\mathrm{}]]`$ is defined in the same way.

If $`\omega `$ belongs to $`(𝕂[[\mathrm{}]])`$, and $`𝔞`$ is any Lie coalgebra, let us define $`T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔞)`$ as follows. As an algebra, $`T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔞)`$ is isomorphic to $`T(𝔞)[[\mathrm{}]]`$. Define $`\mu _{pq}`$ as the map from $`𝔞^{p+q}`$ to $`T(𝔞)T(𝔞)`$ obtained by the composition of the isomorphism $`𝔞^{(p+q)}𝔞^p𝔞^q`$ with the injections of $`𝔞^p`$ and $`𝔞^q`$ in each factor of $`T(𝔞)T(𝔞)`$. Then there exists a unique coalgebra map $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔞)}`$ on $`T(𝔞)[[\mathrm{}]]`$, such that for any $`a`$ in $`𝔞`$,

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_{T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔞)}(a)=\underset{p,q0}{}\mathrm{}^{p+q1}\mu _{p,q}(\delta ^{(B_{pq})}(a)).$$

The usual augmentation map $`\epsilon _{T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔞)}`$ is a counit for this coalgebra structure, and there exists a unique corresponding antipode $`S_{T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔞)}`$. $`(T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔞),m_{T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔞)},\mathrm{\Delta }_{T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔞)},\epsilon _{T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔞)},S_{T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔞)})`$ is then a quantized tensor algebra. It is easy to see that it is a quantization of $`(T(𝔞),m_{T(𝔞)}\mathrm{\Delta }_{T(𝔞)},\delta _{T(𝔞)})`$. Moreover, for any fixed $`\omega `$, the map $`𝔞T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔞)`$ is a quantization functor of the tensor algebras $`T(𝔞)`$, and if $`\omega `$ and $`\omega ^{}`$ are in the same $`𝒢(𝕂[[\mathrm{}]])`$-orbit, then there are functorial (in $`𝔞`$) Hopf algebra isomorphisms between $`T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔞)`$ and $`T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega ^{}(𝔞)`$. If $`\varpi `$ belongs to $`(𝕂)`$, let us define $`(𝔞T_{\mathrm{}}^\varpi (𝔞))`$ as any of the quantization functors $`(𝔞T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔞))`$, where $`\varpi `$ is the coset of $`\omega `$. Summarizing, we have

###### Proposition 1.3.

The assignment $`\varpi (𝔞T_{\mathrm{}}^\varpi (𝔞))`$ defines a map $`\gamma _𝕂`$ from $`(𝕂)`$ to $`\{`$universal quantization functors of the tensor algebras $`T(𝔞)\}`$.

We will now show

###### Proposition 1.4.

The restriction to $`(𝕂)_{1/2}`$ of the map $`\gamma _𝕂`$ is a bijection. It is functorial in $`𝕂`$ and equivariant with respect to the natural actions of $`\mathrm{Aut}(𝕂[[\mathrm{}]])`$.

Proof. Let us construct the inverse map to $`\gamma _𝕂`$.

Let $`_n`$ be the free Lie algebra with $`n`$ generators $`x_1,\mathrm{},x_n`$. If $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ is a quantization functor of the tensor algebras $`T(𝔞)`$, we may apply Proposition 1.2 and Lemma 1.1 to $`\mathrm{\Psi }(_n^{})`$. These statements have analogues in the situation of $`^n`$-graded Lie algebras. Functoriality with respect to the Lie algebra automorphisms of $`_n`$ given by $`x_i\lambda _ix_i`$ allows us to apply these refined statements to $`_n`$. We obtain maps $`B_{pq}^_n:(_n)^{p+q}_n[[\mathrm{}]]`$, graded and well defined up to graded automorphisms. The maps $`B_{pq}^_n`$ are graded, so if $`p+qn`$, then $`B_{pq}^_n(x_1,\mathrm{},x_{p+q})`$ belongs to $`FL_{p+q}(𝕂[[\mathrm{}]])`$. The associativity of the product of $`\mathrm{\Psi }(_n)`$ implies that the $`(B_{pq}^_n)_{p,q|p+qn}`$ satisfy identities (1), for $`p+q+rn`$. The family $`(B_{pq}^_n)_{p,q|p+qn}`$ therefore defines an element $`\stackrel{~}{}_n(\mathrm{\Psi })`$ of $`_n(𝕂)`$. Functoriality with respect to the map $`_n_{n+1}`$ sending each $`x_i`$ to $`x_i`$ implies that the family $`(\stackrel{~}{}_n(\mathrm{\Psi }))_{n0}`$ defines an element $`\stackrel{~}{}(\mathrm{\Psi })`$ of $`_n(𝕂)`$. Then there is a unique $`\lambda (\mathrm{\Psi })1+o(\mathrm{})`$ such that $`\stackrel{~}{}(\mathrm{\Psi })`$ belongs to $`_n(𝕂)_{\lambda (\mathrm{\Psi })/2}`$. Let $`(\mathrm{\Psi })`$ be the result of the action of $`\lambda (\mathrm{\Psi })^1𝕂[[\mathrm{}]]^\times `$ on $`\stackrel{~}{}(\mathrm{\Psi })`$. We have obviously $`\gamma _𝕂=\mathrm{id}_{(𝕂)_{1/2}}`$.

Let us prove that $`\gamma _𝕂=\mathrm{id}_{(𝕂)_{1/2}}`$. Let $`\mathrm{\Psi }`$ be a universal quantization functor of the tensor algebras $`T(𝔞)`$. Apply Proposition 1.2 and Lemma 1.1 to each Lie coalgebra $`𝔞`$. Then for each Lie algebra $`𝔤`$ over $`𝕂`$, we obtain linear maps $`B_{pq}^𝔤:𝔤^{p+q}𝔤[[\mathrm{}]]`$ satisfying the relations (1), depending polynomially in the structure constants of $`𝔤`$, and such that the dual to $`\mathrm{\Psi }(𝔞)`$ is the quantized shuffle algebra of $`𝔞^{}`$ corresponding to the maps $`B_{pq}^𝔤`$. One the other hand, such linear maps $`𝔤^{p+q}𝔤`$ all correspond to substitution of elements of $`𝔤`$ in free Lie polynomials. The family $`(B_{pq}^𝔤)_{p,q0}`$ therefore corresponds to an element of $`(𝕂)`$. ∎

### 1.5. Relation with the CBH formula

Let $`𝔤`$ be a Lie algebra over $`𝕂`$ and let $`\mathrm{Sym}:S𝔤U𝔤`$ be the symmetrization map, such that for any $`x`$ in $`𝔤`$ and any integer $`n`$, $`\mathrm{Sym}(x^n)=x^n`$. The pull-back of the product on the universal enveloping algebra $`U𝔤`$ by the symmetrization map $`\mathrm{Sym}`$ may be viewed as a star-product over $`S𝔤`$. This pull-back involves the Campbell-Baker-Hausdorff (CBH) series and is called PBW quantization of $`S𝔤`$.

Let us recall how the CBH series is defined. It is an infinite series $`B^{CBH}(x,y)=_{p,q0}B_{pq}^{CBH}(x,y)`$, where $`B_{pq}^{CBH}(x,y)`$ is an element of the free Lie algebra in two variables $`x,y`$, homogeneous of degrees $`p`$ in $`x`$ and $`q`$ in $`y`$. For $`x,y`$ formal variables in the neighborhood of zero in $`𝔤`$, the identity

$$e^xe^y=e^{B^{CBH}(x,y)}$$

holds in the formal Lie group associated with $`𝔤`$.

Then if $`x`$ and $`y`$ belong to $`𝔤`$, we have the identity

(5)
$$x^py^q=\underset{k0}{}\frac{p!q!}{k!}\underset{(p_1,\mathrm{},p_k)\mathrm{Part}_k(p),(q_1,\mathrm{},q_k)\mathrm{Part}_k(q)}{}\mathrm{Sym}(B_{p_1q_1}^{CBH}(x,y)\mathrm{}B_{p_kq_k}^{CBH}(x,y))$$

in $`U𝔤`$.

Assume that $`\omega =(B_{pq})_{p,q0}`$ belongs to $`(𝕂[[\mathrm{}]])_{1/2}`$. Since the image of $`x^p`$ by the canonical map $`U𝔤\mathrm{Sh}_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)`$ is $`p!(x\mathrm{}x)`$ ($`x`$ appears $`p`$ times), and identifying the terms of lower degree of the image of (5) by $`U𝔤\mathrm{Sh}_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)`$, we get $`B_{pq}(x,\mathrm{},x|y,\mathrm{},y)=B^{CBH}(x,y)`$. This identity holds for any Lie algebra, in particular, if $`𝔤`$ is the free Lie algebra with two generators and $`x,y`$ are identified with these generators. We have therefore

###### Proposition 1.5.

If $`\omega =(B_{pq})_{p,q0}`$ belongs to $`(𝕂[[\mathrm{}]])_{1/2}`$, then the identities

$$B_{pq}(x,\mathrm{},x|y,\mathrm{},y)=B_{pq}^{CBH}(x,y)$$

hold in the free Lie algebra with two generators $`x,y`$;

### 1.6. Explicit formulas

One may show that if $`\omega `$ is any element in $`(𝕂[[\mathrm{}]])_{1/2}`$, there exists $`\omega ^{}=(B_{pq})_{p,q0}`$ in the orbit $`𝒢(𝕂[[\mathrm{}]])\omega `$ of $`\omega `$ such that

$$B_{12}(x,x^{}|y)=\frac{1}{24}([x,[x^{},y]]+[x^{},[x,y]]),B_{21}(x|y,y^{})=\frac{1}{24}([y,[y^{},x]]+[y^{},[y,x]]).$$

In the algebra $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega ^{}(𝔤)`$, we have the relations

$$(x)(y)=(xy)+(yx)+\frac{1}{2}([x,y]),$$

$$(xx^{})(y)=(xx^{}y)+(xyx^{})+(yxx^{})+\frac{1}{2}(x[x^{},y])+\frac{1}{2}([x,y]x^{})+\frac{1}{24}([x,[x^{},y]]+[x^{},[x,y]]),$$

$$(x)(yy^{})=(xyy^{})+(yxy^{})+(yy^{}x)+\frac{1}{2}([x,y]y^{})+\frac{1}{2}(y[x,y^{}])+\frac{1}{24}([y,[y^{},x]]+[y^{},[y,x]]).$$

## 2. $`R`$-matrices in shuffle algebras

Let us fix an element $`\omega `$ of $`(𝕂[[\mathrm{}]])`$. Let $`𝔞`$ and $`𝔟`$ be Lie algebras and let $`r_{𝔞𝔟}=_{iI}a_ib_i`$ be an element of $`𝔞𝔟`$. In this Section, we associate to $`r_{𝔞𝔟}`$ a family of elements $`(_n^\omega (r_{𝔞𝔟}))_{n0}`$ of $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔟)`$, satisfying analogues of the quasitriangular identities $`(\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{id})()=^{(13)}^{(23)}`$ and $`(\mathrm{id}\mathrm{\Delta })()=^{(13)}^{(12)}`$.

If $`n_1,\mathrm{},n_k`$ are positive integers, denote by $`x_1^{(i)},\mathrm{},x_{n_i}^{(i)}`$ the generators of the $`i`$th factor of the tensor product $`(_{i=1}^kFL_{n_i})FL_{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_k}`$ and by $`y_1,\mathrm{},y_{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_k}`$ the generators of the last tensor factor. Then the product of symmetric groups $`_{i=1}^k𝔖_{n_i}`$ acts on this tensor product, is such a way that $`𝔖_i`$ permutes simultaneously the generators $`(x_a^{(i)})_{a=1,\mathrm{},k_i}`$ and $`(y_{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{i1}+a})_{a=1,\mathrm{},k_i}`$. Let us denote by $`F_{n_1,\mathrm{},n_k}`$ the space of coinvariants of this action, so

$$F_{n_1,\mathrm{},n_k}=\left((\underset{i=1}{\overset{k}{}}FL_{n_i})FL_{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_k}\right)_{_{i=1}^k𝔖_{n_i}}.$$

Let us define inductively $`\lambda _{n_1,\mathrm{},n_k}F_{n_1,\mathrm{},n_k}`$ as follows. Recall that if $`p`$ and $`r`$ are integers, $`\mathrm{Part}_r(p)`$ is the set of $`r`$-partitions of $`p`$, i.e. the set of families of integers $`(p_1,\mathrm{},p_r)`$ such that $`p_1+\mathrm{}+p_r=p`$. We set $`\lambda _1=x_1^{(1)}y_1`$, and if $`_{l=1}^kn_l>1`$

$`\lambda _{n_1,\mathrm{},n_k}={\displaystyle \frac{1}{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_k1}}{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _k_{>0}}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{l=1}{\overset{k1}{}}}`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{(n_{ij})_j\mathrm{Part}_{\alpha _i}(n_i)}{}}\lambda _{(n_{1i})_i}^{\prime \prime }\mathrm{}\lambda _{(n_{ki})_i}^{\prime \prime }B_{\alpha _1+\mathrm{}+\alpha _l,\alpha _{l+1}+\mathrm{}+\alpha _k}^\omega ^{}(\lambda _{(n_{1j})_j}^{(1)},\mathrm{},\lambda _{(n_{kj})_j}^{(\alpha _k)}),`$
where we set

$$\lambda _{(n_{ij})_{j=1,\mathrm{},\alpha _i}}=\lambda _{(n_{ij})_{j=1,\mathrm{},\alpha _i}}^{(1)}\mathrm{}\lambda _{(n_{ij})_{j=1,\mathrm{},\alpha _i}}^{(\alpha _i)}\lambda _{(n_{ij})_{j=1,\mathrm{},\alpha _i}}^{\prime \prime },$$

and the variables $`(x_a^{(i)})_{a=1,\mathrm{},n_i}`$ (resp., $`y_{_{\alpha <i}n_\alpha +_{\beta <j}n_{i\beta }+1},\mathrm{},y_{_{\alpha <i}n_\alpha +_{\beta j}n_{i\beta }}`$) are substituted in $`\lambda _{(n_{ij})_j}^{\prime \prime }`$ (resp., in $`\lambda _{(n_{ij})_j}^{(j)}`$).

Let us denote by $`\mathrm{conc}_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔟)}`$ the concatenation product on the tensor algebra $`T(𝔟)[[\mathrm{}]]`$, which we identify linearly with $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔟)`$. We have $`\mathrm{conc}_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔟)}((x_1\mathrm{}x_k)(x_{k+1}\mathrm{}x_n))=(x_1\mathrm{}x_n)`$.

There is a unique map $`\kappa (r_{𝔞𝔟})`$ from $`F_{n_1,\mathrm{},n_k}`$ to $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)𝔟`$, such that for any $`P_1FL_{n_1}`$, $`\mathrm{},P_kFL_{n_k}`$, $`QFL_{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_k}`$, we have

$`\kappa (r_{𝔞𝔟})(_{i=1}^kP_i(x_a^{(i)})Q(y_1,\mathrm{},y_{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_a}))={\displaystyle \underset{i_1,\mathrm{}i_{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_kI}}{}}`$
$`\left(P_1(a_{i_1},\mathrm{},a_{i_{n_1}})\mathrm{}P_k(a_{i_{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{k1}+1}},\mathrm{},a_{i_{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_k}})\right)Q(b_{i_1},\mathrm{},b_{i_{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_k}}).`$
We also denote by $`\kappa (r_{𝔞𝔟})`$ the unique extension of this map to a linear map from $`_{n_1,\mathrm{},n_k}F_{n_1,\mathrm{},n_k}`$ to $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)𝔟`$.

Let us denote by $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{\mathrm{Sh}(𝔟)}`$ the linear automorphism of $`\mathrm{Sh}(𝔟)`$ such that for any $`x_1,\mathrm{},x_n`$ in $`𝔟`$, $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{\mathrm{Sh}(𝔟)}((x_1\mathrm{}x_n))=(x_n\mathrm{}x_1)`$.

###### Lemma 2.1.

If $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{Sh}(𝔟)}^{}`$ is the composition of $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{Sh}(𝔟)}`$ with the permutation of factors, then $`\mathrm{\Psi }_{\mathrm{Sh}(𝔟)}`$ is a Hopf algebra isomorphism from $`(\mathrm{Sh}^\omega ^{}(𝔟),m_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega ^{}(𝔟)},\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega ^{}(𝔟)})`$ to $`(\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔟),m_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔟)},\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔟)}^{})`$, so $`m_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔟)}(\mathrm{\Psi }_{\mathrm{Sh}(𝔟)}\mathrm{\Psi }_{\mathrm{Sh}(𝔟)})=\mathrm{\Psi }_{\mathrm{Sh}(𝔟)}m_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega ^{}(𝔟)}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔟)}^{}\mathrm{\Psi }_{\mathrm{Sh}(𝔟)}=(\mathrm{\Psi }_{\mathrm{Sh}(𝔟)}\mathrm{\Psi }_{\mathrm{Sh}(𝔟)})\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega ^{}(𝔟)}`$.

If $`m`$ is an associative operation, we will denote by $`m^{(k)}`$ the $`k`$th fold product associated to $`m`$. If $`n`$ is a positive integer, we set $`\lambda _n=_{k>0}_{(n_1,\mathrm{},n_k)\mathrm{Part}_k(n)}\lambda _{n_1,\mathrm{},n_k}`$.

###### Proposition 2.1.

Let us define the family $`(_n^{}(r_{𝔞𝔟}))_{n0}`$ of elements of $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)\mathrm{Sh}^\omega ^{}(𝔟)`$ as follows. $`_0^{}(r_{𝔞𝔟})=1`$, $`_1^{}(r_{𝔞𝔟})=r_{𝔞𝔟}`$ and

$`_n^{}(r_{𝔞𝔟})`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{k1}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{(n_1,\mathrm{},n_k)\mathrm{Part}_k(n)}{}}\left(m_{\mathrm{Sh}(𝔞)}^{(k)}\mathrm{conc}_{\mathrm{Sh}(𝔟)}^{(k)}\right)\left(\kappa (r_{𝔞𝔟})(\lambda _{n_1})^{(1,k+1)}\mathrm{}\kappa (r_{𝔞𝔟})(\lambda _{n_k})^{(k,2k)}\right).`$
If we set

$$_n^\omega (r_{𝔞𝔟})=(\mathrm{id}\mathrm{\Psi }_{\mathrm{Sh}(𝔟)})(_n^{}(r_{𝔞𝔟})),$$

then the family $`(_n(r_{𝔞𝔟}))_{n0}`$ satisfies

(6) $`(\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)}\mathrm{id})(_n^\omega (r_{𝔞𝔟}))={\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{n}{}}}(_k^\omega (r_{𝔞𝔟}))^{(13)}(_{nk}^\omega (r_{𝔞𝔟}))^{(23)},`$
$`(\mathrm{id}\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔟)})(_n(r_{𝔞𝔟}))={\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{n}{}}}(_k^\omega (r_{𝔞𝔟}))^{(13)}(_{nk}^\omega )(r_{𝔞𝔟})^{(12)}.`$
Moreover, we have

(7)
$$(S_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)}\mathrm{id}_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔟)})(_n^\omega (r_{𝔞𝔟}))=(\mathrm{id}_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)}S_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔟)}^1)(_n^\omega (r_{𝔞𝔟})).$$

Proof. It is immediate that $`(_n^{}(r_{𝔞𝔟}))_{n0}`$ satisfies

(8)
$$(\mathrm{id}\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega ^{}(𝔟)})(_n^{}(r_{𝔞𝔟}))=\underset{k=0}{\overset{n}{}}_k(r_{𝔞𝔟})^{(12)}_{nk}(r_{𝔞𝔟})^{(13)},$$

so $`(_n^{}(r_{𝔞𝔟}))_{n0}`$ satisfies the second part of (6). Let us prove by induction on $`m`$ that the relation

(9)
$$(\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)}\mathrm{id})(_m^{}(r_{𝔞𝔟}))=\underset{k=0}{\overset{m}{}}_k^{}(r_{𝔞𝔟})^{(13)}_{mk}^{}(r_{𝔞𝔟})^{(23)}$$

is also satisfied. The relation clearly holds for $`m=0,1`$. Assume that it is satisfied up to order $`m=n1`$. Let us set

$$Z=(\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)}\mathrm{id})(_n^{}(r_{𝔞𝔟}))\underset{k=0}{\overset{n}{}}_k^{}(r_{𝔞𝔟})^{(13)}_{nk}^{}(r_{𝔞𝔟})^{(23)}$$

and let us apply $`(\mathrm{id}\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega ^{}(𝔟)})`$ to $`Z`$. We find

$`(\mathrm{id}\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega ^{}(𝔟)})(Z)=(\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)}\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega ^{}(𝔟)})(_n^{}(r_{𝔞𝔟}))`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{n}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{k^{},k^{\prime \prime }}{}}_k^{}^{}(r_{𝔞𝔟})^{(13)}_{kk^{}}^{}(r_{𝔞𝔟})^{(14)}_{k^{\prime \prime }}^{}(r_{𝔞𝔟})^{(23)}_{nkk^{\prime \prime }}^{}(r_{𝔞𝔟})^{(24)},`$
and equation (8) and the induction hypothesis imply that this is $`Z^{(123)}+Z^{(124)}`$. Since the space of primitive elements of $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega ^{}(𝔟)`$ coincides with $`𝔟`$, $`Z`$ belongs to $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)^2𝔟`$.

Let us show that $`Z`$ is zero. Let us set $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)}(x)=\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)}(x)x11x+\epsilon _{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)}(x)(11)`$. The restriction of $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)}`$ to $`\mathrm{Ker}(\epsilon _{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)})`$ is a linear map from $`\mathrm{Ker}(\epsilon _{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)})`$ to $`\mathrm{Ker}(\epsilon _{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)})^2`$. Let us define $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{conc}}_{\mathrm{Sh}_𝔞}`$ as the linear map from $`\mathrm{Ker}(\epsilon _{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)})^2`$ to $`\mathrm{Ker}(\epsilon _{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)})`$ such that if $`y=_{k2}y_k`$, with $`y_k_{k^{},k^{\prime \prime }|k^{}+k^{\prime \prime }=k}𝔞^k^{}𝔞^{k^{\prime \prime }}`$, then $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{conc}}_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)}(y)=_{k2}\frac{1}{k1}\mathrm{conc}(y_k)`$. Let us also denote by $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{conc}}^{(2)}`$ the map from $`\mathrm{Ker}(\epsilon _{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)})^3`$ to $`\mathrm{Ker}(\epsilon _{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)})^2`$ whose restriction to $`_{k,k^{},k^{\prime \prime }|k+k^{}+k^{\prime \prime }=n}𝔞^k𝔞^k^{}𝔞^{k^{\prime \prime }}`$ is equal to $`\frac{1}{n1}(\mathrm{conc}_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)}\mathrm{id}\mathrm{id}\mathrm{conc}_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega ^{}(𝔟)})`$. Then we have the following homotopy formula

(10)
$$\mathrm{id}_{\mathrm{Ker}(\epsilon _{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)})^2}=\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{conc}}_{\mathrm{Sh}(𝔟)}+\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{conc}}^{(2)}(\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)}\mathrm{id}\mathrm{id}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}_{\mathrm{Sh}(𝔞)}).$$

$`(\epsilon _{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)}\mathrm{id}\mathrm{id})(Z)=(\mathrm{id}\epsilon _{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)}\mathrm{id})(Z)=0`$, so $`Z`$ belongs to $`\mathrm{Ker}(\epsilon _{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)})^2𝔟`$. Let us apply identity (10) to the first two tensor factors of $`Z`$. Since $`(\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{conc}}_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)}\mathrm{id}_𝔟)(Z)`$ belongs to $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)^2𝔟`$, this term coincides with $`(\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{conc}}_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)}\mathrm{pr}_𝔟)(Z)`$, therefore it is equal to the sum of $`(n1)\kappa (r_{𝔞𝔟})(\lambda _n)`$ and contributions of the $`_k^{}(r_{𝔞𝔟})`$, where $`k<n`$. By the construction of $`\lambda _n`$, this sum is zero.

Let us compute now

(11)
$$\left((\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)}\mathrm{id}_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)}\mathrm{id}_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)})\mathrm{id}_{\mathrm{Sh}(𝔟)}\right)(Z).$$

Recall that $`Z`$ is equal to $`(\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)}\mathrm{id}_{\mathrm{Sh}(𝔟)})(_n^{}(r_{𝔞𝔟}))_{k=1}^{n1}_k^{}(r_{𝔞𝔟})^{(13)}_{nk}^{}(r_{𝔞𝔟})^{(23)}`$; since $`(\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega ^{}(𝔟)}\mathrm{id}_{\mathrm{Sh}(𝔟)}\mathrm{id}_{\mathrm{Sh}(𝔟)}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega ^{}(𝔟)})\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega ^{}(𝔟)}=0`$, (11) is equal to

$$\left((\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)}\mathrm{id}_{\mathrm{Sh}(𝔞)}\mathrm{id}_{\mathrm{Sh}(𝔞)}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)})\mathrm{id}_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔟)}\right)\left(\underset{k=1}{\overset{n1}{}}_k^{}(r_{𝔞𝔟})^{(13)}_{nk}^{}(r_{𝔞𝔟})^{(23)}\right).$$

The induction hypothesis implies that

$$\left(\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}_{\mathrm{Sh}(^\omega 𝔞)}\mathrm{id}_{\mathrm{Sh}(𝔞)}\mathrm{id}_{\mathrm{Sh}(𝔟)}\right)\left(\underset{k=1}{\overset{n1}{}}_k^{}(r_{𝔞𝔟})^{(13)}_{nk}^{}(r_{𝔞𝔟})^{(23)}\right)$$

and $`\left(\mathrm{id}_{\mathrm{Sh}(𝔞)}\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)}\mathrm{id}_{\mathrm{Sh}(𝔟)}\right)\left(_{k=1}^{n1}_k^{}(r_{𝔞𝔟})^{(13)}_{nk}^{}(r_{𝔞𝔟})^{(23)}\right)`$ are both equal to $`_{k,k^{},k^{\prime \prime }|k,k^{},k^{\prime \prime }>0,k+k^{}+k^{\prime \prime }=n}_k^{}(r_{𝔞𝔟})^{(14)}_k^{}^{}(r_{𝔞𝔟})^{(24)}_{k^{\prime \prime }}^{}(r_{𝔞𝔟})^{(34)}`$. Therefore (11) vanishes. The homotopy formula (10) then implies that $`Z`$ is zero. This proves the induction step.

Equations (6) imply that if $`t`$ is a formal parameter and $`^\omega (r_{𝔞𝔟})=_{n0}t^n_n^\omega (r_{𝔞𝔟})`$, we have $`(S_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)}\mathrm{id})(^\omega (r_{𝔞𝔟}))=^\omega (r_{𝔞𝔟})^1`$; as $`S_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔟)}^1`$ is the antipode corresponding to the coproduct $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔟)}^{}`$, we have also and $`(\mathrm{id}S_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔟)}^1)(^\omega (r_{𝔞𝔟}))=^\omega (r_{𝔞𝔟})^1`$. These equalities imply (7). ∎

###### Remark 2.

The sequence $`(_n^\omega (r_{𝔞𝔟}))_{n0}`$ is uniquely determined by the conditions that it satisfies (6), $`_0^\omega (r_{𝔞𝔟})=1`$, $`_1^\omega (r_{𝔞𝔟})=r_{𝔞𝔟}`$, and $`(\mathrm{pr}_𝔞\mathrm{pr}_𝔟)(^\omega (r_{𝔞𝔟}))=0`$ for $`n2`$. It follows that $`_n^{}(r_{𝔞𝔟})`$ is equal to $`_n^{}(r_{𝔞𝔟}^{(21)})^{(21)}`$.

###### Remark 3.

If the sum $`^\omega (r_{𝔞𝔟})=_{i0}_i^\omega (r_{𝔞𝔟})`$ makes sense (for example if we work with $`\mathrm{}`$-adic completions and $`r_{𝔞𝔟}`$ is in $`O(\mathrm{})`$), it satisfies the $`R`$-matrix identities

$$(\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)}\mathrm{id}_{\mathrm{Sh}(𝔟)})(^\omega (r_{𝔞𝔟}))=(^\omega )^{(13)}(r_{𝔞𝔟})(^\omega )^{(23)}(r_{𝔞𝔟}),$$

$$(\mathrm{id}_{\mathrm{Sh}(𝔞)}\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔟)})(^\omega (r_{𝔞𝔟}))=(^\omega )^{(13)}(r_{𝔞𝔟})(^\omega )^{(12)}(r_{𝔞𝔟}).$$

###### Remark 4.

If $`\omega `$ is $`\omega ^{}`$ of Section 1.6, then the first $`_i^\omega (r_{𝔞𝔟})`$ are

$`_2^\omega (r_{𝔞𝔟})={\displaystyle \underset{i,j}{}}(a_ia_j)(b_ib_j)+(a_ia_j)(b_jb_i){\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}([a_i,a_j])(b_ib_j)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(a_ia_j)([b_i,b_j])`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{i,j}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}([a_i,a_j])(b_jb_i)+(a_ia_j)(b_i)(b_j)={\displaystyle \underset{i,j}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(a_ia_j)([b_i,b_j])+(a_i)(a_j)(b_jb_i)`$
$`_3^\omega (r_{𝔞𝔟})={\displaystyle \underset{i,j,k}{}}(a_ia_ja_k)((b_ib_jb_k)+\mathrm{all}\mathrm{permutations}\mathrm{in}i,j,k)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(a_ia_ja_k)\left([b_i,b_j]b_k+b_k[b_i,b_j]+[b_i,b_k]b_j+b_j[b_i,b_k]+[b_j,b_k]b_i+b_i[b_j,b_k]\right)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}\left([a_i,a_j]a_k+a_k[a_i,a_j]+[a_i,a_k]a_j+a_j[a_i,a_k]+[a_j,a_k]a_i+a_i[a_j,a_k]\right)(b_kb_jb_i)`$
$`+(a_ia_ja_k)(L_3(b_i,b_j,b_k))+(L_3(a_i,a_j,a_k))(b_kb_jb_i)`$
$`+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}([a_i,a_j]a_k)\left([b_j,b_k]b_i+b_j[b_i,b_k]\right)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}(a_i[a_j,a_k])\left(b_k[b_i,b_j]+[b_i,b_k]b_j\right)`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{i,j,k}{}}(a_i)(a_j)(a_k)(b_kb_jb_i)+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(a_ia_j)(a_k)(b_k[b_i,b_j])+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}(a_i)(a_ja_k)([b_j,b_k]b_i)`$
$`+(a_ia_ja_k)(L_3(b_i,b_j,b_k)),`$
where

$$L_3(x,y,z)=\frac{1}{6}\left([x,[y,z]]+[[x,y],z]\right).$$

## 3. Construction of solutions of QYBE

In this Section, we again fix an element $`\omega (𝕂[[\mathrm{}]])`$. Let us assume that the Lie algebras $`𝔞`$ and $`𝔟`$ are the same, and that that we are given an element $`r_𝔞=_{iI}a_ib_i`$ of $`𝔞𝔞`$, satisfying the classical Yang-Baxter equation (CYBE), that is

$$[r_𝔞^{(12)},r_𝔞^{(13)}]+[r_𝔞^{(12)},r_𝔞^{(23)}]+[r_𝔞^{(13)},r_𝔞^{(23)}]=0.$$

Our aim in this Section is to construct a family $`(\rho _n^\omega (r_𝔞))_{n1}`$ of elements of $`𝔞𝔞`$, expressed in terms of Lie polynomials of degree $`n`$ in the $`a_i`$ and $`b_i`$, such that if we set $`\rho ^\omega (r_𝔞)=_{n0}\rho _n^\omega (r_𝔞)`$, and if we denote by $`_i^\omega (\rho ^\omega (r_𝔞))[p]`$ the homogeneous component of degree $`p`$ in $`r_𝔞`$ of $`_i^\omega (\rho ^\omega (r_𝔞))`$, then for each integer $`n0`$, $`\rho ^\omega (r_𝔞)`$ satisfies the equation

$`{\displaystyle \underset{p,p^{},p^{\prime \prime }|p+p^{}+p^{\prime \prime }=n}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{i,j,k0}{}}_i^\omega (\rho ^\omega (r_𝔞))[p]^{(12)}_j^\omega (\rho ^\omega (r_𝔞))[p^{}]^{(13)}_k^\omega (\rho ^\omega (r_𝔞))[p^{\prime \prime }]^{(23)}`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{p,p^{},p^{\prime \prime }|p+p^{}+p^{\prime \prime }=n}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{i,j,k0}{}}_k^\omega (\rho ^\omega (r_𝔞))[p^{\prime \prime }]^{(23)}_j^\omega (\rho ^\omega (r_𝔞))[p^{}]^{(13)}_i^\omega (\rho ^\omega (r_𝔞))[p]^{(12)}.`$
In particular, if the sum $`_i_i^\omega (\rho ^\omega (r_𝔞))`$ converges (for example if $`r_𝔞`$ has positive $`\mathrm{}`$-adic valuation), then $`^\omega (\rho ^\omega (r_𝔞))=_{i0}_i^\omega (\rho ^\omega (r_𝔞))`$ satisfies the quantum Yang-Baxter equation (QYBE)

$`(^\omega (\rho ^\omega (r_𝔞)))^{(12)}(^\omega (\rho ^\omega (r_𝔞)))^{(13)}(^\omega (\rho ^\omega (r_𝔞)))^{(23)}`$
$`=(^\omega (\rho ^\omega (r_𝔞)))^{(23)}(^\omega (\rho ^\omega (r_𝔞)))^{(13)}(^\omega (\rho ^\omega (r_𝔞)))^{(12)}.`$
After we reduce this problem to a Lie algebraic problem (Section 3.1), we look for universal formulas expressing $`\rho (r)`$ and translate the Lie algebraic problem in terms of these universal formulas (Section 3.2). We then show that the latter problem can be formulated in cohomological terms (Section 3.3) and compute the relevant cohomologies (Section 3.4). We then gather our results to show the existence and unicity of universal formulas for $`\rho ^\omega (r_𝔞)`$ (Section 3.5).

### 3.1. Reduction to a Lie algebraic problem

Let $`\mathrm{}`$ be a formal variable and let $`\rho `$ be an element of $`\mathrm{}(𝔞𝔞)[[\mathrm{}]]`$. Then $`^\omega (\rho )`$ is an element of $`\mathrm{Sh}(𝔞)^2[[\mathrm{}]]`$. Replacing the ground field $`𝕂`$ by the ring $`𝕂[[\mathrm{}]]/(\mathrm{}^n)`$ in the definition of $`^\omega `$, we define a map $`^\omega :\mathrm{}𝔞^2[[\mathrm{}]]/\mathrm{}^n𝔞^2[[\mathrm{}]]\mathrm{Sh}(𝔞)^2[[\mathrm{}]]/(\mathrm{}^n)`$. The following Proposition shows that the condition that $`^\omega (\rho )`$ be a solution of the associative QYBE is equivalent to $`\rho `$ being a solution of equation (3.1), a Lie algebraic equation, which we call the Lie version of QYBE.

###### Proposition 3.1.

Let $`\mathrm{pr}_𝔞`$ denote the projection of $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)`$ on $`𝔞`$ parallel to $`_{i1}𝔞^i`$. Let $`n`$ be an integer and $`\rho _n`$ belong to $`\mathrm{}𝔞^2[[\mathrm{}]]/\mathrm{}^n𝔞^2[[\mathrm{}]]`$. Then the following statements are equivalent

i) $`^\omega (\rho _n)`$ satisfies QYBE in $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)^3[[\mathrm{}]]/(\mathrm{}^n)`$

ii) the equation

(12) $`\mathrm{pr}_𝔞^3((^\omega (\rho _n))^{(12)}(^\omega (\rho _n))^{(13)}(^\omega (\rho _n))^{(23)})`$
$`=\mathrm{pr}_𝔞^3((^\omega (\rho _n))^{(23)}(^\omega (\rho _n))^{(13)}(^\omega (\rho _n))^{(12)})`$
holds in $`𝔞^3[[\mathrm{}]]/(\mathrm{}^n)`$.

It follows that if $`\rho `$ belongs to $`\mathrm{}𝔞^2[[\mathrm{}]]`$, the statements

iii) $`^\omega (\rho )`$ satisfies QYBE in $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)^3[[\mathrm{}]]`$

iv) the equation

(13)
$$\mathrm{pr}_𝔞^3((^\omega (\rho ))^{(12)}(^\omega (\rho ))^{(13)}(^\omega (\rho ))^{(23)})=\mathrm{pr}_𝔞^3((^\omega (\rho ))^{(23)}(^\omega (\rho ))^{(13)}(^\omega (\rho ))^{(12)})$$

holds in $`𝔞^3[[\mathrm{}]]`$.

Proof. Let us prove the equivalence between i) and ii) by induction over $`n`$. The case $`n=0`$ is trivial. Assume that the equivalence holds at order $`n`$ and let us show it at order $`n+1`$. The direct sense is obvious. Let us assume now that $`\rho _{n+1}`$ satisfies (12) at order $`n+1`$ and let us show that

$$Z=^\omega (\rho _{n+1})^{(12)}^\omega (\rho _{n+1})^{(13)}^\omega (\rho _{n+1})^{(23)}^\omega (\rho _{n+1})^{(23)}^\omega (\rho _{n+1})^{(13)}^\omega (\rho _{n+1})^{(12)}$$

(an element of $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)^3[[\mathrm{}]]/(\mathrm{}^{n+1})`$) is zero. By the induction hypothesis, $`Z`$ belongs to $`\mathrm{}^n\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)^3[[\mathrm{}]]/\mathrm{}^{n+1}\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)^{n+1}[[\mathrm{}]]`$. Set

$$L=^\omega (\rho _{n+1})^{(12)}^\omega (\rho _{n+1})^{(13)},$$

$$R=^\omega (\rho _{n+1})^{(23)}(^\omega (\rho _{n+1})^{(13)}^\omega (\rho _{n+1})^{(12)})(^\omega (\rho _{n+1})^{(23)})^1.$$

Since $`LR=Z(^\omega (\rho _{n+1})^{(23)})^1`$ and $`^\omega (\rho _{n+1})`$ belongs to

$$1+\mathrm{}\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)^2[[\mathrm{}]]/\mathrm{}^{n+1}\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)^2[[\mathrm{}]],$$

we get $`LR=Z`$. On the other hand, both $`L`$ and $`R`$ satisfy

(14)
$$(\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)}\mathrm{id}^2)(L)=L^{(134)}L^{(234)}\mathrm{and}(\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)}\mathrm{id}^2)(R)=R^{(134)}R^{(234)}.$$

Let us write $`L=_{i0}\mathrm{}^iL_i`$, $`R=_{i0}\mathrm{}^iR_i`$, with $`L_i,R_i\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)^3`$. Then the induction hypothesis implies that $`L_i=R_i`$ for $`in`$ and (14) implies that

$$(\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)}\mathrm{id}^2)(L_{n+1})=\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}L_i^{(134)}L_{n+1i}^{(234)},(\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}^{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)}\mathrm{id}^2)(R_{n+1})=\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}R_i^{(134)}R_{n+1i}^{(234)},$$

where $`\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)}(x)=\mathrm{\Delta }(x)x11x`$. Therefore $`(\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)}\mathrm{id}^2)(L_{n+1})=(\stackrel{~}{\mathrm{\Delta }}_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)}\mathrm{id}^2)(R_{n+1})`$, so $`L_{n+1}R_{n+1}`$ belongs to $`𝔞\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)^2`$. Let us define $`Z_{n+1}`$ as $`\mathrm{}^{n1}Z`$ mod $`\mathrm{}`$. Then $`Z_{n+1}`$, then $`Z_{n+1}=L_{n+1}R_{n+1}`$, therefore $`Z_{n+1}`$ belongs to $`𝔞\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞^2)`$.

Applying the same reasoning to the comparison of

$$^\omega (\rho _{n+1})^{(13)}^\omega (\rho _{n+1})^{(23)}\mathrm{and}(^\omega (\rho _{n+1})^{(12)})^1\left(^\omega (\rho _{n+1})^{(23)}^\omega (\rho _{n+1})^{(13)}\right)^\omega (\rho _{n+1})^{(12)},$$

resp., of

$$^\omega (\rho _{n+1})^{(12)}^\omega (\rho _{n+1})^{(23)}\mathrm{and}\underset{\lambda }{}B_\lambda ^{(3)}^\omega (\rho _{n+1})^{(23)}^\omega (\rho _{n+1})^{(13)}(\rho _{n+1})^{(12)}A_\lambda ^{(1)},$$

where $`_\lambda A_\lambda B_\lambda `$ is the inverse of $`^\omega (\rho _{n+1})^1`$ in $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)^{opp}[[\mathrm{}]]/(\mathrm{}^{n+1})`$, where $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)^{opp}`$ is the opposite algebra of $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)`$, we find that $`Z_{n+1}`$ belongs to $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞^2)𝔞`$, resp., to $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)𝔞\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)`$. Therefore, $`Z_{n+1}`$ belongs to $`𝔞^3`$, so it may be identified with its image by $`\mathrm{pr}_𝔞^3`$. Since by assumption $`\mathrm{pr}_𝔞^3(Z)`$ is zero, we have $`\mathrm{pr}_𝔞^3(Z_{n+1})=0`$, therefore $`Z_{n+1}`$ is equal to zero and $`Z`$ is zero as well. This proves the induction step.

The equivalence between iii) and iv) follows easily from that of i) and ii). ∎

We will call equation (13) the Lie version of QYBE (Lie QYBE for short). This equation may be expressed as follows.

For $`a_1,\mathrm{},a_n`$ elements of a Lie algebra $`𝔤`$, let us denote by $`L_n^𝔤(a_1,\mathrm{},a_n)`$ the projection of the first summand of $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)=𝔤(_{i1}𝔤^i)`$ of the product $`(a_1)\mathrm{}(a_n)`$; so $`L_n^𝔤(a_1,\mathrm{},a_n)`$ belongs to $`𝔤`$. When $`n=0`$, we set $`L_n^𝔤(x_1,\mathrm{},x_n)=0`$. There is a unique element of $`FL_n`$, which we denote by $`L_n`$, such that $`L_n^𝔤(a_1,\mathrm{},a_n)`$ is obtained from $`L_n`$ by substituting $`a_i`$ to the $`i`$th generator of $`FL_n`$, $`i=1,\mathrm{},n`$. $`L_n`$ depends on $`\omega `$. If $`\underset{¯}{n}=(n_1,\mathrm{},n_k)`$, we set $`\lambda _{\underset{¯}{n}}=\lambda _{\underset{¯}{n}}^{(1)}\mathrm{}\lambda _{\underset{¯}{n}}^{(k)}\lambda _{\underset{¯}{n}}^{\prime \prime }`$.

Then we have

$`\mathrm{pr}_𝔞^3\left(^\omega (\rho )^{(12)}^\omega (\rho )^{(13)}^\omega (\rho )^{(23)}\right)={\displaystyle \underset{\xi ^{},\xi ^{\prime \prime },\eta 0}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _\eta 0}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{n_1,\mathrm{},n_{\xi ^{}+\xi ^{\prime \prime }}0,m_{11},\mathrm{},m_{\eta \alpha _\eta }0}{}}`$
$`(L_{\alpha _1+\mathrm{}+\alpha _\eta +\xi ^{}}(\lambda _{\underset{¯}{m}_1}^{(1)},\mathrm{},\lambda _{\underset{¯}{m}_\eta }^{(\alpha _\eta )},\lambda _{\underset{¯}{n}}^{(1)},\mathrm{},\lambda _{\underset{¯}{n}}^{(\xi ^{})})`$
$`L_{\eta +\xi ^{\prime \prime }}(\lambda _{\underset{¯}{m}_1}^{\prime \prime },\mathrm{},\lambda _{\underset{¯}{m}_\eta }^{\prime \prime },\lambda _{\underset{¯}{n}}^{(\xi ^{}+1)},\mathrm{},\lambda _{\underset{¯}{n}}^{(\xi ^{}+\xi ^{\prime \prime })})\lambda _{\underset{¯}{n}}^{\prime \prime })(\rho ),`$
where we set $`\underset{¯}{n}=(n_i)_{i=1,\mathrm{},\xi ^{}+\xi ^{\prime \prime }}`$, $`\underset{¯}{m}_\beta =(m_{\beta i})_{i=1,\mathrm{},\alpha _\beta }`$, for $`\beta =1,\mathrm{},\eta `$. In the same way,

$`\mathrm{pr}_𝔞^3\left(^\omega (\rho )^{(23)}^\omega (\rho )^{(13)}^\omega (\rho )^{(12)}\right)={\displaystyle \underset{\xi ^{},\xi ^{\prime \prime },\eta 0}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _\eta 0}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{n_1,\mathrm{},n_{\xi ^{}+\xi ^{\prime \prime }}0,m_{11},\mathrm{},m_{\eta \alpha _\eta }0}{}}`$
$`(L_{\alpha _1+\mathrm{}+\alpha _\eta +\xi ^{\prime \prime }}(\lambda _{\underset{¯}{n}}^{(\xi ^{}+1)},\mathrm{},\lambda _{\underset{¯}{n}}^{(\xi ^{}+\xi ^{\prime \prime })},\lambda _{\underset{¯}{m}_1}^{(1)},\mathrm{},\lambda _{\underset{¯}{m}_\eta }^{(\alpha _\eta )})`$
$`L_{\eta +\xi ^{}}(\lambda _{\underset{¯}{n}}^{(1)},\mathrm{},\lambda _{\underset{¯}{n}}^{(\xi ^{})},\lambda _{\underset{¯}{m}_1}^{\prime \prime },\mathrm{},\lambda _{\underset{¯}{m}_\eta }^{\prime \prime })\lambda _{\underset{¯}{n}}^{\prime \prime })(\rho ).`$
So we have

###### Corollary 3.1.

The Lie QYB equation (13) is equivalent to the following equation

$`{\displaystyle \underset{\xi ^{},\xi ^{\prime \prime },\eta 0}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _\eta 0}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{n_1,\mathrm{},n_{\xi ^{}+\xi ^{\prime \prime }}0,m_{11},\mathrm{},m_{\eta \alpha _\eta }0}{}}`$
$`(L_{\alpha _1+\mathrm{}+\alpha _\eta +\xi ^{}}(\lambda _{\underset{¯}{m}_1}^{(1)},\mathrm{},\lambda _{\underset{¯}{m}_\eta }^{(\alpha _\eta )},\lambda _{\underset{¯}{n}}^{(1)},\mathrm{},\lambda _{\underset{¯}{n}}^{(\xi ^{})})`$
$`L_{\eta +\xi ^{\prime \prime }}(\lambda _{\underset{¯}{m}_1}^{\prime \prime },\mathrm{},\lambda _{\underset{¯}{m}_\eta }^{\prime \prime },\lambda _{\underset{¯}{n}}^{(\xi ^{}+1)},\mathrm{},\lambda _{\underset{¯}{n}}^{(\xi ^{}+\xi ^{\prime \prime })})\lambda _{\underset{¯}{n}}^{\prime \prime })(\rho )`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{\xi ^{},\xi ^{\prime \prime },\eta 0}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _\eta 0}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{n_1,\mathrm{},n_{\xi ^{}+\xi ^{\prime \prime }}0,m_{11},\mathrm{},m_{\eta \alpha _\eta }0}{}}`$
$`(L_{\alpha _1+\mathrm{}+\alpha _\eta +\xi ^{\prime \prime }}(\lambda _{\underset{¯}{n}}^{(\xi ^{}+1)},\mathrm{},\lambda _{\underset{¯}{n}}^{(\xi ^{}+\xi ^{\prime \prime })},\lambda _{\underset{¯}{m}_1}^{(1)},\mathrm{},\lambda _{\underset{¯}{m}_\eta }^{(\alpha _\eta )})`$
(15) $`L_{\eta +\xi ^{}}(\lambda _{\underset{¯}{n}}^{(1)},\mathrm{},\lambda _{\underset{¯}{n}}^{(\xi ^{})},\lambda _{\underset{¯}{m}_1}^{\prime \prime },\mathrm{},\lambda _{\underset{¯}{m}_\eta }^{\prime \prime })\lambda _{\underset{¯}{n}}^{\prime \prime })(\rho ),`$
where $`\rho `$ is an element of $`\mathrm{}(𝔞𝔞)[[\mathrm{}]]`$.

### 3.2. Universal formulation of the problem

Let us explain more precisely the nature of the function $`r_𝔞\rho _n(r_𝔞)`$.

If $`n`$ is an integer, let us denote by $`Free_n`$ the part of the free Lie algebra with $`n`$ generators, homogeneous of degree one in each generator. The action of $`𝔖_n`$ by permutation of the generators induces a $`𝔖_n`$-module structure on $`Free_n`$.

If $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is a group acting on a vector space $`M`$, we denote by $`M_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ the space of coinvariants of $`M`$ with respect to $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$; it is defined as $`M_\mathrm{\Gamma }=M/\mathrm{Span}\{\gamma mm,\gamma \mathrm{\Gamma },mM\}`$.

###### Lemma 3.1.

Let us set $`F_n=(Free_nFree_n)_{𝔖_n}`$. Let $`(𝔞,r_𝔞)`$ be the pair of a Lie algebra and an element $`r_𝔞=_{iI}a_ib_i𝔞𝔞`$ satisfying of CYBE. There is a unique map $`\kappa _{r_𝔞}^{(ab)}:F_n𝔞𝔞`$, such that if $`P(x_1,\mathrm{},x_n)`$ and $`Q(x_1,\mathrm{},x_n)`$ belong to $`Free_n`$, then the image by $`\kappa _{r_𝔞}^{(ab)}`$ of the class of $`PQ`$ is

$$\underset{i_1,\mathrm{},i_nI}{}P(a_{i_1},\mathrm{},a_{i_n})Q(b_{i_1},\mathrm{},b_{i_n}).$$

Proof. This follows from the fact that for any $`\sigma `$ in $`𝔖_n`$, we have

$$\underset{i_1,\mathrm{},i_nI}{}P(a_{i_1},\mathrm{},a_{i_n})Q(b_{i_1},\mathrm{},b_{i_n})=\underset{i_1,\mathrm{},i_nI}{}P(a_{i_{\sigma (1)}},\mathrm{},a_{i_{\sigma (n)}})Q(b_{i_{\sigma (1)}},\mathrm{},b_{i_{\sigma (n)}}).$$

We will introduce equations for a system of elements $`(\varrho _n)_{n1}`$, where $`\varrho _n`$ belongs to $`F_n`$, which we will call the universal Lie QYB equations.

The universal Lie QYB equations have the following property: if $`𝔞`$ is a Lie algebra and $`r_𝔞𝔞𝔞`$ is a solution of CYBE, if $`(\varrho _n)_{n1}_{n1}F_n`$ is a solution of the universal Lie QYB equations, and if we set $`\rho _n(r_𝔞)=\kappa _{r_𝔞}^{(ab)}(\varrho _n)`$, then the family $`(\rho _n(r_𝔞))_{n0}`$ satisfies the Lie QYB equations in $`𝔞^3`$.

After we establish this fact, we will show that the universal Lie QYB equations have a unique solution such that $`\varrho _1=x_1y_1`$.

#### 3.2.1. Insertion map

Let $`p,q,r`$ be integers. Denote by $`FL_{p,q,r}`$ the space

$$FL_{p,q,r}=\left(FL_{q+r}FL_{p+r}FL_{p+q}\right)_{𝔖_p\times 𝔖_q\times 𝔖_r};$$

here $`FL_{q+r}`$ (resp., $`FL_{p+r}`$, $`FL_{p+q}`$) is generated by the variables $`v_1,\mathrm{},v_q`$, $`w_1,\mathrm{},w_r`$ (resp., by $`u_1,\mathrm{},u_p`$, $`w_1^{},\mathrm{},w_r^{}`$ and by $`u_1^{},\mathrm{},u_p^{}`$, $`v_1^{},\mathrm{},v_q^{}`$), and $`𝔖_p`$, $`𝔖_q`$ and $`𝔖_r`$ acts by simultaneously permuting the variables $`x_i`$ and $`x_i^{}`$ ($`x=u,v,w`$).

Then there is a unique linear map

$$\mathrm{ins}:FL_{p,q,r}\left(\underset{n1}{}F_n\right)\underset{p^{},q^{},r^{}0}{}FL_{p^{},q^{},r^{}},$$

such that the $`(p^{},q^{},r^{})`$ component of $`\mathrm{ins}\left((PQR)(_{n1}\sigma _n)\right)`$ is

$`{\displaystyle \underset{(n_i),(m_i),(s_i)|_{i=1}^pn_i=p^{},_{i=1}^pm_i=q^{},_{i=1}^ps_i=r^{}}{}}P(\stackrel{~}{\sigma }_{m_1}^{},\mathrm{},\stackrel{~}{\sigma }_{m_q}^{},\stackrel{~}{\sigma }_{s_1}^{},\mathrm{},\stackrel{~}{\sigma }_{s_r}^{})`$
$`Q(\stackrel{~}{\sigma }_{n_1}^{},\mathrm{},\stackrel{~}{\sigma }_{n_p}^{},\stackrel{~}{\sigma }_{s_1}^{\prime \prime },\mathrm{},\stackrel{~}{\sigma }_{s_r}^{\prime \prime })R(\stackrel{~}{\sigma }_{n_1}^{\prime \prime },\mathrm{},\stackrel{~}{\sigma }_{n_p}^{\prime \prime },\stackrel{~}{\sigma }_{m_1}^{\prime \prime },\mathrm{},\stackrel{~}{\sigma }_{m_q}^{\prime \prime }),`$
where we set $`\sigma _n=\sigma _n^{}\sigma _n^{\prime \prime }`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{\sigma }_{m_i}^{}=\sigma _{m_i}^{}(v_{m_1+\mathrm{}+m_{i1}+1},\mathrm{},v_{m_1+\mathrm{}+m_i})`$, $`\stackrel{~}{\sigma }_{m_i}^{\prime \prime }=\sigma _{m_i}^{\prime \prime }(v_{m_1+\mathrm{}+m_{i1}+1}^{},\mathrm{},v_{m_1+\mathrm{}+m_i}^{})`$, $`\stackrel{~}{\sigma }_{n_i}^{}=\sigma _{n_i}^{}(u_{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{i1}+1},\mathrm{},u_{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_i})`$, $`\stackrel{~}{\sigma }_{n_i}^{\prime \prime }=\sigma _{n_i}^{\prime \prime }(u_{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_{i1}+1}^{},\mathrm{},u_{n_1+\mathrm{}+n_i}^{})`$, and $`\stackrel{~}{\sigma }_{s_i}^{}=\sigma _{s_i}^{}(w_{s_1+\mathrm{}+s_{i1}+1},\mathrm{},w_{s_1+\mathrm{}+s_i})`$, $`\stackrel{~}{\sigma }_{s_i}^{\prime \prime }=\sigma _{s_i}^{\prime \prime }(w_{s_1+\mathrm{}+s_{i1}+1}^{},\mathrm{},w_{s_1+\mathrm{}+w_i}^{})`$.

#### 3.2.2. Universal version of the Lie QYBE identity

When $`N`$ is an integer $`0`$, let us denote by $`F_N^{(aab)}`$ and $`F_N^{(abb)}`$ the direct sums

$$F_N^{(aab)}=_{p,q1|p+q=N}(FL_pFL_qFL_N)_{𝔖_p\times 𝔖_q},$$

$$F_N^{(abb)}=_{p,q1|p+q=N}(FL_NFL_pFL_q)_{𝔖_p\times 𝔖_q},$$

where the $`Free_N`$ (resp., $`Free_p`$ and $`Free_q`$) is endowed with the action of $`𝔖_p\times 𝔖_q`$ provided by the inclusion map $`𝔖_p\times 𝔖_q𝔖_N`$ (resp., the projection map of $`𝔖_p\times 𝔖_q`$ on $`𝔖_p`$ and $`𝔖_q`$). So $`F_N^{(aab)}=_{p,q|p+q=N}FL_{p,q,0}`$ and $`F_N^{(abb)}=_{p,q|p+q=N}FL_{0,p,q}`$.

In the same way as Lemma 3.1, we have

###### Lemma 3.2.

There are unique linear maps $`\kappa _r^{(aab)}:F_N^{(aab)}𝔞^3`$ and $`\kappa _r^{(abb)}:F_N^{(abb)}𝔞^3`$, such that for $`PFree_N`$ and $`P^{},P^{\prime \prime }`$ in $`Free_p`$ and $`Free_q`$, the image by $`\kappa _N^{(abb)}`$ of the class of $`PP^{}P^{\prime \prime }`$ is

$$\underset{i_1,\mathrm{},i_NI}{}P(a_{i_1},\mathrm{},a_{i_N})P^{}(b_{i_1},\mathrm{},b_{i_p})P^{\prime \prime }(b_{i_{p+1}},\mathrm{},b_{i_N})$$

and the image by $`\kappa _N^{(aab)}`$ of the class of $`P^{}P^{\prime \prime }P`$ is

$$\underset{i_1,\mathrm{},i_NI}{}P^{}(a_{i_1},\mathrm{},a_{i_p})P^{\prime \prime }(a_{i_{p+1}},\mathrm{},a_{i_N})P(b_{i_1},\mathrm{},b_{i_N}).$$

###### Proposition 3.2.

If $`p,q,r`$ are integers, there is a unique map $`\mu _{Lie}^{p,q,r}:FL_{p,q,r}F_{p+q+r}^{(aab)}F_{p+q+r}^{(abb)}`$, such that if $`(𝔞,r_𝔞)`$ is the pair of a Lie algebra and a solution $`r_𝔞=_{iI}a_ib_i𝔞𝔞`$ of CYBE, then

$`(\kappa _{p+q+r}^{(aab)}\kappa _{p+q+r}^{(abb)})(\mu _{Lie}^{p,q,r}(PQR))={\displaystyle \underset{i_1,\mathrm{},k_rI}{}}P(a_{j_1},\mathrm{},a_{j_q},a_{k_1},\mathrm{},a_{k_r})`$
$`Q(a_{i_1},\mathrm{},a_{i_p},b_{k_1},\mathrm{},b_{k_r})R(b_{i_1},\mathrm{},b_{i_p},b_{j_1},\mathrm{},b_{j_q})`$
We define $`\mu _{Lie}`$ as the direct sum $`_{p,q,r}\mu _{Lie}^{p,q,r}`$.

Proof. See Appendix B. ∎

Let $`(\varrho _n)_{n1}`$ be an element of $`_{n1}F_n`$. We say that $`(\varrho _n)_{n1}`$ is a solution of the universal Lie QYB equations if for any integer $`N`$, the equality

$`{\displaystyle \underset{\xi ^{},\xi ^{\prime \prime },\eta 0}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _\eta 0}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{n_1,\mathrm{},n_{\xi ^{}+\xi ^{\prime \prime }}0,m_{11},\mathrm{},m_{\eta \alpha _\eta }0}{}}`$
$`\mu _{Lie}\mathrm{ins}((L_{\alpha _1+\mathrm{}+\alpha _\eta +\xi ^{}}(\lambda _{\underset{¯}{m}_1}^{(1)},\mathrm{},\lambda _{\underset{¯}{m}_\eta }^{(\alpha _\eta )},\lambda _{\underset{¯}{n}}^{(1)},\mathrm{},\lambda _{\underset{¯}{n}}^{(\xi ^{})})`$
$`L_{\eta +\xi ^{\prime \prime }}(\lambda _{\underset{¯}{m}_1}^{\prime \prime },\mathrm{},\lambda _{\underset{¯}{m}_\eta }^{\prime \prime },\lambda _{\underset{¯}{n}}^{(\xi ^{}+1)},\mathrm{},\lambda _{\underset{¯}{n}}^{(\xi ^{}+\xi ^{\prime \prime })})\lambda _{\underset{¯}{n}}^{\prime \prime })({\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}\varrho _n))_N`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{\xi ^{},\xi ^{\prime \prime },\eta 0}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _\eta 0}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{n_1,\mathrm{},n_{\xi ^{}+\xi ^{\prime \prime }}0,m_{11},\mathrm{},m_{\eta \alpha _\eta }0}{}}`$
$`\mu _{Lie}\mathrm{ins}((L_{\alpha _1+\mathrm{}+\alpha _\eta +\xi ^{\prime \prime }}(\lambda _{\underset{¯}{n}}^{(\xi ^{}+1)},\mathrm{},\lambda _{\underset{¯}{n}}^{(\xi ^{}+\xi ^{\prime \prime })},\lambda _{\underset{¯}{m}_1}^{(1)},\mathrm{},\lambda _{\underset{¯}{m}_\eta }^{(\alpha _\eta )})`$
(16) $`L_{\eta +\xi ^{}}(\lambda _{\underset{¯}{n}}^{(1)},\mathrm{},\lambda _{\underset{¯}{n}}^{(\xi ^{})},\lambda _{\underset{¯}{m}_1}^{\prime \prime },\mathrm{},\lambda _{\underset{¯}{m}_\eta }^{\prime \prime })\lambda _{\underset{¯}{n}}^{\prime \prime })({\displaystyle \underset{n}{}}\varrho _n))_N,`$
holds, where the index $`N`$ means the homogeneous component in $`F_N^{(aab)}F_N^{(abb)}`$. We call the above equation the universal Lie QYB equation of degree $`N`$. We supplement this equation by the condition $`\varrho _1=xx`$, where $`x`$ is the canonical generator of $`Free_1`$.

Then we have

###### Lemma 3.3.

Assume that $`(\varrho _n)_{n1}`$ is a solution of the universal Lie QYB equations. Let $`𝔞`$ be any Lie algebra and let $`r_𝔞𝔞𝔞`$ be a solution of CYBE. Set $`\rho _n=\kappa _{r_𝔞}^{(ab)}(\varrho _n)`$. Then $`_{n1}\mathrm{}^n\rho _n`$ is a solution of the Lie QYB equation (3.1) in $`𝔞^3[[\mathrm{}]]`$.

Proof. This follows at once from Proposition 3.2. ∎

### 3.3. Cohomological formulation

Our aim is to solve equations (3.2.2): we will show that these equations have a unique solution. For this, we will formulate equations (3.2.2) in cohomological terms.

For any integer $`n`$, there is a unique linear map $`\delta _3^{(F)}:F_nF_{n+1}^{(aab)}+F_{n+1}^{(abb)}`$, such that for any $`P`$ and $`Q`$ in $`FL_n`$,

$`\delta _3^{(F)}(PQ)=[w_1,P(v_1,\mathrm{},v_n)]w_1^{}Q(v_1^{},\mathrm{},v_n^{})`$
$`+\mu _{Lie}^{1,0,n}(w_1[w_1^{},P(u_1,\mathrm{},u_n)]Q(u_1^{},\mathrm{},u_n^{}))+v_1P(u_1,\mathrm{},u_n)[v_1^{},Q(u_1^{},\mathrm{},u_n^{})]`$
$`+[P(w_1,\mathrm{},w_n),v_1]v_1^{}Q(w_1^{},\mathrm{},w_n^{})+\mu _{Lie}^{1,0,n}(P(w_1,\mathrm{},w_n)[Q(w_1^{},\mathrm{},w_n^{}),u_1]u_1^{}`$
$`+P(v_1,\mathrm{},v_n)u_1[Q(v_1^{},\mathrm{},v_n^{}),u_1^{}].`$
###### Lemma 3.4.

Let $`𝔞`$ be any Lie algebra and $`r_𝔞𝔞𝔞`$ be a solution of CYBE. Let us define $`\delta _{3,r_𝔞}:𝔞^2𝔞^3`$ by $`\delta _{3,r_𝔞}(x)=[r_𝔞^{12},x^{13}]+[r_𝔞^{12},x^{23}]+[r_𝔞^{13},x^{23}]+[x^{12},r_𝔞^{13}]+[x^{12},r_𝔞^{23}]+[x^{13},r_𝔞^{23}]`$. Then the diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccc}F_n& \stackrel{\delta _3^{(F)}}{}& F_{n+1}^{(aab)}F_{n+1}^{(abb)}\\ \kappa _{r_𝔞}& & \kappa _{r_𝔞}^{(aab)}\kappa _r^{(abb)}\\ 𝔞^2& \stackrel{\delta _{3,r_𝔞}}{}& 𝔞^3\end{array}$$

is commutative.

Proof. This follows from Proposition 3.2. ∎

Then there is a unique map $`\mathrm{\Phi }_N:_{i=2}^{N2}F_iF_N^{(aab)}F_N^{(abb)}`$, which is polynomial of degree $`3`$, such that the left side of equation (3.2.2) is equal to $`\delta _3^{(F)}(\varrho _{N1})+\mathrm{\Phi }_N(\varrho _2,\mathrm{},\varrho _{N2})`$ (recall that $`\varrho _1`$ is the canonical generator of $`F_1`$). Equation (3.2.2) may then be rewritten as follows

(17)
$$\delta _3^{(F)}(\varrho _{N1})+\mathrm{\Phi }_N(\varrho _2,\mathrm{},\varrho _{N2})=0.$$

If $`𝔞`$ is a Lie algebra and $`r_𝔞𝔞𝔞`$ is a solution of CYBE, let us define $`\delta _{4,r_𝔞}`$ as the linear map from $`𝔞^3`$ to $`𝔞^4`$ such that for any $`x𝔞^3`$,

$`\delta _{4,r_𝔞}(x)=`$ $`[r_𝔞^{12}+r_𝔞^{13}+r_𝔞^{14},x^{234}][r_𝔞^{12}+r_𝔞^{23}+r_𝔞^{24},x^{134}]`$
$`+[r_𝔞^{13}r_𝔞^{23}+r_𝔞^{34},x^{124}][r_𝔞^{14}r_𝔞^{24}r_𝔞^{34},x^{123}].`$
In the same way as $`\delta _3^{(F)}`$ is universal version of $`\delta _{3,r_𝔞}`$, we associate to $`\delta _{4,r_𝔞}`$ its universal version $`\delta _4^{(F)}`$. For this, let us first define the spaces $`F_N^{(x_1,\mathrm{},x_n)}`$. If $`n`$ is an integer $`1`$ and $`(x_1,\mathrm{},x_n)`$ is a sequence of $`\{a,b\}^n`$, we define $`F_N^{(x_1,\mathrm{},x_n)}`$ as follows. Let us set $`K=\{k|x_k=a\}`$ and $`L=\{l|x_l=b\}`$. $`K`$ and $`L`$ therefore form a partition of $`\{1,\mathrm{},n\}`$. If $`(p_{kl})_{(k,l)K\times L}`$ belongs to $`^{K\times L}`$, let us set $`f((p_{kl}),i)=_{lL}p_{il}`$ if $`iK`$ and $`f((p_{kl}),i)=_{kK}p_{ki}`$ if $`iL`$. We then set

(18)
$$F_{(p_{kl})_{(k,l)K\times L}}^{(x_1,\mathrm{},x_n)}=\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}Free_{f((p_{kl}),i)}\right)_{_{kK,lL}𝔖_{p_{kl}}},$$

where each $`𝔖_{p_{kl}}`$ acts by simultaneously permuting the generators of index $`_{j=1}^{l1}p_{kj}+1,\mathrm{},_{j=1}^lp_{kj}`$ of the $`k`$th tensor factor, and the generators of index $`_{i=1}^{k1}p_{il}+1,\mathrm{},_{i=1}^kp_{il}`$ of the $`l`$th tensor factor.

(19)
$$F^{(x_1,\mathrm{},x_n)}=\underset{(p_{kl})^{K\times L}|p_{kl}=0\mathrm{if}k>l}{}\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}Free_{f((p_{kl}),i)}\right)_{_{kK,lL}𝔖_{p_{kl}}}$$

and

$$F_N^{(x_1,\mathrm{},x_n)}=\underset{(p_{kl})^{K\times L}|p_{kl}=0\mathrm{if}k>l\mathrm{and}_{kK,lL}p_{kl}=N}{}\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}Free_{f((p_{kl}),i)}\right)_{_{kK,lL}𝔖_{p_{kl}}}.$$

For example,

$$F_N^{(aaab)}=\underset{p,p^{},p^{\prime \prime }|p+p^{}+p^{\prime \prime }=N}{}\left(Free_pFree_p^{}Free_{p^{\prime \prime }}Free_N\right)_{𝔖_p\times 𝔖_p^{}\times 𝔖_{p^{\prime \prime }}}$$

and

$$F_N^{(aabb)}=\underset{p,p^{},q,q^{}|p+p^{}+q+q^{}=N}{}\left(Free_{p+p^{}}Free_{q+q^{}}Free_{p+q}Free_{p^{}+q^{}}\right)_{𝔖_p\times 𝔖_p^{}\times 𝔖_q\times 𝔖_q^{}},$$

where in the last equality, $`𝔖_p`$ acts by permutation of the $`p`$ first generators of $`Free_{p+p^{}}`$ and $`Free_{p+q}`$, $`𝔖_p^{}`$ acts by permutation of the $`p^{}`$ last (resp., first) generators of $`Free_{p+p^{}}`$ (resp., $`Free_{p^{}+q^{}}`$), $`𝔖_q`$ acts by permutation of the $`q`$ first (resp., last) generators of $`Free_{q+q^{}}`$ (resp., $`Free_{p+q}`$), and $`𝔖_q^{}`$ acts by permutation of the $`q^{}`$ last generators of $`Free_{q+q^{}}`$ and $`Free_{p^{}+q^{}}`$.

As before, we associate to any Lie algebra $`𝔞`$ and any element $`r_𝔞𝔞𝔞`$, the map

$$\kappa _{r_𝔞}^{(x_1,\mathrm{},x_n)}:F^{(x_1\mathrm{}x_n)}𝔞^n$$

such that if $`(p_{kl})^{K\times L}`$ and we set $`N=_{kK,lL}p_{kl}`$, and if $`P_\alpha Free_{f((p_{kl}),\alpha )}`$, then

$$\kappa _{r_𝔞}^{(x_1,\mathrm{},x_n)}(_{i=1}^nP_i)=\underset{\alpha (1),\mathrm{},\alpha (N)I}{}\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}A_i,$$

where $`A_i=P_i(a_{\alpha (p_1+\mathrm{}+p_{i1})+1},\mathrm{},a_{\alpha (p_1+\mathrm{}+p_i)})`$ if $`iK`$ and

$$A_i=P_i(b_{\beta (q_1+\mathrm{}+q_{i1})+1},\mathrm{},b_{\beta (q_1+\mathrm{}+q_i)})$$

if $`iL`$, and we set $`p_k=_{lL}p_{kl}`$ if $`kK`$, $`q_l=_{kK}p_{kl}`$ if $`lL`$, and $`\beta (q_1+\mathrm{}+q_{i1}+p_{1i}+\mathrm{}+p_{k1,j}+s)=\alpha (p_1+\mathrm{}+p_{i1}+p_{i1}+\mathrm{}+p_{i,j1}+s)`$ if $`1sp_{kj}`$.

###### Proposition 3.3.

There exists a map

$$\delta _4^{(F)}:\underset{x\{a,b\}}{}F_n^{(axb)}\underset{x,y\{a,b\}}{}F_{n+1}^{(axyb)}$$

such that for any pair $`(𝔞,r_𝔞)`$ of a Lie algebra and a solution of CYBE, the diagram

$$\begin{array}{ccc}_{x\{a,b\}}F_n^{(axb)}& \stackrel{\delta _4^{(F)}}{}& _{x,y\{a,b\}}F_{n+1}^{(axyb)}\\ _{x\{a,b\}}\kappa _{r_𝔞}^{(axb)}& & _{x,y\{a,b\}}\kappa _{r_𝔞}^{(axyb)}\\ 𝔞^3& \stackrel{\delta _{4,r_𝔞}}{}& 𝔞^4\end{array}$$

is commutative.

Proof. See Appendix C. ∎

###### Proposition 3.4.

1) If $`𝔞`$ is any Lie algebra and $`r_𝔞𝔞𝔞`$ is any solution of CYBE, we have $`\delta _{4,r_𝔞}\delta _{3,r_𝔞}=0`$.

2) We have also $`\delta _4^{(F)}\delta _3^{(F)}=0`$.

Proof. 1) is a direct computation. The proof of 2) is in Appendix C. ∎

###### Remark 5.

When $`r_𝔞+r_𝔞^{(21)}`$ is $`𝔞`$-invariant, $`\delta _{3,r_𝔞}`$ and $`\delta _{4,r_𝔞}`$ are differentials of the Lie coalgebra cohomology complex of $`𝔞`$, endowed with the Lie coalgebra structure given by $`\delta (x)=[r_𝔞,x1+1x]`$. This explains the relation $`\delta _{4,r_𝔞}\delta _{3,r_𝔞}=0`$. On the other hand, $`\delta _3^{(F)}`$ and $`\delta _4^{(F)}`$ are also differentials of a complex whose degree $`n`$ part is

$$_{x_1,\mathrm{},x_{n2}\{a,b\}}F^{(ax_1\mathrm{}x_{n2}b)},$$

which may be viewed as a universal version of the Lie coalgebra cohomology complex of $`𝔞`$. ∎

###### Theorem 3.1.

Let $`𝔞`$ be a Lie algebra and $`\rho _1,\mathrm{},\rho _N`$ be elements of $`𝔞^2`$. Set $`r=\rho _1`$ and assume that $`\rho _1,\mathrm{},\rho _{N1}`$ satisfy the equations

(20)
$$\delta _{3,r}(\rho _{M1})+\mathrm{\Phi }_M(\rho _2,\mathrm{},\rho _{M2})=0$$

for $`M=1,\mathrm{},N`$. (In particular, $`r`$ is a solution of CYBE.) Then

$$\delta _{4,r}(\mathrm{\Phi }_{N+1}(\rho _2,\mathrm{},\rho _{N1}))=0.$$

Proof. The proof of this Theorem relies on the following Proposition, which will be proved in Appendix A.

###### Proposition 3.5.

Let $`A`$ be an algebra and $`r_A`$ belong to $`AA`$. Let $`N`$ be an integer $`3`$ and assume that $`_1,\mathrm{},_{N2}`$ in $`AA`$ satisfy $`_1=r_A`$ and

(21)
$$[[r_A,_i]]=\underset{p+q+r=i+1,p,q,r>0}{}_p^{12}_q^{13}_r^{23}+\underset{p+q+r=i+1,p,q,r>0}{}_r^{23}_q^{13}_p^{12},$$

for $`i=1,\mathrm{},N2`$ (in particular, $`r_A`$ is a solution of CYBE). Then

(22)
$$\delta (r_A|\underset{p+q+r=N,p,q,r>0}{}_p^{12}_q^{13}_r^{23}_r^{23}_q^{13}_p^{12})$$

is zero. Here we set, if $`a,bA`$,

$$[[a,b]]=[a^{12},b^{13}]+[a^{12},b^{23}]+[a^{13},b^{23}]+[b^{12},a^{13}]+[b^{12},a^{23}]+[b^{13},a^{23}],$$

and if $`TA^3`$,

$`\delta (a|T)=`$ $`[a^{12}+a^{13}+a^{14},T^{234}][a^{12}+a^{23}+a^{24},T^{134}]`$
$`+[a^{13}a^{23}+a^{34},T^{124}]+[a^{14}+a^{24}+a^{34},T^{123}].`$
Let us now prove Theorem 3.1. Let us define $`\rho ^{(N)}`$ as the element $`_{i=1}^N\mathrm{}^i\rho _i`$ of $`\mathrm{}𝔞^2[[\mathrm{}]]/\mathrm{}^{N+1}𝔞^2[[\mathrm{}]]`$. Then $`^\omega (\rho ^{(N)})`$ is an element of $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)^{\widehat{}3}/(\mathrm{}^{N+1})`$, and by Proposition 3.1, it satisfies QYBE. Let us expand $`^\omega (\rho ^{(N)})`$ as $`_{i=1}^N\mathrm{}^i_i`$. We may apply Theorem 3.1 with $`A=\mathrm{Sh}(𝔞)`$ and $`N2`$ replaced by $`N`$. Then the conclusion of this Theorem says that $`\delta (r|_{i,j,k>0,i+j+k=N+1}_i^{12}_j^{13}_k^{23}_k^{23}_j^{13}_i^{12})`$ is zero. To apply $`\mathrm{pr}_𝔞^4`$ to this identity, we use the following Lemma. Let us denote by $`\iota `$ the natural embedding of $`𝔞`$ in $`\mathrm{Sh}(𝔞)`$, sending $`x`$ to $`(x)`$.

###### Lemma 3.5.

If $`a𝔞`$ and $`T\mathrm{Sh}(𝔞)`$, then $`\mathrm{pr}_𝔞([\iota (a),T])=[a,\mathrm{pr}_𝔞(T)]`$.

Proof. We may assume that $`T`$ is homogeneous. The statement is obvious when $`T`$ has degree $`1`$. Assume that $`T=(x_1\mathrm{}x_n)`$ with $`n2`$, then $`\mathrm{pr}_𝔞([\iota (a),T])=B_{1,n}(a|x_1\mathrm{}x_n)B_{n,1}(x_1\mathrm{}x_n|a)`$. Set $`\beta _n(a|x_1\mathrm{}x_n)=B_{1,n}(a|x_1,\mathrm{},x_n)B_{n,1}(x_1,\mathrm{},x_n|a)`$. Then $`\beta _n`$ is an element of $`FL_{n+1}`$ and we should prove that $`\beta _n(a|x_1\mathrm{}x_n)`$ is identically zero. Let us prove this by induction on $`n`$. Assume that we have shown that when $`m<n`$, $`\beta _m(a|x_1\mathrm{}x_m)=0`$. Then we have

$$[(a),(x_1\mathrm{}x_n)]=\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}(x_1,\mathrm{}[a,x_i]\mathrm{}x_n)+(\beta _n(a|x_1\mathrm{}x_n)).$$

Then the Jacobi identity implies that

(23) $`\left([a^{},\beta _n(a|x_1,\mathrm{},x_n)]+{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\beta _n(a^{}|x_1,\mathrm{},[a,x_i],\mathrm{},x_n)\right)`$
(24) $`\left([a,\beta _n(a^{}|x_1,\mathrm{},x_n)]+{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\beta _n(a|x_1,\mathrm{},[a^{},x_i],\mathrm{},x_n)\right)`$
(25) $`=\beta _n([a^{},a]|x_1,\mathrm{},x_n);`$
since $`\beta _n`$ is linear in each argument, this implies that $`\beta _n([a^{},a]|x_1,\mathrm{},x_n)=0`$. This is a universal identity, valid in $`FL_{n+2}`$. Therefore the element $`\beta _n`$ of $`FL_{n+1}`$ is zero. ∎

We have already seen that $`\mathrm{pr}_𝔞^4\left(\delta (r|_{i,j,k>0,i+j+k=N+1}_i^{12}_j^{13}_k^{23}_k^{23}_j^{13}_i^{12})\right)`$ is zero. It follows from Lemma 3.5 that this is the image by $`\delta _{4,r}`$ of

$$\mathrm{pr}_𝔞^3\left(\underset{i,j,k>0,i+j+k=N+1}{}_i^{12}_j^{13}_k^{23}_k^{23}_j^{13}_i^{12}\right),$$

which is equal to $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{N+1}(\rho _2,\mathrm{},\rho _{N1})`$. Therefore the image of $`\mathrm{\Phi }_{N+1}(\rho _2,\mathrm{},\rho _{N1})`$ by $`\delta _{4,r}`$ is zero. This proves Theorem 3.1. ∎

Theorem 3.1 has the following “universal” counterpart.

###### Theorem 3.2.

Assume that $`p`$ is an integer and $`\varrho _1,\mathrm{},\varrho _p`$ belong to $`F_1,\mathrm{},F_p`$ and satisfy the universal Lie QYB equations of order $`p`$ (this is the system of equations (3.2.2), where $`N`$ takes the values $`1,\mathrm{},p`$). Then the image by $`\delta _4^{(F)}`$ of the right side of equation (17), in which $`N`$ takes the value $`p+1`$, is zero.

Proof. See Appendix E. ∎

### 3.4. Cohomology groups $`H_n^2`$ and $`H_n^3`$

#### 3.4.1. Definition of $`H_n^2`$ and $`H_n^3`$

When $`n`$ and $`N`$ are integers, let us set

$$F_N^{Lie,(n)}=\underset{x_1,\mathrm{},x_{n2}\{a,b\}}{}F_N^{(ax_1\mathrm{}x_{n2}b)}.$$

So we have $`F_N^{Lie,(2)}=F_N`$ and $`_NF_N^{Lie,(n)}=_{x_1,\mathrm{},x_{n2}\{a,b\}}F^{(ax_1\mathrm{}x_{n2}b)}`$. Then $`\delta _F^{(3)}`$ maps $`F_N^{Lie,(2)}`$ to $`F_{N+1}^{Lie,(3)}`$ and $`\delta _F^{(4)}`$ maps $`F_N^{Lie,(3)}`$ to $`F_{N+1}^{Lie,(4)}`$.

Let us set

$$H_N^2=\mathrm{Ker}(\delta _{3|F_N^{Lie,(2)}}^{(F)})$$

and

$$H_N^3=\mathrm{Ker}(\delta _{4|F_N^{Lie,(2)}}^{(F)})/\delta _3^{(F)}(F_{N1}^{Lie,(2)}).$$

Then if we set

$$H^2=\mathrm{Ker}(\delta _3^{Lie,(F)})\mathrm{and}H^3=\mathrm{Ker}(\delta _4^{Lie,(F)})/\mathrm{Im}(\delta _3^{Lie,(F)}),$$

we have $`H^2=_{N0}H_N^2`$ and $`H^3=_{N0}H_N^3`$.

#### 3.4.2. Results

###### Theorem 3.3.

1) $`H_N^2`$ is zero if $`N1`$, and $`H_1^2`$ is one-dimensional, spanned by the class of $`r=x_1y_1`$.

2) $`H_N^3`$ is zero if $`N2`$, and $`H_2^3`$ is two-dimensional, spanned by the classes of $`[r^{(13)},r^{(23)}]F_2^{(aab)}`$ and $`[r^{(12)},r^{(13)}]F_2^{(abb)}`$.

Proof. See Appendix D. ∎

### 3.5. Solution of the universal Lie QYB equations

###### Theorem 3.4.

There exists a unique solution $`(\varrho _n)_{n1}_{n1}F_n`$ to the universal Lie QYB equations (3.2.2), such that $`\varrho _1=x_1y_1`$.

Proof. $`\varrho _2`$ should satisfy $`\varrho _2F_2`$ and

(26)
$$\delta _3^{(F)}(\varrho _2)=2\mu _{Lie}([w_1,v_1][w_1^{},u_1][v_1^{},u_1^{}]).$$

Denote by $`\varsigma `$ the right side of (26). Then $`\varsigma `$ belongs to $`F_3^{Lie,(3)}`$, and it follows from Theorem 3.2 that $`\delta _4^{(F)}(\varsigma )=0`$. Then the second part of Theorem 3.3 implies the existence of $`\varrho _2`$ satisfying (26), and the first part of this Theorem implies the unicity of $`\varrho _2`$. The sequence $`(\varrho _n)_{n3}`$ is then constructed inductively in the same way. ∎

## 4. Quantization of Lie bialgebras

In this Section, we again fix an element $`\omega `$ of $`(𝕂[[\mathrm{}]])`$.

### 4.1. Lie bialgebras

Let $`𝔤`$ be a finite-dimensional Lie bialgebra (we may also assume that $`𝔤`$ is a positively graded Lie bialgebra, whose homogeneous components are finite-dimensional). We denote by $`[,]_𝔤:𝔤𝔤𝔤`$ and by $`\delta _𝔤:𝔤𝔤𝔤`$ the bracket and cobracket of $`𝔤`$. We also denote by $`[,]_𝔤^{}`$ and $`\delta _𝔤^{}`$ the bracket and cobracket of $`𝔤^{}`$, so $`[,]_𝔤^{}=(\delta _𝔤)^{}`$ and $`\delta _𝔤^{}=([,]_𝔤)^{}`$. We denote by $`𝔡`$ the double Lie bialgebra of $`𝔤`$, by $`[,]_𝔡`$ and $`\delta _𝔡`$ its bracket and cobracket. We have $`𝔡=𝔤𝔤^{}`$, $`([,]_𝔡)_{|𝔤\times 𝔤}=[,]_𝔤`$, $`([,]_𝔡)_{|𝔤^{}\times 𝔤^{}}=[,]_𝔤^{}`$ $`(\delta _𝔡)_{|𝔤}=\delta _𝔤`$ and $`(\delta _𝔡)_{|𝔤^{}}=\delta _𝔤^{}`$.

Moreover, the symmetric nondegenerate bilinear form $`,_𝔡`$ defined on $`𝔡`$ by $`(x,\xi ),(y,\eta )_𝔡=\eta (x)+\xi (y)`$ is nondegenerate and invariant, and if $`r_𝔤𝔤𝔤^{}`$ is the canonical element of $`𝔤𝔤^{}`$ corresponding to the pairing between $`𝔤`$ and $`𝔤^{}`$, we have $`\delta _𝔡(x)=[x1+1x,r_𝔤]_𝔡`$.

### 4.2. Subalgebras of shuffle algebras

Recall that $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔡)`$ is a topological $`𝕂[[\mathrm{}]]`$-Hopf algebra, linearly isomorphic to $`T(𝔡)[[\mathrm{}]]=_{k0}𝔡^k[[\mathrm{}]]`$. Then its subspaces $`T(𝔤)`$ and $`T(𝔤^{})`$ are Hopf subalgebras, isomorphic to $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)`$ and $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤^{})`$.

Let us define $`\mathrm{Sh}_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)`$ (resp., $`\mathrm{Sh}_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤^{})`$) as the subspace $`\widehat{}_{k0}\mathrm{}^k𝔤^k[[\mathrm{}]]`$ (resp., $`\widehat{}_{k0}\mathrm{}^k(𝔤^{})^k[[\mathrm{}]]`$) of $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔡)`$, where $`\widehat{}`$ means the complete direct sum. Then $`\mathrm{Sh}_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)`$ (resp., $`\mathrm{Sh}_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤^{})`$) is a topological Hopf subalgebra of $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)`$ (resp., of $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤^{})`$).

###### Remark 6.

If we emphasize the dependence of the shuffle algebra $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)`$ of a Lie algebra $`(𝔞,[,]_𝔞)`$ in the Lie bracket of $`𝔞`$ by denoting it $`\mathrm{Sh}(𝔞,[,]_𝔞)`$, then $`\mathrm{Sh}_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)`$ may be viewed as a completion of $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤[[\mathrm{}]],\mathrm{}[,]_𝔤)`$.

### 4.3. Tensor algebra of $`(𝔤,\delta _𝔤)`$ and Hopf pairing

Recall that the Hopf algebra $`T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)`$ is the vector space $`T(𝔤)[[\mathrm{}]]`$, equipped with the undeformed multiplication $`m_{T(𝔤)}`$ the tensor algebra $`T(𝔤)`$ and the comultiplication defined by “reversing the arrows” in the definition of the shuffle algebra $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)`$ (Proposition 1.3).

There is a unique bilinear map

$$,_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤^{})\times T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤}:\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤^{})\times T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤𝕂[[\mathrm{}]][\mathrm{}^1],$$

such that if $`\xi _1,\mathrm{},\xi _m`$ belong to $`𝔤^{}`$ and $`x_1,\mathrm{},x_n`$ belong to $`𝔤`$, then $`(\xi _1\mathrm{}\xi _m),x_1\mathrm{}x_n_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤^{})\times T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤}=\mathrm{}^n\delta _{n,m}_{i=1}^n\xi _i,x_i_{𝔤^{}\times 𝔤}`$, and $`,_{𝔤^{}\times 𝔤}`$ is the canonical pairing between $`𝔤^{}`$ and $`𝔤`$.

Then $`,_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤^{})\times T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤}`$ is a Hopf pairing, which means that we have

(27)
$$\xi \eta ,x_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤^{})\times T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤}=\underset{i}{}\xi ,x^{(1)}_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤^{})\times T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤}\eta ,x^{(2)}_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤^{})\times T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤}$$

and

(28)
$$\xi ,xy_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤^{})\times T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤}=\underset{i}{}\xi ^{(1)},x_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤^{})\times T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤}\xi ^{(2)},x_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤^{})\times T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤}$$

for any $`\xi ,\eta `$ in $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤^{})`$ and any $`x,y`$ in $`T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)`$, where we set $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)}(x)=x^{(1)}x^{(2)}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤^{})}(\xi )=\xi ^{(1)}\xi ^{(2)}`$.

### 4.4. $`R`$-matrix and associated Hopf algebra morphism

Recall that $`r_𝔤`$ is an element of $`𝔤𝔤^{}𝔡𝔡`$ and let us set

$$=^\omega (\underset{n0}{}\rho _n^\omega (\mathrm{}r_𝔤)).$$

Then $``$ belongs to $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)\widehat{}\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤^{})`$, which is a subalgebra of $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔡)\widehat{}\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔡)`$. It follows from Proposition 2.1 and Remark 3 that $``$ satisfies the quasitriangularity identities

(29)
$$(\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)}\mathrm{id}_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤^{})})()=^{(13)}^{(23)},(\mathrm{id}_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)}\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤^{})})()=^{(13)}^{(12)}$$

and

(30)
$$(S_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)}\mathrm{id}_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤^{})})()=(\mathrm{id}_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)}S_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤^{})}^1)(),$$

and from Theorem 0.1 that it satisfies the QYBE

(31)
$$^{(12)}^{(13)}^{(23)}=^{(23)}^{(13)}^{(12)}.$$

###### Lemma 4.1.

The rule

$$\mathrm{}(x)=,\mathrm{id}x_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤^{})\times T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)}$$

for $`xT_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)`$ defines a linear map $`\mathrm{}`$ from $`T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)`$ to $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)`$.

Proof. Let us write $`=_{n0}\mathrm{}^n_n`$, then $`_n`$ has the following form

$$_n\underset{i_1,\mathrm{},i_nI,\sigma 𝔖_n}{}(a_{i_1}\mathrm{}a_{i_n})(b_{i_{\sigma (1)}}\mathrm{}b_{i_{\sigma (n)}})+\underset{(k,k^{})|kn,k^{}n,(k,k^{})(n,n)}{}𝔤^k(𝔤^{})^k,$$

where $`(a_i)_{iI}`$ is a basis of $`𝔤`$ and $`(b_i)_{iI}`$ is the dual basis of $`𝔤^{}`$. Then if $`x_1,\mathrm{},x_n`$ are in $`𝔤`$ and $`x=x_1\mathrm{}x_k`$, $`_k,\mathrm{id}x_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤^{})\times T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)}=0`$ if $`k<n`$, so $`\mathrm{}(x)`$ has nonnegative $`\mathrm{}`$-adic valuation. More precisely, we have

$$_n\underset{i_1,\mathrm{},i_nI}{}(a_{i_1})\mathrm{}(a_{i_n})(b_{i_1}\mathrm{}b_{i_n})+(\underset{k|kn}{}𝔤^k)(\underset{k^{}|k^{}<n}{}(𝔤^{})^k^{}),$$

so $`_n,\mathrm{id}x_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤^{})\times T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)}=\mathrm{}^n(x_1)\mathrm{}(x_n)`$. Therefore

(32)
$$\mathrm{}(x_1\mathrm{}x_k)=(x_1)\mathrm{}(x_k)+O(\mathrm{}).$$

Then it follows from equations (29), (30), (27) and (28) that $`\mathrm{}`$ is a morphism of Hopf algebras from $`T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)^{opp}`$ to $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)`$ ($`T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)^{opp}`$ is the opposite algebra of $`T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)`$, endowed with the same coproduct as $`T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)`$).

### 4.5. Construction of $`U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤`$

Let us set $`U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤=\mathrm{Im}(\mathrm{})`$. Since $`\mathrm{}`$ is a morphism of Hopf algebras, $`U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤`$ is a Hopf subalgebra of $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)`$. We will denote by $`m_{U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤}`$ the product and coproduct of $`U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤`$, and by $`\epsilon _{U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤}`$ and $`S_{U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤}`$ its counit and antipode.

###### Theorem 4.1.

$`(U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤,m_{U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤},\mathrm{\Delta }_{U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤},\epsilon _{U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤},S_{U_{\mathrm{}}𝔤})`$ is a quantization of $`(𝔤,[,]_𝔤,\delta _𝔤)`$.

Moreover, $`\mathrm{Im}(\mathrm{})`$ is a divisible submodule of $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)`$, i.e. $`\mathrm{Im}(\mathrm{})\mathrm{}\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)=\mathrm{}\mathrm{Im}(\mathrm{})`$.

Proof. Let us show that $`U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤/\mathrm{}U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤`$ is isomorphic to $`U𝔤`$. $`U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤`$ is isomorphic, as a Hopf algebra, to $`T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)^{opp}/\mathrm{Ker}(\mathrm{})`$, therefore $`U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤/\mathrm{}U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤`$ is isomorphic to the Hopf algebra $`T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)^{opp}/\left(\mathrm{Ker}(\mathrm{})+\mathrm{}T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)^{opp}\right)`$. To identify the latter Hopf algebra with $`U𝔤`$, let us study the kernel $`\mathrm{Ker}(\mathrm{})`$.

###### Lemma 4.2.

For any integers $`p`$ and $`q`$, there exists unique $`(q+1)`$-linear maps $`\beta _{pq}`$ and $`\gamma _{qp}:𝔤^{q+1}𝔤^p[[\mathrm{}]]`$, such that for any $`\xi _1,\mathrm{},\xi _p`$ in $`𝔤^{}`$ and any $`x,x_1,\mathrm{},x_q`$ in $`𝔤`$, we have the equalities

$$B_{pq}(\xi _1,\mathrm{},\xi _p|x_1,\mathrm{},x_q),x_𝔡=\xi _1\mathrm{}\xi _p,\beta _{pq}(x_1,\mathrm{},x_q,x)_{𝔡^p}$$

and

$$B_{qp}(x_1,\mathrm{},x_q|\xi _1,\mathrm{},\xi _p),x_𝔡=\xi _1\mathrm{}\xi _p,\gamma _{qp}(x_1,\mathrm{},x_q,x)_{𝔡^p}$$

(we view $`𝔤`$ and $`𝔤^{}`$ as subspaces of $`𝔡`$ via the maps $`x(x,0)`$ and $`\xi (0,\xi )`$, and $`,_{𝔡^p}`$ is the $`p`$th tensor power of $`,_𝔡`$).

Extend the pairing $`,_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤^{})\times T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)}`$ to a bilinear map

$$,_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔡)\times T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)}:\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔡)\times T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)𝕂[[\mathrm{}]][\mathrm{}^1],$$

by the rule that if $`x_1,\mathrm{},x_n`$ are elements of $`𝔡`$, one of which belongs to $`𝔤`$, and $`y`$ is any element of $`T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)`$, then $`(x_1\mathrm{}x_n),y_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔡)[[\mathrm{}]]\times T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)}=0`$.

###### Lemma 4.3.

There exist unique bilinear maps $`\varphi `$ and $`\psi :\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)\times T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)`$ such that for any $`(x,x^{},y)\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)\times \mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤^{})\times T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)`$, we have

$$x^{}x,y_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔡)\times T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)}=x^{},\varphi (x,y)_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔡)\times T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)}$$

and

$$xx^{},y_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔡)\times T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)}=x^{},\psi (x,y)_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔡)\times T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)}.$$

Identify $`𝔤`$ with a subspace of $`T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)`$ of tensors of degree $`1`$. Then if $`x`$ and $`y`$ belong to $`𝔤`$, then

$$\varphi (x,y)\frac{1}{2}[x,y]_𝔤+\mathrm{}T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤),\psi (x,y)\frac{1}{2}[x,y]_𝔤+\mathrm{}T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤).$$

Proof. If $`n`$ and $`m`$ are integers $`0`$, if $`x_1,\mathrm{},x_n`$ and $`y_1,\mathrm{},y_m`$ are elements of $`𝔤`$, and if $`x=(x_1\mathrm{}x_n)`$ and $`y=y_1\mathrm{}y_m`$, we set

$`\varphi (x,y)={\displaystyle \underset{(\lambda _1,\mathrm{},\lambda _m)\mathrm{partition}\mathrm{of}n}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{k_1,\mathrm{},k_m>0}{}}`$
$`\mathrm{}^{k_1+\mathrm{}+k_mm}\beta _{k_1\lambda _1}(x_1,\mathrm{},x_{\lambda _1},y_1)\mathrm{}\beta _{k_m\lambda _m}(x_{\lambda _1+\mathrm{}+\lambda _{m1}+1},\mathrm{},x_{\lambda _1+\mathrm{}+\lambda _m},y_m)`$
and

$`\psi (x,y)={\displaystyle \underset{(\lambda _1,\mathrm{},\lambda _m)\mathrm{partition}\mathrm{of}n}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{k_1,\mathrm{},k_m>0}{}}`$
$`\mathrm{}^{k_1+\mathrm{}+k_mm}\gamma _{\lambda _1k_1}(x_1,\mathrm{},x_{\lambda _1},y_1)\mathrm{}\gamma _{\lambda _mk_m}(x_{\lambda _1+\mathrm{}+\lambda _{m1}+1},\mathrm{},x_{\lambda _1+\mathrm{}+\lambda _m},y_m).`$
In both right hand sides, only nonnegative powers of $`\mathrm{}`$ occur, and the coefficient of each power of $`\mathrm{}`$ is a finite sum, so that both right sides belong to $`T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)`$. It is easy to check that these are the unique maps satisfying the above requirements. The last statements follow from the equalities $`\beta _{11}(x,y)=\frac{1}{2}[x,y]_𝔤`$ and $`\gamma _{11}(x,y)=\frac{1}{2}[x,y]_𝔤`$. Both equalities follow from the invariance of $`,_𝔡`$. ∎

###### Lemma 4.4.

If $`x`$ and $`y`$ belong to $`T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)`$, and we write $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)}(y)=y^{(1)}y^{(2)}`$, then

$$y^{(1)}\varphi (\mathrm{}(y^{(2)}),x)\psi (\mathrm{}(y^{(1)}),x)y^{(2)}$$

belongs to $`\mathrm{Ker}(\mathrm{})`$.

Proof. We have

$`^{(12)}^{(13)}^{(23)},\mathrm{id}xy_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔡)\times T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)}`$
$`={\displaystyle ^{(12)}^{(13)}^{(24)},\mathrm{id}xy^{(1)}y^{(2)}_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔡)\times T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)}}`$
$`={\displaystyle ^{(12)}(1\mathrm{}(y^{(2)})),\mathrm{id}x_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔡)\times T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)}\mathrm{}(y^{(1)})}.`$
Lemma 4.3 implies the identity

$$(1x),\mathrm{id}y_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔡)\times T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)}=\mathrm{}(\varphi (x,y)),$$

and since $`\mathrm{}`$ is an algebra antihomomorphism from $`T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)`$ to $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)`$, we get

$$^{(12)}^{(13)}^{(23)},\mathrm{id}xy_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔡)\times T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)}=\mathrm{}(y^{(1)}\varphi (\mathrm{}(y^{(2)}),x)).$$

In the same way, $`^{(23)}^{(13)}^{(12)},\mathrm{id}xy_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔡)\times T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)}=\mathrm{}(\psi (\mathrm{}(y^{(1)}),x)y^{(2)})`$. Since $``$ satisfies QYBE, we have $`\mathrm{}(y^{(1)}\varphi (\mathrm{}(y^{(2)}),x))=\mathrm{}(\psi (\mathrm{}(y^{(1)}),x)y^{(2)})`$. ∎

End of proof of Theorem 4.1. If $`x𝔤T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)`$, then $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)}(x)=x1+1x+O(\mathrm{})`$. Then applying Lemma 4.4 to the case when $`x`$ and $`y`$ belong to $`𝔤`$ and using the end of Lemma 4.3, we construct bilinear maps $`m_n:𝔤\times 𝔤T(𝔤)`$, where $`n1`$, such that if $`x`$ and $`y`$ belong to $`𝔤`$,

(33)
$$yxxy[x,y]_𝔤\underset{n|n1}{}\mathrm{}^nm_n(x,y)$$

belongs to $`\mathrm{Ker}(\mathrm{})`$.

Let us denote by $`I_0`$ the complete two-sided ideal of $`T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)^{opp}`$ generated by the elements (33). Then $`I_0\mathrm{Ker}(\mathrm{})`$. We have therefore a surjective morphism of $`𝕂[[\mathrm{}]]`$-algebras $`T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)^{opp}/I_0T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)^{opp}/\mathrm{Ker}(\mathrm{})`$. The reduction modulo $`\mathrm{}`$ of this map is also surjective; it is a map $`T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)^{opp}/(I_0+\mathrm{}T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)^{opp})T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)^{opp}/(\mathrm{Ker}(\mathrm{})+\mathrm{}T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)^{opp})`$. Due to the form of $`I_0`$, $`T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)^{opp}/(I_0+\mathrm{}T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)^{opp})`$ is isomorphic to $`U𝔤`$. As a result, we obtain that there is a unique surjective morphism $`s:U𝔤T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)^{opp}/(\mathrm{Ker}(\mathrm{})+\mathrm{}T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)^{opp})`$, such that for any $`x𝔤`$, $`s(x)=`$ the class of $`x`$.

On the other hand, recall that $`U𝔤`$ is also the subalgebra of $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)`$ generated by the elements of degree $`1`$. $`\mathrm{Im}(\mathrm{})`$ is a subalgebra of $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)`$. It follows from equation (32) that the image of $`\mathrm{Im}(\mathrm{})`$ by the morphism $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)`$ given by the reduction modulo $`\mathrm{}`$ is exactly $`U𝔤`$. This means that we have an isomorphism of algebras between $`U𝔤`$ and $`\mathrm{Im}(\mathrm{})/(\mathrm{}\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)\mathrm{Im}(\mathrm{}))`$. The latter algebra is a quotient algebra of $`\mathrm{Im}(\mathrm{})/\mathrm{}\mathrm{Im}(\mathrm{})`$. We obtain that there exists a surjective algebra morphism $`s^{}:\mathrm{Im}(\mathrm{})/\mathrm{}\mathrm{Im}(\mathrm{})U𝔤`$, such that for any $`x𝔤`$, $`s^{}(`$the class of $`\mathrm{}(x))=x`$.

Moreover, $`\mathrm{}`$ induces an isomorphism between $`T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)^{opp}/\mathrm{Ker}(\mathrm{})`$ and $`\mathrm{Im}(\mathrm{})`$, so its reduction modulo $`\mathrm{}`$ induces an isomorphism between $`T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)^{opp}/(\mathrm{Ker}(\mathrm{})+\mathrm{}T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)^{opp})`$ and $`\mathrm{Im}(\mathrm{})/\mathrm{}\mathrm{Im}(\mathrm{})`$. Denote by $`\overline{\mathrm{}}`$ this reduction, then we have $`\overline{\mathrm{}}=ss^{}`$. Since $`s`$ and $`s^{}`$ is surjective, $`s`$ is an isomorphism between $`U𝔤`$ and $`\mathrm{Im}(\mathrm{})/\mathrm{}\mathrm{Im}(\mathrm{})`$. In other words, we have shown that $`U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤/\mathrm{}U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤`$ is isomorphic to $`U𝔤`$.

Moreover, $`U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤`$ is $`\mathrm{}`$-adically complete, and it is torsion-free, because it is a $`𝕂[[\mathrm{}]]`$-submodule of $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)`$. $`U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤`$ is therefore a topologically free $`𝕂[[\mathrm{}]]`$-algebra, such that $`U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤/U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤=U𝔤`$.

Let us study now the co-Poisson structure on $`U𝔤`$ induced by this isomorphism. Consider $`x𝔤`$ as an element of $`T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)^{opp}`$. Then

$$\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{\Delta }_{T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)}(x)\mathrm{\Delta }_{T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)}^{}(x))\delta _𝔤(x)+\mathrm{}T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)\widehat{}T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤),$$

where $`\widehat{}`$ is the $`\mathrm{}`$-adically completed tensor product. Taking the image by $`\mathrm{}`$ of this identity, we find

$$\frac{1}{\mathrm{}}(\mathrm{\Delta }_{U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤}(\mathrm{}(x))\mathrm{\Delta }_{U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)}^{}(\mathrm{}(x)))\mathrm{}^2(\delta _𝔤(x))+\mathrm{}U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)\widehat{}U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤),$$

which means that the co-Poisson structure on $`U𝔤`$ corresponding to $`U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤`$ is given by $`\delta _𝔤`$.

Let us now prove that $`\mathrm{Im}(\mathrm{})`$ is a divisible submodule of $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)`$. We have shown that the map $`s^{}`$ is an isomorphism, which means that the surjective morphism $`\mathrm{Im}(\mathrm{})/\mathrm{}\mathrm{Im}(\mathrm{})\mathrm{Im}(\mathrm{})/(\mathrm{Im}(\mathrm{})\mathrm{}\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤))`$ is an isomorphism. This implies that $`\mathrm{Im}(\mathrm{})\mathrm{}\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)=\mathrm{}\mathrm{Im}(\mathrm{})`$. ∎

### 4.6. Functoriality

###### Proposition 4.1.

The map $`(𝔤,[,]_𝔤,\delta _𝔤)U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤`$ defines a universal quantization functor from the category of finite-dimensional Lie bialgebras.

Proof. Let $`\varphi `$ be a morphism of Lie bialgebras from $`(𝔤,[,]_𝔤,\delta _𝔤)`$ to $`(𝔥,[,]_𝔥,\delta _𝔥)`$. Then $`\varphi `$ induces Lie algebra morphisms $`\varphi _{𝔤𝔥}:𝔤𝔥`$ and $`\varphi _{𝔥^{}𝔤^{}}:𝔥^{}𝔤^{}`$. The first morphism induces a Hopf algebra morphism $`\mathrm{Sh}(\varphi _{𝔤𝔥}):\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔥)`$, and the dual to $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (\varphi _{𝔥^{}𝔤^{}})`$ induces a Hopf algebra morphism $`T(\varphi _{𝔤𝔥}):T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔥)`$. Let us denote by $`_𝔤`$ and $`_𝔥`$ the analogues of $``$ for $`𝔤`$ and $`𝔥`$; then $`_𝔤`$ belongs to $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)\widehat{}\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤^{})`$ and $`_𝔥`$ belongs to $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔥)\widehat{}\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔥^{})`$. Moreover, if $`r_𝔤`$ and $`r_𝔥`$ are the canonical $`r`$-matrices of $`𝔤`$ and $`𝔥`$, we have $`(\mathrm{id}\varphi _{𝔥^{}𝔤^{}})(r_𝔤)=(\varphi _{𝔤𝔥}\mathrm{id})(r_𝔥)`$, therefore

$$(\mathrm{id}\mathrm{Sh}(\varphi _{𝔥^{}𝔤^{}}))(_𝔥)=(\mathrm{Sh}(\varphi _{𝔤𝔥})\mathrm{id})(_𝔤).$$

Let us denote by $`\mathrm{}_𝔤`$ and $`\mathrm{}_𝔥`$ the analogues of $`\mathrm{}`$ corresponding to $`𝔤`$ and $`𝔥`$. If $`xT_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤`$, we have

$`\mathrm{Sh}(\varphi _{𝔤𝔥})(\mathrm{}_𝔤(x))`$ $`=\mathrm{id}x,(\mathrm{Sh}(\varphi _{𝔤𝔥})\mathrm{id})(_𝔤)_{T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)\times \mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤^{})}`$
$`=\mathrm{id}x,(\mathrm{id}\mathrm{Sh}(\varphi _{𝔥^{}𝔤^{}}))(_𝔥)_{T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)\times \mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤^{})}`$
$`=\mathrm{id}T(\varphi _{𝔤𝔥})(x),_𝔥_{T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔥)\times \mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔥^{})}=\mathrm{}_𝔥(T(\varphi _{𝔤𝔥})(x)),`$
so $`\mathrm{Sh}(\varphi _{𝔤𝔥})\mathrm{}_𝔤=\mathrm{}_𝔥T(\varphi _{𝔤𝔥})`$. Therefore the restriction of $`\mathrm{Sh}(\varphi _{𝔤𝔥})`$ to $`U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤`$ induces a Hopf algebra morphism from $`U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤`$ to $`U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔥`$. Let us denote by $`\varphi ^U`$ this morphism; it is then clear that the reduction mod $`\mathrm{}`$ of $`\varphi ^U`$ coincides with the morphism from $`U𝔤`$ to $`U𝔥`$ induced by $`\varphi `$. Moreover, if $`\psi :𝔥𝔨`$ is a morphism of Lie balgebras, we have $`\mathrm{Sh}(\psi \varphi )=\mathrm{Sh}(\psi )\mathrm{Sh}(\psi )`$; the restriction of this identity to $`U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤`$ yields $`(\psi \varphi )^U=\psi ^U\varphi ^U`$.

Finally, the form taken by the relations (33) shows that the quantization functor $`𝔤U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤`$ is universal. ∎

###### Remark 7.

The condition $`p_{kl}=0`$ if $`k>l`$ in the definition of the spaces $`F^{(x_1\mathrm{}x_n)}`$ (see (19)) seems to imply that the ideal $`I_0`$ generated by elements (33) is defined in terms of acyclic tensor calculus, in the sense of . ∎

###### Remark 8.

When $`𝔤`$ is infinite-dimensional, the maps $`m_P:𝔤𝔤^n`$ defined by $`m_P(x)=_{i_1,\mathrm{},i_nI}x,P(b_{i_1},\mathrm{},b_{i_n})_{𝔤\times 𝔤^{}}a_{i_1}\mathrm{}a_{i_n}`$, where $`P`$ is a Lie polynomial, do not make sense any more. However, if $`𝔤`$ is finite-dimensional, these maps are linear combinations of the maps $`T_\sigma (\delta \mathrm{id}^{(n1)})\mathrm{}(\delta \mathrm{id})\delta `$, where $`\sigma 𝔖_n`$ and $`\sigma T_\sigma `$ is the action of the group $`𝔖_n`$ by permutation of the factors of $`𝔤^n`$. It is easy to see that the map $`\mathrm{}`$ only involves linear combinations of compositions of the maps $`m_P`$ and of the Lie bracket of $`𝔤`$. It has therefore a natural analogue when $`𝔤`$ is an infinite-dimensional Lie bialgebra. It is natural to expect that the corresponding analogue of $`𝔤U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤`$ defines a quantization functor for the category of (possibly infinite-dimensional) Lie bialgebras. ∎

### 4.7. The QFSH algebra of $`U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤`$

To any quantized universal enveloping algebra $`U_{\mathrm{}}𝔞`$, one associates in a canonical way a quantized formal series Hopf (QFSH) algebra $`𝒪_{\mathrm{}}(A^{})`$ (see ). If $`(𝔞,[,]_𝔞,\delta _𝔞)`$ is the Lie bialgebra corresponding to the semiclassical limit of $`U_{\mathrm{}}𝔞`$, then $`𝒪_{\mathrm{}}(A^{})`$ is a quantization of the formal series Hopf algebra of functions on the formal group $`A^{}`$ corresponding to the Lie algebra $`(𝔞^{},\delta _𝔞^{})`$, endowed with the Poisson-Lie structure corresponding to the cobracket $`[,]_𝔞^{}`$.

(For example, if $`\delta _𝔞=0`$, then $`A^{}`$ is the additive group $`𝔞^{}`$, endowed with the Kostant-Kirillov Poisson bracket. If moreover $`U_{\mathrm{}}𝔞`$ is $`U𝔞[[\mathrm{}]]`$, then $`𝒪_{\mathrm{}}(A^{})`$ is a deformation quantization of the formal series ring $`S[[𝔞]]`$ corresponding to the Kostant-Kirillov bracket, endowed with the cocommutative coproduct such that the elements of $`𝔞`$ are primitive.)

The purpose of this Section is to express the QFSH algebra of $`U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤`$ in terms of the above construction.

Recall that we defined $`\mathrm{Sh}_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)`$ as the subalgebra $`\widehat{}_{k0}\mathrm{}^k𝔤^k[[\mathrm{}]]`$ of $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)`$.

###### Proposition 4.2.

Let us define $`𝒪_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (G^{})`$ as the intersection $`\mathrm{Im}(\mathrm{})\mathrm{Sh}_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)`$. Then $`𝒪_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (G^{})`$ is the QFSH algebra of $`U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤`$.

Proof. Let us first recall how the QFSH algebra of $`U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤`$ is defined. According to , one defines a functor $`HH^{}`$ in the category of topologically free Hopf algebras over $`𝕂[[\mathrm{}]]`$. If $`H`$ is such an algebra, let us denote by $`\mathrm{\Delta }_H`$ its coproduct, by $`\mathrm{\Delta }_H^{(n)}`$ its $`n`$th fold coproduct and by $`\epsilon _H`$ its counit. Let us set $`\delta _n^H=(\mathrm{id}_H\epsilon _H)^n\mathrm{\Delta }_H^{(n)}`$. Then $`H^{}`$ is defined as $`\{hH|n0,\delta _n^H(h)\mathrm{}^nH^{\widehat{}n}\}`$. One shows () that $`H^{}`$ is then a QFSH algebra. We first show

###### Lemma 4.5.

$`(\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤))^{}=\mathrm{Sh}_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)`$.

Proof. Let $`k`$ and $`n`$ be integers. Recall that $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)`$ is identified, as a vector space, with $`T(𝔤)[[\mathrm{}]]`$ and we denote by $`\mathrm{conc}`$ the concatenation product on $`T(𝔤)`$. Denote by $`\mathrm{conc}^{(n)}`$ the $`n`$fold concatenation product; $`\mathrm{conc}^{(n)}`$ is a linear map from $`T(𝔤)^n`$ to $`T(𝔤)`$. Then if $`x𝔤^k\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)`$, we have

$$\mathrm{conc}^{(n)}\delta _n^{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)}(x)=s(n,k)x,$$

where $`s(n,k)`$ is the number of ordered surjections from $`\{1,\mathrm{},k\}`$ to $`\{1,\mathrm{},n\}`$; so $`s(n,k)=0`$ if $`n<k`$ and $`s(n,k)>0`$ else.

Let $`x`$ be an element of $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)`$. Set $`x=_{k0}x_k`$, where $`x_k𝔤^k[[\mathrm{}]]`$. Then if $`x(\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤))^{}`$, and $`\nu `$ is any integer, $`\delta _\nu ^{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)}(x)\mathrm{}^\nu \mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)^{\widehat{}\nu }`$. Applying $`\mathrm{conc}^{(\nu )}`$ to this inclusion, we find $`_{n0}s(n,k)x_k\mathrm{}^\nu \mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)`$, therefore $`x_k\mathrm{}^\nu 𝔤^k[[\mathrm{}]]`$ if $`k\nu `$. So for each $`k`$, $`x_k\mathrm{}^k𝔤^k[[\mathrm{}]]`$, which means that $`x\mathrm{Sh}_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)`$.

Let us now show that $`\mathrm{Sh}_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)(\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤))^{}`$. Let $`x`$ belong to $`\mathrm{}^k𝔤^k[[\mathrm{}]]`$, then we have, if $`nk`$ $`\delta _n^{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)}(x)\mathrm{}^k\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)^{\widehat{}n}\mathrm{}^n\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)^{\widehat{}n}`$, and if $`n>k`$, $`\delta _n^{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)}(x)=0`$ so that $`\delta _n^{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)}(x)`$ is again contained in $`\mathrm{}^n\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)^{\widehat{}n}`$. So $`x(\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤))^{}`$. ∎

End of proof of Proposition 4.2. We should prove that $`(\mathrm{Im}(\mathrm{}))^{}=\mathrm{Im}(\mathrm{})\mathrm{Sh}_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)`$. By definition, $`(\mathrm{Im}(\mathrm{}))^{}=\{x\mathrm{Im}(\mathrm{})|n0,\delta _n^{\mathrm{Im}(\mathrm{})}(x)\mathrm{}^n\mathrm{Im}(\mathrm{})^{\widehat{}n}\}`$.

It follows from the fact that $`\mathrm{Im}(\mathrm{})`$ is a divisible submodule of $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)`$ (see Theorem 4.1) that $`\mathrm{Im}(\mathrm{})^{\widehat{}n}\mathrm{}^n\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)^{\widehat{}n}=\mathrm{}^n\mathrm{Im}(\mathrm{})^{\widehat{}n}`$. Therefore $`(\mathrm{Im}(\mathrm{}))^{}`$ is the same as $`\{x\mathrm{Im}(\mathrm{})|n0,\delta _n^{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)}(x)\mathrm{Im}(\mathrm{})^{\widehat{}n}\mathrm{}^n\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)^{\widehat{}n}\}`$. Since $`\delta _n^{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)}(\mathrm{Im}(\mathrm{}))\mathrm{Im}(\mathrm{})^{\widehat{}n}`$, this set is the same as $`\{x\mathrm{Im}(\mathrm{})|n0,\delta _n^{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)}(x)\mathrm{}^n\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)^{\widehat{}n}\}`$, which is $`\mathrm{Im}(\mathrm{})(\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤))^{}`$. It then follows from Lemma 4.5 that this is $`\mathrm{Im}(\mathrm{})\mathrm{Sh}_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)`$. ∎

The dual $`(U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤)^{}=\mathrm{Hom}_{𝕂[[\mathrm{}]]}(U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤,𝕂[[\mathrm{}]])`$ is also a QFSH algebra associated to the formal group $`G`$. If we denote by $`\mathrm{}_𝔤^{}`$ the analogue of $`\mathrm{}`$ for the Lie bialgebra $`𝔤^{}`$, we get therefore two quantization functors from the category of Lie bialgebra to that of QFSH algebras, namely $`𝔤(U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤)^{}`$ and $`𝔤𝒪_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (G)=\mathrm{Im}(\mathrm{}_𝔤^{})\mathrm{Sh}_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)`$. Let us denote by $`AA^{}`$ the functor associating to each Hopf algebra, its enveloping QUE (quantized universal enveloping) algebra.

###### Proposition 4.3.

The QFSH algebras $`(U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤)^{}`$ and $`𝒪_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (G)=\mathrm{Im}(\mathrm{}_𝔤^{})\mathrm{Sh}_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)`$ are canonically isomorphic. The QUE algebras $`U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤^{}`$ and $`((U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤)^{})^{}`$ are also canonically isomorphic.

Proof. We must construct a Hopf pairing between $`U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤`$ and $`𝒪_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (G)`$. The Hopf pairing $`T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)\times \mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤^{})𝕂[[\mathrm{}]][\mathrm{}^1]`$ induces a pairing $`T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)\times \mathrm{Sh}_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤^{})𝕂[[\mathrm{}]]`$. This pairing restricts to a pairing $`T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)\times \left(\mathrm{Im}(\mathrm{}_𝔤^{})\mathrm{Sh}_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤^{})\right)𝕂[[\mathrm{}]]`$; now for any $`xT_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)`$ and $`yT_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤^{})`$,

$$\mathrm{}_𝔤(x),y_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)\times T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤^{})}=yx,_{(T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤^{})\times \mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤))(T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)\times \mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤^{}))}=\mathrm{}_𝔤^{}(y),x_{\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤^{})\times T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)},$$

so the latter pairing descends to a Hopf pairing

$$\left(T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)/\mathrm{Ker}(\mathrm{}_𝔤)\right)\times \left(\mathrm{Im}(\mathrm{}_𝔤^{})\mathrm{Sh}_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤^{})\right)𝕂[[\mathrm{}]],$$

which is the desired pairing $`U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤\times 𝒪_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (G)𝕂[[\mathrm{}]]`$. The second part of the Proposition follows from the results of . ∎

### 4.8. Behaviour of $`𝔤U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)`$ for the double operation

If $`𝔤`$ is a Lie bialgebra, let us denote by $`D(𝔤)`$ is double bialgebra. If $`U`$ is a QUE algebra, its quantum double $`D(U)`$ is the $`𝕂[[\mathrm{}]]`$-module $`U(U^{})^{}`$. It is a quasitriangular QUE algebra.

###### Proposition 4.4.

If $`𝔤`$ is a Lie bialgebra, then there is an isomorphism $`\iota _𝔤:U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (D(𝔤))D(U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤))`$. Let $`_{𝔤,can}`$ be the canonical $`R`$-matrix of $`D(U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤))`$. Then $`(\iota _𝔤\iota _𝔤)^1(_{𝔤,can})`$ belongs to $`(i_{𝔤,D(𝔤)})^U(U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤)\widehat{}(i_{𝔤^{},D(𝔤)})^U(U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤^{}))`$ ($`i_{𝔤,D(𝔤)}`$ and $`i_{𝔤^{},D(𝔤)}`$ are the inclusions of $`𝔤`$ and $`𝔤^{}`$ in $`D(𝔤)`$). We have $`(\iota _𝔤^{}\iota _𝔤^{})^1(_{𝔤^{},can})=(\iota _𝔤\iota _𝔤)^1(_{𝔤,can})^{(21)}`$, and if $`\varphi :𝔤𝔥`$ is a Lie algebra morphism, then we have $`(\varphi ^U\mathrm{id})(\iota _𝔤\iota _𝔤)^1(_{𝔤,can})=(\mathrm{id}(\varphi ^{})^U)(\iota _𝔥\iota _𝔥)^1(_{𝔥,can})`$.

Proof. The maps $`(i_{𝔤,D(𝔤)})^U`$ and $`(i_{𝔤^{},D(𝔤)})^U`$ are flat deformations of the inclusions $`U𝔤U(D(𝔤))`$ and $`U𝔤^{}U(D(𝔤))`$, so the composition of their tensor product with the multiplication map defines a linear isomorphism from $`U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤\widehat{}U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤^{}`$ to $`U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega D(𝔤)`$. Moreover, $`(i_{𝔤,D(𝔤)})^U`$ and $`(i_{𝔤^{},D(𝔤)})^U`$ are also Hopf algebra morphisms.

Recall that we have defined a solution $`_𝔤`$ in

$$\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)\widehat{}\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤^{})\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (D(𝔤))\widehat{}\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (D(𝔤))$$

of QYBE; $`U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤`$ and $`U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤^{}`$ are the Hopf subalgebras of $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (D(𝔤))`$ defined by $`_𝔤`$. These are Hopf subalgebras of $`U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (D(𝔤))`$, therefore $`_𝔤`$ belongs to $`(i_{𝔤,D(𝔤)})^U(U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤)\widehat{}(i_{𝔤^{},D(𝔤)})^U(U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤^{})`$.

If $`y`$ belongs to $`T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤`$, and $`x=\mathrm{}_𝔤(y)`$, then $`x=_𝔤,\mathrm{id}y_{T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤\times \mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)}`$, and $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤}(x)=_𝔤^{(13)}_𝔤^{(23)},\mathrm{id}\mathrm{id}y_{T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤\times \mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔤)}`$. Since $`_𝔤`$ satisfies QYBE, and $`U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤`$ is the image of $`\mathrm{}_𝔤`$, we have

$$_𝔤((i_{𝔤,D(𝔤)})^U)^2(\mathrm{\Delta }_{U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)}(x))=((i_{𝔤,D(𝔤)})^U)^2(\mathrm{\Delta }_{U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤)}^{}(x))_𝔤,$$

for any $`x`$ in $`U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤`$. In the same way, one shows that $`_𝔤((i_{𝔤^{},D(𝔤)})^U)^2(\mathrm{\Delta }_{U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤^{})}(x))=((i_{𝔤^{},D(𝔤)})^U)^2(\mathrm{\Delta }_{U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤^{})}^{}(x))_𝔤`$, for any $`x`$ in $`U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤^{}`$. This proves that $`_𝔤\mathrm{\Delta }_{U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (D(𝔤))}=\mathrm{\Delta }_{U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (D(𝔤))}^{}_𝔤`$. So $`(U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega D(𝔤),_𝔤)`$ satisfies the axioms of the double QUE algebra of $`U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤`$ and may therefore be identified with the double of $`U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤`$.

The relation between $`_{𝔤,can}`$ and $`_{𝔤^{},can}`$ follows from Remark 2 and the functoriality of $`(\iota _𝔤\iota _𝔤^1)(_{𝔤,can})`$ follows from that of $`_𝔤`$. ∎

###### Corollary 4.1.

For any $`\omega (𝕂)`$, the functor $`𝔤U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega 𝔤`$ is a compatible quantization functor (see the Introduction).

Proof. This follows from Propositions 4.3 and 4.4. ∎

## 5. Proof of Theorem 0.2

### 5.1. Identification of two quantizations of $`F(𝔤^{})`$

Let $`𝔤`$ be a finite-dimensional Lie algebra. Then $`𝔤^{}`$ is a Lie coalgebra. Let $`F(𝔤^{})`$ be the free Lie algebra of $`𝔤^{}`$ (here $`𝔤^{}`$ is viewed as a vector space). Then the map $`\delta _𝔤^{}:𝔤^{}𝔤^{}𝔤^{}`$ dual to the bracket of $`𝔤`$ extends to a unique cocycle map $`\delta _{F(𝔤^{})}:F(𝔤^{})F(𝔤^{})^2`$, which endows $`F(𝔤^{})`$ with a Lie bialgebra structure. The corresponding Hopf-co-Poisson algebra is $`(T(𝔤^{}),\delta _{T(𝔤^{})})`$. An element $`\omega `$ of $`(𝕂[[\mathrm{}]])`$ being fixed, we now have two quantizations of this Hopf-co-Poisson algebra, namely $`U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (F(𝔤^{}))`$ and $`T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤^{})`$.

###### Proposition 5.1.

$`U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (F(𝔤^{}))`$ and $`T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤^{})`$ are canonically isomorphic.

Proof. The inclusion of $`𝔤^{}`$ in $`F(𝔤^{})`$ as its part of degree $`1`$ is a morphism of Lie coalgebras. This morphism induces a morphism of Hopf algebras $`i:T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤^{})T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (F(𝔤^{}))`$. Let us compose it with the projection $`\mathrm{}_{F(𝔤^{})}:T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (F(𝔤^{}))U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (F(𝔤^{}))`$. (Recall that $`U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (F(𝔤^{}))`$ is the image of $`\mathrm{}_{F(𝔤^{})}`$, a Hopf subalgebra of $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (F(𝔤^{}))`$.) Then $`\mathrm{}_{F(𝔤^{})}i`$ is a morphism of Hopf algebras. Moreover, for any $`\xi `$ in $`𝔤^{}`$, $`i(\xi )`$ is an element of $`T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (F(𝔤^{}))`$ in $`\xi +o(\mathrm{})`$, and the image of the latter element in $`U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (F(𝔤^{}))`$ is again in $`\xi +o(\mathrm{})`$. On the other hand, $`U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (F(𝔤^{}))`$ is a deformation of $`T(𝔤^{})`$. The reduction mod $`\mathrm{}`$ of the image of $`\mathrm{}_{F(𝔤^{})}i`$ contains $`𝔤^{}`$, so $`\mathrm{}_{F(𝔤^{})}i`$ is surjective. The reduction mod $`\mathrm{}`$ of this map is the identity, so it is also a linear isomorphism. So we have shown that $`\mathrm{}_{F(𝔤^{})}i`$ is a Hopf algebra isomorphism from $`T_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤^{})`$ to $`U_{\mathrm{}}^\omega (𝔤^{})`$. This isomorphism is clearly functorial. ∎

### 5.2. Proof of Theorem 0.2

Let us now prove Theorem 0.2. It follows from Corollary 4.1 that the map $`\gamma _𝕂`$ is a bijection from $`(𝕂)`$ to $`\{`$universal quantization functors of the tensor algebras $`T(𝔞)\}`$. In Theorem 4.1 and Proposition 4.1, we constructed a map $`\alpha _𝕂`$ from $`(𝕂)`$ to $`\{`$universal quantization functors of the Lie bialgebras$`\}`$.

Any universal quantization functor of Lie bialgebras may be restricted to the category of Lie bialgebras of the form $`F(𝔞)`$, $`𝔞`$ a Lie coalgebra, and yields therefore a universal quantization functor of the tensor algebras $`T(𝔞)`$. Let us denote by $`\beta _𝕂^{}`$ the corresponding map from $`\{`$universal quantization functors of the Lie bialgebras$`\}`$ to $`\{`$universal quantization functors of the tensor algebras $`T(𝔞)\}`$. Then the map $`\beta _𝕂`$ defined in the Introduction is $`\gamma _𝕂^1\beta _𝕂^{}`$. Proposition 5.1 implies that $`\beta _𝕂^{}\alpha _𝕂=\gamma _𝕂`$. Therefore $`\beta _𝕂\alpha _𝕂=\mathrm{id}_{(𝕂)}`$. This proves the first part of Theorem 0.2.

Let us prove the second part of this Theorem. It follows from Proposition 4.3 and Proposition 4.4 that the image of $`\alpha _𝕂`$ consists of quantization functors of Lie bialgebras that are compatible with the duals and doubles. Conversely, let us assume that $`Q`$ is a quantization functor compatible with the duals and doubles, and let $`Q_0`$ be the restriction of $`Q`$ to the Lie bialgebras of the form $`F(𝔞)`$ (so $`Q_0=\beta _𝕂^{}(Q)`$). If $`𝔞`$ is any Lie bialgebra, then the unique extension to $`F(𝔞)`$ of the identity map of the vector space $`𝔞`$ to the Lie algebra $`𝔞`$ induces a Lie bialgebra morphism $`F(𝔞)𝔞`$. In the same way, we have a Lie bialgebra morphism $`𝔞F(𝔞^{})^{}`$, and $`𝔞`$ may be characterized as the image of the composed morphism $`F(𝔞)F(𝔞^{})^{}`$. So $`Q(𝔞)`$ may be characterized as the image of the morphism $`Q(F(𝔞))Q(F(𝔞^{})^{})`$. Since $`Q`$ is compatible with duals and restricts to $`Q_0`$, this is a Hopf algebra morphism from $`Q_0(F(𝔞))`$ to $`Q_0(F(𝔞^{}))^{}`$. Let us set $`\omega =\gamma _𝕂^1(Q_0)`$, then this Hopf algebra morphism is the same as an element $`R(𝔞)`$ of $`\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞)\widehat{}\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (𝔞^{})`$, satisfying the rules (6). Therefore $`R(𝔞)`$ has the form $`^\omega (\sigma _𝔞)`$, with $`\sigma _𝔞\mathrm{}(𝔞𝔞^{})[[\mathrm{}]]`$. Let us show that $`R(𝔞)`$ is the same as the image of the canonical $`R`$-matrix $`R_{can}(𝔞)`$ of $`Q(D(𝔞))`$ by the tensor product of the injections $`Q(𝔞)Q_0(F(𝔞^{}))^{}`$ and $`Q(𝔞^{})Q_0(F(𝔞))^{}`$.

By the properties of the quantum double, the identity map $`Q(𝔞)Q(𝔞)`$ may be identified with the linear map $`Q(𝔞)Q(𝔞^{})^{}`$ defined by $`x(\mathrm{id}x)(R_{can}(𝔞))`$. Since the canonical maps $`Q(F𝔞)Q(𝔞)`$ and $`Q(𝔞^{})^{}Q(F𝔞^{})^{}`$ are respectively surjective and injective, the canonical map $`Q(F𝔞)Q(F𝔞^{})^{}`$ may be defined by $`x^{}(\mathrm{id}x^{})(R_{can}^{}(𝔞))`$, where $`R_{can}^{}(𝔞)`$ is the image of $`R_{can}(𝔞)`$ by the tensor product of the injections $`Q(𝔞)Q_0(F(𝔞^{}))^{}`$ and $`Q(𝔞^{})Q_0(F(𝔞))^{}`$. So $`R_{can}^{}(𝔞)=R(𝔞)`$.

One can check that $`R(𝔞)`$ has the functoriality and duality properties $`(\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (\varphi )\mathrm{id})(R(𝔞))=(\mathrm{id}\mathrm{Sh}^\omega (\varphi ^{}))(R(𝔟))`$ and $`R(𝔞^{})=R(𝔞)^{(21)}`$. It then follows from Remark 4.3 that the map $`𝔞\sigma _𝔞`$ also has functoriality and duality properties.

Since we identified $`R(𝔞)`$ with the image of the $`R`$-matrix of the double $`D(Q(𝔞))`$ of $`Q(𝔞)`$, and since $`D(Q(𝔞))`$ identifies with $`Q(D(𝔞))`$ and injects into $`Q((D𝔞)^{})^{}`$, $`R(𝔞)`$ satisfies QYBE in the latter algebra. In Proposition 3.4, we defined a series $`\rho ^\omega =_{n1}\rho _n^\omega `$, such that if $`r\mathrm{}(𝔤𝔤)[[\mathrm{}]]`$ is a solution of CYBE, then $`\rho ^\omega (r)`$ is a solution of the Lie QYBE. The map $`r\rho ^\omega (r)`$ is bijective and one may show that it sets up a bijection between solutions of CYBE and of Lie QYBE. It follows that $`(\rho ^\omega )^1(\sigma _𝔞)`$ is a solution of CYBE. Let $`\tau _𝔞`$ be the endomorphism of $`𝔞[[\mathrm{}]]`$, such that $`(\rho ^\omega )^1(\sigma _𝔞)=(\tau _𝔞\mathrm{id})(r_𝔞)`$. Since $`(\rho ^\omega )^1(\sigma _𝔞)`$ is expressed polynomially in terms of the structure constants of $`𝔞`$, $`\tau _𝔞`$ is a obtained by composition of tensor products of the bracket and cobracket map of $`𝔞`$.

###### Lemma 5.1.

Let $`_0`$ be the set of functorial assignments $`(𝔞\tau _𝔞)`$, where $`𝔞`$ runs over all finite-dimensional Lie bialgebras and for any $`𝔞`$, $`\tau _𝔞`$ belongs to $`(𝔞𝔞^{})[[\mathrm{}]]`$, such that: 1) for any Lie algebra $`𝔞`$, $`\rho _𝔞`$ is a solution of CYBE (in $`D(𝔞)^3[[\mathrm{}]]`$), 2) $`\rho _𝔞`$ satisfies $`\tau _𝔞^{}=\tau _𝔞^{(21)}`$, 3) $`\rho _𝔞`$ is equal to $`r_𝔞`$ modulo $`\mathrm{}`$ and is expressed polynomially in terms of the structure constants of $`𝔞`$. Then the rule $`(𝔞\rho _𝔞)(𝔞(\rho _𝔞\mathrm{id})(r_𝔞))`$ defines a bijection from $`𝒢_0`$ to $`_0`$ ($`𝒢_0`$ has been defined in the Introduction).

Proof. Let us set $`r_𝔞=_{iI}a_ib_i`$. Assume that $`\tau _𝔞(𝔞𝔞^{})[[\mathrm{}]]`$ is a solution of CYBE. Let $`\rho _𝔞`$ be the endomorphism of $`𝔞[[\mathrm{}]]`$ such that $`\tau _𝔞=(\rho _𝔞id)(r_𝔞)`$. Then we have also $`\tau _𝔞=(\mathrm{id}\rho _𝔞^t)(r_𝔞)`$, so $`\rho _𝔞^{}=\rho _𝔞^t`$. We have

$`[[\tau _𝔞,\tau _𝔞]]=`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{i,jI}{}}[\rho _𝔞(a_i),a_j]b_i\rho _𝔞^t(b_j)+\rho (a_i)[b_i,a_j]\rho _𝔞^t(b_j)+\rho (a_i)a_j[\rho _𝔞^t(b_i),b_i]`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{i,jI}{}}[\rho _𝔞(a_i),a_j]b_i\rho _𝔞^t(b_j)+\rho _𝔞([a_j,a_i])b_i\rho _𝔞^t(b_j)`$
$`+\rho _𝔞(a_i)a_j\rho _𝔞^t([b_j,b_i])+\rho _𝔞(a_i)a_j[\rho _𝔞^t(b_i),b_i]`$
so $`\tau _𝔞`$ satisfies the CYBE iff $`\rho _𝔞`$ is such that $`\rho _𝔞([x,y])=[\rho _𝔞(x),y]`$ for any pair $`x,y`$ of elements of $`𝔞`$ and $`\delta _𝔞(\rho _𝔞(x))=(\mathrm{id}\rho _𝔞)(\delta _𝔞(x))`$ for any element of $`𝔞`$. The second condition is satisfied because $`\rho _𝔞^{}([\xi ,\eta ])=[\rho _𝔞^{}(\xi ),\eta ]`$ for any pair $`\xi ,\eta `$ of elements of $`𝔞^{}`$. ∎

End of proof of Theorem 0.2. It follows from this Lemma that $`(𝔞\tau _𝔞)`$ is an element of $`𝒢_0`$. Let us define $`\epsilon _𝕂^{}`$ as the unique map from $`\{`$compatible quantization functors of Lie bialgebras$`\}`$ to $`(𝕂)\times 𝒢_0`$, such that $`\epsilon _𝕂^{}(Q)=(Q_0,\tau )`$. It is clear how to reconstruct $`Q`$ from $`(Q_0,\tau )`$, and that when $`\tau `$ is the neutral element of $`𝒢_0`$, this reconstruction coincides with the map $`Q_0\alpha _𝕂(Q_0)`$. $`\epsilon _𝕂^{}`$ is therefore bijective, and we set $`\epsilon _𝕂=\epsilon _𝕂^1`$. ∎

###### Remark 9.

If $`(𝔞\rho _𝔞)`$ belong to $`𝒢_0`$, and $`(𝔞,[,],\delta _𝔞)`$ is any Lie bialgebra, then $`(𝔞,[,],(\rho _𝔞\rho _𝔞)\delta _𝔞\rho _𝔞^1)`$ is again a Lie bialgebra. Indeed, set $`r^{}=_i\rho _𝔞(a_i)b_i`$. Since $`r^{}`$ is a solution of CYBE in $`D(𝔞)`$, and $`r^{}`$ belongs $`(𝔞𝔞^{})[[\mathrm{}]]`$, if we set $`\delta ^{}(x)=[r^{},x1+1x]`$, then $`(𝔞,[,]_𝔞,\delta ^{})`$ is a Lie bialgebra. On the other hand, the rule $`\rho _𝔞([x,y])=[\rho _𝔞(x),y]`$ implies that $`\delta ^{}(x)=(\rho _𝔞\mathrm{id})(\delta _𝔞(x))`$ and the rules $`\rho _𝔞^{}([\xi ,\eta ])=[\rho _𝔞^{}(\xi ),\eta ]`$ and $`\rho _𝔞^{}=\rho _𝔞^t`$ imply that $`(\rho _𝔞\mathrm{id})\delta _𝔞=\delta _𝔞\rho _𝔞`$. Since the image of $`\delta _𝔞`$ is antisymmetric, we also have $`(\mathrm{id}\rho _𝔞)\delta _𝔞=\delta _𝔞\rho _𝔞`$, so $`\delta ^{}=(\rho _𝔞\rho _𝔞)\delta _𝔞\rho _𝔞^1`$. So $`\rho _𝔞`$ changes the Lie bialgebra structure of $`𝔞`$ preserving both its Lie algebra and Lie coalgebra structures.

## Appendix A Deformation of solutions of CYBE (proof of Prop. 3.5)

Let $`A`$ be an associative algebra, and let $`r_AAA`$ be a solution of CYBE.

It is natural to look for a sequence $`(_i)_{i0}`$ of elements of $`AA`$, such that $`_0=1,_1=r_A`$ and

$$N0,\underset{p,q,r0,p+q+r=N}{}_p^{12}_q^{13}_r^{23}=\underset{p,q,r0,p+q+r=N}{}_r^{23}_q^{13}_p^{12}.$$

We call such a sequence $`(_i)_{i0}`$ a quantization of the CYBE solution $`r_A`$. If $`(_i)_{i0}`$ is such a quantization, then for any formal parameter $`t`$, $`_{i0}t^i_i`$ is a solution of QYBE. Then if $`(u_i)_{i0}`$ is any sequence of elements of $`A`$ such that $`u_0=1`$, the sequence $`(_i^{})_{i0}`$ defined by $`_{i0}t^i_i^{}=u(_{i0}t^i_i)u^1`$, where $`u=_{i0}t^iu_i`$, is also a quantization of $`r_A`$. We will say that the sequences $`(_i)_{i0}`$ and $`(_i^{})_{i0}`$ are equivalent.

One then seeks to solve inductively the above system of equations. More precisely, it can be written as follows

(34)
$$[[r_A,_{N1}]]=\underset{p,q,rN2,p+q+r=N}{}_p^{12}_q^{13}_r^{23}_r^{23}_q^{13}_p^{12},$$

(we will call this equation the equation of order $`N`$) where we set

$$[[r_A,R]]=[r_A^{12},R^{13}]+[r_A^{12},R^{23}]+[r_A^{23},R^{23}]+[R^{12},r_A^{13}]+[R^{12},r_A^{23}]+[R^{23},r_A^{23}].$$

$`R[[r_A,R]]`$ is therefore a linear map from $`A^2`$ to $`A^3`$ (the corresponding Lie algebraic map was called $`\delta _{3,r}`$ in Section 3.2.2).

On the other hand, let $`\rho \delta (r_A|\rho )`$ be the linear map defined by

$`\delta (r_A|\rho )=[r_A^{12}+r_A^{13}+r_A^{14},\rho ^{234}][r_A^{12}+r_A^{23}+r_A^{24},\rho ^{134}]`$
$`+[r_A^{13}r_A^{23}+r_A^{34},\rho ^{124}][r_A^{14}r_A^{24}r_A^{34},\rho ^{123}].`$
Then it follows from the fact that $`r_A`$ is a solution of CYBE that $`\delta (r_A|)[[r_A,]]=0`$ (this equality appears in the Lie coalgebra cohomology complex of $`A`$, endowed with the cobracket $`\kappa (a)=[r_A,a1+1a]`$). Therefore

$$\mathrm{Im}[[r_A,]]\mathrm{Ker}\delta (r_A|).$$

We will show

###### Theorem A.1.

Let us set

$$H^1(A,r_A)=\mathrm{Ker}[[r_A,]]/\mathrm{Im}\kappa ,H^2(A,r_A)=\mathrm{Ker}\delta (r_A,|)/\mathrm{Im}[[r_A,]].$$

Then the equivalence classes of quantizations of $`r_A`$ are obstructed by $`H^2(A,r_A)`$ and parametrized by $`H^1(A,r_A)`$.

In particular, for any pair $`(A,r_A)`$ such that the homology $`H^2(A,r_A)`$ vanishes, the solution $`r_A`$ can be quantized, the equivalence classes of its possible quantizations being parametrized by $`_{i2}H^1(A,r_A)`$.

Proof of Theorem A.1. We will show that if $`_1,\mathrm{},_{N2}`$ satisfy equations (34) at all orders $`N1`$, then the right side of the equation (34) at order $`N`$ is contained in $`\mathrm{Ker}\delta (r_A|)`$ (Theorem A.1).

We first prove

###### Lemma A.1.

For $`p`$ integer $`0`$, let $`(R,\rho )\delta _p(R,\rho )`$ be the map from $`A^2\times A^3`$ to $`A^4`$, defined by $`\delta _0(R,\rho )=0`$, $`\delta _p(R,\rho )=0`$ if $`p4`$ and

$`\delta _1(R,\rho )=[R^{12}+R^{13}+R^{14},\rho ^{234}][R^{12}+R^{23}+R^{24},\rho ^{134}]`$
$`+[R^{13}R^{23}+R^{34},\rho ^{124}][R^{14}R^{24}R^{34},\rho ^{123}],`$
$`\delta _2(R,\rho )=(R^{12}R^{13}+R^{12}R^{14}+R^{13}R^{14})\rho ^{234}\rho ^{234}(R^{14}R^{13}+R^{14}R^{12}+R^{13}R^{12})`$
$`R^{23}R^{24}\rho ^{134}(R^{23}+R^{24})\rho ^{134}R^{12}+R^{12}\rho ^{134}(R^{23}+R^{24})+\rho ^{134}R^{24}R^{23}`$
$`R^{23}R^{13}\rho ^{124}(R^{13}+R^{23})\rho ^{124}R^{34}+R^{34}\rho ^{124}(R^{13}+R^{23})+\rho ^{124}R^{13}R^{23}`$
$`+(R^{34}R^{24}+R^{34}R^{14}+R^{24}R^{14})\rho ^{123}\rho ^{123}(R^{14}R^{24}+R^{14}R^{34}+R^{24}R^{34}),`$
and

$`\delta _3(R,\rho )=R^{12}R^{13}R^{14}\rho ^{234}\rho ^{234}R^{14}R^{13}R^{12}`$
$`R^{23}R^{24}\rho ^{134}R^{12}+R^{12}\rho ^{134}R^{24}R^{23}`$
$`R^{23}R^{13}\rho ^{124}R^{34}+R^{34}\rho ^{124}R^{13}R^{23}`$
$`+R^{34}R^{24}R^{14}\rho ^{123}\rho ^{123}R^{14}R^{24}R^{34}.`$
Each $`\delta _p`$ is linear in $`\rho `$ and homogeneous of degree $`p`$ in $`R`$. Moreover, these maps satisfy the identity

$$\delta _p(R,R^{12}R^{13}R^{23}R^{23}R^{13}R^{12})+\delta _{p+1}(R,[R^{12},R^{13}]+[R^{12},R^{23}]+[R^{13},R^{23}])=0$$

for any integer $`p0`$.

Proof of Lemma A.1. This is a direct computation: for example, the identity for $`p=0`$ follows from the Jacobi identity. ∎

As we said, the proof of Theorem A.1 reduces to the following statement.

###### Proposition A.1.

Let $`A`$ be an algebra and $`r_A`$ belong to $`AA`$. Let $`N`$ be an integer $`3`$ and assume that $`_1,\mathrm{},_{N2}`$ in $`AA`$ satisfy $`_1=r_A`$ and

(35)
$$[[r_A,_i]]=\underset{p+q+r=i+1,p,q,r>0}{}_p^{12}_q^{13}_r^{23}+\underset{p+q+r=i+1,p,q,r>0}{}_r^{23}_q^{13}_p^{12},$$

for $`i=1,\mathrm{},N2`$ (in particular, $`r_A`$ is a solution of CYBE). Then

(36)
$$\delta (r_A|\underset{p+q+r=N,p,q,r>0}{}_p^{12}_q^{13}_r^{23}_r^{23}_q^{13}_p^{12})$$

is zero.

Proof of Proposition A.1. Let us define $`\stackrel{~}{\delta }_\alpha (R_1,\mathrm{},R_\alpha |\rho )`$ as the coefficient of $`t_1\mathrm{}t_\alpha `$ in $`\frac{1}{\alpha !}\delta _\alpha (_{\beta =1}^\alpha t_\beta R_\beta ,\rho )`$. Then $`\stackrel{~}{\delta }_\alpha (R_1,\mathrm{},R_\alpha |\rho )`$ is the unique multilinear form in $`(R_1,\mathrm{},R_\alpha )`$, symmetric in these arguments, such that $`\stackrel{~}{\delta }_\alpha (R,\mathrm{},R|\rho )=\delta _\alpha (R|\rho )`$.

Let us define $`C(k,N,\alpha )`$ as the subset of $`\{1,\mathrm{},k\}^\alpha \times \{0,\mathrm{},k\}^3`$ of $`(\alpha +3)`$uples $`(k_1,\mathrm{},k_\alpha ,p,q,r)`$ such that $`k_1+\mathrm{}+k_\alpha +p+q+r=N`$ and set

$$𝒯_k=\underset{\alpha 0}{}\underset{(k_1,\mathrm{},k_\alpha ,p,q,r)C(k,N,\alpha )}{}\stackrel{~}{\delta }_\alpha (_{k_1},\mathrm{},_{k_\alpha }|_p^{12}_q^{13}_r^{23}_r^{23}_q^{13}_p^{12}).$$

Then the fact that the $`_i`$ satisfy equations (35) implies that $`𝒯_{N3}`$ is equal to

$$\delta (r_A|\underset{p+q+r=N1,p,q,rN3}{}_p^{12}_q^{13}_r^{23}_r^{23}_q^{13}_p^{12}),$$

which is (36).

For $`i=0,\mathrm{},3`$, denote by $`C_i(k,N,\alpha )`$ the subset of $`C(k,N,\alpha )`$ of $`(\alpha +3)`$uples $`(k_1,\mathrm{},k_\alpha ,p,q,r)`$ such that exactly $`i`$ of the integers $`p,q,r`$ is equal to zero. Then $`C(k,N,\alpha )`$ is the disjoint union of the $`C_i(k,N,\alpha )`$. Set

$$𝒯_{k,i}=\underset{\alpha 0}{}\underset{(k_1,\mathrm{},k_\alpha ,p,q,r)C_i(k,N,\alpha )}{}\stackrel{~}{\delta }_\alpha (_{k_1},\mathrm{},_{k_\alpha }|_p^{12}_q^{13}_r^{23}_r^{23}_q^{13}_p^{12}),$$

then we have $`𝒯_k=_{i=0}^3𝒯_{k,i}`$. Since $`𝒯_{k,2}=𝒯_{k,3}=0`$, we have

(37)
$$𝒯_k=𝒯_{k,0}+𝒯_{k,1}.$$

Now

(38) $`𝒯_{k,0}={\displaystyle \underset{\alpha 0}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{(k_1,\mathrm{},k_{\alpha +3})\{1,\mathrm{},k\}^{\alpha +3}|_\beta k_\beta =N}{}}`$
$`\stackrel{~}{\delta }_\alpha (_{k_1},\mathrm{},_{k_\alpha }|_{k_{\alpha +1}}^{12}_{k_{\alpha +2}}^{13}_{k_{\alpha +3}}^{23}_{k_{\alpha +3}}^{23}_{k_{\alpha +2}}^{13}_{k_{\alpha +1}}^{12}),`$
and

(39) $`𝒯_{k,1}={\displaystyle \underset{\alpha 0}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{(k_1,\mathrm{},k_{\alpha +3})\{1,\mathrm{},k\}^{\alpha +3}|_\beta k_\beta =N}{}}`$
$`\stackrel{~}{\delta }_{\alpha +1}(_{k_1},\mathrm{},_{k_{\alpha +1}}|[_{k_{\alpha +2}}^{12},_{k_{\alpha +3}}^{13}]+[_{k_{\alpha +2}}^{12},_{k_{\alpha +3}}^{23}]+[_{k_{\alpha +2}}^{13},_{k_{\alpha +3}}^{23}]),`$
where we used the fact that $`\delta _0=0`$ to change $`\alpha `$ into $`\alpha +1`$ and where the first (resp., second, third) bracket corresponds to the subset of $`C_1(N,k,\alpha )`$ defined by the conditions $`r=0,p0,q0`$ (resp., $`q=0,p0,r0`$ and $`p=0,q0,r0`$).

Let us show that each $`𝒯_k`$ is equal to zero. Let us define, for $`\underset{¯}{\nu }=(\nu _1,\mathrm{},\nu _k)`$ a collection of integers $`0`$ such that $`_{i=1}^k=\nu _i=\alpha +3`$, $`C(k,N,\underset{¯}{\nu })`$ as the subset of $`C(k,N,\alpha )`$ of $`(\alpha +3)`$uples $`(k_1,\mathrm{},k_{\alpha +3})`$ of integers such that for any $`i=1,\mathrm{},k`$, card$`\{\beta |k_\beta =i\}=\nu _i`$. Set

$`𝒯_k^{\underset{¯}{\nu }}={\displaystyle \underset{(k_1,\mathrm{},k_{\alpha +3})C(k,N,\alpha ,\underset{¯}{\nu })}{}}(\stackrel{~}{\delta }_\alpha (_{k_1},\mathrm{},_{k_\alpha }|_{k_{\alpha +1}}^{12}_{k_{\alpha +2}}^{13}_{k_{\alpha +3}}^{23}_{k_{\alpha +3}}^{23}_{k_{\alpha +2}}^{13}_{k_{\alpha +1}}^{12})`$
$`+\stackrel{~}{\delta }_{\alpha +1}(_{k_1},\mathrm{},_{k_{\alpha +1}}|[_{k_{\alpha +2}}^{12},_{k_{\alpha +3}}^{13}]+[_{k_{\alpha +2}}^{12},_{k_{\alpha +3}}^{23}]+[_{k_{\alpha +2}}^{13},_{k_{\alpha +3}}^{23}])).`$
Then it follows from (37) and the expressions (38) and (39) for $`𝒯_{k,0}`$ and $`𝒯_{k,1}`$ that $`𝒯_k=_{\underset{¯}{\nu }^k}𝒯_k^{\underset{¯}{\nu }}`$. Define the sequence $`(k_1^{\underset{¯}{\nu }},\mathrm{},k_{\alpha +3}^{\underset{¯}{\nu }})`$ by the conditions that it is non-decreasing and that it belongs to $`C(k,N,\underset{¯}{\nu })`$. Then $`𝒯_k^{\underset{¯}{\nu }}`$ is proportional to the symmetrization

(40) $`{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma 𝔖_{\alpha +3}}{}}\stackrel{~}{\delta }_\alpha (_{k_{\sigma (1)}^{\underset{¯}{\nu }}},\mathrm{},_{k_{\sigma (\alpha )}^{\underset{¯}{\nu }}}|_{k_{\sigma (\alpha +1)}^{\underset{¯}{\nu }}}^{12}_{k_{\sigma (\alpha +2)}^{\underset{¯}{\nu }}}^{13}_{k_{\sigma (\alpha +3)}^{\underset{¯}{\nu }}}^{23}_{k_{\sigma (\alpha +3)}^{\underset{¯}{\nu }}}^{23}_{k_{\sigma (\alpha +2)}^{\underset{¯}{\nu }}}^{13}_{k_{\sigma (\alpha +1)}^{\underset{¯}{\nu }}}^{12})`$
$`+\stackrel{~}{\delta }_{\alpha +1}(_{k_{\sigma (1)}^{\underset{¯}{\nu }}},\mathrm{},_{k_{\sigma (\alpha +1)}^{\underset{¯}{\nu }}}|[_{k_{\sigma (\alpha +2)}^{\underset{¯}{\nu }}}^{12},_{k_{\sigma (\alpha +3)}^{\underset{¯}{\nu }}}^{13}]+[_{k_{\sigma (\alpha +2)}^{\underset{¯}{\nu }}}^{12},_{k_{\sigma (\alpha +3)}^{\underset{¯}{\nu }}}^{23}]+[_{k_{\sigma (\alpha +2)}^{\underset{¯}{\nu }}}^{13},_{k_{\sigma (\alpha +3)}^{\underset{¯}{\nu }}}^{23}]).`$
We have now

###### Lemma A.2.

If $`\alpha `$ is an integer and $`R_1,\mathrm{},R_{\alpha +3}`$ belong to $`AA`$, we have

$`{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma 𝔖_{\alpha +3}}{}}\stackrel{~}{\delta }_\alpha (R_{\sigma (1)},\mathrm{},R_{\sigma (\alpha )}|R_{\sigma (\alpha +1)}^{12}R_{\sigma (\alpha +2)}^{13}R_{\sigma (\alpha +3)}^{23}R_{\sigma (\alpha +3)}^{23}R_{\sigma (\alpha +2)}^{13}R_{\sigma (\alpha +1)}^{12})`$
$`+\stackrel{~}{\delta }_{\alpha +1}(R_{\sigma (1)},\mathrm{},R_{\sigma (\alpha +1)}|[R_{\sigma (\alpha +2)}^{12},R_{\sigma (\alpha +3)}^{13}]+[R_{\sigma (\alpha +2)}^{12},R_{\sigma (\alpha +3)}^{23}]+[R_{\sigma (\alpha +2)}^{13},R_{\sigma (\alpha +3)}^{23}])=0.`$
Proof of Lemma. The left side is multilinear and symmetric in variables $`R_1,\mathrm{},R_{\alpha +3}`$; moreover, its value for $`R_1=\mathrm{}=R_{\alpha +3}=R`$ is equal to

$$(\alpha +3)!\left(\delta _\alpha (R,R^{12}R^{13}R^{23}R^{23}R^{13}R^{12})+\delta _{\alpha +1}(R,[R^{12},R^{13}]+[R^{12},R^{23}]+[R^{13},R^{23}])\right),$$

which is equal to zero. Therefore the left side is equal to zero. ∎

End of proof of Proposition A.1. Since $`𝒯_k^{\underset{¯}{\nu }}`$ is proportional to (40), the above Lemma implies that it is zero. It follows that for any $`k`$, $`𝒯_k`$ is equal to zero. In particular, $`𝒯_{N3}=0`$, which proves the Proposition. ∎

###### Remark 10.

When $`N=3`$, equation (34) is written

(41)
$$[[r_A,_2]]=r_A^{12}r_A^{13}r_A^{23}+r_A^{23}r_A^{13}r_A^{12}.$$

One checks that the fact that $`r_A`$ is a solution of CYBE implies that $`_2=\frac{1}{2}r_A^2`$ is a solution of (41). Then if $`x`$ is any element of $`A`$, then $`_2=\frac{1}{2}r_A^2+\kappa (x)`$ is also a solution of (41).

In Theorem 0.1, we construct a solution $`(\rho (r_𝔞))`$ of QYBE. In that case, $`A=\mathrm{Sh}(𝔞)[[\mathrm{}]]`$, $`r_A`$ is the element $`r_𝔞𝔞𝔞`$, viewed as an element of $`AA`$, and $`_2=\frac{1}{2}r_𝔞^2+\kappa (x)`$, where $`x=\frac{1}{2}_{iI}(a_ib_i)`$, and we write $`r_𝔞=_{iI}a_ib_i`$.

## Appendix B Construction of $`\mu _{Lie}^{p,q,r}`$ (proof of Prop. 3.2)

Let us denote by $`FA_n`$ the part of the free algebra in $`n`$ generators, homogeneous of degree one in each generator. In this Section, we also denote by $`FL_n`$ the subspace of $`FA_n`$ consisting of Lie elements (so $`FL_n=Free_n`$).

### B.1. Definition of the algebra $`(F^{(3)},m_{F^{(3)}})`$

When $`p,q,r`$ are integers $`0`$, we set

$$F_{pqr}^{(3)}=\left(FA_{q+r}(FA_pFA_q)FA_{p+r}\right)_{𝔖_p\times 𝔖_q\times 𝔖_r}\mathrm{and}F^{(3)}=_{p,q,r0}F_{pqr}^{(3)}.$$

Let us denote by $`x_1^{(2)},\mathrm{},x_q^{(2)},x_1^{(3)},\mathrm{},x_r^{(3)}`$ the generators of $`FA_{q+r}`$, by $`x_1^{(1)},\mathrm{},x_p^{(1)}`$ the generators of $`FA_p`$, by $`y_1^{(2)},\mathrm{},y_q^{(2)}`$ the generators of $`FA_q`$, and by $`y_1^{(1)},\mathrm{},y_p^{(1)}`$, $`y_1^{(3)},\mathrm{},y_r^{(3)}`$ the generators of $`FA_{p+r}`$. Then the first and last set of generators are split in two subsets (e.g., the first subset of generators of $`FA_{q+r}`$ is $`x_1^{(2)},\mathrm{},x_q^{(2)}`$). The symmetric group $`𝔖_p`$ (resp., $`𝔖_q`$ and $`𝔖_r`$) acts on $`FA_{q+r}(FA_pFA_q)FA_{p+r}`$ by simultaneously permuting the variables $`(x_i^{(1)})_{i=1,\mathrm{},p}`$ and $`(y_i^{(1)})_{i=1,\mathrm{},p}`$ (resp., the variables $`(x_i^{(2)})_{i=1,\mathrm{},q}`$ and $`(y_i^{(2)})_{i=1,\mathrm{},q}`$ and the variables $`(x_i^{(3)})_{i=1,\mathrm{},r}`$ and $`(y_i^{(3)})_{i=1,\mathrm{},r}`$).

If $`n,n^{}`$ are integers $`0`$, let us define $`M_{n,n^{}}`$ as the set of pairs of maps $`(c,c^{})`$, where $`c`$ is a map from $`\{1,\mathrm{},n^{}\}`$ to $`\{\mathrm{},1,\mathrm{},n\}`$ and $`c^{}`$ is a map from $`\{1,\mathrm{},n\}`$ to $`\{1,\mathrm{},n^{},\mathrm{}\}`$, such that for any $`k\{1,\mathrm{},n\}`$, and any $`k^{}\{1,\mathrm{},n^{}\}`$, the inequalities

(42)
$$c(c^{}(k))<k\mathrm{and}c^{}(c(k^{}))>k^{}$$

hold whenever the left sides are defined. By convention, if $`k`$ is any integer, $`k<\mathrm{}`$ and $`\mathrm{}<k`$.

We are going to define a bilinear map $`m_{F^{(3)}}:F^{(3)}F^{(3)}F^{(3)}`$. If $`p,q`$ and $`r`$ are integers $`0`$, there is a unique linear isomorphism $`\xi a_\xi `$ from $`FA_{q+r}FA_{p+r}`$ to $`F_{pqr}^{(3)}`$, such that if $`PFA_{q+r},QFA_{p+r}`$ and $`(\sigma ,\tau )𝔖_p\times 𝔖_q`$, then

$`a_{PQ}=`$ $`P(x_1^{(2)},\mathrm{},x_q^{(2)},x_1^{(3)},\mathrm{},x_r^{(3)})x_1^{(1)}\mathrm{}x_p^{(1)}y_1^{(2)}\mathrm{}y_q^{(2)}`$
$`Q(y_1^{(1)},\mathrm{},y_p^{(1)},y_1^{(3)},\mathrm{},y_r^{(3)}).`$
If $`p,q,r`$, and $`p^{},q^{},r^{}`$ are integers $`0`$, and if $`PFA_{q+r}`$, $`QFA_{p+r}`$, $`P^{}FA_{q^{}+r^{}}`$, $`Q^{}FA_{p^{}+r^{}}`$, let us set

$$a_{(P,Q),(P^{},Q^{})}=\underset{(c,c^{})M_{q,p^{}}}{}a_{(P,Q),(P^{},Q^{})}(c,c^{}),$$

where for any $`(c,c^{})M_{q,p^{}}`$, we set $`\alpha =\mathrm{card}(c^{})^1(\mathrm{})`$ and $`\alpha ^{}=\mathrm{card}c^1(\mathrm{})`$ and define $`a_{(P,Q),(P^{},Q^{})}(c,c^{})`$ as the element of $`F_{p+\alpha ^{},q^{}+\alpha ,p^{}+q+r+r^{}\alpha \alpha ^{}}^{(3)}`$ given by

$`a_{(P,Q),(P^{},Q^{})}(c,c^{})=`$
$`(P({\displaystyle \underset{jc^1(1)}{\overset{}{}}}\mathrm{ad}^{}(x_{p+j}^{(1)})(x_1^{(2)}),\mathrm{},{\displaystyle \underset{jc^1(q)}{\overset{}{}}}\mathrm{ad}^{}(x_{p+j}^{(1)})(x_q^{(2)}),x_1^{(3)},\mathrm{},x_r^{(3)})`$
$`P^{}(x_{q+1}^{(2)},\mathrm{},x_{q+q^{}}^{(2)},x_{r+1}^{(3)},\mathrm{},x_{r+r^{}}^{(3)}))`$
$`\left({\displaystyle \underset{i\{1,\mathrm{},p\}}{\overset{}{}}}x_i^{(1)}{\displaystyle \underset{i^{}c^1(\mathrm{})}{\overset{}{}}}x_{p+i^{}}^{(1)}{\displaystyle \underset{j(c^{})^1(\mathrm{})}{\overset{}{}}}y_j^{(2)}{\displaystyle \underset{j^{}\{1,\mathrm{},q^{}\}}{\overset{}{}}}y_{q+j^{}}^{(2)}\right)`$
$`(Q(y_1^{(1)},\mathrm{},y_p^{(1)},y_1^{(3)},\mathrm{},y_r^{(3)})`$
$`Q^{}({\displaystyle \underset{j(c^{})^1(1)}{\overset{}{}}}\mathrm{ad}^{}(y_j^{(2)})(y_{p+1}^{(1)}),\mathrm{},{\displaystyle \underset{j(c^{})^1(p^{})}{\overset{}{}}}\mathrm{ad}^{}(y_j^{(2)})(y_{p+p^{}}^{(1)}),y_{r+1}^{(3)},\mathrm{},y_{r+r^{}}^{(3)})).`$
Let us explain the notation in this formula. The generators of the components of $`F_{p+\alpha ^{},q^{}+\alpha ,p^{}+q+r+r^{}\alpha \alpha ^{}}^{(3)}`$ are denoted as follows:

– generators of $`FA_{p^{}+q+q^{}+r+r^{}\alpha ^{}}`$. First subset of generators: $`x_i^{(2)}`$, $`i(c^{})^1(\mathrm{})`$ and $`x_{q+j^{}}^{(2)}`$, $`j^{}\{1,\mathrm{},q^{}\}`$. Second subset of generators: $`x_{p+i^{}}^{(1)}`$, $`i^{}c^1(\{1,\mathrm{},q\})`$, $`x_j^{(2)}`$, $`j(c^{})^1(\{1,\mathrm{},q^{}\})`$ and $`x_k^{(3)}`$, $`k\{1,\mathrm{},r+r^{}\}`$

– the generators of $`FA_{p+\alpha ^{}}`$ are $`x_i^{(1)}`$, $`i\{1,\mathrm{},p\}`$ and $`x_{p+i^{}}^{(1)}`$, $`i^{}c^1(\mathrm{})`$

– the generators of $`FA_{p^{}+\alpha }`$ are $`y_j^{(2)}`$, $`j\{q+1,\mathrm{},q+q^{}\}`$ and $`y_j^{}^{(2)}`$, $`j^{}(c^{})^1(\mathrm{})`$

– generators of $`FA_{p+p^{}+q+r+r^{}\alpha }`$. First subset of generators: $`y_i^{(1)}`$, $`i\{1,\mathrm{},p\}`$, $`y_{p+i^{}}^{(2)}`$, $`i^{}c^1(\mathrm{})`$. Second subset of generators: $`y_{p+i^{}}^{(1)}`$, $`i^{}c^1(\{1,\mathrm{},q\})`$, $`y_j^{(2)}`$, $`j(c^{})^1(\{1,\mathrm{},p^{}\})`$, $`y_k^{(3)}`$, $`k\{1,\mathrm{},r+r^{}\}`$.

For $`x,y`$ elements of an associative algebra, we set $`\mathrm{ad}^{}(x)(y)=yxxy`$ (so $`\mathrm{ad}^{}=\mathrm{ad}`$). If $`J`$ is a finite ordered set of indices, and $`J=\{j_1,\mathrm{},j_r\}`$, with $`j_1<\mathrm{}<j_r`$, then $`_{jJ}^{}a_j`$ and $`_{jJ}^{}a_j`$ denote the products of elements $`a_{j_1}a_{j_2}\mathrm{}a_{j_r}`$ and $`a_{j_r}a_{j_{r1}}\mathrm{}a_{j_1}`$. So $`_{i\{1,\mathrm{},n\}}^{}\mathrm{ad}^{}(a_i)(a)=[[[a,a_n],a_{n1}],\mathrm{},a_1]`$.

Let us set $`\stackrel{~}{F}_{pqr}=FA_{q+r}(FA_pFA_q)FA_{p+r}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{F}=_{p,q,r0}\stackrel{~}{F}_{pqr}`$. Then the rule $`(PQ)(P^{}Q^{})a_{(P,Q),(p^{},Q^{})}`$ defines a linear map from $`(FA_{q+r}Fa_{p+r})(FA_{q^{}+r^{}}FA_{p^{}+r^{}})`$ to $`\stackrel{~}{F}`$, which is covariant with respect to the action of $`𝔖_r\times 𝔖_r^{}`$. Therefore, its induces a linear map from $`(FA_{q+r}Fa_{p+r})_{𝔖_r}(FA_{q^{}+r^{}}FA_{p^{}+r^{}})_{𝔖_r^{}}`$ (which we identified with $`F_{pqr}^{(3)}F_{p^{}q^{}r^{}}^{(3)}`$) to $`F^{(3)}`$. This map may be extended by linearity in a unique way to a linear map $`m_{F^{(3)}}`$ from $`F^{(3)}F^{(3)}`$ to $`F^{(3)}`$.

### B.2. Associativity of $`m_{F^{(3)}}`$

In this Section, we prove that $`m_{F^{(3)}}`$ is associative. For this, we first define composition operations on the sets of maps $`M_{nn^{}}`$ introduced above.

#### B.2.1. The operations $`\mathrm{Comp}^{12,3}`$ and $`\mathrm{Comp}^{1,23}`$

For any pair of integers $`(\alpha ,\alpha ^{})`$, define $`M_{nn^{}}^{\alpha \alpha ^{}}`$ as the subset of $`M_{n,n^{}}`$ of all pairs $`(c,c^{})`$ such that $`\mathrm{card}c^1(\mathrm{})=\alpha ^{}`$ and $`\mathrm{card}(c^{})^1(\mathrm{})=\alpha `$.

For any quadruple of integers $`(n,n^{},n^{\prime \prime },n^{\prime \prime \prime })`$, let us also define $`M_{n,n^{}|n^{\prime \prime },n^{\prime \prime \prime }}`$ as the subset of $`M_{n+n^{},n^{\prime \prime }+n^{\prime \prime \prime }}`$ of all pairs $`(\stackrel{~}{c},\stackrel{~}{c}^{})`$ such that

$$\stackrel{~}{c}(\{1,\mathrm{},n^{}\})\{\mathrm{},1,\mathrm{},n\}\mathrm{and}\stackrel{~}{c}^{}(\{n+1,\mathrm{},n+n^{\prime \prime }\})\{n^{}+1,\mathrm{},n^{}+n^{\prime \prime \prime },\mathrm{}\}.$$

We define then two maps

$$\mathrm{Comp}^{12,3}:\underset{(\alpha ,\alpha ^{})^2}{}(M_{nn^{}}^{\alpha \alpha ^{}}\times M_{\alpha +n^{\prime \prime },n^{\prime \prime \prime }})M_{n,n^{\prime \prime }|n^{},n^{\prime \prime \prime }}$$

and

$$\mathrm{Comp}^{1,23}:\underset{(\alpha ^{\prime \prime },\alpha ^{\prime \prime \prime })^2}{}(M_{n,n^{}+\alpha ^{\prime \prime \prime }}\times M_{n^{\prime \prime }n^{\prime \prime \prime }}^{\alpha ^{\prime \prime }\alpha ^{\prime \prime \prime }})M_{n,n^{\prime \prime }|n^{},n^{\prime \prime \prime }}$$

in the following way. If $`(c,c^{})M_{nn^{}}^{\alpha \alpha ^{}}`$ and $`(c^{\prime \prime },c^{\prime \prime \prime })M_{\alpha +n^{\prime \prime },n^{\prime \prime \prime }}`$, then

$$\mathrm{Comp}^{12,3}((c,c^{}),(c^{\prime \prime },c^{\prime \prime \prime }))=(\stackrel{~}{c},\stackrel{~}{c}^{}),$$

where $`\stackrel{~}{c}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{c}^{}`$ are defined as follows. Let us denote the elements of $`(c^{})^1(\mathrm{})`$ by $`i_1,\mathrm{},i_\alpha `$, where the sequence $`(i_\beta )_{\beta =1,\mathrm{},\alpha }`$ is increasing. Then if $`i^{}\{1,\mathrm{},n^{}\}`$, then $`\stackrel{~}{c}(i^{})=c(i^{})`$; if $`i^{\prime \prime \prime }\{1,\mathrm{},n^{\prime \prime \prime }\}`$ and $`c^{\prime \prime }(i^{\prime \prime \prime })\{1,\mathrm{},\alpha \}`$, then $`\stackrel{~}{c}(n^{}+i^{\prime \prime \prime })=i_{c^{\prime \prime }(i^{\prime \prime \prime })}`$; and if $`c^{\prime \prime }(i^{\prime \prime \prime })\{\alpha +1,\mathrm{},\alpha +n^{\prime \prime \prime }\}`$, then $`\stackrel{~}{c}(n^{}+i^{\prime \prime \prime })=(n\alpha )+c^{\prime \prime }(i^{\prime \prime \prime })`$. On the other hand, if $`i\{1,\mathrm{},n\}(c^{})^1(\mathrm{})`$, then $`\stackrel{~}{c}^{}(i)=c^{}(i)`$, and for $`\beta \{1,\mathrm{},\alpha \}`$, $`\stackrel{~}{c}^{}(i_\beta )=n^{}+c^{\prime \prime \prime }(\beta )`$; and if $`i^{\prime \prime }\{1,\mathrm{},n^{\prime \prime }\}`$, then $`\stackrel{~}{c}^{}(n+i^{\prime \prime })=n^{}+c^{\prime \prime \prime }(\alpha +i^{\prime \prime })`$.

By convention, if $`k`$ is any integer, then $`k+\mathrm{}=\mathrm{}`$ and $`\mathrm{}+k=\mathrm{}`$.

In the same way, if $`(d,d^{})M_{n,n^{}+\alpha ^{\prime \prime }}`$ and $`(d^{\prime \prime },d^{\prime \prime \prime })M_{n^{\prime \prime }n^{\prime \prime \prime }}^{\alpha ^{\prime \prime }\alpha ^{\prime \prime \prime }}`$, then we set $`\mathrm{Comp}^{1,23}((d,d^{}),(d^{\prime \prime },d^{\prime \prime \prime }))=(\stackrel{~}{d},\stackrel{~}{d}^{})`$, where $`\stackrel{~}{d}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{d}^{}`$ are defined as follows. Denote the elements of $`(d^{\prime \prime })^1(\mathrm{})`$ by $`i_1,\mathrm{},i_{\alpha ^{\prime \prime \prime }}`$, where the sequence $`(i_\beta )_{\beta =1,\mathrm{},\alpha ^{\prime \prime \prime }}`$ is increasing. Then $`\stackrel{~}{d}(i^{})=d(i^{})`$ if $`i^{}\{1,\mathrm{},n^{}\}`$, $`\stackrel{~}{d}(n^{}+i_\beta )=d(n^{}+\beta )`$ if $`\beta \{1,\mathrm{},\alpha ^{\prime \prime \prime }\}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{d}(n^{}+i^{\prime \prime \prime })=n+d^{\prime \prime }(i^{\prime \prime \prime })`$ if $`i^{\prime \prime \prime }\{1,\mathrm{},n^{\prime \prime \prime }\}`$ and $`i^{\prime \prime \prime }(d^{\prime \prime \prime })^1(\mathrm{})`$. On the other hand, if $`i\{1,\mathrm{},n\}`$, then $`\stackrel{~}{d}^{}(i)=d^{}(i)`$ if $`d^{}(i)\{1,\mathrm{},n^{}\}`$, and $`\stackrel{~}{d}^{}(i)=n^{}+i_{d^{}(i)n^{}}`$ if $`d^{}(i)\{n^{}+1,\mathrm{},n^{}+\alpha ^{\prime \prime \prime }\}`$; and if $`i^{\prime \prime }\{1,\mathrm{},n^{\prime \prime }\}`$, then $`\stackrel{~}{d}^{}(n+i^{\prime \prime })=n^{}+d^{\prime \prime \prime }(i^{\prime \prime })`$.

###### Lemma B.1.

The maps $`\mathrm{Comp}^{12,3}`$ and $`\mathrm{Comp}^{1,23}`$ are both bijective.

Proof. One first checks that the pairs $`(\stackrel{~}{c},\stackrel{~}{c}^{})`$ and $`(\stackrel{~}{d},\stackrel{~}{d}^{})`$ defined above actually belong to $`M_{n,n^{\prime \prime }|n^{},n^{\prime \prime \prime }}`$. This is a direct verification. One also checks that each pair $`(\stackrel{~}{c},\stackrel{~}{c}^{})`$ has a unique preimage by $`\mathrm{Comp}^{12,3}`$ and $`\mathrm{Comp}^{1,23}`$. For example, let us describe $`(\mathrm{Comp}^{12,3})^1(\stackrel{~}{c},\stackrel{~}{c}^{})=((c,c^{}),(c^{\prime \prime },c^{\prime \prime \prime }))`$. This is an element of $`M_{nn^{}}^{\alpha \alpha ^{}}\times M_{\alpha +n^{\prime \prime },n^{\prime \prime \prime }}`$, where

$$\alpha =\mathrm{card}\left(\stackrel{~}{c}^1(\{n^{}+1,\mathrm{},n^{}+n^{\prime \prime \prime },\mathrm{}\})\{1,\mathrm{},n\}\right)$$

and $`\alpha ^{}=\mathrm{card}(\stackrel{~}{c}^1(\mathrm{})\{1,\mathrm{},n^{}\})`$. Let us denote by $`j_1,\mathrm{},j_\alpha `$ the elements of $`c^1(\{n^{}+1,\mathrm{},n^{}+n^{\prime \prime \prime },\mathrm{}\})\{1,\mathrm{},n\}`$, where the sequence $`(j_\beta )_{\beta =1,\mathrm{},\alpha }`$ is increasing.

Then the pairs $`(c,c^{})`$ and $`(c^{\prime \prime },c^{\prime \prime \prime })`$ are obtained as follows. If $`j^{}\{1,\mathrm{},n^{}\}`$, then $`c(j^{})=\stackrel{~}{c}(j^{})`$. If $`j^{\prime \prime \prime }\{1,\mathrm{},n^{\prime \prime \prime }\}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{c}(n^{}+j^{\prime \prime \prime })\{1,\mathrm{},n\}`$, then since $`\stackrel{~}{c}^{}(\stackrel{~}{c}(n^{}+j^{\prime \prime \prime }))>n^{}+j^{\prime \prime \prime }n^{}+1`$, $`\stackrel{~}{c}(n^{}+j^{\prime \prime \prime })`$ belongs to $`\{j_1,\mathrm{},j_\alpha \}`$, and we define $`c^{\prime \prime }(j^{\prime \prime \prime })`$ as the index $`\beta `$ such that $`\stackrel{~}{c}(n^{}+j^{\prime \prime \prime })=j_\beta `$. If $`j^{\prime \prime \prime }\{1,\mathrm{},n^{\prime \prime \prime }\}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{c}(n^{}+j^{\prime \prime \prime })\{n+1,\mathrm{},n+n^{\prime \prime },\mathrm{}\}`$, then we set $`c^{\prime \prime }(j^{\prime \prime \prime })=\stackrel{~}{c}(n^{}+j^{\prime \prime \prime })+\alpha n`$.

If $`j\{1,\mathrm{},n\}`$, we define $`c^{}(j)`$ as $`\stackrel{~}{c}^{}(j)`$ if $`\stackrel{~}{c}^{}(j)\{1,\mathrm{},n^{}\}`$ and as $`\mathrm{}`$ else. For any $`\beta \{1,\mathrm{},\alpha \}`$, we define $`c^{\prime \prime \prime }(\beta )`$ as $`\stackrel{~}{c}^{}(j_\beta )n^{}`$, and if $`j^{\prime \prime }\{\alpha +1,\mathrm{},\alpha +n^{\prime \prime }\}`$, we define $`c^{\prime \prime \prime }(j^{\prime \prime })`$ as $`\stackrel{~}{c}^{}(j^{\prime \prime }+n\alpha )n^{}`$. ∎

#### B.2.2. Associativity of $`m_{F^{(3)}}`$

###### Theorem B.1.

$`m_{F^{(3)}}`$ is associative.

Proof. Let $`(p,q,r)`$, $`(p^{},q^{},r^{})`$ and $`(p^{\prime \prime },q^{\prime \prime },r^{\prime \prime })`$ be arbitrary triples of integers $`0`$. Let $`P,P^{},P^{\prime \prime }`$ be elements of $`FA_{q+r},FA_{q^{}+r^{}},FA_{q^{\prime \prime }+r^{\prime \prime }}`$, let $`Q,Q^{},Q^{\prime \prime }`$ be elements of $`FA_{p+r},FA_{p^{}+r^{}},FA_{p^{\prime \prime }+r^{\prime \prime }}`$. It will be enough to prove that

(43)
$$m_F(a_{(PQ}a_{(P^{},Q^{}),(P^{\prime \prime },Q^{\prime \prime })})=m_F(a_{(P,Q),(P^{},Q^{})}a_{P^{\prime \prime }Q^{\prime \prime }}).$$

The left side is a sum indexed by $`_{(\alpha ,\alpha ^{})^2}M_{qp^{}}^{\alpha \alpha ^{}}\times M_{\alpha +q^{},p^{\prime \prime }}`$ and the right side is a sum indexed by $`_{(\alpha ^{\prime \prime },\alpha ^{\prime \prime \prime })^2}M_{q,p^{}+\alpha ^{\prime \prime \prime }}\times M_{q^{}p^{\prime \prime }}^{\alpha ^{\prime \prime }\alpha ^{\prime \prime \prime }}`$. Using maps $`\mathrm{Comp}^{12,3}`$ and $`\mathrm{Comp}^{1,23}`$, we transform both sums into the same expression

$$\underset{(\stackrel{~}{c},\stackrel{~}{c}^{})M_{q,q^{}|p^{},p^{\prime \prime }}}{}a_{(P,Q),(P^{},Q^{}),(P^{\prime \prime },Q^{\prime \prime })}(\stackrel{~}{c},\stackrel{~}{c}^{}),$$

where we set $`\beta =\mathrm{card}(\stackrel{~}{c}^{})^1(\mathrm{})`$, $`\beta ^{}=\mathrm{card}\stackrel{~}{c}^1(\mathrm{})`$, and

$$a_{(P,Q),(P^{},Q^{}),(P^{\prime \prime },Q^{\prime \prime })}(\stackrel{~}{c},\stackrel{~}{c}^{})$$

is the element of $`F_{p+\beta ,q^{\prime \prime }+\beta ^{},p^{}+p^{\prime \prime }+q+q^{}+r+r^{}+r^{\prime \prime }\beta \beta ^{}}^{(3)}`$ given by

(44) $`a_{(P,Q),(P^{},Q^{}),(P^{\prime \prime },Q^{\prime \prime })}(\stackrel{~}{c},\stackrel{~}{c}^{})=`$
$`(P({\displaystyle \underset{i\stackrel{~}{c}^1(1)}{\overset{}{}}}\mathrm{ad}^{}(x_{p+i}^{(1)})(x_1^{(2)}),\mathrm{},{\displaystyle \underset{i\stackrel{~}{c}^1(q)}{\overset{}{}}}\mathrm{ad}^{}(x_{p+i}^{(1)})(x_q^{(2)}),x_1^{(3)},\mathrm{},x_r^{(3)})`$
$`P^{}({\displaystyle \underset{i\stackrel{~}{c}^1(q+1)}{\overset{}{}}}\mathrm{ad}^{}(x_{p+i}^{(1)})(x_{q+1}^{(2)}),\mathrm{},{\displaystyle \underset{i\stackrel{~}{c}^1(q+q^{})}{\overset{}{}}}\mathrm{ad}^{}(x_{p+i}^{(1)})(x_{q+q^{}}^{(2)}),x_{r+1}^{(3)},\mathrm{},x_{r+r^{}}^{(3)})`$
$`P^{\prime \prime }(x_{q+q^{}+1}^{(2)},\mathrm{},x_{q+q^{}+q^{\prime \prime }}^{(2)},x_{r+r^{}+1}^{(3)},\mathrm{},x_{r+r^{}+r^{\prime \prime }}^{(3)}))`$
$`\left({\displaystyle \underset{i\{1,\mathrm{},p\}}{\overset{}{}}}x_i^{(1)}{\displaystyle \underset{i^{}\stackrel{~}{c}^1(\mathrm{})}{\overset{}{}}}x_{p+i^{}}^{(1)}{\displaystyle \underset{j(\stackrel{~}{c}^{})^1(\mathrm{})}{\overset{}{}}}y_j^{(2)}{\displaystyle \underset{j^{\prime \prime }\{1,\mathrm{},q^{\prime \prime }\}}{\overset{}{}}}y_{q+q^{}+j^{\prime \prime }}^{(2)}\right)`$
$`(Q(y_1^{(1)},\mathrm{},y_p^{(1)},y_1^{(3)},\mathrm{},y_r^{(3)})`$
$`Q^{}({\displaystyle \underset{j(\stackrel{~}{c}^{})^1(1)}{\overset{}{}}}\mathrm{ad}^{}(y_j^{(2)})(y_{p+1}^{(1)}),\mathrm{},{\displaystyle \underset{j(\stackrel{~}{c}^{})^1(p^{})}{\overset{}{}}}\mathrm{ad}^{}(y_j^{(2)})(y_{p+p^{}}^{(1)}),y_{r+1}^{(3)},\mathrm{},y_{r+r^{}}^{(3)})`$
$`Q^{\prime \prime }({\displaystyle \underset{j(\stackrel{~}{c}^{})^1(p^{}+1)}{\overset{}{}}}\mathrm{ad}^{}(y_j^{(2)})(y_{p+p^{}+1}^{(1)}),\mathrm{},{\displaystyle \underset{j(\stackrel{~}{c}^{})^1(p^{}+p^{\prime \prime })}{\overset{}{}}}`$
$`\mathrm{ad}^{}(y_j^{(2)})(y_{p+p^{}+p^{\prime \prime }}^{(1)}),y_{r+r^{}+1}^{(3)},\mathrm{},y_{r+r^{}+r^{\prime \prime }}^{(3)})).`$
In this formula, the generators of the factors of $`F_{p+\beta ,q^{\prime \prime }+\beta ^{},p^{}+p^{\prime \prime }+q+q^{}+r+r^{}+r^{\prime \prime }\beta \beta ^{}}^{(3)}`$ are denoted as follows:

– generators of $`F_{p^{}+p^{\prime \prime }+q+q^{}+q^{\prime \prime }+r+r^{}+r^{\prime \prime }\beta }^{(3)}`$. First subset of generators: $`x_j^{(2)}`$, $`j(\stackrel{~}{c}^{})^1(\mathrm{})`$, $`x_{q+q^{}+j^{\prime \prime }}^{(2)}`$, $`j^{\prime \prime }\{1,\mathrm{},q^{\prime \prime }\}`$. Second subset of generators: $`x_{p+j^{}}^{(1)}`$, $`j^{}\stackrel{~}{c}^1(\{1,\mathrm{},q+q^{}\})`$, $`x_j^{(2)}`$, $`j(\stackrel{~}{c}^{})^1(\{1,\mathrm{},p^{}+p^{\prime \prime }\})`$, $`x_k^{(3)}`$, $`k\{1,\mathrm{},r+r^{}+r^{\prime \prime }\}`$.

– generators of $`F_{p+\beta }^{(3)}`$: $`x_i^{(1)}`$, $`i\{1,\mathrm{},p\}`$ and $`x_{p+i^{}}^{(1)}`$, $`i^{}\stackrel{~}{c}^1(\mathrm{})`$

– generators of $`F_{q^{\prime \prime }+\beta ^{}}^{(3)}`$: $`y_j^{(2)}`$, $`j(\stackrel{~}{c}^{})^1(\mathrm{})`$, and $`y_{q+q^{}+j^{\prime \prime }}^{(2)}`$, $`j^{\prime \prime }\{1,\mathrm{},q^{\prime \prime }\}`$

– generators of $`F_{p+p^{}+p^{\prime \prime }+q+q^{}+r+r^{}+r^{\prime \prime }\beta ^{}}^{(3)}`$. First subset of generators: $`y_i^{(1)}`$, $`i\{1,\mathrm{},p\}`$, and $`y_{p+i^{}}^{(1)}`$, $`i^{}\stackrel{~}{c}^1(\mathrm{})`$. Second subset of generators: $`y_{p+i^{}}^{(1)}`$, $`i^{}\stackrel{~}{c}^1(\{1,\mathrm{},q+q^{}\})`$, $`y_i^{(2)}`$, $`i(\stackrel{~}{c}^{})^1(\{1,\mathrm{},p^{}+p^{\prime \prime }\})`$, and $`y_i^{(3)}`$, $`i\{1,\mathrm{},r+r^{}+r^{\prime \prime }\}`$.

Since each side of (43) is equal to (44), equation (43) is satisfied. ∎

### B.3. Universal properties of $`(F^{(3)},m_{F^{(3)}})`$

If $`p,q,r`$ are integers $`0`$, a basis of $`F_{pqr}^{(3)}`$ consists of the

$$\underset{k=1}{\overset{q+r}{}}z_{\sigma (k)}(\underset{i=1}{\overset{p}{}}x_i^{(1)}\underset{j=1}{\overset{q}{}}y_j^{(2)})\underset{l=1}{\overset{p+r}{}}t_{\tau (l)},$$

where $`\sigma 𝔖_{q+r}`$, $`\tau 𝔖_{p+r}`$, $`(z_1,\mathrm{},z_{q+r})=(x_1^{(2)},\mathrm{},x_q^{(2)},x_1^{(3)},\mathrm{},x_r^{(3)})`$, $`(t_1,\mathrm{},t_{p+r})=(y_1^{(1)},\mathrm{},y_p^{(1)},y_1^{(3)},\mathrm{},y_r^{(3)})`$, and $`\sigma `$ preserves the order of the $`r`$ last elements of $`\{1,\mathrm{},q+r\}`$.

If $`𝔞`$ is a Lie algebra and $`r_𝔞𝔞𝔞`$ is a solution of CYBE, then there are unique maps

$$\kappa _{𝔞,r_𝔞}^{\mathrm{tensor}}:F^{(3)}T𝔞U𝔞T𝔞\mathrm{and}\kappa _{𝔞,r_𝔞}:F^{(3)}U𝔞^3,$$

where $`T𝔞`$ is the tensor algebra of $`𝔞`$, such that if $`r_𝔞=_{iI}a_ib_i`$, then $`\kappa _{𝔞,r_𝔞}^{\mathrm{tensor}}`$ maps $`F_{pqr}^{(3)}`$ to $`𝔞^{q+r}U𝔞𝔞^{p+r}`$ in such a way that

$`\kappa _{𝔞,r_𝔞}^{\mathrm{tensor}}({\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{q+r}{}}}z_{\sigma (k)}({\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{p}{}}}x_i^{(1)}{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{q}{}}}y_j^{(2)}){\displaystyle \underset{l=1}{\overset{p+r}{}}}t_{\tau (l)})`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _{p+q+r}I}{}}\left({\displaystyle \underset{k=1}{\overset{q+r}{}}}a(\alpha _{p+\sigma (k)})\right){\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{p}{}}}a(\alpha _i){\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{q}{}}}b(\alpha _{p+j})({\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{p+r}{}}}b(\beta (\tau ,l))),`$
where $`\beta (\tau ,l)`$ is equal to $`\tau (l)`$ if $`\tau (l)p`$ and to $`q+\tau (l)`$ else, and $`\kappa _{𝔞,r_𝔞}`$ is the composition of $`\kappa _{𝔞,r_𝔞}^{\mathrm{tensor}}`$ with the projection map $`T𝔞U𝔞`$.

###### Proposition B.1.

For any pair $`(𝔞,r_𝔞)`$ of a Lie algebra and a solution of CYBE, $`\kappa _{𝔞,r_𝔞}^{\mathrm{tensor}}`$ is an algebra morphism from $`(F^{(3)},m_{F^{(3)}})`$ to $`T𝔞U𝔞T𝔞`$, and $`\kappa _{𝔞,r_𝔞}`$ is an algebra morphism from $`(F^{(3)},m_{F^{(3)}})`$ to $`U𝔞^3`$.

Proof. The proof of the statement on $`\kappa _{𝔞,r_A}^{\mathrm{tensor}}`$ is by a double induction on $`(q,q^{})`$. The statement on $`\kappa _{𝔞,r_A}`$ follows immediately. ∎

### B.4. The normal ordering map

For any triple of integers $`p,q,r0`$, let us form the tensor product $`FA_{q+r}FA_{p+q}FA_{p+r}`$; we denote the generators of its factors as follows

– generators of $`FA_{q+r}`$: $`x_1^{(2)},\mathrm{},x_q^{(2)}`$, $`x_1^{(3)},\mathrm{},x_r^{(3)}`$

– generators of $`FA_{p+q}`$: $`y_1^{(2)},\mathrm{},y_q^{(2)}`$, $`x_1^{(1)},\mathrm{},x_p^{(1)}`$

– generators of $`FA_{p+r}`$: $`y_1^{(1)},\mathrm{},y_p^{(1)}`$, $`y_1^{(3)},\mathrm{},y_r^{(3)}`$.

Each set of generators is split in two subsets (e.g., the first subset of generators of $`FA_{q+r}`$ is $`x_1^{(2)},\mathrm{},x_q^{(2)}`$ and the second subset is $`x_1^{(3)},\mathrm{},x_r^{(3)}`$).

Then the group $`𝔖_p\times 𝔖_q\times 𝔖_r`$ acts on this tensor product by simultaneous permutations of the three pairs of subsets of generators. We will set

$$G_{pqr}^{(3)}=\left(FA_{q+r}FA_{p+q}FA_{p+r}\right)_{𝔖_p\times 𝔖_q\times 𝔖_r}.$$

Let $`\mathrm{Part}_{p,q}`$ be the set of pairs of partitions $`(\underset{¯}{p},\underset{¯}{q})`$, where $`\underset{¯}{p}=(p_1,\mathrm{},p_\lambda )`$ and $`\underset{¯}{q}=(q_1,\mathrm{},q_\lambda )`$ are partitions of $`p`$ and $`q`$, such that $`p_\lambda 0`$, $`q_\lambda 0`$ and $`p_\nu >0`$, $`q_\nu ^{}>0`$ when $`\nu \lambda `$ and $`\nu ^{}1`$. For any $`(\underset{¯}{p},\underset{¯}{q})\mathrm{Part}_{p,q}`$, let us denote by $`G_{pqr}^{\underset{¯}{p},\underset{¯}{q}}`$ the image of

$$FA_{q+r}\underset{\nu =1}{\overset{\lambda }{}}\left(\underset{j=1}{\overset{q_\nu }{}}y_{q_1+\mathrm{}+q_{\nu 1}+j}^{(2)}\underset{i=1}{\overset{p_\nu }{}}x_{p_1+\mathrm{}+p_{\nu 1}+i}^{(1)}\right)FA_{p+r}$$

in $`G_{pqr}^{(3)}`$. Then we have

$$G_{pqr}^{(3)}=\underset{(\underset{¯}{p},\underset{¯}{q})\mathrm{Part}_{p,q}}{}G_{pqr}^{\underset{¯}{p},\underset{¯}{q}}.$$

Let us define $`M_{\underset{¯}{q},\underset{¯}{p}}`$ as the subset of $`M_{qp}`$ consisting of all pairs of maps $`(c,c^{})`$, where $`c:\{1,\mathrm{},q\}\{\mathrm{},1,\mathrm{},p\}`$ and $`c^{}:\{1,\mathrm{},p\}\{1,\mathrm{},q,\mathrm{}\}`$ satisfy (42) and are such that for any $`\nu =1,\mathrm{},\lambda `$,

$$c(\{1,\mathrm{},\underset{i=1}{\overset{\nu }{}}q_i\})\{\mathrm{},1,\mathrm{},\underset{i=1}{\overset{\nu }{}}p_i\}$$

and

$$c^{}(\{\underset{i=\nu }{\overset{\lambda }{}}p_i+1,\mathrm{},p\})\{\underset{i=\nu }{\overset{\lambda }{}}q_i+1,\mathrm{},q,\mathrm{}\}.$$

Let us define the map

$$\mu _{pqr}^{\underset{¯}{p},\underset{¯}{q}}:G_{pqr}^{\underset{¯}{p},\underset{¯}{q}}F^{(3)}$$

as follows. If $`PFA_{q+r}`$, $`QFA_{p+r}`$, let us set

$$\mu _{pqr}^{\underset{¯}{p},\underset{¯}{q}}(P\underset{\nu =1}{\overset{\lambda }{}}\left(\underset{j=1}{\overset{q_\nu }{}}y_{q_1+\mathrm{}+q_{\nu 1}+j}^{(2)}\underset{i=1}{\overset{p_\nu }{}}x_{p_1+\mathrm{}+p_{\nu 1}+i}^{(1)}\right)Q)=\underset{(c,c^{})M_{\underset{¯}{q},\underset{¯}{p}}}{}\alpha _{p,q}^{\underset{¯}{p},\underset{¯}{q}}(P,Q)(c,c^{});$$

we set $`\beta =\mathrm{card}(c^{})^1(\mathrm{})`$ and $`\beta ^{}=\mathrm{card}c^1(\mathrm{})`$, and define $`\alpha _{p,q}^{\underset{¯}{p},\underset{¯}{q}}(P,Q,\gamma ,\delta )(c,c^{})`$ as the element of $`F_{p\beta ,q\beta ^{},r+\beta +\beta ^{}}^{(3)}`$ equal to

$`\alpha _{p,q}^{\underset{¯}{p},\underset{¯}{q}}(P,Q)(c,c^{})`$
$`=P({\displaystyle \underset{i_1(c^{})^1(1)}{\overset{}{}}}\mathrm{ad}^{}(x_{i_1}^{(1)})(x_1^{(2)}),\mathrm{},{\displaystyle \underset{i_q(c^{})^1(q)}{\overset{}{}}}\mathrm{ad}^{}(x_{i_q}^{(1)})(x_q^{(2)}),x_1^{(3)},\mathrm{},x_r^{(3)})`$
$`({\displaystyle \underset{i(c^{})^1(\mathrm{})}{\overset{}{}}}x_i^{(1)}{\displaystyle \underset{jc^1(\mathrm{})}{\overset{}{}}}y_j^{(2)})`$
$`Q({\displaystyle \underset{j_1c^1(1)}{\overset{}{}}}\mathrm{ad}^{}(y_{j_1}^{(2)})(y_1^{(1)}),\mathrm{},{\displaystyle \underset{j_pc^1(p)}{\overset{}{}}}\mathrm{ad}^{}(y_{j_p}^{(2)})(y_p^{(1)}),y_1^{(3)},\mathrm{},y_r^{(3)})`$
where the generators of the components of $`F_{p\beta ,q\beta ^{},r+\beta +\beta ^{}}^{(3)}`$ are denoted as follows

– generators of $`FA_{q+r+\beta }`$. First set of generators: $`x_j^{(2)}`$, $`jc^1(\mathrm{})`$. Second set of generators: $`x_j^{(1)}`$, $`j(c^{})^1(\{1,\mathrm{},q\})`$, $`x_i^{(2)}`$, $`ic^1(\{1,\mathrm{},p\})`$, and $`x_1^{(3)},\mathrm{},x_r^{(3)}`$

– generators of $`FA_{p\beta }`$: $`x_i^{(1)}`$, $`i(c^{})^1(\mathrm{})`$.

– generators of $`FA_{q\beta ^{}}`$: $`y_j^{(2)}`$, $`jc^1(\mathrm{})`$.

– generators of $`FA_{p+r+\beta ^{}}`$. First set of generators: $`y_i^{(1)}`$, $`i(c^{})^1(\mathrm{})`$. Second set of generators: $`y_j^{(1)}`$, $`j(c^{})^1(\{1,\mathrm{},q\})`$, $`y_i^{(2)}`$, $`ic^1(\{1,\mathrm{},p\})`$, and $`y_1^{(3)},\mathrm{},y_r^{(3)}`$.

Let $`𝔞`$ be a Lie algebra and let $`r_𝔞𝔞𝔞`$ be a solution of CYBE. Elements of the form

$$z_{\sigma (1)}\mathrm{}z_{\sigma (q+r)}\underset{\nu =1}{\overset{\lambda }{}}\left(\underset{j=1}{\overset{q_\nu }{}}y_{q_1+\mathrm{}+q_{\nu 1}+j}^{(2)}\underset{i=1}{\overset{p_\nu }{}}x_{p_1+\mathrm{}+p_{\nu 1}+i}^{(1)}\right)w_{\tau (1)}\mathrm{}w_{\tau (p+r)},$$

form a generating family of $`G_{pqr}^{(3)}`$, where we set $`(z_1,\mathrm{},z_{q+r})=(x_1^{(2)},\mathrm{},x_q^{(2)},x_1^{(3)},\mathrm{},x_r^{(3)})`$, $`(w_1,\mathrm{},w_{p+r})=(y_1^{(1)},\mathrm{},y_p^{(1)},y_1^{(3)},\mathrm{},y_r^{(3)})`$, and $`(\underset{¯}{p},\underset{¯}{q})`$ belongs to $`\mathrm{Part}_{p,q}`$ and $`(\sigma ,\tau )`$ belongs to $`𝔖_{q+r}\times 𝔖_{p+r}`$. Then there is a unique map

$$\gamma _{pqr}^{(𝔞,r_𝔞)}:G_{pqr}^{(3)}T𝔞U𝔞T𝔞,$$

such that for any $`(\underset{¯}{p},\underset{¯}{q})\mathrm{Part}_{p,q}`$ and any $`\sigma 𝔖_{q+r}`$, $`\tau 𝔖_{p+r}`$,

$`\gamma _{pqr}^{(𝔞,r_𝔞)}(z_{\sigma (1)}\mathrm{}z_{\sigma (q+r)}{\displaystyle \underset{\nu =1}{\overset{\lambda }{}}}\left({\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{q_\nu }{}}}y_{q_1+\mathrm{}+q_{\nu 1}+j}^{(2)}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{p_\nu }{}}}x_{p_1+\mathrm{}+p_{\nu 1}+i}^{(1)}\right)w_{\tau (1)}\mathrm{}w_{\tau (p+r)})`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{\alpha (1),\mathrm{},\alpha (p+q+r)I}{}}a(\alpha (p+\sigma (1)))\mathrm{}a(\alpha (p+\sigma (q+r)))`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{\nu =1}{\overset{\lambda }{}}}\left({\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{q_\nu }{}}}b(\alpha (q_1+\mathrm{}+q_{\nu 1}+j)){\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{p_\nu }{}}}a(\alpha (p_1+\mathrm{}+p_{\nu 1}+i))\right)b(ϵ(1))\mathrm{}b(ϵ(p+r)),`$
where $`ϵ(i)=\tau (j)`$ if $`\tau (j)p`$ and $`ϵ(j)=q+\tau (j)`$ if $`\tau (j)>p`$, and we set $`r_𝔞=_{\alpha I}a(\alpha )b(\alpha )`$.

Let us define $`\mu _{pqr}:G_{pqr}^{(3)}F^{(3)}`$ as the direct sum of the maps $`\mu _{pqr}^{\underset{¯}{p},\underset{¯}{q}}`$. Then $`\mu _{pqr}`$ has the following property.

###### Proposition B.2.

We have $`\kappa _{𝔞,r_𝔞}\mu _{pqr}=\gamma _{pqr}^{(𝔞,r_𝔞)}`$.

Proof. By induction. ∎

###### Remark 11.

The direct sum $`\mu ^{(3)}=_{(p,q,r)^3}\mu _{pqr}`$ may therefore be viewed as a universal version of the normal ordering of expressions in a solution $`r_𝔞`$ of CYBE. We will sometimes identify elements of $`G_{pqr}`$ with their images in $`F^{(3)}`$ by $`\mu ^{(3)}`$.

### B.5. The CYBE identity in $`F^{(3)}`$

We have the following identity in $`F^{(3)}`$

$$\mu ^{(3)}(x_1^{(1)}[y_1^{(1)},x_1^{(2)}]x_1^{(2)})=\mu ^{(3)}([x_1^{(1)},x_1^{(3)}]y_1^{(1)}y_1^{(3)})\mu ^{(3)}(x_1^{(3)}x_1^{(2)}[x_1^{(2)},y_1^{(3)}]),$$

in which the first expression belongs to $`\mu ^{(3)}(G_{110}^{(3)})`$, the second to $`\mu ^{(3)}(G_{101}^{(3)})`$ and the third to $`\mu ^{(3)}(G_{011}^{(3)})`$. (The image of this identity by any map $`\kappa _{𝔞,r_𝔞}`$ simply expresses the fact that $`r_𝔞`$ satisfies CYBE.)

Let us define a map $`\mathrm{conc}_{G^{(3)}}:G^{(3)}G^{(3)}G^{(3)}`$ as follows. $`\mathrm{conc}_{G^{(3)}}`$ maps $`G_{pqr}^{(3)}G_{p^{}q^{}r^{}}^{(3)}`$ to $`G_{p+p^{},q+q^{},r+r^{}}^{(3)}`$; if $`P,Q,R,P^{},Q^{},R^{}`$ belong to $`FA_{q+r}`$, $`FA_{p+q}`$, $`FA_{p+r}`$, $`FA_{q^{}+r^{}}`$, $`FA_{p^{}+q^{}}`$, $`FA_{p^{}+r^{}}`$, then

$`\mathrm{conc}_{G^{(3)}}((PQR)(P^{}Q^{}R^{}))`$
$`=P(x_1^{(2)},\mathrm{},x_q^{(2)},x_1^{(3)},\mathrm{},x_r^{(3)})P^{}(x_{q+1}^{(2)},\mathrm{},x_{q+q^{}}^{(2)},x_{r+1}^{(3)},\mathrm{},x_{r+r^{}}^{(3)})`$
$`Q(x_1^{(1)},\mathrm{},x_p^{(1)},y_1^{(2)},\mathrm{},y_q^{(2)})Q^{}(x_{p+1}^{(1)},\mathrm{},x_{p+p^{}}^{(1)},y_{q+1}^{(2)},\mathrm{},y_{q+q^{}}^{(2)})`$
$`R(y_1^{(1)},\mathrm{},y_p^{(1)},y_1^{(3)},\mathrm{},y_r^{(3)})R^{}(y_{p+1}^{(1)},\mathrm{},y_{p+p^{}}^{(1)},y_{r+1}^{(3)},\mathrm{},y_{r+r^{}}^{(3)}).`$
Then we have

###### Lemma B.2.

$`(G^{(3)},\mathrm{conc}_{G^{(3)}})`$ is an algebra and $`\mu `$ is an algebra morphism from $`(G^{(3)},\mathrm{conc}_{G^{(3)}})`$ to $`(F^{(3)},m_{F^{(3)}})`$.

This follows from analysis of the behavior the spaces of maps $`M_{pqr}^{\underset{¯}{p}\underset{¯}{q}}`$.

We have then

###### Lemma B.3.

If $`PFA_{q+r}`$, $`QFA_{p+q1}`$ and $`RFA_{p+r}`$, we have the identity

$`\mu ^{(3)}(P(x_1^{(2)},\mathrm{},x_q^{(2)},x_1^{(3)},\mathrm{},x_r^{(3)})Q(y_1^{(2)},\mathrm{},[y_j^{(2)},x_i^{(1)}],\mathrm{},y_q^{(2)},x_1^{(1)},\mathrm{},\stackrel{ˇ}{i},\mathrm{},x_p^{(1)})`$
$`R(y_1^{(1)},\mathrm{},y_p^{(1)},y_1^{(3)},\mathrm{},y_q^{(3)}))`$
$`=\mu ^{(3)}(P(x_1^{(2)},\mathrm{},[x_i^{(1)},x_j^{(2)}]\mathrm{},x_q^{(2)},x_1^{(3)},\mathrm{},x_r^{(3)})Q(y_1^{(2)},\mathrm{},y_q^{(2)},x_1^{(1)},\mathrm{},\stackrel{ˇ}{i},\mathrm{},x_p^{(1)})`$
$`R(y_1^{(1)},\mathrm{},y_p^{(1)},y_1^{(3)},\mathrm{},y_q^{(3)}))`$
$`\mu ^{(3)}(P(x_1^{(2)},\mathrm{},x_q^{(2)},x_1^{(3)},\mathrm{},x_r^{(3)})Q(y_1^{(2)},\mathrm{},x_i^{(1)},\mathrm{},y_q^{(2)},x_1^{(1)},\mathrm{},\stackrel{ˇ}{i},\mathrm{},x_p^{(1)})`$
$`R(y_1^{(1)},\mathrm{},[y_i^{(1)},y_j^{(2)}],\mathrm{},y_p^{(1)},y_1^{(3)},\mathrm{},y_q^{(3)})),`$
where the arguments of $`\mu `$ belong to $`G_{pqr}^{(3)}`$, $`G_{p1,q,r+1}^{(3)}`$ and $`G_{p,q1,r+1}^{(3)}`$.

Proof. If $`x^{}`$ and $`x^{\prime \prime }`$ are elements of $`G^{(3)}`$, then the image by $`\mu ^{(3)}`$ of the product $`\mathrm{conc}_{G^{(3)}}(x^{}\left(x_1^{(1)}[y_1^{(1)},x_1^{(2)}]x_1^{(2)}+[x_1^{(1)},x_1^{(3)}]y_1^{(1)}y_1^{(3)}+x_1^{(3)}x_1^{(2)}[x_1^{(2)},y_1^{(3)}]\right)x^{\prime \prime })`$ is zero by Lemma B.2. ∎

### B.6. The maps $`\mu _{Lie}^{p,q,r}`$

If $`p`$ and $`q`$ are integers $`>0`$ and $`\alpha `$ (resp., $`\beta `$) is an integer in $`\{1,\mathrm{},p\}`$ (resp., in $`\{1,\mathrm{},q\}`$), we will denote by $`\stackrel{~}{M}_{pq}^{\alpha 0}`$ (resp., $`\stackrel{~}{M}_{pq}^{0\beta }`$) the set of all triples $`(c,c^{},\omega )`$ consisting of a pair $`(c,c^{})`$ in $`M_{pq}^{\alpha 0}`$ (resp., in $`M_{pq}^{0\beta }`$) and of order relations on the sets $`c^1(1),\mathrm{},c^1(q),(c^{})^1(1),\mathrm{},(c^{})^1(p)`$.

###### Proposition B.3.

Let $`(p,q)`$ be a pair of integers $`>0`$ and let $`\alpha \{1,\mathrm{},p\}`$ and $`\beta \{1,\mathrm{},q\}`$. Then there exist families of linear maps $`(\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(c,c^{},\omega ))_{(c,c^{},\omega )\stackrel{~}{M}_{pq}^{\alpha 0}}`$ and $`(\mathrm{\Phi }^{\prime \prime }(c,c^{},\omega ))_{(c,c^{},\omega )\stackrel{~}{M}_{pq}^{0\beta }}`$, indexed by $`\stackrel{~}{M}_{pq}^{\alpha 0}`$ and $`\stackrel{~}{M}_{pq}^{0\beta }`$ respectively, such that $`\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(c,c^{},\omega )`$ maps $`FL_{p+q}`$ to $`FL_{p\alpha }`$ and $`\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(c,c^{},\omega )`$ maps $`FL_{p+q}`$ to $`FL_{q\beta }`$, and such that the following identities are satisfied

(45) $`P(x_1^{(2)},\mathrm{},x_q^{(2)},x_1^{(3)},\mathrm{},x_r^{(3)})Q(x_1^{(1)},\mathrm{},x_p^{(1)},y_1^{(2)},\mathrm{},y_q^{(2)})`$
$`R(y_1^{(1)},\mathrm{},y_p^{(1)},y_1^{(3)},\mathrm{},y_r^{(3)})`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{\alpha =1}{\overset{p}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{(c,c^{},\omega )\stackrel{~}{M}_{pq}^{\alpha 0}}{}}P({\displaystyle \underset{k_1(c^{})^1(1)}{}}\mathrm{ad}^{}(x_{k_1}^{(1)})(x_1^{(2)}),\mathrm{},{\displaystyle \underset{k_q(c^{})^1(q)}{}}\mathrm{ad}^{}(x_{k_q}^{(1)})(x_q^{(2)}),x_1^{(3)},\mathrm{},x_r^{(3)})`$
$`\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(c,c^{},\omega )(Q)(x_j^{(1)},j(c^{})^1(\mathrm{}))`$
$`R({\displaystyle \underset{l_1c^1(1)}{}}\mathrm{ad}^{}(y_{l_1}^{(2)})(y_1^{(1)}),\mathrm{},{\displaystyle \underset{l_pc^1(p)}{}}\mathrm{ad}^{}(y_{l_p}^{(2)})(y_p^{(1)}),y_1^{(3)},\mathrm{},y_r^{(3)})`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{\beta =1}{\overset{q}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{(c,c^{})\stackrel{~}{M}_{pq}^{0\beta }}{}}P({\displaystyle \underset{k_1(c^{})^1(1)}{}}\mathrm{ad}^{}(x_{k_1}^{(1)})(x_1^{(2)}),\mathrm{},{\displaystyle \underset{k_q(c^{})^1(q)}{}}\mathrm{ad}^{}(x_{k_q}^{(1)})(x_q^{(2)}),x_1^{(3)},\mathrm{},x_r^{(3)})`$
$`\mathrm{\Phi }^{\prime \prime }(c,c^{},\omega )(Q)(y_k^{(2)},kc^1(\mathrm{}))`$
$`R({\displaystyle \underset{l_1c^1(1)}{}}\mathrm{ad}^{}(y_{l_1}^{(2)})(y_1^{(1)}),\mathrm{},{\displaystyle \underset{l_pc^1(p)}{}}\mathrm{ad}^{}(y_{l_p}^{(2)})(y_p^{(1)}),y_1^{(3)},\mathrm{},y_r^{(3)})`$
for any integer $`r0`$ and any pair of elements $`(P,R)FA_{q+r}\times FA_{p+r}`$.

Proof. Let us construct the maps $`\mathrm{\Phi }(c,c^{},\omega )`$ and $`\mathrm{\Phi }^{\prime \prime }(c,c^{},\omega )`$ by induction on $`p+q`$. Assume that these maps are constructed for all pairs of integers $`(p^{},q^{})`$ with $`p^{}+q^{}<p+q`$. Let $`(Q_\alpha )_\alpha `$ be a basis of $`FL_{p+q}`$. We may assume that each $`Q_\alpha `$ is of the form $`[Q_\alpha ^{},x_i^{(1)}]`$, where $`i\{1,\mathrm{},p\}`$, or $`[Q_\alpha ^{},y_j^{(2)}]`$, where $`j\{1,\mathrm{},q\}`$, and $`Q_\alpha ^{}FL_{p+q1}`$. Let us treat the latter case. Then

$`P(x_1^{(2)},\mathrm{},x_q^{(2)},x_1^{(3)},\mathrm{},x_r^{(3)})[Q_\alpha ^{}(x_1^{(1)},\mathrm{},x_p^{(1)},y_1^{(2)},\mathrm{},\stackrel{ˇ}{y}_j^{(2)},\mathrm{},y_q^{(2)}),y_j^{(2)}]`$
$`R(y_1^{(1)},\mathrm{},y_p^{(1)},y_1^{(3)},\mathrm{},y_r^{(3)})`$
may be rewritten as follows

$`{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha =1}{\overset{p}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{(c,c^{},\omega )\stackrel{~}{M}_{p,q1}^{\alpha 0}}{}}P({\displaystyle \underset{k_1(c^{})^1(1)}{}}\mathrm{ad}^{}(x_{k_1}^{(1)})(x_1^{(2)}),\mathrm{},{\displaystyle \underset{k_q(c^{})^1(q)}{}}\mathrm{ad}^{}(x_{k_q}^{(1)})(x_q^{(2)}),x_1^{(3)},\mathrm{},x_r^{(3)})`$
$`[\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(c,c^{},\omega )(Q_\alpha ^{})(x_j^{(1)},j(c^{})^1(\mathrm{})),y_j^{(2)}]`$
$`R({\displaystyle \underset{l_1c^1(1)}{}}\mathrm{ad}^{}(y_{l_1}^{(2)})(y_1^{(1)}),\mathrm{},{\displaystyle \underset{l_pc^1(p)}{}}\mathrm{ad}^{}(y_{l_p}^{(2)})(y_p^{(1)}),y_1^{(3)},\mathrm{},y_r^{(3)})`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{\beta =1}{\overset{q1}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{(c,c^{},\omega )\stackrel{~}{M}_{p,q1}^{0\beta }}{}}P({\displaystyle \underset{k_1(c^{})^1(1)}{}}\mathrm{ad}^{}(x_{k_1}^{(1)})(x_1^{(2)}),\mathrm{},{\displaystyle \underset{k_q(c^{})^1(q)}{}}\mathrm{ad}^{}(x_{k_q}^{(1)})(x_q^{(2)}),x_1^{(3)},\mathrm{},x_r^{(3)})`$
$`[\mathrm{\Phi }^{\prime \prime }(c,c^{},\omega )(Q_\alpha ^{})(y_k^{(2)},kc^1(\mathrm{})),y_j^{(2)}]`$
$`R({\displaystyle \underset{l_1c^1(1)}{}}\mathrm{ad}^{}(y_{l_1}^{(2)})(y_1^{(1)}),\mathrm{},{\displaystyle \underset{l_pc^1(p)}{}}\mathrm{ad}^{}(y_{l_p}^{(2)})(y_p^{(1)}),y_1^{(3)},\mathrm{},y_r^{(3)}),`$
applying the identity (45) to $`PQ_\alpha ^{}Ry_j^{(2)}`$ and transferring the extreme right term $`y_j^{(2)}`$ to the middle tensor factor via the adjoint action. The second sum is of the desired form; we transform the first sum writing that

$`[\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(c,c^{},\omega )(Q_\alpha ^{})(x_j^{}^{(1)},j^{}(c^{})^1(\mathrm{})),y_j^{(2)}]`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{j^{}(c^{})^1(\mathrm{}))}{}}\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(c,c^{},\omega )(Q_\alpha ^{})([x_{j^{\prime \prime }}^{(1)},x_j^{}^{(1)},y_j^{(2)}],j^{\prime \prime }(c^{})^1(\mathrm{})\{j^{}\}).`$
and using the CYBE identity of Lemma B.3 to lower the degree of the middle term. This procedure and the condition that (45) holds defines uniquely the $`\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(c,c^{},\omega )(Q_\alpha )`$ and $`\mathrm{\Phi }^{\prime \prime }(c,c^{},\omega )(Q_\alpha )`$. Of course, the maps $`\mathrm{\Phi }^{}(c,c^{},\omega )`$ and $`\mathrm{\Phi }^{\prime \prime }(c,c^{},\omega )`$ are far from unique because of the many possible systems of bases of the $`FL_{p+q}`$. ∎

Recall that we defined

$$F^{(aab)}=_{p+q0}(FL_pFL_qFL_{p+q})_{𝔖_p\times 𝔖_q},F^{(abb)}=_{p+q0}(FL_nFL_pFL_q)_{𝔖_p\times 𝔖_q}$$

###### Lemma B.4.

The natural inclusions of $`FL_k`$ in $`FA_k`$ ($`k=p,q,p+q`$) induce an inclusion of $`F^{(aab)}F^{(abb)}`$ in $`F^{(3)}`$.

Proof. Each $`FL_k`$ is a $`𝔖_k`$-submodule of $`FA_k`$, therefore $`FL_pFL_qFL_{p+q}`$ is a $`𝔖_p\times 𝔖_q`$-submodule of $`FA_pFA_qFA_{p+q}`$. The result now follows from the fact that if $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is any finite group and $`NM`$ is an inclusion of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-modules, then the natural map $`N_\mathrm{\Gamma }M_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ is injective. (This fact is proven as follows: the representations of $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ are completely reducible, so $`M_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$ identifies with the multiplicity space of the trivial representation. Then $`NM`$ corresponds to embeddings of the multiplicity spaces of each simple $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$-module, which shows that $`N_\mathrm{\Gamma }M_\mathrm{\Gamma }`$.) ∎

###### Corollary B.1.

Let $`p,q,r`$ be integers $`>0`$ and let $`P,Q,R`$ be elements of $`FL_{q+r},FL_{p+q}`$ and $`FL_{p+r}`$. Then the element of $`F^{(3)}`$ equal to

$`P(x_1^{(2)},\mathrm{},x_q^{(2)},x_1^{(3)},\mathrm{},x_r^{(3)})Q(x_1^{(1)},\mathrm{},x_p^{(1)},y_1^{(2)},\mathrm{},y_q^{(2)})`$
$`R(y_1^{(1)},\mathrm{},y_p^{(1)},y_1^{(3)},\mathrm{},y_r^{(3)})`$
of $`\mu (G_{pqr})`$ belongs to $`F^{(aab)}F^{(abb)}`$.

Proof. If $`P`$ and $`R`$ are Lie polynomials, then the expressions in the first and third tensor factors of the right side of (45) are also Lie polynomials. ∎

$`\mu _{Lie}^{p,q,r}(PQR)`$ is then defined as this element. ∎

## Appendix C Construction and properties of $`\delta _4^{(F)}`$ (proof of Props. 3.3 and 3.4)

In this Section, we first generalize the construction and the properties of the algebra $`F^{(3)}`$ to integers $`n2`$. The statements on $`\delta _4^{(F)}`$ will be immediate corollaries of these constructions.

### C.1. Definition of $`F^{(n)}`$

If $`n`$ is an integer $`2`$, let us define

$$P_n=\{\underset{¯}{p}=(p_{ij})_{1i<jn}|p_{ij}0\}.$$

When $`\underset{¯}{p}`$ belongs to $`P_n`$, let us set

$$F_{\underset{¯}{p}}^{(n)}=\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}(FA_{_{j|j<i}p_{ji}}FA_{_{j|j>i}p_{ij}})\right)_{_{1i<jn}𝔖_{p_{ij}}}.$$

Here the generators of the first part of the $`i`$th factor are denoted $`x_\alpha ^{(ji)}`$, where $`(j,\alpha )`$ are such that $`j<i`$ and $`1\alpha p_{ji}`$, and the generators of the second part of the $`i`$th factor are denoted $`y_\alpha ^{(ij)}`$, where $`(j,\alpha )`$ are such that $`j>i`$ and $`1\alpha p_{ij}`$. There are therefore $`n(n1)`$ sets of generators, indexed by the pairs $`(i,j)`$ such that $`(i,j)\{1,\mathrm{},n\}^2`$ and $`ij`$. Let us put $`S_{ij}=\{y_\alpha ^{(ij)}|\alpha =1,\mathrm{},p_{ij}\}`$ when $`i<j`$ and $`S_{ij}=\{x_\alpha ^{(ji)}|\alpha =1,\mathrm{},p_{ji}\}`$ when $`i>j`$. If $`i<j`$, there is a bijection between $`S_{ij}`$ and $`S_{ji}`$, sending each $`y_\alpha ^{(ij)}`$ to $`x_\alpha ^{(ij)}`$. Then $`𝔖_{p_{ij}}`$ acts by simultaneaous permutation of the sets $`S_{ij}`$ and $`S_{ji}`$ and therefore also on $`_{i=1}^n(FA_{_{j|j<i}p_{ji}}FA_{_{j|j>i}p_{ij}})`$. $`F_{\underset{¯}{p}}^{(n)}`$ is then defined as the space of coinvariants of this action. We set

$$F^{(n)}=\underset{\underset{¯}{p}P_n}{}F_{\underset{¯}{p}}^{(n)}.$$

### C.2. Basis of $`F^{(n)}`$

When $`\underset{¯}{s}^n`$, let us set $`I_{\underset{¯}{s}}=\{(i,\alpha )|1in,1\alpha s_i\}`$. Let us denote by $`\mathrm{ind}`$ the map from $`I_{\underset{¯}{s}}`$ to $`\{1,\mathrm{},n\}`$ such that $`\mathrm{ind}(i,\alpha )=i`$. We set $`I_{\underset{¯}{s},i}=\mathrm{ind}^1(\{i\})`$.

Let us define $`\mathrm{\Phi }_n`$ as the set of all triples $`(\underset{¯}{s},\underset{¯}{t},\varphi )`$, where $`\underset{¯}{s}`$ and $`\underset{¯}{t}`$ belong to $`^n`$ and $`\varphi `$ is a bijection from $`I_{\underset{¯}{s}}`$ to $`I_{\underset{¯}{t}}`$, such that for any $`(i,\alpha )I_{\underset{¯}{s}}`$, $`\mathrm{ind}(\varphi (i,\alpha ))>i`$. (If $`(\underset{¯}{s},\underset{¯}{t},\varphi )\mathrm{\Phi }_n`$, we have therefore $`_{i=1}^ns_i=_{i=1}^nt_i`$ and $`s_1=t_n=0`$.)

There is a unique map $`\pi _n`$ from $`\mathrm{\Phi }_n`$ to $`P_n`$, such that for any $`(\underset{¯}{s},\underset{¯}{t},\varphi )`$ in $`\mathrm{\Phi }_n`$, $`\pi _n(\underset{¯}{s},\underset{¯}{t},\varphi )`$ is the element $`\underset{¯}{p}=(p_{ij})_{1i<jn}`$ of $`P_n`$ such that $`p_{ij}=\mathrm{card}(\varphi (I_{\underset{¯}{s},i})I_{\underset{¯}{t},j})`$. In particular, if $`\underset{¯}{p}=\pi _n(\underset{¯}{s},\underset{¯}{t},\varphi )`$, then we have $`s_i=_{j|j>i}p_{ij}`$ and $`t_i=_{j|j<i}p_{ji}`$.

If $`(\underset{¯}{s},\underset{¯}{t},\varphi )\mathrm{\Phi }_n`$, let us set

$$A_{ij}=I_{\underset{¯}{s},i}\varphi ^1(I_{\underset{¯}{t},j}),B_{ij}=\varphi (I_{\underset{¯}{s},i})I_{\underset{¯}{t},j}.$$

Then $`A_{ij}`$ and $`B_{ij}`$) are empty when $`ji`$; $`(A_{i\alpha })_{\alpha |\alpha >i}`$is a partition of $`I_{\underset{¯}{s},i}`$ and $`(B_{\alpha i})_{\alpha |\alpha <i}`$ is a partition of $`I_{\underset{¯}{t},i}`$.

If $`(\underset{¯}{s},\underset{¯}{t},\varphi )P_n`$, define $`z(\underset{¯}{s},\underset{¯}{t},\varphi )`$ in $`F_{\pi _n(\underset{¯}{s},\underset{¯}{t},\varphi )}^{(n)}`$ as

$$z(\underset{¯}{s},\underset{¯}{t},\varphi )=\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}(z_1^{(i)}\mathrm{}z_{s_i}^{(i)})(w_1^{(i)}\mathrm{}w_{t_i}^{(i)}),$$

where if $`(a_{ij,\alpha })_{\alpha =1,\mathrm{},p_{ij}}`$ is the increasing sequence such that $`A_{ij}=\{a_{ij,1},\mathrm{},a_{ij,p_{ij}}\}`$, then

$$z_{a_{ij,\alpha }}^{(i)}=x_\alpha ^{(ij)}\mathrm{and}w_{\varphi (a_{ij,\alpha })}^{(j)}=y_\alpha ^{(ij)}.$$

###### Lemma C.1.

The family $`(z(\underset{¯}{s},\underset{¯}{t},\varphi ))_{(\underset{¯}{s},\underset{¯}{t},\varphi )P_n}`$ is a basis of $`F^{(n)}`$.

The families $`(z_\alpha ^{(i)})`$ and $`(w_\beta ^{(i)})`$ may also be defined as follows. Let $`(b_{ij,\alpha })_{\alpha =1,\mathrm{},p_{ij}}`$ be the increasing sequence such that $`B_{ij}=\{b_{ij,1},\mathrm{},b_{ij,p_{ij}}\}`$, then

$$z_{\varphi ^1(b_{ij,\alpha })}^{(i)}=x_{ij}^{(\alpha )}\mathrm{and}w_{b_{ij,\alpha }}^{(j)}=y_\alpha ^{(ij)}.$$

### C.3. Product in $`F^{(n)}`$

If $`(\underset{¯}{s},\underset{¯}{t},\varphi )`$ and $`(\underset{¯}{s}^{},\underset{¯}{t}^{},\varphi ^{})`$ are elements of $`P_n`$, and if for each $`\alpha =1,\mathrm{},n`$, $`(c_\alpha ,c_\alpha ^{})`$ is an element of $`M_{t_\alpha ,s_\alpha ^{}}`$ let us define $`\underset{¯}{p}((\underset{¯}{s},\underset{¯}{t},\varphi ),(\underset{¯}{s}^{},\underset{¯}{t}^{},\varphi ^{}),(c_\alpha ,c_\alpha ^{})_{\alpha =1,\mathrm{},n})`$ as the element of $`P_n`$ such that if $`1i<jn`$, then

$`\underset{¯}{p}((\underset{¯}{s},\underset{¯}{t},\varphi ),(\underset{¯}{s}^{},\underset{¯}{t}^{},\varphi ^{}),(c_\alpha ,c_\alpha ^{})_{\alpha =1,\mathrm{},n})`$
$`=\mathrm{card}(c_i^1(\mathrm{})A_{ij}^{})+\mathrm{card}(c_j^1(\mathrm{})B_{ij})`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{k=i+1}{\overset{j1}{}}}\mathrm{card}(c_k^1(A_{kj}^{})B_{ik})+\mathrm{card}(c_k^1(B_{ik})A_{kj}^{})`$
where $`(A_{ij}^{})_{j|j>i}`$ and $`(B_{ij}^{})_{j|j<i}`$ denote the partitions of $`I_{\underset{¯}{s}^{},i}`$ and $`I_{\underset{¯}{t}^{},i}`$ associated to $`(\underset{¯}{s}^{},\underset{¯}{t}^{},\varphi ^{})`$. Let us define now $`z((\underset{¯}{s},\underset{¯}{t},\varphi ),(\underset{¯}{s}^{},\underset{¯}{t}^{},\varphi ^{}),(c_\alpha ,c_\alpha ^{})_{\alpha =1,\mathrm{},n})`$ as the element of $`F_{\underset{¯}{p}((\underset{¯}{s},\underset{¯}{t},\varphi ),(\underset{¯}{s}^{},\underset{¯}{t}^{},\varphi ^{}),(c_1,c_1^{}),\mathrm{},(c_n,c_n^{}))}^{(n)}`$ equal to

(46) $`z((\underset{¯}{s},\underset{¯}{t},\varphi ),(\underset{¯}{s}^{},\underset{¯}{t}^{},\varphi ^{}),(c_\alpha ,c_\alpha ^{})_{\alpha =1,\mathrm{},n})`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \underset{\alpha c_{j_{i,1}}^1(\varphi (i,1))}{\overset{}{}}}\mathrm{ad}^{}(z_\alpha ^{(j_{i,1})})(z_1^{(i)})\mathrm{}{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha c_{j_{i,s_i}}^1(\varphi (i,s_i))}{\overset{}{}}}\mathrm{ad}^{}(z_\alpha ^{(j_{i,s_i})})(z_{s_i}^{(i)}){\displaystyle \underset{\alpha c_i^1(\mathrm{})}{\overset{}{}}}z_\alpha ^{(i)}\right)`$
$`\left({\displaystyle \underset{\alpha c_i^1(\mathrm{})}{\overset{}{}}}w_\alpha ^{(i)}{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha c_{k_i,1}^1(\varphi ^1(i,1))}{\overset{}{}}}\mathrm{ad}^{}(w_\alpha ^{(k_{i,1})})(w_1^{(i)})\mathrm{}{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha c_{k_i,t_i}^1(\varphi ^1(i,t_i))}{\overset{}{}}}\mathrm{ad}^{}(w_\alpha ^{(k_{i,t_i})})(w_{t_i}^{(i)})\right),`$
where we set $`j_{i,1}=\mathrm{ind}(\varphi (i,1)),\mathrm{}`$, $`j_{i,s_i}=\mathrm{ind}(\varphi (i,s_i))`$ and $`k_{i,1}=\mathrm{ind}(\varphi ^1(i,1)),\mathrm{}`$, $`k_{i,t_i}=\mathrm{ind}(\varphi ^1(i,t_i))`$.

In the right side of (46), the sets of generators of $`F_{\underset{¯}{p}((\underset{¯}{s},\underset{¯}{t},\varphi ),(\underset{¯}{s}^{},\underset{¯}{t}^{},\varphi ^{}),(c_1,c_1^{}),\mathrm{},(c_n,c_n^{}))}^{(n)}`$ are the following:

– if $`i<j`$, $`S_{ij}`$ consists of the $`z_\alpha ^{(i)}`$, $`\alpha c_i^1(\mathrm{})A_{ij}^{}`$, the $`z_\beta ^{(i)}`$, where $`(i,\beta )`$ belongs to $`\varphi ^1(c_j^1(\mathrm{})B_{ij})`$, the $`z_\gamma ^{(k)}`$, where $`\gamma c_k^1(B_{ik})A_{kj}^{}`$ and the $`z_\delta ^{(i)}`$, where $`(i,\delta )\varphi ^1\left((c_k^{})^1(A_{kj}^{}B_{ik})\right)`$

– if $`i<j`$, $`S_{ji}`$ consists of the $`w_\beta ^{(j)}`$, where $`\beta \varphi (c_i^1(\mathrm{})A_{ij}^{})`$, the $`w_\alpha ^{(j)}`$, where $`\alpha (c_j^{})^1(\mathrm{})B_{ij}`$, the $`w_\delta ^{(j)}`$, where $`(j,\delta )\varphi \left(c_k^1(B_{ik})A_{kj}^{}\right)`$, and the $`w_\gamma ^{(k)}`$, where $`\gamma (c_k^{})^1(A_{kj}^{})B_{ik}`$.

The bijection from $`S_{ij}`$ to $`S_{ji}`$ maps each $`z_\alpha ^{(i)}`$ to $`w_\beta ^{(j)}`$, where $`(j,\beta )=\varphi (i,\alpha )`$, each $`z_\beta ^{(i)}`$ to $`w_\alpha ^{(j)}`$, where $`(j,\alpha )=\varphi (i,\beta )`$, each $`z_\gamma ^{(k)}`$ to $`w_\delta ^{(j)}`$, where $`(j,\delta )=\varphi (k,\gamma )`$ and each $`z_\delta ^{(i)}`$ to $`w_\gamma ^{(k)}`$, where $`(k,\gamma )=\varphi (i,\delta )`$.

Define $`m_{F^{(n)}}`$ as the unique linear map from $`F^{(n)}F^{(n)}`$ to $`F^{(n)}`$, such that for any $`(\underset{¯}{s},\underset{¯}{t},\varphi )`$ and $`(\underset{¯}{s}^{},\underset{¯}{t}^{},\varphi ^{})`$ in $`P_n`$, we have

$$m_{F^{(n)}}(z(\underset{¯}{s},\underset{¯}{t},\varphi )z(\underset{¯}{s}^{},\underset{¯}{t}^{},\varphi ^{}))=\underset{(c_1,c_1^{})M_{t_1,s_1^{}},\mathrm{},(c_n,c_n^{})M_{t_n,s_n^{}}}{}$$

A construction analogous to that of Appendix B shows

###### Proposition C.1.

$`(F^{(n)},m_{F^{(n)}})`$ is an associative algebra.

###### Remark 12.

When $`n=3`$, the connection between this presentation of $`F^{(3)}`$ and that of Appendix B relies on the identification $`(p_{12},p_{13},p_{23})=(q,r,p)`$.

On the other hand, $`F^{(2)}`$ coincides with the direct sum $`_{n0}𝕂𝔖_n`$, where the product is the linear extension of the concatenation of permutations.

### C.4. Universal property of $`F^{(n)}`$

Let $`(𝔞,r_𝔞)`$ be the pair of a Lie algebra $`𝔞`$ and a solution $`r_𝔞=_{iI}a_ib_iAA`$ of CYBE. Then there is a unique map

$$\kappa _{𝔞,r_𝔞}^{(n)}:F^{(n)}T𝔞U𝔞T𝔞$$

such that for any $`(\underset{¯}{s},\underset{¯}{t},\varphi )P_n`$,

$$\kappa _{𝔞,r_𝔞}^{(n)}(z(\underset{¯}{s},\underset{¯}{t},\varphi ))=\underset{\alpha \mathrm{Map}(I_{\underset{¯}{s}},I)}{}\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left(\underset{\gamma I_{\underset{¯}{s},i}}{}a(\alpha (i,\gamma ))\underset{\delta I_{\underset{¯}{t},i}}{}b(\alpha (\varphi ^1(i,\delta )))\right);$$

we denote by $`\mathrm{Map}(I_{\underset{¯}{s}},I)`$ the set of all maps from $`I_{\underset{¯}{s}}`$ to $`I`$.

###### Proposition C.2.

$`\kappa _{𝔞,r_𝔞}^{(n)}`$ is a morphism of algebras.

### C.5. The normal ordering map

When $`\underset{¯}{p}P_n`$, let us set

$$G_{\underset{¯}{p}}^{(n)}=\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}FA_{_{j|j<i}p_{ji}+_{j|j>i}p_{ij}}\right)_{_{1i<jn}𝔖_{p_{ij}}}.$$

The generators of the $`i`$th factor of the tensor product are $`u_1^{(i)},\mathrm{},u_{_{j|j<i}p_{ji}+_{j|j>i}p_{ij}}^{(i)}`$. Let us denote by $`S_i`$ this set of generators. We have a partition $`S_i=_{j|ji}S_{ij}`$, where

– if $`j<i`$, $`S_{ij}`$ consists of the $`u_{_{j^{}|j^{}<j}p_{j^{}i}+1}^{(i)},\mathrm{},u_{_{j^{}|j^{}j}p_{j^{}i}}^{(i)}`$

– if $`j>i`$, $`S_{ij}`$ consists of the $`u_{_{j^{}|j^{}<i}p_{j^{}i}+_{j^{}|i<j^{}<j}p_{ij^{}}+1}^{(i)},\mathrm{},u_{_{j^{}|j^{}<i}p_{j^{}i}+_{j^{}|i<j^{}j}p_{ij^{}}}^{(i)}`$.

When $`i<j`$, there is a bijection from $`S_{ij}`$ to $`S_{ji}`$, sending each $`u_{_{j^{}|j^{}<i}p_{j^{}i}+_{j^{}|i<j^{}<j}p_{ij^{}}+\alpha }^{(i)}`$ to $`u_{_{k^{}|k^{}<j}p_{k^{}j}+\alpha }^{(j)}`$, for $`\alpha =1,\mathrm{},p_{ij}`$. Then $`𝔖_{p_{ij}}`$ acts by simultaneously permuting the elements of $`S_{ij}`$ and of $`S_{ji}`$.

When $`(\sigma _i)_{i=1,\mathrm{},n}`$ is a collection of permutations of $`_{i=1}^n𝔖_{_{j|j<i}p_{ji}+_{j|j>i}p_{ij}}`$, let us set

$$u\left((\sigma _i)_{i=1,\mathrm{},n}\right)=\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}\left(u_{\sigma _i(1)}^{(i)}\mathrm{}u_{_{j|j<i}p_{ji}+_{j|j>i}p_{ij}}^{(i)}\right).$$

Then for any $`\underset{¯}{p}P_n`$, the family $`\{u\left((\sigma _i)_{i=1,\mathrm{},n}\right)|(\sigma _i)_{i=1,\mathrm{},n}_{i=1}^n𝔖_{_{j|j<i}p_{ji}+_{j|j>i}p_{ij}}\}`$ is a generating family of $`G_{\underset{¯}{p}}^{(n)}`$.

When $`\underset{¯}{p}P_n`$, let us set $`𝔖(\underset{¯}{p})=_{i=1}^n𝔖_{_{j|j<i}p_{ji}+_{j|j>i}p_{ij}}`$. If $`\underset{¯}{p}`$ and $`\underset{¯}{q}`$ belong to $`P_n`$ and $`\underset{¯}{\sigma }=(\sigma _i)_{i=1,\mathrm{},n}`$ (resp., $`\underset{¯}{\tau }=(\tau _i)_{i=1,\mathrm{},n}`$) belongs to $`𝔖(\underset{¯}{p})`$ (resp., to $`𝔖(\underset{¯}{q})`$), define $`\underset{¯}{\sigma }\underset{¯}{\tau }`$ as the element of $`𝔖(\underset{¯}{p}+\underset{¯}{q})`$ such that for any $`i=1,\mathrm{},n`$, $`((\underset{¯}{\sigma }\underset{¯}{\tau })_i)(\alpha )=\sigma _i(\alpha )`$ if $`\alpha _{j|j>i}p_{ij}+_{j|j<i}p_{ji}`$, and $`((\underset{¯}{\sigma }\underset{¯}{\tau })_i)(\alpha )=\tau _i(\alpha (_{j|j>i}p_{ij}+_{j|j<i}p_{ji}))+_{j|j>i}p_{ij}+_{j|j<i}p_{ji}`$ if $`\alpha _{j|j>i}p_{ij}+_{j|j<i}p_{ji}`$.

Then there is a unique linear map $`\mathrm{conc}_{G^{(n)}}`$ from $`G^{(n)}G^{(n)}`$ to $`G^{(n)}`$, such that if $`\underset{¯}{p},\underset{¯}{q}P_n`$ and $`\underset{¯}{\sigma }𝔖(\underset{¯}{p})`$, $`\underset{¯}{\tau }𝔖(\underset{¯}{q})`$, then

$$\mathrm{conc}_{G^{(n)}}(u(\underset{¯}{\sigma })u(\underset{¯}{\tau }))=u(\underset{¯}{\sigma }\underset{¯}{\tau }).$$

When $`k=1,\mathrm{},n1`$, define $`G^{k,(n)}`$ as the subspace of $`G^{(n)}`$ spanned by all $`u(\underset{¯}{\sigma })`$, where $`\underset{¯}{\sigma }`$ is such that when $`k^{}k`$, the generators of $`_{k^{}|k^{}<k}S_{kk^{}}`$ occur before the generators of $`_{k^{}|k^{}>k}S_{k^{}k}`$ in the $`k`$th factor. Then $`F^{(n)}`$ and $`G^{(n)}`$ may be identified with $`G^{n1,(n)}`$ and $`G^{1,(n)}`$. When $`k=1,\mathrm{},n2`$, define $`\mu _k`$ as the following partial ordering map. $`\mu _k`$ maps $`G^{k,(n)}`$ to $`G^{k+1,(n)}`$. If $`\underset{¯}{p}P_n`$, set $`p(i,j)=p_{ij}`$ if $`i<j`$ and $`p(i,j)=p_{ji}`$ if $`i>j`$. Then if $`\underset{¯}{\sigma }𝔖(\underset{¯}{p})`$, then one may find elements of free algebras $`P_j`$, $`j\{1,\mathrm{},n\}\{k\}`$ and partitions $`\{1,\mathrm{},p(k,k^{})\}=_{r=1}^sI_{rk^{}}`$, such that $`u(\underset{¯}{\sigma })`$ has the form

$`{\displaystyle \underset{j|j<k}{}}P_j(u_\alpha ^{(jj^{})}|j^{}j,\alpha =1,\mathrm{},p(j,j^{}))`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{r=1}{\overset{s}{}}}\left({\displaystyle \underset{i|ik}{}}({\displaystyle \underset{\alpha I_{ri}}{}}u_\alpha ^{(ki)})\right){\displaystyle \underset{j|j>k}{}}P_j(u_\alpha ^{(jj^{})}|j^{}j,\alpha =1,\mathrm{},p(j,j^{})).`$
Let us set $`q_t=_{t^{}<k}\mathrm{card}(I_{tt^{}})`$ and $`p_t=_{t^{}>k}\mathrm{card}(I_{tt^{}})`$ for $`t=1,\mathrm{},s`$. When $`u<t`$ and $`\alpha =1,\mathrm{},\mathrm{card}(I_{tu})`$, let us set $`w_{q_1+\mathrm{}+q_{t1}+\mathrm{card}(I_{t1})+\mathrm{}+\mathrm{card}(I_{t,u1})+\alpha }^{}=u_{n_\alpha }^{(ku)}`$, where $`n_\alpha `$ is the $`\alpha `$th element of $`I_{tu}`$. When $`u>t`$ and $`\alpha =1,\mathrm{},\mathrm{card}(I_{tu})`$, let us set $`v_{p_1+\mathrm{}+p_{t1}+\mathrm{card}(I_{t,k+1})+\mathrm{}+\mathrm{card}(I_{t,u1})+\alpha }=u_{n_\alpha }^{(ku)}`$. Let us also set $`v_p^{}=u_\nu ^{(uk)}`$ whenever $`w_p^{}=u_\nu ^{(ku)}`$ and $`w_p=u_\nu ^{(ku)}`$ whenever $`v_p=u_\nu ^{(uk)}`$.

Let us set $`A_i=_{t=1}^s(q_1+\mathrm{}+q_{t1}+\mathrm{card}(I_{t1})+\mathrm{}+\mathrm{card}(I_{t,i1})+\{1,\mathrm{},\mathrm{card}(I_{ti})\})`$ and $`B_j=_{t=1}^s(p_1+\mathrm{}+p_{t1}+\mathrm{card}(I_{t,k+1})+\mathrm{}+\mathrm{card}(I_{t,j1})+\{1,\mathrm{},\mathrm{card}(I_{tj})\})`$.

Let us set $`\underset{¯}{p}=(p_1,\mathrm{},p_s)`$ and $`\underset{¯}{p}=(q_1,\mathrm{},q_s)`$. For $`(c,c^{})M_{\underset{¯}{q},\underset{¯}{p}}`$, let us define $`(p_{ij}(c,c^{}))_{1i<jn}`$ as follows. If $`i<j<k`$ or $`k<i<j`$, then $`p_{ij}(c,c^{})=p_{ij}`$. If $`i<k<j`$, then $`p_{ij}(c,c^{})=p_{ij}+\mathrm{card}(A_j(c^{})^1(B_i))`$. If $`i<k`$, then $`p_{ik}=\mathrm{card}(c^1(\mathrm{})A_i)`$. If $`k<j`$, then $`p_{kj}=\mathrm{card}((c^{})^1(\mathrm{})B_j)`$.

When $`(c,c^{})M_{\underset{¯}{q},\underset{¯}{p}}`$, define $`u(k,\underset{¯}{\sigma }),c,c^{})`$ as the element of $`G_{(p_{ij}(c,c^{}))_{1i<jn}}^{(n)}`$ equal to

$`{\displaystyle \underset{j|j<k}{}}P_j(u_\alpha ^{(jj^{})}|j^{}j,k;\alpha =1,\mathrm{},p(j,j^{});{\displaystyle \underset{j(c^{})^1(i^{})}{\overset{}{}}}\mathrm{ad}^{}(v_j)(v_i^{}^{}),i^{}A_j)`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{i^{}c^1(\mathrm{})}{\overset{}{}}}w_i^{}^{}{\displaystyle \underset{i(c^{})^1(\mathrm{})}{\overset{}{}}}v_i`$
$`{\displaystyle \underset{j|j>k}{}}P_j(u_\alpha ^{(jj^{})}|j^{}j,k;\alpha =1,\mathrm{},p(j,j^{});{\displaystyle \underset{j^{}c^1(i)}{\overset{}{}}}\mathrm{ad}^{}(w_j^{}^{})(w_i),iB_j))`$
Then there is a unique map $`\mu _k:G^{k,(n)}G^{k+1,(n)}`$ such that $`\mu _k(u(\underset{¯}{\sigma }))=_{(c,c^{})M_{\underset{¯}{q},\underset{¯}{p}}}u(k,\underset{¯}{\sigma }),c,c^{})`$.

Define now the linear map $`\mu ^{(n)}:F^{(n)}G^{(n)}`$ as the composition $`\mu _{n2}\mathrm{}\mu _2`$.

Then $`\mu ^{(n)}`$ is an algebra morphism from $`(F^{(n)},m_{F^{(n)}})`$ to $`(G^{(n)},\mathrm{conc}_{G^{(n)}})`$. $`\mu ^{(n)}`$ is a normal ordering map is a sense generalizing Proposition B.2.

Moreover, normal ordering commutes with the operation of “mixing together” elements of $`G^{(n)}`$. If $`N`$ is an integer and $`(N_1,\mathrm{},N_n)`$ is a partition of $`N`$, let us define $`G^{(N)}(N_1,\mathrm{},N_n)`$ as the direct sum of all $`G_{\underset{¯}{p}}^{(N)}`$, where $`\underset{¯}{p}`$ is such that for any $`k=1,\mathrm{},n`$ and any pair $`i,j`$ of elements of $`N_1+\mathrm{}+N_{k1}+\{1,\mathrm{},N_k\}`$, $`p_{ij}=0`$. Assume that $`(N^{(\beta )})_{\beta =1,\mathrm{},\alpha }`$ is a family of integers and for each $`\beta =1,\mathrm{},\alpha `$, $`(N_\alpha ^{(\beta )})`$ is a partition of $`N^{(\beta )}`$. Assume that for $`\beta =1,\mathrm{},\alpha `$, $`x_\beta G^{(N^{(\beta )})}(N_1^{(\beta )},\mathrm{},N_n^{(\beta )})`$, and let us fix a sequence of bijections $`b_k:\{1,\mathrm{},_\beta N_k^{(\beta )}\}I_{N_k^{(1)},\mathrm{},N_k^{(\beta )}}`$. To the sequence $`\underset{¯}{b}=(b_k)_{k=1,\mathrm{},n}`$, we associate a map

$$\mathrm{conc}_{\underset{¯}{b}}:\underset{\beta =1}{\overset{\alpha }{}}G^{(N^{(\beta )})}(N_1^{(\beta )},\mathrm{},N_N^{(\beta )})G^{(n)},$$

such that if $`(b_k^{},b_k^{\prime \prime })`$ are the components of the map $`b_k`$, then the first factor of $`\mathrm{conc}_{\underset{¯}{b}}(_{\beta =1}^\alpha x_\beta )`$ is the concatenation of the $`b_1^{\prime \prime }(1)`$th factor of $`x_{b^{}(1)}`$, the $`b_1^{\prime \prime }(2)`$th factor of $`x_{b^{}(2)}`$, etc, the $`i`$th factor of $`\mathrm{conc}_{\underset{¯}{b}}(_{\beta =1}^\alpha x_\beta )`$ is the concatenation of $`N_1^{(b^{}(i))}+\mathrm{}+N_{i1}^{(b^{}(i))}+b_i^{\prime \prime }(1)`$th factor of $`x_{b^{}(i)}`$, the $`N_1^{(b^{}(i))}+\mathrm{}+N_{i1}^{(b^{}(i))}+b_i^{\prime \prime }(2)`$th factor of $`x_{b^{}(i)}`$, etc.

Then we have

###### Proposition C.3.

$`\mu ^{(n)}\mathrm{conc}_{\underset{¯}{b}}=\mu ^{(n)}\mathrm{conc}_{\underset{¯}{b}}(_{\beta =1}^\alpha \mu ^{(N^{(\beta )})})`$.

Proof. We have seen that the image by $`\mu ^{(3)}`$ of an element of $`G^{(3)}`$ is not changed if we apply the CYBE identity within in this element. Therefore the same is true for any map $`\mu ^{(k)}`$. Now each map $`\mu ^{(N^{(\alpha )})}`$ consists of repeated applications of the CYBE identity, so the image by $`\mu ^{(N)}`$ of $`\mathrm{conc}_{\underset{¯}{b}}(_{\beta =1}^\alpha x_\beta )`$ and $`\mathrm{conc}_{\underset{¯}{b}}(_{\beta =1}^\alpha \mu ^{(N^{(\beta )})}(x_\beta ))`$ will be the same. ∎

Using $`\mu ^{(n)}`$, one may prove in the same way as Corollary B.1:

###### Proposition C.4.

Assume that for $`i=1,\mathrm{},n`$, $`L_i`$ is an element of $`FL_{_{j|j<i}p_{ji}+_{j|j>i}p_{ij}}`$. Then the element of $`F^{(n)}`$ equal to

$$\mu ^{(n)}\left(\underset{i=1}{\overset{n}{}}L_i(u_1^{(i)},\mathrm{},u_{_{j|j<i}p_{ji}+_{j|j>i}p_{ij}}^{(i)})\right)$$

belongs to $`_{x_2,\mathrm{},x_{n2}\{a,b\}}F^{(ax_2\mathrm{}x_{n2}b)}`$.

As it happens in the case $`n=3`$, the restriction on $`\underset{¯}{p}`$ (see equation (18)) comes from the fact that the reorderings due to CYBE tranfer the $`x_\alpha ^{(i)}`$ to the left and the $`y_\alpha ^{(i)}`$ to the right, so the fact that each $`x_\alpha ^{(i)}`$ is at the left of the corresponding $`y_\alpha ^{(i)}`$ is not changed.

### C.6. Construction and properties of $`\delta _4^{(F)}`$

#### C.6.1. The maps $`xx^{(i_1\mathrm{}i_p)}`$

Let $`i_1,\mathrm{},i_p`$ be integers such that $`1i_1<\mathrm{}<i_pn`$. Then there is a unique linear map $`\underset{¯}{s}\underset{¯}{s}^{(i_1\mathrm{}i_p)}`$ from $`^p`$ to $`^n`$, such that $`\underset{¯}{s}_i^{(i_1\mathrm{}i_p)}=0`$ if $`i\{i_1,\mathrm{},i_p\}`$ and $`\underset{¯}{s}_{i_j}^{(i_1\mathrm{}i_p)}=s_j`$ for $`j=1,\mathrm{},p`$. If $`(\underset{¯}{s},\underset{¯}{t},\varphi )`$ belongs to $`\mathrm{\Phi }_p`$, define $`\varphi ^{(i_1\mathrm{}i_p)}`$ as the map from $`I_{\underset{¯}{s}^{(i_1\mathrm{}i_p)}}`$ to $`I_{\underset{¯}{t}^{(i_1\mathrm{}i_p)}}`$ such that if $`(k,\alpha )I_{\underset{¯}{s}}`$ and $`(\varphi (k,\alpha ))=(l,\beta )`$, then $`\varphi ^{(i_1\mathrm{}i_p)}(i_k,\alpha )=(i_l,\beta )`$. Denote also by $`xx^{(i_1\mathrm{}i_p)}`$ the map from $`\mathrm{\Phi }_p`$ to $`\mathrm{\Phi }_n`$, such that $`(\underset{¯}{s},\underset{¯}{t},\varphi )^{(i_1\mathrm{}i_p)}=(\underset{¯}{s}^{(i_1\mathrm{}i_p)},\underset{¯}{t}^{(i_1\mathrm{}i_p)},\varphi ^{(i_1\mathrm{}i_p)})`$. Let us also denote by $`xx^{(i_1\mathrm{}x_p)}`$ the linear map from $`F^{(p)}`$ to $`F^{(n)}`$, such that for any $`(\underset{¯}{s},\underset{¯}{t},\varphi )\mathrm{\Phi }_p`$, $`z(\underset{¯}{s},\underset{¯}{t},\varphi )^{(i_1\mathrm{}i_p)}=z((\underset{¯}{s},\underset{¯}{t},\varphi )^{(i_1\mathrm{}i_p)})`$. Then $`xx^{(i_1\mathrm{}x_p)}`$ is an algebra morphism from $`(F^{(p)},m_{F^{(p)}})`$ to $`(F^{(n)},m_{F^{(n)}})`$.

#### C.6.2.

Let us denote by $`r`$ the element of $`F_1^{(2)}`$ equal to $`x_1^{(12)}y_1^{(12)}`$.

###### Lemma C.2.

1) Let $`\rho `$ belong to $`_{x_1,\mathrm{},x_{n3}\{a,b\}}F^{(ax_1\mathrm{}x_{n3}b)}`$. Then if $`i<j`$ (resp., if $`j<i`$), the commutators $`[r^{(ij)},\rho ^{1\mathrm{}i1,i+1\mathrm{}n}]`$ (resp., $`[r^{(ji)},\rho ^{1\mathrm{}i1,i+1\mathrm{}n}]`$) belongs to $`_{x_1,\mathrm{},x_{n3}\{a,b\}}F^{(ax_1\mathrm{}x_{n2}b)}`$.

2) If $`i<j<k`$, we have $`[r^{(ij)},r^{(ik)}]+[r^{(ij)},r^{(jk)}]+[r^{(ik)},r^{(jk)}]=0`$ and if $`i,j,k,l`$ are all distinct and $`i<j`$, and $`k<l`$, then $`[r^{(ij)},r^{(kl)}]=0`$.

Proof. It suffices to prove 1) when $`x`$ belongs to some $`F^{(ax_1\mathrm{}x_{n3}b)}`$ and is the tensor product of Lie polynomials. There is nothing to do when $`i<j`$ and $`x_{j1}=b`$, or when $`i>j`$ and $`x_j=a`$. In the two other cases, one applies Proposition C.4 to a suitable family of Lie polynomials.

The first part of 2) is a consequence of the fact that the map $`xx^{(ijk)}`$ from $`F^{(3)}`$ to $`F^{(n)}`$ is an algebra morphism. The second part is immediate. ∎

When $`xF^{(3)}`$ define $`\delta ^{F^{(3)}F^{(4)}}(x)`$ as follows

$`\delta ^{F^{(3)}F^{(4)}}(x)=[r^{(12)}+r^{(13)}+r^{(14)},x^{(234)}][r^{(12)}+r^{(23)}+r^{(24)},x^{(134)}]`$
$`+[r^{(13)}r^{(23)}+r^{(34)},x^{(124)}][r^{(14)}r^{(24)}r^{(34)},x^{(123)}].`$
$`\delta ^{F^{(3)}F^{(4)}}`$ maps $`F^{(3)}`$ to $`F^{(4)}`$. It follows from Lemma C.2, 1) that if $`xF^{(aab)}F^{(abb)}`$, $`\delta ^{F^{(3)}F^{(4)}}`$ maps maps $`F^{(aab)}F^{(abb)}`$ to $`_{x,y\{a,b\}}F^{(axyb)}`$. We define $`\delta _4^{(F)}`$ as the resulting map from $`F^{(aab)}F^{(abb)}`$ to $`_{x,y\{a,b\}}F^{(axyb)}`$.

Then it follows from Proposition C.2 that $`\delta _4^{(F)}`$ satisfies the conclusion of 3.3.

Recall that $`\delta _3^{(F)}`$ is the restriction to $`_{n0}F_n`$ of the map $`\delta ^{F^{(2)}F^{(3)}}:F^{(2)}F^{(3)}`$ such that

$$\delta ^{F^{(2)}F^{(3)}}(x)=[r^{(12)},x^{(13)}]+[r^{(12)},x^{(23)}]+[r^{(13)},x^{(23)}]+[x^{(12)},r^{(13)}]+[x^{(12)},r^{(23)}]+[x^{(13)},r^{(23)}].$$

Then it follows from Lemma C.2, 2) that the composition $`\delta ^{F^{(3)}F^{(4)}}\delta ^{F^{(2)}F^{(3)}}`$, which is a map from $`F^{(2)}`$ to $`F^{(4)}`$, is zero. It follows that the composition $`\delta _4^{(F)}\delta _3^{(F)}`$ is also zero.

This proves Proposition 3.4, 2).

###### Remark 13.

It is now clear how to define $`\delta _n^{(F)}:_{x_1,\mathrm{},x_{n3}\{a,b\}}F^{(ax_1\mathrm{}x_{n3}b)}_{y_1,\mathrm{},y_{n2}\{a,b\}}F^{(ay_1\mathrm{}y_{n2}b)}`$, such that $`\delta _n^{(F)}\delta _{n1}^{(F)}=0`$.

## Appendix D Computation of cohomology groups

### D.1. Computation of $`H_n^2`$

Clearly, $`\mathrm{Ker}(\delta _3^{(F)})F_1=𝕂r`$. Let us assume now that $`n>1`$. We want to prove that $`\mathrm{Ker}(\delta _3^{(F)})F_n=0`$.

Let $`x`$ belong to $`\mathrm{Ker}(\delta _3^{(F)})F_n`$. Since the family $`(x_1^{(12)}\mathrm{}x_n^{(12)}y_{\sigma (1)}^{(12)}\mathrm{}y_{\sigma (n)}^{(12)})_{\sigma 𝔖_n}`$ is a basis of $`F_n^{(2)}=(FA_nFA_n)_{𝔖_n}`$, there exists a unique family $`(A_\sigma )_{\sigma 𝔖_n}`$ in $`𝕂^{𝔖_n}`$ such that

$$x=\underset{\sigma 𝔖_n}{}A_\sigma x_1^{(12)}\mathrm{}x_n^{(12)}y_{\sigma (1)}^{(12)}\mathrm{}y_{\sigma (n)}^{(12)}.$$

Moreover:

###### Lemma D.1.

The condition that $`x`$ belong to $`(FL_nFL_n)_{𝔖_n}`$ is equivalent to the condition that $`_{\sigma 𝔖_n}A_\sigma x_{\sigma (1)}\mathrm{}x_{\sigma (n)}`$ and $`_{\sigma 𝔖_n}A_{\sigma ^1}x_{\sigma (1)}\mathrm{}x_{\sigma (n)}`$ are both Lie polynomials in the free algebra with generators $`x_1,\mathrm{},x_n`$.

Let $`\pi _{01n}`$ denote the projection of $`F^{(3)}`$ on $`F_{01n}`$ parallel to $`_{(p,q,r)|(p,q,r)(0,1,n)}F_{pqr}`$. Let us apply $`\pi _{01n}`$ to the identity $`\delta _3^{(F)}(x)=0`$.

Since $`[x^{12},r^{13}]F_{0n1}`$, $`[r^{13},x^{23}]F_{n01}`$ and $`[x^{13},r^{23}]F_{10n}`$ and since $`n1`$, $`\pi _{01n}(\delta _3^{(F)}(x))`$ is the same as the image by $`\pi _{01n}`$ of $`[r^{12},x^{23}]+[x^{12},r^{13}]+[r^{12},x^{13}]`$. This is also the image by $`\pi _{01n}`$ of

(47) $`{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma 𝔖_n}{}}A_\sigma \mu ^{(3)}(x_1^{(2)}y_1^{(2)}x_{\sigma (1)}^{(1)}\mathrm{}x_{\sigma (n)}^{(1)}y_1^{(1)}\mathrm{}y_n^{(1)})`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma 𝔖_n}{}}A_\sigma \mu ^{(3)}(x_{\sigma (1)}^{(2)}\mathrm{}x_{\sigma (n)}^{(2)}y_1^{(2)}\mathrm{}y_n^{(2)}x_1^{(1)}y_1^{(1)})`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma 𝔖_n}{}}A_\sigma [x_1^{(2)},x_{\sigma (1)}^{(3)}\mathrm{}x_{\sigma (n)}^{(3)}]y_1^{(2)}y_1^{(3)}\mathrm{}y_n^{(3)},`$
where the argument of the first (resp., second) expression in $`\mu ^{(3)}`$ belongs to $`G_{n10}^{(3)}`$ (resp., $`G_{1n0}^{(3)}`$).

The image of (47) by $`\pi _{01n}`$ is then equal to

(48) $`{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma 𝔖_n}{}}A_\sigma [x_{\sigma (1)}^{(3)},\mathrm{},[x_{\sigma (n)}^{(3)},x_1^{(2)}]]y_1^{(2)}y_1^{(3)}\mathrm{}y_n^{(3)}`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma 𝔖_n}{}}A_\sigma x_{\sigma (1)}^{(3)}\mathrm{}[x_1^{(3)},x_1^{(2)}]\mathrm{}x_{\sigma (n)}^{(3)}y_1^{(2)}[[y_1^{(3)},y_2^{(3)}],\mathrm{},y_n^{(3)}]`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma 𝔖_n}{}}A_\sigma [x_1^{(2)},x_{\sigma (1)}^{(3)}\mathrm{}x_{\sigma (n)}^{(3)}]y_1^{(2)}y_1^{(3)}\mathrm{}y_n^{(3)}.`$
###### Lemma D.2.

Let $`(X_\sigma )_{\sigma 𝔖_n}`$ belong to $`𝕂^{𝔖_n}`$ and assume that $`X=_{\sigma 𝔖_n}X_\sigma x_{\sigma (1)}\mathrm{}x_{\sigma (n)}`$ is a Lie element of the free algebra with generators $`x,x_1,\mathrm{},x_n`$. Then we have the identity

(49)
$$[X,x]=\underset{\sigma 𝔖_n}{}X_\sigma [x_{\sigma (1)},\mathrm{},[x_{\sigma (n)},x]].$$

Proof of Lemma. Let us denote by $`\mathrm{ad}`$ the adjoint action of the free algebra with $`n+1`$ generators on itself by the rule $`\mathrm{ad}(a)(b)=[a,b]`$. Then we should show the identity $`[X,x]=\mathrm{ad}(X)(x)`$. $`X`$ is a linear combination of Lie polynomials of the form $`[x_{\tau (1)},\mathrm{},[x_{\sigma (n1)},x_{\sigma (n)}]]`$ (see e.g. ), so it suffices to check (49) when $`X`$ is such a polynomial. Moreover, we may assume after relabeling indices that $`\tau `$ is the inversion $`\tau (i)=n+1i`$. We have now to prove that if $`X_n=[x_n,\mathrm{},[x_2,x_1]]`$, then

(50)
$$[X_n,x]=\mathrm{ad}(X_n)(x).$$

Let us prove (50) by induction. The case $`n=1`$ is obvious. Assume that (50) holds at step $`n`$. Then

$`\mathrm{ad}(X_n)(x)=\mathrm{ad}([x_{n+1},X_n])(x)=(\mathrm{ad}(x_{n+1})\mathrm{ad}(X_n)\mathrm{ad}(X_n)\mathrm{ad}(x_{n+1}))(x)`$
$`=[x_{n+1},[X_n,x]][X_n,[x_{n+1},x]]=[X_{n+1},x],`$
where the first equality of the second line uses the twice the induction hypothesis, first with $`x`$, then with $`x`$ replaced by $`[x_{n+1},x]`$. ∎

Lemma D.2 implies that the first and last terms of (48) cancel out, so that

(51) $`{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma 𝔖_n}{}}A_\sigma x_{\sigma (1)}^{(3)}\mathrm{}x_{\sigma (\sigma ^1(1)1)}^{(3)}\left(x_1^{(3)}x_1^{(2)}x_1^{(2)}x_1^{(3)}\right)x_{\sigma (\sigma ^1(1)+1)}^{(3)}\mathrm{}x_{\sigma (n)}^{(3)}`$
$`y_1^{(2)}[[y_1^{(3)},y_2^{(3)}],\mathrm{},y_n^{(3)}]`$
is zero. Decompose (51) as a sum $`_{i=1}^{n+1}A_i`$, where $`A_i`$ contains $`x_1^{(2)}`$ at the $`i`$th position. Then each $`A_i`$ is zero. Replacing $`x_1^{(2)}`$ by $`1`$ in each of these equalities, we find the following set of equalities in $`(FA_nFA_n)_{𝔖_n}`$

$$\underset{\sigma 𝔖_n|\sigma (1)=1}{}A_\sigma x_{\sigma (1)}^{(3)}\mathrm{}x_{\sigma (n)}^{(3)}[[y_1^{(3)},y_2^{(3)}],\mathrm{},y_n^{(3)}]=0,$$

$`{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma 𝔖_n|\sigma (k)=1}{}}A_\sigma x_{\sigma (1)}^{(3)}\mathrm{}x_{\sigma (n)}^{(3)}[[y_1^{(3)},y_2^{(3)}],\mathrm{},y_n^{(3)}]`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{\sigma 𝔖_n|\sigma (k+1)=1}{}}A_\sigma x_{\sigma (1)}^{(3)}\mathrm{}x_{\sigma (n)}^{(3)}[[y_1^{(3)},y_2^{(3)}],\mathrm{},y_n^{(3)}],`$
for $`k=1,\mathrm{},n1`$

$$\underset{\sigma 𝔖_n|\sigma (n)=1}{}A_\sigma x_{\sigma (1)}^{(3)}\mathrm{}x_{\sigma (n)}^{(3)}[[y_1^{(3)},y_2^{(3)}],\mathrm{},y_n^{(3)}]=0.$$

We have therefore for any $`k=1,\mathrm{},n`$

$$\underset{\sigma 𝔖_n|\sigma (k)=1}{}A_\sigma x_{\sigma (1)}^{(3)}\mathrm{}x_{\sigma (n)}^{(3)}[[y_1^{(3)},y_2^{(3)}],\mathrm{},y_n^{(3)}]=0.$$

Adding up these equalities, and using the identity $`x_{\sigma (1)}^{(3)}\mathrm{}x_{\sigma (n)}^{(3)}y_1^{(1)}\mathrm{}y_n^{(1)}=x_1^{(3)}\mathrm{}x_n^{(3)}y_{\sigma ^1(1)}^{(1)}\mathrm{}y_{\sigma ^1(n)}^{(1)}`$ in $`(FA_nFA_n)_{𝔖_n}`$ we get

(52)
$$x_1^{(3)}\mathrm{}x_n^{(3)}\underset{\sigma 𝔖_n}{}A_\sigma [[y_{\sigma ^1(1)}^{(3)},y_{\sigma ^1(2)}^{(3)}],\mathrm{},y_{\sigma ^1(n)}^{(3)}]=0.$$

###### Proposition D.1.

(see ) If $`X=_{\sigma 𝔖_n}X_\sigma x_{\sigma (1)}\mathrm{}x_{\sigma (n)}`$ is a Lie polynomial in the free algebra with generators $`x_1,\mathrm{},x_n`$, then

$$\underset{\sigma 𝔖_n}{}X_\sigma [[x_{\sigma (1)},x_{\sigma (2)}],\mathrm{},x_{\sigma (n)}]=nX.$$

We have seen that $`_{\sigma 𝔖_n}A_\sigma x_{\sigma ^1(1)}\mathrm{}x_{\sigma ^1(n)}`$ is a Lie polynomial, therefore (52) is equal to

$$nx_1^{(3)}\mathrm{}x_n^{(3)}\underset{\sigma 𝔖_n}{}A_\sigma y_{\sigma ^1(1)}^{(3)}\mathrm{}y_{\sigma ^1(n)}^{(3)}=nx.$$

Therefore $`x=0`$.

### D.2. Computation of $`H_n^3`$

#### D.2.1. Form of the elements of $`\mathrm{Im}(\delta _3^{(F)})`$

###### Proposition D.2.

Let $`(A_\sigma )_{\sigma 𝔖_n}𝕂^{𝔖_n}`$ be such that $`_{\sigma 𝔖_n}A_\sigma x_{\sigma (1)}\mathrm{}x_{\sigma (n)}`$ is a Lie polynomial. Then for any $`k=1,\mathrm{},n`$, we have

$$\underset{\sigma 𝔖_n}{}A_\sigma x_{\sigma (1)}\mathrm{}x_{\sigma (n)}=\underset{\sigma 𝔖_n}{}A_\sigma [x_{\sigma (1)},\mathrm{}[x_{\sigma (n1)},x_{\sigma (n)}]].$$

Proof. We may assume that $`_{\sigma 𝔖_n}A_\sigma x_{\sigma (1)}\mathrm{}x_{\sigma (n)}=[x_1,\mathrm{},[x_{n1},x_n]]`$. Let us then prove the result by induction on $`n`$. Assume that we proved the result up to order $`n1`$ and let us treat the case of order $`n`$. Let us define $`(A_\sigma (n))_{\sigma 𝔖_n}`$ as the elements of $`𝕂`$ such that

$$\underset{\sigma 𝔖_n}{}A_\sigma (n)x_{\sigma (1)}\mathrm{}x_{\sigma (n)}=[x_1,\mathrm{},[x_{n1},x_n]].$$

Then if $`k=2,\mathrm{},n`$ and if $`\sigma 𝔖_n`$ is such that $`\sigma (n)=k`$ and $`A_\sigma (n)0`$, then $`\sigma (1)=1`$.

For any $`\sigma 𝔖_n`$ such that $`\sigma (1)=1`$, let us denote by $`\sigma ^{}`$ the element of $`𝔖_{n1}`$ such that $`\sigma ^{}(k)=\sigma (k+1)1`$, for $`k=1,\mathrm{},n1`$. Then when $`\sigma 𝔖_n`$ and $`\sigma (1)=1`$, we have $`A_\sigma (n)=A_\sigma ^{}(n1)`$.

Then if $`k=2,\mathrm{},n`$,

(53) $`{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma 𝔖_n|\sigma (n)=k}{}}A_\sigma (n)[x_{\sigma (1)},\mathrm{},[x_{\sigma (n1)},x_{\sigma (n)}]]`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{\tau 𝔖_{n1}}{}}A_\tau (n1)[x_1,[x_{\sigma ^{}(1)+1},\mathrm{},[x_{\sigma ^{}(n2)+1},x_{\sigma ^{}(n1)+1}]]`$
$`=[x_1,[x_2,\mathrm{},[x_{n1},x_n]]],`$
where the second equality follows from the induction hypothesis applied to variables $`x_2,\mathrm{},x_n`$. This proves the result at order $`n`$, when $`k=2,\mathrm{},n`$. Then

$`{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma 𝔖_n|\sigma (n)=1}{}}A_\sigma (n)[x_{\sigma (1)},\mathrm{},[x_{\sigma (n1)},x_{\sigma (n)}]]`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{\sigma 𝔖_n}{}}A_\sigma (n)[x_{\sigma (1)},\mathrm{},[x_{\sigma (n1)},x_{\sigma (n)}]]{\displaystyle \underset{k=2}{\overset{n}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma 𝔖_n|\sigma (n)=k}{}}A_\sigma (n)[x_{\sigma (1)},\mathrm{},[x_{\sigma (n1)},x_{\sigma (n)}]]`$
$`=n{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma 𝔖_n}{}}A_\sigma (n)x_{\sigma (1)}\mathrm{}x_{\sigma (n)}(n1){\displaystyle \underset{\sigma 𝔖_n}{}}A_\sigma (n)x_{\sigma (1)}\mathrm{}x_{\sigma (n)},`$
where the second equality follows from Proposition D.1 and from equalities (53). So

$$\underset{\sigma 𝔖_n|\sigma (n)=1}{}A_\sigma (n)[x_{\sigma (1)},\mathrm{},[x_{\sigma (n1)},x_{\sigma (n)}]]=\underset{\sigma 𝔖_n}{}A_\sigma (n)x_{\sigma (1)}\mathrm{}x_{\sigma (n)}=[x_1,\mathrm{},[x_{n1},x_n]],$$

which proves the remaining case of the result at order $`n`$. ∎

###### Proposition D.3.

Let $`n>1`$ and $`yF_n`$. Set $`x=\delta _3^{(F)}(y)`$, and let us decompose $`x`$ as $`_{p,q|p+q=n+1}x_{p,q,n+1}^{(aab)}+_{p,q|p+q=n+1}x_{n+1,p,q}^{(abb)}`$, with

$$x_{p,q,n+1}^{(aab)}(FL_pFL_qFL_{n+1})_{𝔖_p\times 𝔖_q}\mathrm{and}x_{n+1,p,q}^{(abb)}(FL_{n+1}FL_pFL_q)_{𝔖_p\times 𝔖_q}.$$

Then

1) $`x_{n,1,n+1}^{(aab)}=[r^{(23)},y^{(13)}]`$ and $`x_{n+1,1,n}^{(abb)}=[r^{(12)},y^{(13)}]`$.

2) $`x_{1,n,n+1}^{(aab)}=0`$ and $`x_{n+1,1,n}^{(abb)}=0`$.

Proof. Proposition D.2 allows some simplifications in the computations of the end of Section D.1, which imply the two first equalities. To prove the two last equalities, let us proceed as in Section D.1. For example, if $`y=_{\sigma 𝔖_n}A_\sigma x_1^{(12)}\mathrm{}x_n^{(12)}y_{\sigma (1)}^{(12)}\mathrm{}y_{\sigma (n)}^{(12)}`$, then the nonzero contributions to $`x_{1,n,n+1}^{(aab)}`$ are those of $`[r^{(12)},y^{(23)}]`$ and of $`[r^{(13)},y^{(23)}]`$, which are respectively

$$\underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{}}\underset{\sigma 𝔖_n}{}A_\sigma x_1^{(13)}\mathrm{}x_n^{(13)}x^{(23)}y_{\sigma (1)}^{(13)}\mathrm{}[y_{\sigma (k)}^{(13)},y^{(23)}]\mathrm{}y_{\sigma (n)}^{(13)}$$

and

$$\underset{k=1}{\overset{n}{}}\underset{\sigma 𝔖_n}{}A_\sigma x_1^{(13)}\mathrm{}x_n^{(13)}x^{(23)}[y^{(23)},y_{\sigma (1)}^{(13)}\mathrm{}y_{\sigma (n)}^{(13)}]$$

and cancel out (here we do not use the fact that $`y`$ belongs to $`(FL_nFL_n)_{𝔖_n}`$). ∎

#### D.2.2. Computation of $`H_n^3`$

The result is obvious in the case $`n=2`$.

Let us assume that $`n>2`$ and let $`x`$ belong to $`F_n^{Lie,(3)}`$ be such that $`\delta _4^{(F)}(x)=0`$. We want to show the existence of $`yF_{n1}^{Lie,(2)}`$ such that $`x=\delta _3^{(F)}(y)`$.

###### Proposition D.4.

We have $`x_{1,n1,n}^{(aab)}=0`$ and $`x_{n,n1,1}^{(abb)}=0`$.

Proof. When $`zF_n^{Lie,(4)}`$, $`x,y\{a,b\}`$ and $`p,q,r,s`$ are integers, we denote by $`z_{pqrs}^{(axyb)}`$ the projection of $`z`$ on $`F_{pqrs}^{(axyb)}`$ parallel to the direct sum of all other $`F_{p^{}q^{}r^{}s^{}}^{(abx^{}y^{}b)}`$. Then $`(\delta _4^{(F)}(x))_{1,1,n1,n+1}^{(aaab)}`$ is equal to

$$\left([r^{(12)}+r^{(13)}+r^{(14)},(x_{1,n1,n}^{(aab)})^{(234)}][r^{(23)}+r^{(24)},(x_{1,n1,n}^{(aab)})^{(134)}]\right)_{1,1,n1,n+1}^{(aaab)},$$

because all other summands of $`\delta _4^{(F)}(x)`$ project to zero on $`F_{1,1,n1,n+1}^{(aaab)}`$, either obviously, or in the case of $`[r^{(34)},(x_{112}^{(aab)})^{(123)}+(x_{112}^{(aab)})^{(124)}]`$, because we assumed that $`n>2`$.

###### Lemma D.3.

$$\left([r^{(12)}+r^{(13)}+r^{(14)},(x_{1,n1,n}^{(aab)})^{(234)}]\right)_{1,1,n1,n+1}^{(aaab)}=0$$

Proof of Lemma. Let $`(Z_{k,\sigma })_{(k,\sigma )\{0,\mathrm{},n1\}\times 𝔖_{n1}}`$ be the elements of $`𝕂`$ such that

$$x_{1,n1,n}^{(aab)}=\underset{k=0}{\overset{n1}{}}\underset{\sigma 𝔖_{n1}}{}Z_{k,\sigma }x_1^{(3)}x_1^{(1)}\mathrm{}x_{n1}^{(1)}y_{\sigma (1)}^{(1)}\mathrm{}y_{\sigma (k)}^{(1)}y_1^{(3)}y_{\sigma (k+1)}^{(1)}\mathrm{}y_{\sigma (n1)}^{(1)}.$$

Then

$`[r^{(12)},(x_{1,n1,n}^{(aab)})^{(234)}]`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{n1}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma 𝔖_{n1}}{}}Z_{k,\sigma }x_1^{(14)}x_1^{(24)}x_1^{(34)}\mathrm{}x_{n1}^{(34)}`$
$`y_{\sigma (1)}^{(34)}\mathrm{}y_{\sigma (k)}^{(34)}[y_1^{(24)},y_1^{(14)}]y_{\sigma (k+1)}^{(34)}\mathrm{}y_{\sigma (n1)}^{(34)}`$
and

$`[r^{(13)},(x_{1,n1,n}^{(aab)})^{(234)}]`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{n1}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma 𝔖_{n1}}{}}Z_{k,\sigma }{\displaystyle \underset{s=1}{\overset{n1}{}}}x_1^{(14)}x_1^{(24)}x_1^{(34)}\mathrm{}x_{n1}^{(34)}`$
$`y_{\sigma (1)}^{(34)}\mathrm{}[y_{\sigma (s)}^{(34)},y_1^{(14)}]\mathrm{}y_{\sigma (k)}^{(34)}y_1^{(24)}y_{\sigma (k+1)}^{(34)}\mathrm{}y_{\sigma (n1)}^{(34)},`$
so that the sum of these terms is equal to $`[r^{(14)},(x_{1,n1,n}^{(aab)})^{(234)}]`$. ∎

End of proof of Proposition. In the same way, one proves

$`\left([r^{(23)}+r^{(24)},(x_{1,n1,n}^{(aab)})^{(234)}]\right)_{1,1,n1,n+1}^{(aaab)}`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{n1}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma 𝔖_{n1}}{}}Z_{k,\sigma }x_1^{(14)}x_1^{(24)}x_1^{(34)}\mathrm{}x_{n1}^{(34)}`$
$`y_{\sigma (1)}^{(34)}\mathrm{}y_{\sigma (k)}^{(34)}[y_1^{(14)},y_1^{(24)}]y_{\sigma (k+1)}^{(34)}\mathrm{}y_{\sigma (n1)}^{(34)}.`$
Therefore $`_{k=0}^{n1}_{\sigma 𝔖_{n1}}Z_{k,\sigma }y_{\sigma (1)}^{(34)}\mathrm{}y_{\sigma (k)}^{(34)}[y_1^{(14)},y_1^{(24)}]y_{\sigma (k+1)}^{(34)}\mathrm{}y_{\sigma (n1)}^{(34)}=0`$. For any $`k`$, the sum of all the terms in this sum in which $`y_1^{(14)}`$ and $`y_1^{(24)}`$ appear in the $`k`$th and $`(k+1)`$st position is also zero, so for any $`k`$ we have $`_{\sigma 𝔖_{n1}}Z_{k,\sigma }y_{\sigma (1)}^{(34)}\mathrm{}y_{\sigma (n1)}^{(34)}=0`$. So the $`Z_{k,\sigma }`$ are all zero and $`x_{1,n1,n}^{(aab)}=0`$.

The proof of $`x_{n,n1,1}^{(abb)}=0`$ is similar. ∎

Recall that $`F^{Lie,(n)}`$ is the direct sum $`_{x_1,\mathrm{},x_{n2}\{a,b\}}F^{(ax_1\mathrm{}x_{n2}b)}`$. If $`zF^{Lie,(n)}`$, let us denote by $`x^{(ax_1\mathrm{}x_{n2}b)}`$ the projection of $`z`$ on $`F^{(ax_1\mathrm{}x_{n2}b)}`$ parallel to the direct sum of all other $`F^{(ax_1^{}\mathrm{}x_{n2}^{}b)}`$.

###### Proposition D.5.

If $`z`$ belongs to $`_{x\{a,b\}}F_n^{(axb)}`$, then

$$(\delta _4(z))^{(aabb)}=[r^{(13)},(z^{(aab)})^{(124)}+(z^{(aab)})^{(214)}][r^{(24)},(z^{(abb)})^{(134)}+(z^{(abb)})^{(314)}].$$

Proof. If $`n`$ is an integer $`2`$, $`x_1,\mathrm{},x_{n3}`$ belong to $`\{a,b\}`$, and if $`1i<jn`$, then

$$[r^{(ij)},(F^{(ax_1\mathrm{}x_{n3}b)})^{1,\mathrm{},i1,i+1,\mathrm{},n}]_{x\{a,b\}}F^{(ax_1\mathrm{}x_{i2}ax_{i1}\mathrm{}x_{j3}xx_{j2}\mathrm{}x_{n3}b)}$$

and

$$[r^{(ij)},(F^{(ax_1\mathrm{}x_{n3}b)})^{1,\mathrm{},j1,j+1,\mathrm{},n}]_{x\{a,b\}}F^{(ax_1\mathrm{}x_{i2}ax_{i1}\mathrm{}x_{j3}xx_{j2}\mathrm{}x_{n3}b)}.$$

This implies that $`(\delta _4^{(F)}(z))^{(aabb)}`$ is equal to

(54) $`([r^{(12)}+r^{(13)}+r^{(14)},(z^{(abb)})^{(234)}]+[r^{(13)},(z^{(aab)})^{(234)}][r^{(23)},(z^{(aab)})^{(134)}]`$
$`[r^{(23)}+r^{(24)},(z^{(abb)})^{(134)}][r^{(13)}+r^{(23)},(z^{(aab)})^{(124)}][r^{(23)},(z^{(abb)})^{124}]`$
$`+[r^{(14)}+r^{(24)}+r^{(34)},(z^{(abb)})^{(123)}]+[r^{(14)},(z^{(abb)})^{(123)}])^{(aabb)}.`$
The reasoning of Proposition D.3, 2) implies that

$$\left([r^{(12)}+r^{(13)}+r^{(14)},(z^{(abb)})^{(234)}]\right)^{(aabb)}\mathrm{and}\left([r^{(14)}+r^{(24)}+r^{(34)},(z^{(abb)})^{(123)}]\right)^{(aabb)}$$

are zero (here we no not use the fact that the components of $`z^{(aab)}`$ and $`z^{(abb)}`$ are Lie polynomials) and the reasoning of Proposition D.3, 1) relying on Proposition D.2 and the fact that the components of $`z^{(aab)}`$ and $`z^{(abb)}`$, shows that

$$([r^{(23)},(z^{(aab)})^{(134)}])^{(aabb)}=[r^{(23)},(z^{(aab)})^{(124)}]$$

and

$$([r^{(23)},(z^{(abb)})^{(124)}])^{(aabb)}=[r^{(23)},(z^{(abb)})^{(134)}].$$

Permuting the two first tensor factors of these relations, we find

$$([r^{(13)},(z^{(aab)})^{(134)}])^{(aabb)}=[r^{(13)},(z^{(aab)})^{(214)}]$$

and

$$([r^{(23)},(z^{(abb)})^{(123)}])^{(aabb)}=[r^{(23)},(z^{(abb)})^{(143)}].$$

Substituting these expressions in (54) gives the result. ∎

###### Remark 14.

One proves in the same way that $`(\delta _4^{(F)}(z))^{(abab)}`$ is identically zero. ∎

###### Corollary D.1.

Recall that $`x`$ belongs to $`F_n^{Lie,(3)}`$ and is such that $`\delta _4^{(F)}(x)=0`$. Then there exists $`yF_{n1}`$ such that

$$x_{n1,1,n}^{(aab)}=[r^{(23)},y^{(13)}]\mathrm{and}x_{n,1,n1}^{(abb)}=[r^{(12)},y^{(13)}].$$

Moreover, for any integers $`p,q`$ such that $`p+q=n`$ and $`p,q>1`$, we have

$$x_{p,q,n}^{(aab)}+(x_{q,p,n}^{(aab)})^{(213)}=0,x_{n,p,q}^{(abb)}+(x_{n,q,p}^{(abb)})^{(132)}=0.$$

Proof. It follows from Proposition D.5 that

(55)
$$[r^{(13)},(x^{(aab)})^{(124)}+(x^{(aab)})^{(214)}]+[r^{(24)},(x^{(abb)})^{(134)}+(x^{(abb)})^{(143)}]=0.$$

Let us project this equation on $`F_{n,1,1,n}^{(aabb)}`$ parallel to the sum of all other $`F_{pqrs}^{(aabb)}`$. Since $`x_{1,n1,n}^{(aab)}=0`$ and $`x_{n,n1,1}^{(abb)}=0`$, we get

$$[r^{(13)},(x_{n1,1,n}^{(aab)})^{(124)}]+[r^{(24)},(x_{n,1,n1}^{(abb)})^{(134)}]=0.$$

Let us set

$$x_{n1,1,n}^{(aab)}=\underset{k=0}{\overset{n1}{}}\underset{\sigma 𝔖_{n1}}{}A_{k,\sigma }x_1^{(3)}\mathrm{}x_{n1}^{(3)}x_1^{(1)}y_{\sigma (1)}^{(3)}\mathrm{}y_{\sigma (k)}^{(3)}y_1^{(1)}y_{\sigma (k+1)}^{(3)}\mathrm{}y_{\sigma (n1)}^{(3)}$$

and

$$x_{n,1,n1}^{(abb)}=\underset{k=0}{\overset{n1}{}}\underset{\sigma 𝔖_{n1}}{}B_{k,\sigma }x_{\sigma (1)}^{(3)}\mathrm{}x_{\sigma (k)}^{(3)}x_1^{(2)}x_{\sigma (k+1)}^{(3)}\mathrm{}x_{\sigma (n1)}^{(3)}y_1^{(2)}y_1^{(3)}\mathrm{}y_{n1}^{(3)}.$$

Then we find

$`{\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{n1}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma 𝔖_{n1}}{}}A_{k,\sigma }[x_1^{(13)},x_1^{(14)}\mathrm{}x_{n1}^{(14)}]x_1^{(24)}y_1^{(13)}y_{\sigma (1)}^{(14)}\mathrm{}y_{\sigma (k)}^{(14)}y_1^{(24)}y_{\sigma (k+1)}^{(14)}\mathrm{}y_{\sigma (n1)}^{(14)}`$
$`+{\displaystyle \underset{k=0}{\overset{n1}{}}}{\displaystyle \underset{\sigma 𝔖_{n1}}{}}x_{\sigma (1)}^{(14)}\mathrm{}x_{\sigma (k)}^{(14)}x_1^{(13)}x_{\sigma (k+1)}^{(14)}\mathrm{}x_{\sigma (n1)}^{(14)}x_1^{(24)}y_1^{(13)}[y_1^{(24)},y_1^{(14)}\mathrm{}y_{n1}^{(14)}]=0.`$
Identifying terms, we find that $`A_{k,\sigma }=B_{k,\sigma }=0`$ whenever $`k\{0,n1\}`$. Moreover, for any $`\sigma 𝔖_{n1}`$, we get

$$A_{0,\sigma }=B_{0,\sigma ^1},A_{n1,\sigma }=B_{0,\sigma ^1},A_{0,\sigma }=B_{n1,\sigma ^1},A_{n1,\sigma }=B_{n1,\sigma ^1}.$$

Let us set $`C_\sigma =A_{0,\sigma }`$, then $`A_{0,\sigma }=A_{n1,\sigma }=C_\sigma `$ and $`B_{0,\sigma ^1}=B_{n1,\sigma ^1}=C_\sigma `$, so if we set

$$y=\underset{\sigma 𝔖_{n1}}{}x_1^{(12)}\mathrm{}x_{n1}^{(12)}y_{\sigma (1)}^{(12)}\mathrm{}y_{\sigma (n1)}^{(12)},$$

$`yF^{(2)}`$ and we get

$$x_{n1,1,n}^{(aab)}=[r^{(23)},y^{(13)}]\mathrm{and}x_{n,1,n1}^{(abb)}=[r^{(12)},y^{(13)}].$$

Let us show that $`yF_{n1}=(FL_{n1}FL_{n1})_{𝔖_{n1}}`$. Since $`x_{n1,1,n}^{(aab)}`$ and $`x_{n,1,n1}^{(abb)}`$ belong to $`F_{n1,n,1}^{(aab)}`$ and $`F_{1,n1,n}^{(abb)}`$, the commutators $`[y_1^{(23)},_{\sigma 𝔖_{n1}}C_\sigma y_{\sigma (1)}^{(13)}\mathrm{}y_{\sigma (n1)}^{(13)}]`$ and $`[x_1^{(12)},_{\sigma 𝔖_{n1}}C_{\sigma ^1}x_{\sigma (1)}^{(13)}\mathrm{}x_{\sigma (n1)}^{(13)}]`$ are Lie polynomials. The first statement implies that $`_{\sigma 𝔖_{n1}}C_\sigma y_{\sigma (1)}^{(13)}\mathrm{}y_{\sigma (n1)}^{(13)}`$ is a Lie polynomial, and the second statement implies that $`_{\sigma 𝔖_{n1}}C_{\sigma ^1}x_{\sigma (1)}^{(13)}\mathrm{}x_{\sigma (n1)}^{(13)}`$ is also a Lie polynomial; by virtue of Lemma D.1, this implies that $`y`$ belongs to $`F_{n1}`$.

To prove the second part of the Proposition, let us now project equation (55) on $`F_{p+1,q,1,n}^{(aabb)}`$. Since $`q1`$, the contribution of the second term of (55) is zero, so that $`[r^{(13)},(x^{(aab)})_{p,q,n}^{(124)}+(x^{(aab)})_{p,q,n}^{(214)}]=0`$, therefore

$$x_{p,q,n}^{(aab)}+(x^{(aab)})_{p,q,n}^{(213)}=0.$$

Let us set now $`x^{}=x\delta _3^{(F)}(x)`$.

###### Proposition D.6.

We have $`x^{}=0`$.

Proof. Let us summarize the properties of $`x^{}`$. We have $`\delta _F^{(4)}(x^{})=0`$, $`(x^{})_{n1,1,n}^{(aab)}=(x^{})_{1,n1,n}^{(aab)}=0`$ , $`(x^{})_{n,1,n1}^{(abb)}=(x^{})_{n,n1,1}^{(abb)}=0`$ and for any pair of integers $`p,q`$ such that $`p+q=n`$, $`(x^{})_{p,q,n}^{(aab)}+((x^{})^{(aab)})_{p,q,n}^{(213)}=0`$ and $`(x^{})_{n,p,q}^{(abb)}+((x^{})^{(abb)})_{n,p,q}^{(132)}=0`$.

The first property follows from $`\delta _4^{(F)}\delta _3^{(F)}=0`$, the second property follows from Proposition D.3, 1), and the third property is a consequence of the first property and Proposition D.1.

Let $`k`$ be an integer such that $`1<k<n`$, and let us project the equality $`\delta _4^{(F)}(x^{})=0`$ to $`F_{k,nk,1,n+1}^{(aaab)}`$ parallel to all other $`F_{pqrs}^{(axyb)}`$. We have

$$[r^{(12)},(F^{(abb)})^{(234)}]F^{(aabb)}F^{(abbb)},$$

and

$$[r^{(12)},(F_{pqn}^{(aab)})^{(234)}]\underset{k=1}{\overset{p}{}}F_{k,p+1k,q,n+1}^{(aaab)}F_{p+1,1,q,n}^{(abab)},$$

so that for any $`zF_n^{Lie,(4)}`$,

$`(\delta _4^{(F)}(z))_{k,nk,1,n+1}^{(aaab)}=([r^{(12)},(z_{n1,1,n}^{(aab)})^{(234)}]+[r^{(13)},(z_{nk,k,n}^{(aab)})^{(234)}][r^{(23)},(z_{k,nk,n}^{(aab)})^{(134)}]`$
$`+[r^{(34)},(z_{k,nk,n}^{(aab)})^{(124)}]+[r^{(34)},(z_{k,nk,n}^{(aab)})^{(123)}])^{(aaab)}_{k,nk,1,n+1}.`$
###### Lemma D.4.

For any $`wF_{k,nk,n}^{(aab)}`$, we have

$$\left([r^{(13)},w^{(324)}]+[r^{(23)},w^{(134)}]\right)_{k,nk,1,n+1}^{(aaab)}=[r^{(34)},w^{(124)}].$$

Proof. There exists a unique family $`(A_{\sigma ,\tau ,\tau ^{}})`$ in $`𝕂^{𝔖_{k,nk}\times 𝔖_k\times 𝔖_{nk}}`$, such that

$$w=\underset{(\sigma ,\tau ,\tau ^{})𝔖_{k,nk}\times 𝔖_k\times 𝔖_{nk}}{}A_{\sigma ,\tau ,\tau ^{}}x_{\tau (1)}^{(13)}\mathrm{}x_{\tau (k)}^{(13)}x_{\tau ^{}(1)}^{(23)}\mathrm{}x_{\tau ^{}(nk)}^{(23)}y_{\sigma (1)}\mathrm{}y_{\sigma (n)},$$

where $`(y_1,\mathrm{},y_n)=(y_1^{(13)},\mathrm{},y_k^{(13)},y_1^{(23)},\mathrm{},y_{nk}^{(23)})`$. Then for each $`(\sigma ,\tau ^{})𝔖_{k,nk}\times 𝔖_{nk}`$, $`_{\tau 𝔖_k}A_{\sigma ,\tau ,\tau ^{}}x_{\tau (1)}^{(13)}\mathrm{}x_{\tau (k)}^{(13)}`$ is a Lie polynomial, and for each $`(\sigma ,\tau )𝔖_{k,nk}\times 𝔖_k`$, $`_{\tau ^{}𝔖_k}A_{\sigma ,\tau ,\tau ^{}}x_{\tau ^{}(1)}^{(23)}\mathrm{}x_{\tau ^{}(nk)}^{(23)}`$ is also a Lie polynomial. Then

$`([r^{(23)},w^{(134)}])_{k,nk,1,n+1}^{(aaab)}`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{(\sigma ,\tau ,\tau ^{})𝔖_{k,nk}\times 𝔖_k\times 𝔖_{nk}}{}}A_{\sigma ,\tau ,\tau ^{}}\mu ^{(4)}(x_{\tau (1)}^{(14)}\mathrm{}x_{\tau (k)}^{(14)}x_1^{(23)}[y_1^{(23)},x_{\tau ^{}(1)}^{(34)}\mathrm{}x_{\tau ^{}(nk)}^{(34)}]`$
$`y_{\sigma (1)}^{}\mathrm{}y_{\sigma (n)}^{})^{(aaab)}_{k,nk,1,n+1}`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{(\sigma ,\tau ,\tau ^{})𝔖_{k,nk}\times 𝔖_k\times 𝔖_{nk}}{}}A_{\sigma ,\tau ,\tau ^{}}x_{\tau (1)}^{(14)}\mathrm{}x_{\tau (k)}^{(14)}[x_{\tau ^{}(1)}^{(24)},\mathrm{}[x_{\tau ^{}(nk1)}^{(24)},x_1^{(24)}]]y_1^{(23)}`$
$`y_{\sigma (1)}^{\prime \prime }\mathrm{}[y_{k+\tau ^{}(nk)}^{\prime \prime },y_1^{(24)}]\mathrm{}y_{\sigma (n)}^{\prime \prime },`$
where $`(y_1^{},\mathrm{},y_n^{})=(y_1^{(14)},\mathrm{},y_k^{(14)},y_1^{(34)},\mathrm{},y_{nk}^{(34)})`$ and

$$(y_1^{\prime \prime },\mathrm{},y_n^{\prime \prime })=(y_1^{(13)},\mathrm{},y_k^{(13)},y_1^{(23)},\mathrm{},y_{nk}^{(23)}).$$

Now Lemma D.2 and the fact that $`_{\tau ^{}𝔖_k}A_{\sigma ,\tau ,\tau ^{}}x_{\tau ^{}(1)}^{(23)}\mathrm{}x_{\tau ^{}(nk)}^{(23)}`$ is a Lie polynomial implies that

(56) $`([r^{(23)},w^{(134)}])_{k,nk,1,n+1}^{(aaab)}`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{(\sigma ,\tau ,\tau ^{})𝔖_{k,nk}\times 𝔖_k\times 𝔖_{nk}}{}}A_{\sigma ,\tau ,\tau ^{}}{\displaystyle \underset{i|\sigma (i)\{k+1,\mathrm{},n\}}{}}x_{\tau (1)}^{(14)}\mathrm{}x_{\tau (k)}^{(14)}x_{\tau ^{}(1)}^{(24)}\mathrm{}x_{\tau ^{}(nk)}^{(24)}y_1^{(23)}`$
$`y_{\sigma (1)}^{\prime \prime }\mathrm{}[y_1^{(24)},y_{\sigma (i)}^{\prime \prime }]\mathrm{}y_{\sigma (n)}^{\prime \prime }.`$
Applying $`xx^{(2134)}`$ to the equality (56), where $`k`$ and $`w`$ are replaced by $`nk`$ and $`w^{(213)}`$ yields

(57) $`([r^{(23)},w^{(134)}])_{k,nk,1,n+1}^{(aaab)}`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{(\sigma ,\tau ,\tau ^{})𝔖_{k,nk}\times 𝔖_k\times 𝔖_{nk}}{}}A_{\sigma ,\tau ,\tau ^{}}{\displaystyle \underset{i|\sigma (i)\{1,\mathrm{},k\}}{}}x_{\tau (1)}^{(14)}\mathrm{}x_{\tau (k)}^{(14)}x_{\tau ^{}(1)}^{(24)}\mathrm{}x_{\tau ^{}(nk)}^{(24)}y_1^{(23)}`$
$`y_{\sigma (1)}^{\prime \prime }\mathrm{}[y_1^{(24)},y_{\sigma (i)}^{\prime \prime }]\mathrm{}y_{\sigma (n)}^{\prime \prime }.`$
The result now follows from the addition of (56) and (57). ∎

###### Lemma D.5.

For any $`wF_{k,nk,n}^{(aab)}`$, we have

$$\left([r^{(34)},w^{(123)}+w^{(124)}]\right)_{k,nk,1,n+1}^{(aaab)}=0.$$

Proof. There exists a unique family $`(A_\sigma )_{\sigma 𝔖_n}𝕂^{𝔖_n}`$, such that

$$w=\underset{\sigma 𝔖_n}{}A_\sigma x_1^{(13)}\mathrm{}x_k^{(13)}x_{k+1}^{(13)}\mathrm{}x_n^{(13)}y_{\sigma (1)}\mathrm{}y_{\sigma (n)},$$

where $`(y_1,\mathrm{},y_n)=(y_1^{(13)},\mathrm{},y_k^{(13)},y_1^{(23)},\mathrm{},y_n^{(23)})`$. Then $`_{\sigma 𝔖_n}A_\sigma y_{\sigma (1)}\mathrm{}y_{\sigma (n)}`$ is a Lie polynomial. We have

$`[r^{(34)},w^{(123)}]=\mu ^{(4)}\left({\displaystyle \underset{\sigma 𝔖_n}{}}A_\sigma x_1^{(13)}\mathrm{}x_k^{(13)}x_{k+1}^{(23)}\mathrm{}x_n^{(23)}[x_1^{(34)},y_{\sigma (1)}\mathrm{}y_{\sigma (n)}]y_1^{(34)}\right)`$
$`=\mu ^{(4)}\left({\displaystyle \underset{\sigma 𝔖_n}{}}A_\sigma x_1^{(13)}\mathrm{}x_k^{(13)}x_{k+1}^{(23)}\mathrm{}x_n^{(23)}x_1^{(34)}[y_{\sigma (1)}^{},\mathrm{},[y_{\sigma (n)}^{},y_1^{(34)}]]\right)`$
$`=[r^{(34)},w^{(124)}]`$
where $`(y_1^{},\mathrm{},y_n^{})=(y_1^{(14)},\mathrm{},y_k^{(14)},y_1^{(24)},\mathrm{},y_n^{(24)})`$. The last equality follows from Lemma D.2 and the fact that $`_{\sigma 𝔖_n}A_\sigma y_{\sigma (1)}\mathrm{}y_{\sigma (n)}`$ is a Lie polynomial. ∎

End of proof of Proposition D.6. By virtue of the two Lemmas above, and since $`(x^{})_{n1,1,n}^{(aab)}=0`$, and $`(x^{})_{k,nk,n}^{(aab)}+((x^{})_{nk,k,n}^{(aab)})^{(213)}=0`$, $`(\delta _4^{(F)}(x^{}))_{k,nk,1,n+1}^{(aaab)}=0`$ yields

$$[r^{(34)},(x^{})_{k,nk,n}^{(aab)}]=0,$$

which implies that $`(x^{})_{k,nk,n}^{(aab)}=0`$, so $`(x^{})^{(aab)}=0`$. One shows in the same way that $`(x^{})^{(abb)}=0`$, so $`x^{}=0`$. ∎

###### Remark 15.

The projection of $`\delta _4^{(F)}(x^{})=0`$ to $`F_{k,1,nk,n+1}^{(aaab)}`$ also yields the result. On the other hand, the projection of $`\delta _4^{(F)}(x)`$ to $`F_{1,k,nk,n+1}^{(aaab)}`$ is identically zero. ∎

End of the computation of $`H_n^3`$. We have shown that for any $`n>2`$ and $`xF_n^{Lie,(3)}`$ such that $`\delta _4^{(F)}(x)=0`$, there exists $`yF_{n1}`$ such that $`x=\delta _3^{(F)}(y)`$. Therefore $`H_n^3=0`$. ∎

## Appendix E Universal shuffle algebras (proof of Theorem 3.2)

In this Section, we define universal shuffle algebras $`\mathrm{Sh}_k^{(F)}`$. These algebras have universal properties with respect to the tensor powers $`\mathrm{Sh}(𝔞)^k`$, where $`𝔞`$ is a Lie algebra endowed with a solution $`r_𝔞𝔞𝔞`$ of CYBE.

### E.1. Definition of $`\mathrm{Sh}_k^{(F)}`$

Let $`k`$ be an integer $`0`$. We set $`\mathrm{Sh}_k^{(F)}=𝕂`$ for $`k=0`$ and $`k=1`$. When $`k2`$, we put the following definitions. If $`\underset{¯}{\alpha }=(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _k)^k`$, we define $`X(\underset{¯}{\alpha })`$ as the set of all maps $`x:I_{\underset{¯}{\alpha }}\{a,b\}`$ (recall that $`I_{\underset{¯}{\alpha }}=\{(i,\beta )|i\{1,\mathrm{},n\},\beta \{1,\mathrm{},\alpha _i\}\}`$). If $`xX(\underset{¯}{\alpha })`$, let us denote by $`P(x,\underset{¯}{\alpha })`$ the set of all maps $`\underset{¯}{p}:x^1(a)\times x^1(b)`$, such that for any $`(i,\beta )x^1(a)`$ and $`(i^{},\beta ^{})x^1(b)`$, $`\underset{¯}{p}((i,\beta ),(i^{},\beta ^{}))=0`$ whenever $`i=i^{}`$ or $`(i,\beta )>(i^{},\beta ^{})`$ in the lexicographical order.

We then set

(58)
$$\mathrm{Sh}_k^{(F)}=\underset{\underset{¯}{\alpha }^k}{}\left(\underset{xX(\underset{¯}{\alpha })}{}\left(\underset{\underset{¯}{p}P(x,\underset{¯}{\alpha })}{}F_{\left(\underset{¯}{p}((i,\beta ),(i^{},\beta ^{}))\right)_{((i,\beta ),(i^{},\beta ^{}))x^1(a)\times x^1(b)}}^{(x(1,1)\mathrm{}x(1,\alpha _1)x(2,1)\mathrm{}x(k,\alpha _k))}\right)\right),$$

where the space $`F_{(p(k,l))_{(k,l)K\times L}}^{(x_1\mathrm{}x_n)}`$ is defined by (18). The summand corresponding by $`\underset{¯}{\alpha }=0`$ is $`𝕂`$. (For each $`i`$, one should think of the tensor product of all the tensor factors indexed by $`(i,\alpha )`$ as of the analogue of the $`i`$th factor of $`\mathrm{Sh}(𝔞)^k`$.)

We denote by $`\mathrm{Sh}_k^{(F)}(\underset{¯}{\alpha })`$ (resp., $`\mathrm{Sh}_k^{(F)}(\underset{¯}{\alpha },x)`$, $`\mathrm{Sh}_k^{(F)}(\underset{¯}{\alpha },x,\underset{¯}{p})`$) the graded component of $`\mathrm{Sh}_k^{(F)}`$ corresponding to $`\underset{¯}{\alpha }`$ (resp., to $`(\underset{¯}{\alpha },x)`$, $`(\underset{¯}{\alpha },x,\underset{¯}{p})`$).

### E.2. Operations of $`\mathrm{Sh}_k^{(F)}`$

#### E.2.1. The multiplication $`m_{\mathrm{Sh}_k^{(F)}}`$

Let us first define a bilinear map

$$\mathrm{}:(_{i=1}^lFL_{\alpha _i+\alpha _i^{}})\times (\mathrm{Sh}_k^{(F)}(\underset{¯}{\alpha })\mathrm{Sh}_k^{(F)}(\underset{¯}{\alpha }^{}))\mathrm{Sh}_k^{(F)}(\underset{¯}{1}),$$

where $`\underset{¯}{1}`$ is the element of $`^k`$ with all components equal to $`1`$.

Assume that $`u`$ and $`v`$ are decomposed as $`u=_{i=1}^k(_{\beta =1}^{\alpha _i}u_{i,\beta })`$ and $`v=_{i=1}^k(_{\beta =1}^{\alpha _i^{}}v_{i,\beta })`$, then we view $`_{i=1}^kL_i(u_{i,1},\mathrm{},u_{i,\beta _i},v_{i,1},\mathrm{},v_{i,\beta _i^{}})`$ as an element of $`G^{(k)}`$. Then it follows from Corollary C.4 that $`\mu ^{(k)}(_{i=1}^kL_i(u_{i,1},\mathrm{},u_{i,\beta _i},v_{i,1},\mathrm{},v_{i,\beta _i^{}}))`$ belongs to $`_{x\mathrm{Map}(\{1,\mathrm{},k\},\{a,b\})}F_{\underset{¯}{p}}^{(x(1)\mathrm{}x(k))}`$. The latter space is exactly $`\mathrm{Sh}_k^{(F)}(\underset{¯}{1})`$, and we set

$$\mathrm{}(_{i=1}^kL_i,uv)=\mu ^{(k)}(_{i=1}^kL_i(u_{i,1},\mathrm{},u_{i,\beta _i},v_{i,1},\mathrm{},v_{i,\beta _i^{}})).$$

Let us fix $`\underset{¯}{\gamma }_{>0}^k`$ and for each $`i`$, let us fix $`\gamma _i`$-partitions of $`\alpha _i`$ and $`\alpha _i^{}`$, namely $`\alpha _i=\alpha _{i1}+\mathrm{}+\alpha _{i\gamma _i}`$ and $`\alpha _i^{}=\alpha _{i1}^{}+\mathrm{}+\alpha _{i\gamma _i}^{}`$. Then we define a bilinear map

$$\mathrm{}_{\underset{¯}{\alpha },\underset{¯}{\alpha }^{},\underset{¯}{\gamma },(\alpha _{ij}),(\alpha _{ij}^{})}:\left(_{i=1}^l(_{\beta =1}^{\gamma _i}FL_{\alpha _{i\beta }+\alpha _{i\beta }^{}})\right)\times (\mathrm{Sh}_k^{(F)}(\underset{¯}{\alpha })\mathrm{Sh}_k^{(F)}(\underset{¯}{\alpha }^{}))\mathrm{Sh}_k^{(F)}(\underset{¯}{\gamma })$$

as follows. Let us define $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{\underset{¯}{\gamma },(\alpha _{ij})}`$ as the linear map

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_{\underset{¯}{\gamma },(\alpha _{ij})}:\mathrm{Sh}_k^{(F)}(\underset{¯}{\alpha })\mathrm{Sh}_{_i\gamma _i}^{(F)}(\alpha _11,\mathrm{},\alpha _{1,\gamma _1},\alpha _{21},\mathrm{},\alpha _{k\gamma _k})$$

defined as the canonical injection of $`\mathrm{Sh}_k^{(F)}(\underset{¯}{\alpha },x,\underset{¯}{p})`$ into $`\mathrm{Sh}_{_i\gamma _i}^{(F)}((\alpha _{ij})_{(i,j)|1in,1j\gamma _i},x^{},\underset{¯}{p}^{})`$, where $`x^{}`$ is the composition of $`x`$ with the lexicographical bijection $`I_{\alpha _{11},\mathrm{},\alpha _{k\gamma _k}}I_{\underset{¯}{\alpha }}`$, and $`\underset{¯}{p}^{}`$ is the composition of $`\underset{¯}{p}`$ with the square of this bijection.

In the same way, $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{1,\underset{¯}{1}}`$ is an injection of $`\mathrm{Sh}_k^{(F)}(\underset{¯}{\gamma })`$ in $`\mathrm{Sh}_{_i\gamma _i}^{(F)}(\underset{¯}{1})`$, associated with the partitions $`(1,\mathrm{},1)`$ ($`\gamma _i`$ times $`1`$) of each $`\gamma _i`$.

Then if $`u\mathrm{Sh}_k^{(F)}(\underset{¯}{\alpha })`$ and $`v\mathrm{Sh}_k^{(F)}(\underset{¯}{\alpha }^{})`$, and if for each $`(i,\beta )I_{\underset{¯}{\gamma }}`$, $`L_{i,\beta }FL_{\alpha _{i\beta }+\alpha _{i\beta }^{}}`$, then

$$\mathrm{}(_{i=1}^k(_{\beta =1}^{\gamma _i}L_{i\beta }),\mathrm{\Delta }_{\underset{¯}{\gamma },(\alpha _{ij})}(u)\mathrm{\Delta }_{\underset{¯}{\gamma },(\alpha _{ij}^{})}(v))$$

is in the image of $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{1,\underset{¯}{1}}`$, and we denote by

$$\mathrm{}_{\underset{¯}{\alpha },\underset{¯}{\alpha }^{},\underset{¯}{\gamma },(\alpha _{ij}),(\alpha _{ij}^{})}(_{i=1}^k(_{\beta =1}^{\gamma _i}L_{i\beta }),uv)$$

as the preimage of this element by $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{1,\underset{¯}{1}}`$.

Then there exists a unique linear map $`m_{\mathrm{Sh}_k^{(F)}}:\mathrm{Sh}_k^{(F)}\mathrm{Sh}_k^{(F)}\mathrm{Sh}_k^{(F)}`$, such that if $`\underset{¯}{\alpha }^k`$ and $`\underset{¯}{\alpha }^{}^k^{}`$, and if $`u\mathrm{Sh}_k^{(F)}(\underset{¯}{\alpha })`$ and $`u^{}\mathrm{Sh}_k^{(F)}(\underset{¯}{\alpha }^{})`$,

$`m_{\mathrm{Sh}_k^{(F)}}(uv)={\displaystyle \underset{\underset{¯}{\gamma }^k}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{(\alpha _{ij})P(\underset{¯}{\alpha },\underset{¯}{\gamma }),(\alpha _{ij}^{})P(\underset{¯}{\alpha }^{},\underset{¯}{\gamma })}{}}`$
$`\mathrm{}_{\underset{¯}{\alpha },\underset{¯}{\alpha }^{},\underset{¯}{\gamma },(\alpha _{ij}),(\alpha _{ij}^{})}(_{i=1}^k(_{\beta =1}^{\gamma _i}B_{\alpha _{i\beta },\alpha _{i\beta }^{}}),uv),`$
where $`P(\underset{¯}{\alpha },\underset{¯}{\gamma })`$ is the set of collections $`((\alpha _{1j})_{j=1,\mathrm{},\gamma _1},\mathrm{},(\alpha _{kj})_{j=1,\mathrm{},\gamma _k})`$, where for each $`i`$, $`(\alpha _{ij})_{j=1,\mathrm{},\gamma _i}`$ is a $`\gamma _i`$-partition of $`\alpha _i`$.

###### Proposition E.1.

$`m_{\mathrm{Sh}_k^{(F)}}`$ is associative.

Proof. This follows from the fact that the $`B_{pq}`$ satisfy the identities (1), and from Proposition C.3 with $`\alpha =3`$. ∎

#### E.2.2. The maps $`xx^{(i_1\mathrm{}i_k)}`$

Let $`k`$ and $`l`$ be integers such that $`kl`$, and let $`(i_1,\mathrm{},i_k)`$ be integers in $`\{1,\mathrm{},l\}`$ such that $`i_1<i_2\mathrm{}<i_k`$. If $`\underset{¯}{\alpha }^k`$, define $`\underset{¯}{\alpha }^{(i_1\mathrm{}i_k)}`$ by $`(\underset{¯}{\alpha }^{(i_1\mathrm{}i_k)})_{i_s}=\alpha _s`$ and $`(\underset{¯}{\alpha }^{(i_1\mathrm{}i_k)})_t=0`$ if $`t\{i_1,\mathrm{},i_k\}`$. If $`xX(\underset{¯}{\alpha })`$, define $`x^{(i_1\mathrm{}i_k)}`$ as the element of $`X(\underset{¯}{\alpha }^{(i_1\mathrm{}i_k)})`$ equal to the composition of $`x`$ with the lexicographical bijection between $`I_{\underset{¯}{\alpha }^{(i_1\mathrm{}i_k)}}`$ and $`I_{\underset{¯}{\alpha }}`$. If $`\underset{¯}{p}P(x,\underset{¯}{\alpha })`$, define $`\underset{¯}{p}^{(i_1\mathrm{}i_l)}`$ as the element of $`P(x^{(i_1\mathrm{}i_k)},\underset{¯}{\alpha }^{(i_1\mathrm{}i_k)})`$ given by the compisition of $`\underset{¯}{p}`$ with the square of this bijection.

Let $`xx^{(i_1\mathrm{}i_k)}`$ be the linear map from $`\mathrm{Sh}_k^{(F)}`$ to $`\mathrm{Sh}_l^{(F)}`$ defined as the direct sum of all canonical injections of $`\mathrm{Sh}_k^{(F)}(\underset{¯}{\alpha },x,\underset{¯}{p})`$ into $`\mathrm{Sh}_l^{(F)}(\underset{¯}{\alpha }^{(i_1\mathrm{}i_k)},x^{(i_1\mathrm{}i_k)},\underset{¯}{p}^{(i_1\mathrm{}i_k)})`$.

Then $`xx^{(i_1\mathrm{}i_k)}`$ is an algebra morphism, and if $`j_1,\mathrm{},j_k^{}`$ are such that $`1j_1<\mathrm{}<j_k^{}l`$ and that $`\{i_1,\mathrm{},i_k\}`$ and $`\{j_1,\mathrm{},j_k^{}\}`$ are disjoint, then $`[x^{(i_1\mathrm{}i_k)},y^{(j_1\mathrm{}j_k^{})}]=0`$ for any $`x\mathrm{Sh}_k^{(F)}`$ and $`y\mathrm{Sh}_l^{(F)}`$.

#### E.2.3. The morphisms $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{k,i}`$

Assume that $`k`$ is an integer and let $`i`$ be an integer such that $`1ik`$.

If $`\underset{¯}{\alpha }^k`$ and $`\beta =1,\mathrm{},\alpha _i`$, define $`\underset{¯}{\alpha }(i,\beta )`$ as the element of $`^{k+1}`$ equal to $`(\alpha _1,\mathrm{},\alpha _{i1},\beta ,\alpha _i\beta ,\alpha _{i+1},\mathrm{},\alpha _k)`$. If $`xX(\underset{¯}{\alpha })`$, define $`x(i,\beta )=x^{}`$ as the element of $`X(\underset{¯}{\alpha }(i,\beta ))`$ such that $`x^{}(j,\gamma )=x(j,\gamma )`$ if $`ji`$, $`x^{}(j,\gamma )=x(j1,\gamma )`$ if $`ji+2`$, and $`x^{}(i+1,\gamma )=x(i,\beta +\gamma )`$; this is the composition of $`x`$ with the lexicographical bijection between $`I_{\underset{¯}{\alpha }}`$ and $`I_{\underset{¯}{\alpha }(i,\beta )}`$. If $`\underset{¯}{p}P(x,\underset{¯}{\alpha })`$, define $`\underset{¯}{p}(i,\beta )`$ as the composition of $`\underset{¯}{p}`$ with the square of this bijection.

Define $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{k,\underset{¯}{\alpha },i,\beta }`$ as the canonical injection map from $`\mathrm{Sh}_k^{(F)}(\underset{¯}{\alpha },x,\underset{¯}{p})`$ to

$$\mathrm{Sh}_{k+1}^{(F)}(\underset{¯}{\alpha }(i,\beta ),x(i,\beta ),\underset{¯}{p}(i,\beta ))$$

and $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{k,i}`$ as $`_{\underset{¯}{\alpha }^k,\beta =1,\mathrm{},\alpha _i}\mathrm{\Delta }_{k,\underset{¯}{\alpha },i,\beta }`$. Then $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{k,i}`$ is a linear map from $`\mathrm{Sh}_k^{(F)}`$ to $`\mathrm{Sh}_{k+1}^{(F)}`$.

Moreover, $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{k,i}`$ is an algebra morphism, and the maps $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{k,i}`$ and $`xx^{(i_1\mathrm{}i_k)}`$ satisfy coassociativity and compatibility rules

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_{k+1,j}\mathrm{\Delta }_{k,i}=\mathrm{\Delta }_{k+1,i+1}\mathrm{\Delta }_{k,j}$$

if $`ji`$,

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_{l,i}(x^{(i_1\mathrm{}i_k)})=x^{(i_1,\mathrm{},i_s,i_{s+1}+1,\mathrm{}i_k+1)}$$

if $`s0,k`$ and $`i_s<i<i_{s+1}`$, or if $`s=0`$ and $`i<i_1`$, or if $`s=k`$ and $`i>i_k`$, and

$$\mathrm{\Delta }_{l,i_s}(x^{(i_1\mathrm{}i_k)})=(\mathrm{\Delta }_{k,s}(x))^{(i_1,\mathrm{},i_s,i_s+1,\mathrm{}i_k+1)}.$$

### E.3. Universal properties of $`\mathrm{Sh}_k^{(F)}`$

Let $`(𝔞,r_𝔞)`$ be the pair of a Lie algebra and a solution $`r_𝔞𝔞𝔞`$ of CYBE. If $`k`$ is an integer $`0`$, $`\underset{¯}{\alpha }^k`$, $`xX(\underset{¯}{\alpha })`$, let us denote by $`\kappa _{𝔞,r_𝔞}(k,\underset{¯}{\alpha },x)`$ the linear map from $`\mathrm{Sh}_k^{(F)}`$ to $`\mathrm{Sh}(𝔞)^k`$ given by the composition of $`\kappa _{𝔞,r_𝔞}^{(x(1,1),\mathrm{},x(k,\alpha _k))}`$, the canonical isomorphism $`𝔞^{(\alpha _1+\mathrm{}+\alpha _k)}_{i=1}^k𝔞^{\alpha _i}`$ and the tensor product $`_{i=1}^k\iota _{\alpha _i}`$, where $`\iota _s`$ is the canonical injection of $`𝔞^s`$ in $`\mathrm{Sh}(𝔞)`$ as its part of degree $`s`$.

Define $`\kappa _{𝔞,r_𝔞}^{\mathrm{Sh}_k^{(F)}}`$ as the linear map from $`\mathrm{Sh}_k^{(F)}`$ to $`\mathrm{Sh}(𝔞)^k`$ equal to the sum

$$\underset{\underset{¯}{\alpha }^k}{}\underset{xX(\underset{¯}{\alpha })}{}\kappa _{𝔞,r_𝔞}(k,\underset{¯}{\alpha },x).$$

###### Proposition E.2.

$`\kappa _{𝔞,r_𝔞}^{\mathrm{Sh}_k^{(F)}}`$ is an algebra morphism. Moreover, we have

$$\kappa _{𝔞,r_𝔞}^{\mathrm{Sh}_{k+1}^{(F)}}\mathrm{\Delta }_{k,i}=\mathrm{id}_{\mathrm{Sh}(𝔞)}^{(i1)}\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{Sh}(𝔞)}\mathrm{id}_{\mathrm{Sh}(𝔞)}^{(ki1)}\kappa _{𝔞,r_𝔞}^{\mathrm{Sh}_k^{(F)}}$$

and

$$\kappa _{𝔞,r_𝔞}^{\mathrm{Sh}_l^{(F)}}(x^{(i_1\mathrm{}i_k)})=(\kappa _{𝔞,r_𝔞}^{\mathrm{Sh}_k^{(F)}}(x))^{(i_1\mathrm{}i_k)}$$

for any $`x\mathrm{Sh}_k^{(F)}`$.

The proof is straightforward. This Proposition explains why $`\mathrm{Sh}_k^{(F)},m_k,\mathrm{\Delta }_{k,i}`$ and $`xx^{(i_1\mathrm{}i_k)}`$ should be viewed as universal versions of $`\mathrm{Sh}(𝔞)^k,m_{\mathrm{Sh}(𝔞)}^k,\mathrm{id}_{\mathrm{Sh}(𝔞)}^{(i1)}\mathrm{\Delta }_{\mathrm{Sh}(𝔞)}\mathrm{id}_{\mathrm{Sh}(𝔞)}^{(ki1)}`$ and the map $`xx^{(i_1\mathrm{}i_k)}`$.

### E.4. Proof of Theorem 3.2

In the statement of Proposition 3.5, we may replace $`A^k`$ ($`k=2,3,4`$) by $`\mathrm{Sh}_k^{(F)}`$ and $`r_A`$ by the element $`r_{\mathrm{Sh}_2^{(F)}}\mathrm{Sh}_2^{(F)}((1,1),(1a,2b),(1,2)1)\mathrm{Sh}_2^{(F)}`$ equal to

$$rF_1=F_1^{(ab)}.$$

The proof is a direct transposition of the proof of Proposition 3.5, which is in Appendix A.

Then using the maps $`\mathrm{\Delta }_{k,i}`$ and $`xx^{(i_1\mathrm{}i_k)}`$, we may reproduce step by step the proof of Theorem 3.1. This proves Theorem 3.2. ∎