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# Bosonic and Fermionic Eigenstates for Generalized Sutherland Models

## 1 Introduction

In 1971, Sutherland introduced a quantum many-body system on a unit circle ($`0\theta _j<2\pi `$) ,

$`H:={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{j=1}{\overset{N}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{^2}{\theta _j^2}}+{\displaystyle \underset{1j<kN}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{g}{\mathrm{sin}^2(\theta _j\theta _k)}},`$ (1.1)
which is now called the Sutherland model. The model has the same number of independent and mutually commutative conserved operators as its degrees of freedom, and therefore is a quantum integrable system. The conserved operators have joint eigenvectors which can be expressed by products of the Jastrow type wave function and the Jack polynomials. The Jack polynomials not only enable us to calculate the exact correlation functions of the model  but also provide powerful tools in the theory of condensed matter physics .

Quantum mechanical systems which describe many particles with inverse-square-type long-range interactions in a one-dimensional space are, in general, called the Calogero-Sutherland (CS) models . A systematic construction of the commutative conserved operators of the CS models are provided from the Dunkl-Cherednik operator formulations . Generalizations of the formulations are applied to a wide class of the CS models and clarify the relationships with other integrable models . Among them, the CS models with trigonometric interactions, for example, the Sutherland model (1.1), are studied in the context of the double affine Hecke algebras. The double affine Hecke algebras were introduced by Cherednik to reconstruct the theories of the Macdonald polynomials . In the differential setting , they also give a unified treatment of the conserved operators and the orthogonal polynomials appearing in their eigenstates. Lapointe and Vinet introduced the raising operators which create the bosonic eigenstates of the Sutherland model . As for mathematics, they presented the Rodrigues formula for the Jack polynomial and proved integrality of its coefficients. But its extension to the Sutherland models associated with other root systems has not been established.

In the previous papers , we presented an algebraic construction of the nonsymmetric Macdonald polynomials and evaluated square norms of the Macdonald polynomials through symmetrization of scalar products of the nonsymmetric Macdonald polynomials. In this paper, we consider bosonic and fermionic eigenstates for the generalized Sutherland models associated with arbitrary reduced root systems through $`W`$-symmetrization and $`W`$-anti-symmetrization of the nonsymmetric Heckman-Opdam polynomials. This paper is organized as follows: in Section 2, we briefly describe the affine root systems and the degenerate double affine Hecke algebras following Opdam and Cherednik. The commutative Dunkl-Cherednik operators are introduced. In Section 3, we provide the Rodrigues formulae for the nonsymmetric Heckman-Opdam polynomials and evaluate their square norms. By use of $`W`$-symmetrization and $`W`$-anti-symmetrization method, we algebraically construct the bosonic and fermionic eigenstates for the generalized Sutherland models and evaluate their square norms in Section 4. The final section is devoted to concluding remarks.

## 2 Degenerate Double Affine Hecke Algebras

### 2.1 Extended Affine Weyl Groups

We start with the definition of the extended affine Weyl group which acts on the affine coroot system . Let $`V`$ be an $`N`$-dimensional real vector space with a positive definite symmetric bilinear form $`,`$. Let $`RV`$ be an irreducible reduced root system which corresponds to the simple Lie algebra of type $`A,B,C,D,E,F`$ and $`G`$. We take a root basis $`\mathrm{\Pi }=\{\alpha _i|iI\}`$ of $`R`$ where $`I=\{1,2,\mathrm{},N\}`$ a set of indices. A decomposition of $`R`$ is fixed by the following disjoint union: $`R=R_+R_{}`$, where $`R_+`$ is the set of positive roots relative to $`\mathrm{\Pi }`$ and $`R_{}=R_+`$. We denote by $`R^{}(V)`$ the coroot system which has the elements $`\alpha ^{}:=2\alpha /\alpha ,\alpha `$ corresponding to the roots $`\alpha R`$. Let $`\mathrm{\Pi }^{}=\{\alpha ^{}|\alpha \mathrm{\Pi }\}`$ be a root basis of $`R^{}`$. We define the fundamental weights $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_i`$ and coweights $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_i^{}`$ such that $`\alpha _i^{},\mathrm{\Lambda }_j=\delta _{ij}`$ and $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_i^{},\alpha _j=\delta _{ij}`$ respectively. We use the standard notations $`Q`$, $`Q^{}`$, $`P`$ and $`P^{}`$ for the root lattice, the coroot lattice, the weight lattice and the coweight lattice respectively,

$`Q:={\displaystyle \underset{iI}{}}\alpha _iP:={\displaystyle \underset{iI}{}}\mathrm{\Lambda }_i,Q^{}:={\displaystyle \underset{iI}{}}\alpha _i^{}P^{}:={\displaystyle \underset{iI}{}}\mathrm{\Lambda }_i^{},`$ (2.1)
and $`Q_+,P_+,Q_+^{}`$ and $`P_+^{}`$ for the corresponding lattices with $`_+`$ instead of $``$. The reflection on $`V`$ with respect to the hyperplane orthogonal to $`\alpha ^{}R^{}`$ is defined by

$`s_\alpha ^{}(\mu ):=\mu \alpha ^{},\mu \alpha ,\text{ for }\mu V.`$ (2.2)
The reflections associated with the simple roots $`\{s_\alpha ^{}|\alpha ^{}\mathrm{\Pi }^{}\}`$, i.e., the simple reflections, generate the Weyl group $`W`$. The simple reflections are related to each other by $`(s_{\alpha _i^{}}s_{\alpha _j^{}})^{m_{ij}}=1`$ where $`m_{ij}=2,3,4,6`$ if $`\alpha _i^{}`$ and $`\alpha _j^{}`$ are connected by $`0,1,2,3`$ laces in the dual Dynkin diagram $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$, respectively. The length $`l`$ of $`wW`$ is defined from a reduced (shortest) expression $`w=s_{j_l}\mathrm{}s_{j_2}s_{j_1}`$. We denote the set of distinct weights lying in the $`W`$-orbit of $`\mu P`$ by $`W(\mu )`$ and a unique dominant weight in $`W(\mu )`$ by $`\mu ^+(P_+)`$. We define the order $``$ on $`P`$ by

$$\nu \mu ,(\mu ,\nu P)\mu \nu Q_+.$$

We turn to the affine coroot system $`\widehat{R}^{}:=R^{}\times K\widehat{V}:=VK`$. Let $`\widehat{R}_+=\{\alpha ^{}+kK|\alpha R^{},k>0\}\{\alpha ^{}R_+^{}\}`$ be the set of positive affine coroots and let $`\widehat{I}=\{0,1,\mathrm{},N\}`$ be a set of indices Let $`\theta ^{}`$ be the highest root in $`R^{}`$ and $`\widehat{\mathrm{\Pi }}^{}=\{\alpha _i^{}|i\widehat{I}\}`$ the root basis of $`\widehat{R}^{}`$ where $`\alpha _0^{}:=\theta ^{}+K`$. We take a pairing on $`\widehat{V}\times V`$ as $`\widehat{\lambda },\mu =\lambda ,\mu h`$ for $`\lambda :=\lambda +hK\widehat{V}`$ and $`\mu V`$ and define the fundamental alcove $`C=\{\mu V|\alpha ^{},\mu <0,\alpha ^{}\widehat{\mathrm{\Pi }}^{}\}`$. The affine reflection on $`\widehat{V}`$ relative to $`\widehat{\alpha }^{}=\alpha ^{}+kK\widehat{R}^{},(\alpha ^{}R^{})`$ is defined by

$$s_{\widehat{\alpha }^{}}(\widehat{\lambda }):=\widehat{\lambda }\lambda ,\alpha ^{}\widehat{\alpha }^{},\text{ for }\widehat{\lambda }=\lambda +hK\widehat{V},$$

which induces the dual action on $`V`$ through the pairing $`,`$,

$$s_{\widehat{\alpha }^{}}\mu =\mu (\alpha ^{},\mu k)\alpha ,\text{ for }\mu V.$$

The affine reflections associated with the simple roots $`\{s_\alpha ^{}|\alpha ^{}\widehat{\mathrm{\Pi }}^{}\}`$ generate the affine Weyl group $`\widehat{W}`$. Let $`\tau _\nu ,(\nu P)`$ be the translation on $`\widehat{V}`$,

$$\tau _\nu (\widehat{\lambda }):=\widehat{\lambda }\lambda ,\nu \delta ,\text{ for }\widehat{\lambda }=\lambda +hK\widehat{V},$$

which induces the translation on $`V`$,

$$\tau _\nu \mu =\mu \nu ,\text{ for }\mu V.$$

One sees that the elements $`\{\tau _\kappa |\kappa P^{}\}`$ are mutually commutative. The affine Weyl group $`\widehat{W}`$ contains the element $`\tau _\alpha =s_{\alpha ^{}+K}s_\alpha ^{},(\alpha Q)`$ which is interpreted as a translation corresponding to the root $`\alpha Q`$. In fact, the affine Weyl group is isomorphic to the semidirect product $`\widehat{W}W\tau _Q`$.

We define the extended affine Weyl group by a semidirect product $`\stackrel{~}{W}:=W\tau _P`$. One finds that $`\stackrel{~}{W}`$ is defined so as to preserve the affine coroot systems $`\widehat{R}^{}`$. Let $`\mathrm{\Omega }:=\{\stackrel{~}{w}\stackrel{~}{W}|\stackrel{~}{w}(C)=C\}`$. The extended affine Weyl group is isomorphic to a semidirect product $`\stackrel{~}{W}\mathrm{\Omega }\widehat{W}`$. Let $`𝒪`$ be a set of indices of the image of $`\alpha _0^{}`$ by the automorphism of the dual Dynkin diagram $`\mathrm{\Gamma }`$. A weight $`\mu P_+`$ satisfying $`0\alpha ^{},\mu 1`$ for every $`\alpha ^{}R_+^{}`$ is called a minuscule weight. It is known that the set of minuscule weights is given by $`\{\mathrm{\Lambda }_r|r𝒪\}`$ where we put $`\mathrm{\Lambda }_0=0`$ (see, for example, ). One sees a decomposition $`\tau _{\mathrm{\Lambda }_r}=\omega _rw_r`$ with $`\omega _r\mathrm{\Omega }`$ and $`w_rW`$ if and only if $`r𝒪`$. Each $`\omega _r`$ is distinguished by $`\omega _r(\alpha _0)=\alpha _r`$. Note that $`\omega _0=w_0=1`$. Let $`r^{}𝒪`$ be the index such that $`\alpha _r^{}=\omega _r^1(\alpha _0)`$.

We extend the definition of the length to an element $`\stackrel{~}{w}\stackrel{~}{W}`$ as

$`l(\stackrel{~}{w}):=|R_{\stackrel{~}{w}}^{}|,\text{ where }R_{\stackrel{~}{w}}^{}:=\widehat{R}_+^{}\stackrel{~}{w}^1\widehat{R}_{}^{},`$ (2.3)
which is consistent with that for $`wW`$, that is $`l=l(w)`$. Here $`R_{\stackrel{~}{w}}^{}`$ is the set of positive coroots which become negative coroots by the action of $`\stackrel{~}{w}`$. If we take a reduced expression of $`\stackrel{~}{w}\stackrel{~}{W}`$ as $`\stackrel{~}{w}=\omega _rs_{i_l}\mathrm{}s_{i_2}s_{i_1}`$, the set $`R_{\stackrel{~}{w}}^{}`$ is explicitly given by

$`R_{\stackrel{~}{w}}^{}=\left\{\alpha ^{(1)}=\alpha _{i_1},\alpha ^{(2)}=s_{i_1}(\alpha _{i_2}),\mathrm{},\alpha ^{(l)}=s_{i_1}s_{i_2}\mathrm{}s_{i_{l1}}(\alpha _{i_l})\right\},`$ (2.4)
which is independent of the decomposition of $`\stackrel{~}{w}`$. For $`\stackrel{~}{w}=\tau _\lambda `$, we have

$`R_{\tau _\mu }^{}=\{\alpha ^{}+kK|\alpha ^{}R_+^{},\alpha ^{},\mu >k0\}\{\alpha ^{}+kK|\alpha ^{}R_{}^{},\alpha ^{},\mu k>0\}.`$ (2.5)
We take a set of parameters $`\{k_\alpha |\alpha R\}`$ such that $`k_\alpha =k_{w(\alpha )}`$ for $`wW`$. We write $`k_i=k_{\alpha _i},(iI)`$. Define

$`\rho ={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha R_+}{}}\alpha ,\rho _k={\displaystyle \frac{1}{2}}{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha R_+}{}}k_\alpha \alpha .`$ (2.6)
Let $`P_{++}:=P_++\rho `$ be the regular dominant weight lattice. We see $`\alpha ^{},\mu 0`$ for $`\mu P_{++}`$ and $`\alpha ^{}\mathrm{\Pi }^{}`$.

### 2.2 Degenerate Double Affine Hecke Algebras

Following Opdam and Cherednik , we introduce degenerate double affine Hecke algebras $`𝒟`$. The commutative elements of $`𝒟`$ give the commutative differential operators in $`\mathrm{End}([P])`$ which are referred to as the Dunkl-Cherednik operators  and uniquely characterize Heckman-Opdam’s nonsymmetric Jacobi polynomials as their eigenvectors.

###### Definition 2.1 (degenerate double affine Hecke algebra).

The degenerate double affine Hecke algebra $`𝒟`$ is generated over the field $``$ by the elements $`\{s_i,\omega _r,D^{\mathrm{\Lambda }_j^{}}|i\widehat{I},r𝒪,jI\}`$ satisfying

i) $`(s_is_j)^{m_{ij}}=1,\text{ for }\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}0}i,jN,`$
ii) $`\omega _rs_i\omega _r^1=s_j,\text{ if }\omega _r(\alpha _i^{})=\alpha _j^{},\text{ for }r𝒪,`$
iii) $`D^\lambda D^\mu =D^\mu D^\lambda ,\text{ for }\lambda ,\mu P^{},`$
iv) $`s_iD^\lambda =D^\lambda s_i,\text{ if }\lambda ,\alpha _i=0,\text{ for }\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}iN,`$
$`s_0D^\lambda =D^\lambda s_0,\text{ if }\lambda ,\theta =0,`$
v) $`s_iD^\lambda D^{s_i(\lambda )}s_i=k_i,\text{ if }\lambda ,\alpha _i=1,\text{ for }\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}iN,`$
$`s_0D^\lambda D^{s_0(\lambda )}s_0=k_\theta ,\text{ if }\lambda ,\theta =1,`$
vi) $`\omega _rD^\lambda \omega _r^1=D^{\omega _r(\lambda )}=D^{w_r^1(\lambda )}\lambda ,\mathrm{\Lambda }_r^{},\text{ for }r𝒪,`$ (2.7)
where

$$D^{\widehat{\lambda }}=\underset{iI}{}\lambda _iD^{\mathrm{\Lambda }_i^{}}h,\text{ for }\widehat{\lambda }=\underset{iI}{}\lambda _i\mathrm{\Lambda }_i^{}+hK.$$

The degenerate double affine Hecke algebra $`𝒟`$ contains the extended affine Weyl group $`\stackrel{~}{W}`$ which acts on the affine coroot system $`\widehat{R}^{}`$. Repeated use of the defining relations of $`𝒟`$ gives the relations,

$`s_iD^\lambda D^{s_i(\lambda )}s_i=k_i\lambda ,\alpha _i,\text{ for }\mathrm{\hspace{0.17em}1}iN,`$
$`s_0D^\lambda D^{s_0(\lambda )}s_0=k_\theta \lambda ,\theta .`$ (2.8)
We define the following elements:

$$X^\mu :=\tau _\mu 𝒟,\text{ for }\mu P,$$

which provide $`s_0=X^\theta s_\theta ^{}`$ and $`\omega _r=X^{\mathrm{\Lambda }_r}w_r^1,(r𝒪)`$.

We introduce the commutative differential operators $`\{\widehat{D}^{\widehat{\lambda }}\mathrm{End}([P])|\widehat{\lambda }=\lambda +hK\widehat{P}^{}\}`$,

$`\widehat{D}^{\widehat{\lambda }}f:=^\lambda (f)+{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha R_+}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{k_\alpha \lambda ,\alpha }{x^\alpha 1}}(f\widehat{s}_\alpha (f))+\lambda ,\rho _kfhf,`$ (2.9)
where $`\{^\lambda \mathrm{End}([P])|\lambda P^{}\}`$ is the derivative of $`[P]`$:

$$^\lambda (x^\mu )=\lambda ,\mu x^\mu ,\text{ for }x^\mu [P],$$

and the elements $`wW`$ act on $`[P]`$ as

$$w(x^\mu )=x^{w(\mu )},\text{ for }x^\mu [P].$$

We consider $`x^\mu ,(\mu P)`$ as operators of multiplication of $`x^\mu `$. The differential operators $`\{\widehat{D}^\lambda |\lambda P^{}\}`$ are called the Dunkl-Cherednik operators . One sees that a map $`\pi :𝒟\mathrm{End}([P])`$ defined by

$`\pi :s_is_i,(1iN),D^{\widehat{\lambda }}\widehat{D}^{\widehat{\lambda }},X^\mu x^\mu ,`$ (2.10)
gives a faithful representation of $`𝒟`$. The Dunkl-Cherednik operators $`\{\widehat{D}^\lambda |\lambda P^{}\}`$ have the triangularity in $`[P]`$:

$`\widehat{D}^\lambda x^\mu =\lambda ,\mu +\rho _k(\mu )x^\mu +{\displaystyle \underset{\nu \mu }{}}c_{\mu \nu }x^\nu ,\mu P,c_{\mu \nu }𝕂,`$ (2.11)
where we denote by $`w_\mu `$ the shortest element of $`W`$ such that $`w_\mu ^1(\mu )P_+`$ and define $`\rho _k(\mu ):=w_\mu (\rho _k)`$. The order $``$ on $`P`$ is defined by

$`\nu \mu ,(\mu ,\nu P)\{\begin{array}{c}\text{ if }\mu ^+\nu ^+,\text{ then }\nu ^+<\mu ^+,\hfill \\ \text{ if }\mu ^+=\nu ^+,\text{ then }\nu \mu .\hfill \end{array}`$ (2.14)
## 3 Nonsymmetric Heckman-Opdam polynomials

We investigate the eigenvectors of the Dunkl-Cherednik operators $`\{\widehat{D}^\lambda |\lambda P^{}\}`$. Due to the triangularity (2.11), there exists a family of polynomials $`F_\mu :=F_\mu (x;\{k_\alpha \})[P],(\mu P)`$ satisfying the following conditions:

i) $`F_\mu =x^\mu +{\displaystyle \underset{\nu \mu }{}}w_{\mu \nu }x^\nu ,w_{\mu \nu },`$
ii) $`\widehat{D}^\lambda F_\mu =\lambda ,\mu +\rho _k(\mu )F_\mu .`$ (3.1)
$`F_\mu `$ are the nonsymmetric Jacobi polynomials introduced by Heckman and Opdam. Hereafter we call them the nonsymmetric Heckman-Opdam polynomials. Note that all the eigenspaces of the Dunkl-Cherednik operators $`\{\widehat{D}^\lambda |\lambda P^{}\}`$ are one-dimensional. Applying $`\{s_i\mathrm{End}([P])|iI\}`$ to the nonsymmetric Heckman-Opdam polynomials $`F_\mu ,(\mu P)`$, we see that

$$s_iF_\mu =\{\begin{array}{cc}\frac{k_i}{\alpha _i^{},\mu +\rho _k(\mu )}F_\mu +F_{s_i(\mu )},\hfill & \text{ if }\alpha _i^{},\mu <0,\hfill \\ F_\mu ,\hfill & \text{ if }\alpha _i^{},\mu =0,\hfill \\ \frac{k_i}{\alpha _i^{},\mu +\rho _k(\mu )}F_\mu +\frac{\alpha _i^{},\mu +\rho _k(\mu )^2k_i^2}{\alpha _i^{},\mu +\rho _k(\mu )^2}F_{s_i(\mu )},\hfill & \text{ if }\alpha _i^{},\mu >0.\hfill \end{array}$$
(3.2)
We introduce intertwiners in $`𝒟`$ to provide the Rodrigues formulae for the nonsymmetric Heckman-Opdam polynomials. These intertwiners were first considered in the context of the Hecke algebras. The intertwiners in $`𝒟`$ were developed by Cherednik . With their use, Opdam derived the evaluation formulae of the nonsymmetric Heckman-Opdam polynomials . We construct the Rodrigues formulae for the nonsymmetric Heckman-Opdam polynomials and algebraically evaluate their square norms.

###### Definition 3.1.

1. We define $`\{K_i𝒟|i\widehat{I}\}`$ by

$`K_0:=s_\theta X^\theta D^{\alpha _0^{}}k_\theta ,K_i:=s_iD^{\alpha _i^{}}k_i,`$ (3.3)
which we call the intertwiners.
2. For a reduced expression $`w=\omega _rs_{i_l}\mathrm{}s_{i_2}s_{i_1}\stackrel{~}{W}`$, we define $`K_w:=\omega _rK_{i_l}\mathrm{}K_{i_2}K_{i_1}(𝒟)`$. In particular, we write $`B_\mu :=K_{\tau _\mu }`$ for $`\mu P_+`$. We call $`\{\widehat{B}_\mu :=\pi (B_\mu )\mathrm{End}([P])\}`$ the raising operators.

The elements $`\{K_w|w\stackrel{~}{W}\}`$ have the following relations:

i) $`K_iK_jK_i\mathrm{}=K_jK_iK_j\mathrm{},m_{ij}\text{ factors on each side,}`$
$`\omega _rK_i\omega _r^1=K_j,\text{ if }\omega _r(\alpha _i^{})=\alpha _j^{},`$
ii) $`K_i^2=(D^{\alpha _i^{}})^2+k_i^2,\text{ for }i\widehat{I},`$
iii) $`K_wD^\lambda =D^{w(\lambda )}K_w,\text{ for }\lambda P^{}.`$ (3.4)
The first relations in (3) are called the braid relations. The last relations give the reason why they are called intertwiners. For the elements $`\{B_\mu 𝒟\}`$, we can show that

$`B_\mu D^\lambda =D^{\tau _\mu (\lambda )}B_\mu =(D^\mu \lambda ,\mu )B_\mu .`$ (3.5)
By applying the raising operators $`\widehat{B}_\mu `$ to the nonsymmetric Heckman-Opdam polynomials $`F_\nu ,(\nu P_+)`$, we obtain

$`\widehat{D}^\lambda (\widehat{B}_\mu F_\nu )=\widehat{B}_\mu (\widehat{D}^\lambda +\lambda ,\mu )F_\nu =\lambda ,\mu +\nu +\rho _k(\widehat{B}_\mu F_\nu ).`$ (3.6)
Hence $`\widehat{B}_\mu F_\nu `$ coincides with $`F_{\mu +\nu }`$ up to a constant factor. If we apply $`\widehat{K}_w:=\pi (K_w),(wW)`$ to $`F_\mu ,(\mu P_+)`$, we see that

$`\widehat{D}^\lambda (\widehat{K}_wF_\mu )=\widehat{K}_w\widehat{D}^{w^1(\lambda )}F_\mu =w^1(\lambda ),\mu +\rho _k\widehat{K}_wF_\mu =\lambda ,w(\mu +\rho _k)(\widehat{K}_wF_\mu ).`$ (3.7)
Hence $`\widehat{K}_wF_\mu `$ coincides with $`F_{w(\mu )}`$ up to a constant factor.

###### Theorem 3.2 (Rodrigues formulae).

1. For a dominant weight $`\mu P_+`$, we construct the nonsymmetric Heckman-Opdam polynomials $`F_\mu `$ by applying the raising operators $`\{\widehat{B}_\mu |\mu P_+\}`$ to the reference state $`F_0=1`$,

$`F_\mu =c_\mu ^1\widehat{B}_\mu F_0,`$ (3.8)
where the coefficient of the top term is given by

$$c_\mu =\underset{\alpha ^{}R_{\tau _\mu }^{}}{}\alpha ^{},\rho _k.$$
2. For a general weight $`\mu P`$, we construct the nonsymmetric Heckman-Opdam polynomials $`F_\mu `$ by applying the operator $`\widehat{K}_{w_\mu }`$ ($`w_\mu W,w_\mu ^1(\mu ):=\mu ^+P_+`$) to $`F_{\mu ^+}`$,

$`F_\mu =c_{w_\mu }^1\widehat{K}_{w_\mu }F_{\mu ^+},`$ (3.9)
where the coefficient of the top term is

$$c_{w_\mu }=\underset{\alpha ^{}R_{w_\mu }^{}}{}\frac{\alpha ^{},\mu ^++\rho _k^2k_\alpha ^2}{\alpha ^{},\mu ^++\rho _k}.$$

See our previous paper  for the detailed proofs for the coefficients of the top terms appearing in the Rodrigues formulae.

In the remainder of this paper, we assume $`k_\alpha 0,(\alpha R)`$. Define the inner product $`,_k`$ by

$`f,g_k:={\displaystyle _T}f(t)\overline{g(t)}\mathrm{\Delta }_k(t)d\mu ,`$ (3.10)
where $`T=V/2\pi Q^{}`$ is a torus, $`x^\mu (t):=\text{e}^{\sqrt{1}t,\mu },(tT)`$, $`d\mu `$ is the normalized Haar measure on $`T`$ and the weight function $`\mathrm{\Delta }_k`$ is given by

$`\mathrm{\Delta }_k:={\displaystyle \underset{\alpha R}{}}|1x^\alpha |^{k_\alpha }.`$ (3.11)
The square norm of the reference state is given by

$`1,1_k={\displaystyle \underset{\alpha R_+}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\alpha ^{},\rho _k+k_\alpha +1)\mathrm{\Gamma }(\alpha ^{},\rho _kk_\alpha +1)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\alpha ^{},\rho _k+1)^2}},`$ (3.12)
which is indeed evaluated from Opdam’s shift operators . Since the Dunkl-Cherednik operators $`\{\widehat{D}^\lambda \}`$ are selfadjoint with respect to the inner product $`,_k`$ (3.10), we have the orthogonality,

$`F_\mu ,F_\nu _k=0,\text{ if }\mu \nu .`$ (3.13)
In fact, the nonsymmetric Heckman-Opdam polynomials form an orthogonal basis in $`[P]`$ with respect to the inner product $`,_k`$ (3.10). We see that the adjoint operators of $`\{\omega _r,\widehat{K}_i|rO,i\widehat{I}\}`$ are given by

$`\omega _r^{}=\omega _r^1,\widehat{K}_i^{}=\widehat{K}_i.`$ (3.14)
###### Theorem 3.3.

For a dominant weight $`\mu P_+`$, we have

$`F_\mu ,F_\mu _k={\displaystyle \underset{\alpha R_+}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\alpha ^{},\mu +\rho _k+k_\alpha +1)\mathrm{\Gamma }(\alpha ^{},\mu +\rho _kk_\alpha +1)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\alpha ^{},\mu +\rho _k+1)^2}}.`$ (3.15)
###### Proof.

Define $`N(\widehat{\alpha }^{})𝒟,(\widehat{\alpha }^{}=\alpha ^{}+kK\widehat{R}^{})`$ by

$`N(\widehat{\alpha }^{}):=(D^\alpha ^{})^2k_\alpha ^2.`$ (3.16)
Since they satisfy the following properties:

$$N(\widehat{\alpha }_i^{})=K_i^2,K_wN(\widehat{\alpha }^{})=N(w(\widehat{\alpha }^{}))K_w,\text{ for }w\stackrel{~}{W},$$

the product $`\widehat{B}_\mu ^{}\widehat{B}_\mu \mathrm{End}([P])`$ is written as

$`\widehat{B}_\mu ^{}\widehat{B}_\mu `$ $`=\omega _r\widehat{K}_{i_l}^{}\mathrm{}\widehat{K}_{i_1}^{}\widehat{K}_{i_1}\mathrm{}\widehat{K}_{i_l}\omega _r^{}`$
$`=\omega _r\widehat{K}_{i_l}^{}\mathrm{}\widehat{K}_{i_2}^{}\widehat{N}(\alpha _{i_1}^{})\widehat{K}_{i_2}\mathrm{}\widehat{K}_{i_l}\omega _r^1`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{\alpha ^{}R_{\tau _\mu }^{}}{}}\widehat{N}(\alpha ^{}),`$
where $`\widehat{N}(\alpha ^{}):=\pi (N(\alpha ^{}))`$. The square norms of $`F_\mu `$ are calculated as

$`F_\mu ,F_\mu _k`$ $`=c_\mu ^1\widehat{B}_\mu F_0,c_\mu ^1\widehat{B}_\mu F_0_k`$
$`=(c_\mu )^2F_0,\widehat{B}_\mu ^{}\widehat{B}_\mu F_0_k`$
$`=(c_\mu )^2{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha ^{}R_{\tau _\mu }^{}}{}}F_0,\widehat{N}(\alpha ^{})F_0_k`$
$`=F_0,F_0_k{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha ^{}R_{\tau _\mu }^{}}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha ^{},\rho _k^2k_\alpha ^2}{\alpha ^{},\rho _k^2}}`$
$`=1,1_k{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha R_+}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{\alpha ^{},\mu }{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{(\alpha ^{},\rho _k+k+i)(\alpha ^{},\rho _kk+i)}{(\alpha ^{},\rho _k+i)^2}}.`$
###### Proposition 3.4.

For a weight $`\mu P`$ lying in the $`W`$-orbit of $`\mu ^+P_+`$, we have

$`{\displaystyle \frac{F_\mu ,F_\mu _k}{F_{\mu ^+},F_{\mu ^+}_k}}={\displaystyle \underset{\alpha ^{}R_{w_\mu }^{}}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha ^{},\mu ^++\rho _k^2}{\alpha ^{},\mu ^++\rho _k^2k_\alpha ^2}}.`$ (3.17)
###### Proof.

For a reduced expression $`w_\mu =s_{i_l}\mathrm{}s_{i_2}s_{i_1}`$, we have

$`\widehat{K}_{w_\mu }^{}\widehat{K}_{w_\mu }`$ $`=\widehat{K}_{i_l}^{}\mathrm{}\widehat{K}_{i_2}^{}\widehat{K}_{i_1}^{}\widehat{K}_{i_1}\widehat{K}_{i_2}\mathrm{}\widehat{K}_{i_l}`$
$`=\widehat{K}_{i_l}^{}\mathrm{}\widehat{K}_{i_2}^{}\widehat{N}(\alpha _{i_1}^{})\widehat{K}_{i_2}\mathrm{}\widehat{K}_{i_l}`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{\alpha ^{}R_{w_\mu }^{}}{}}\widehat{N}(\alpha ^{}).`$
From the Rodrigues formula (3.9), we calculate the scalar product as follows:

$`F_\mu ,F_\mu _k`$ $`=c_{w_\mu }^1\widehat{K}_{w_\mu }F_{\mu ^+},c_{w_\mu }^1\widehat{K}_{w_\mu }F_{\mu ^+}_k`$
$`=(c_{w_\mu })^2F_{\mu ^+},\widehat{K}_{w_\mu }^{}\widehat{K}_{w_\mu }F_{\mu ^+}_k`$
$`=(c_{w_\mu })^2{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha ^{}R_{w_\mu }^{}}{}}F_{\mu ^+},\widehat{N}(\alpha ^{})F_{\mu ^+}_k`$
$`=(c_{w_\mu })^2F_{\mu ^+},F_{\mu ^+}_k{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha ^{}R_{w_\mu }^{}}{}}(\alpha ^{},\mu ^++\rho _k^2k_\alpha ^2).`$
## 4 Bosonic and Fermionic Eigenstates for Generalized Sutherland models

The generalized Sutherland models associated with arbitrary reduced root systems are given by

$`H_\mathrm{S}`$ $`:={\displaystyle \underset{iI}{}}^{\mathrm{\Lambda }_i^{}}^{\alpha _i}{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha R_+}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha ,\alpha }{(x^{\alpha /2}x^{\alpha /2})^2}}k_\alpha (k_\alpha s_\alpha ).`$ (4.1)
Using the variables $`\{tT\}`$, this is rewritten as

$`H_\mathrm{S}(t)=\mathrm{}+{\displaystyle \frac{1}{4}}{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha R_+}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha ,\alpha }{\mathrm{sin}^2(t,\alpha /2)}}k_\alpha (k_\alpha s_\alpha ),`$ (4.2)
where $`\mathrm{}`$ is the Laplacian on $`T`$. The Hamiltonian has so-called exchange terms . If we consider the bosonic (or fermionic) eigenstates, i.e., we restrict the operand of $`H_\mathrm{S}`$ to the $`W`$-symmetric (or $`W`$-anti-asymmetric) function space, we can replace the exchange terms by $`s_\alpha =1`$ (or $`1`$),

$`H_\mathrm{S}^{(B,F)}`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{iI}{}}^{\mathrm{\Lambda }_i^{}}^{\alpha _i}{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha R_+}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha ,\alpha }{(x^{\alpha /2}x^{\alpha /2})^2}}k_\alpha (k_\alpha 1).`$ (4.3)
Through the similarity transformation by a $`W`$-symmetric function

$`\varphi _k:={\displaystyle \underset{\alpha R}{}}|1x^\alpha |^{k_\alpha /2},`$ (4.4)
we obtain

$`\varphi _k^1H_\mathrm{S}\varphi _k={\displaystyle \underset{iI}{}}\widehat{D}^{\mathrm{\Lambda }_i^{}}\widehat{D}^{\alpha _i}.`$ (4.5)
Hence we see that $`H_\mathrm{S}`$ has the eigenvectors in $`[P]\varphi _k`$ written by products of the nonsymmetric Heckman-Opdam polynomial $`F_\mu `$ and $`\varphi _k`$. We note that $`\varphi _k`$ corresponds to the ground state wave function for the bosonic Hamiltonian $`H_\mathrm{S}^{(B)}`$. Since the nonsymmetric eigenstates expressed by products of $`\varphi _k`$ and the nonsymmetric Heckman-Opdam polynomials with weights lying in the same $`W`$-orbit have the same eigenvalues of $`H_\mathrm{S}`$,

$`H_\mathrm{S}(\varphi _kF_\mu )`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{iI}{}}\mathrm{\Lambda }_i^{},\mu +\rho _k(\mu )\alpha _i,\mu +\rho _k(\mu )(\varphi _kF_\mu )`$
$`=\mu +\rho _k(\mu ),\mu +\rho _k(\mu )(\varphi _kF_\mu )`$
$`=\mu ^++\rho _k,\mu ^++\rho _k(\varphi _kF_\mu ),`$ (4.6)
we can take any linear combinations of $`\varphi _kF_\mu `$ with weights lying in a $`W`$-orbit as eigenvectors of $`H_\mathrm{S}`$ (see  for type $`A`$). In what follows, we construct the bosonic and fermionic eigenstates of the generalized Sutherland models $`H_\mathrm{S}^{(B,F)}`$ from the $`W`$-symmetrized and $`W`$-anti-symmetrized nonsymmetric Heckman-Opdam polynomials, respectively.

###### Theorem 4.1.

Let $`J_\mu ^+,(\mu P_+)`$ and $`J_\mu ^{},(\mu P_{++})`$ be the following linear combinations of the nonsymmetric Heckman-Opdam polynomials $`F_{\stackrel{~}{\mu }},(\stackrel{~}{\mu }W(\mu ))`$:

$`J_\mu ^\pm ={\displaystyle \underset{\stackrel{~}{\mu }W(\mu )}{}}b_{\mu \stackrel{~}{\mu }}^\pm F_{\stackrel{~}{\mu }},`$ (4.7a)
where
$`b_{\mu \stackrel{~}{\mu }}^\pm ={\displaystyle \underset{\alpha ^{}R_{w_{\stackrel{~}{\mu }}}^{}}{}}\pm {\displaystyle \frac{\alpha ^{},\mu +\rho _kk_\alpha }{\alpha ^{},\mu +\rho _k}}.`$ (4.7b)
The polynomials $`J_\mu ^+,(\mu P_+)`$ and $`J_\mu ^{},(\mu P_{++})`$ are elements of $`[P]^{\pm W}`$ and called the symmetric and the anti-symmetric Heckman-Opdam polynomials respectively.

###### Proof.

It is sufficient to require the conditions $`s_iJ_\mu ^\pm =\pm J_\mu ^\pm `$ and $`b_{\mu \mu }^\pm =1`$ in order to determine the coefficients $`b_{\mu \stackrel{~}{\mu }}^\pm `$ such that $`J_\mu ^\pm [P]^{\pm W}`$. ∎

The symmetric Heckman-Opdam polynomials of type $`A`$ are equivalent to the (symmetric) Jack polynomials. Symmetrization of the nonsymmetric Jack polynomials was carried out by Baker and Forrester . We remark that their method with arm- and leg-lengths of the Young diagram is essentially different from our approach.

We obtain the Rodrigues formulae for the symmetric and the anti-symmetric Heckman-Opdam polynomials $`J_\mu ^\pm `$, ($`\mu P_+`$ for $`J_\mu ^+`$ and $`\mu P_{++}`$ for $`J_\mu ^{}`$),

$`J_\mu ^\pm ={\displaystyle \underset{\stackrel{~}{\mu }W(\mu )}{}}b_{\mu \stackrel{~}{\mu }}^\pm c_{w_{\stackrel{~}{\mu }}}^1c_\mu ^1\widehat{K}_{w_{\stackrel{~}{\mu }}}\widehat{B}_\mu F_0.`$ (4.8)
As a result, we find the bosonic and the fermionic eigenstates $`\varphi _\mu ^{(B,F)}`$, ($`\mu P_+`$ for $`\varphi _\mu ^{(B)}`$ and $`\mu P_{++}`$ for $`\varphi _\mu ^{(F)}`$) for the generalized Sutherland models $`H_\mathrm{S}^{(B,F)}`$,

$`\varphi _\mu ^{(B,F)}=\varphi _k{\displaystyle \underset{\stackrel{~}{\mu }W(\mu )}{}}b_{\mu \stackrel{~}{\mu }}^\pm c_{w_{\stackrel{~}{\mu }}}^1c_\mu ^1\widehat{K}_{w_{\stackrel{~}{\mu }}}\widehat{B}_\mu F_0,`$
$`H_\mathrm{S}^{(B,F)}\varphi _\mu ^{(B,F)}=\mu +\rho _k,\mu +\rho _k\varphi _\mu ^{(B,F)},`$ (4.9)
respectively. Lapointe and Vinet obtained the Rodrigues formulae for the Jack polynomials . The relation between our formulae (4.8) and theirs has not been clarified.

We proceed to the evaluation of square norms of the eigenstates $`\varphi ^{(B,F)}`$,

$`\varphi _\mu ^{(B,F)}^2`$ $`={\displaystyle _T}|\varphi _\mu ^{(B,F)}(t)|^2𝑑\mu =J_\mu ^\pm ,J_\mu ^\pm _k.`$ (4.10)
To prove a theorem, we need the following lemma:

###### Lemma 4.2.

For $`\mu P_+`$, we have an identity,

$`{\displaystyle \underset{\stackrel{~}{\mu }W(\mu )}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha ^{}R_{w_{\stackrel{~}{\mu }}}^{}}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha ^{},\mu +\rho _kk_\alpha }{\alpha ^{},\mu +\rho _k\pm k_\alpha }}={\displaystyle \underset{\alpha R_+}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha ^{},\mu +\rho _k}{\alpha ^{},\mu +\rho _k\pm k_\alpha }}.`$ (4.11)
The identity is proved by using an expression of the Poincaré polynomials . We shall show a proof in Appendix A.

###### Theorem 4.3.

Let $`\mu P_+`$ for $`J_\mu ^+`$ and let $`\mu P_{++}`$ for $`J_\mu ^{}`$. We have

$`J_\mu ^\pm ,J_\nu ^\pm _k=\delta _{\mu \nu }{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha R_+}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\alpha ^{},\mu +\rho _k\pm k_\alpha )\mathrm{\Gamma }(\alpha ^{},\mu +\rho _kk_\alpha +1)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\alpha ^{},\mu +\rho _k)\mathrm{\Gamma }(\alpha ^{},\mu +\rho _k+1)}}.`$ (4.12)
###### Proof.

The orthogonality for $`\mu \nu `$ is straightforward from that of the nonsymmetric Heckman-Opdam polynomials (3.13). We have

$`J_\mu ^\pm ,J_\mu ^\pm _k`$ $`={\displaystyle \underset{\stackrel{~}{\mu }W(\mu )}{}}(b_{\mu \stackrel{~}{\mu }}^\pm )^2F_{\stackrel{~}{\mu }},F_{\stackrel{~}{\mu }}_k`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{\stackrel{~}{\mu }W(\mu )}{}}(b_{\mu \stackrel{~}{\mu }}^\pm )^2{\displaystyle \frac{F_{\stackrel{~}{\mu }},F_{\stackrel{~}{\mu }}_k}{F_\mu ,F_\mu _k}}F_\mu ,F_\mu _k`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{\stackrel{~}{\mu }W(\mu )}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha ^{}R_{w_{\stackrel{~}{\mu }}}^{}}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha ^{},\mu +\rho _kk_\alpha }{\alpha ^{},\mu +\rho _k\pm k_\alpha }}F_\mu ,F_\mu _k`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{\alpha R_+}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha ^{},\mu +\rho _k}{\alpha ^{},\mu +\rho _k\pm k_\alpha }}F_\mu ,F_\mu _k,`$
where the last equality follows from Lemma 4.2. ∎

###### Corollary 4.4.

For $`k_\alpha `$, we have

$`J_\mu ^\pm ,J_\nu ^\pm _k=\delta _{\mu ,\nu }{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha R_+}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{i=1}{\overset{k_\alpha 1}{}}}{\displaystyle \frac{\alpha ^{},\mu +\rho _k\pm i}{\alpha ^{},\mu +\rho _ki}}.`$ (4.13)
We remark that the inner products (4.13) were first proved by use of Opdam’s shift operators . From (4.10) and (4.12), we obtain square norms of the eigenstates $`\varphi _\mu ^{(B,F)}`$ for the generalized Sutherland models,

$`\varphi _\mu ^{(B,F)}^2={\displaystyle \underset{\alpha R_+}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\alpha ^{},\mu +\rho _k\pm k_\alpha )\mathrm{\Gamma }(\alpha ^{},\mu +\rho _kk_\alpha +1)}{\mathrm{\Gamma }(\alpha ^{},\mu +\rho _k)\mathrm{\Gamma }(\alpha ^{},\mu +\rho _k+1)}}.`$ (4.14)
## 5 Concluding Remarks

We summarize the results in this paper. First we have presented the Rodrigues formulae for the nonsymmetric Heckman-Opdam polynomials which correspond to the nonsymmetric basis of the generalized Sutherland models with exchange terms. Their square norms are evaluated in an algebraic manner. Second through $`W`$-symmetrization and $`W`$-anti-symmetrization of the nonsymmetric Heckman-Opdam polynomials we have constructed the bosonic and fermionic eigenstates of the generalized Sutherland models with arbitrary reduced root systems respectively. The square norms of the eigenstates are calculated from their nonsymmetric counterparts through an expression of the Poincaré polynomials.

We consider some interesting applications and extensions of our method. The generalized Sutherland models we have studied in this paper do not include the models associated with the $`BC_N`$-type nonreduced root system. Since we have already obtained the Rodrigues formulae for the nonsymmetric Heckman-Opdam polynomials of type $`BC_N`$ , the extension should be straightforward. And it is known that there exists the symmetric orthogonal basis for the Calogero model which describes many particles with inverse-square interactions in a harmonic well . We have already confirmed that our method can be applied to the eigenstates of the Calogero model. The detail of the analysis will be reported elsewhere.

## Appendix A Proof of Lemma 4.2

We present a proof of Lemma 4.2 following our previous paper .

The Poincaré polynomials associated with the Weyl group  are given by

$`W(t)={\displaystyle \underset{wW}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha R_w}{}}t_\alpha ,`$ (A.1)
where $`\{t_\alpha |\alpha R\}`$ are $`W`$-invariant indeterminates, i.e., $`t_\alpha =t_{w(\alpha )}`$ for $`wW`$. We denote by $`𝕂`$ the field of rational functions over $``$ in square-roots of indeterminates $`\{t_\alpha \}`$. To investigate the Poincaré polynomials, Macdonald proved the following identity :

###### Theorem A.1 (I. G. Macdonald).

$`W(t)={\displaystyle \underset{wW}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha R_+}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1t_\alpha x^{w(\alpha ^{})}}{1x^{w(\alpha ^{})}}}.`$ (A.2)
###### Lemma A.2.

Let $`\mu P_+`$. We have

$`{\displaystyle \underset{\stackrel{~}{\mu }W(\mu )}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha ^{}R_{w_{\stackrel{~}{\mu }}}^{}}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{t_\alpha (1t_\alpha ^1q^{\pm \alpha ^{},\mu +\rho _k})}{1t_\alpha q^{\pm \alpha ^{},\mu +\rho _k}}}=W(t){\displaystyle \underset{\alpha R_+}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1q^{\pm \alpha ^{},\mu +\rho _k}}{1t_\alpha q^{\pm \alpha ^{},\mu +\rho _k}}}.`$ (A.3)
###### Proof.

There exists a $`𝕂`$-homomorphism $`\phi :𝕂[Q^{}]𝕂`$ defined by

$$\phi :x^{\alpha _i^{}}q^{\pm \alpha _i^{},\mu +\rho _k},\text{ for }iI.$$

Since $`W(t)𝕂[Q^{}]`$ does not depend on $`\{x^{\alpha _i^{}}\}`$ as (A.2), we have

$`\phi \left(W(t)\right)=W(t)`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{wW}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha R_+}{}}\phi \left({\displaystyle \frac{1t_\alpha x^{w(\alpha ^{})}}{1x^{w(\alpha ^{})}}}\right)`$
$`={\displaystyle \underset{wW}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha R_+}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1t_\alpha q^{\pm w(\alpha ^{}),\mu +\rho _k}}{1q^{\pm w(\alpha ^{}),\mu +\rho _k}}}`$
$`={\displaystyle \frac{{\displaystyle \underset{wW}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha ^{}R_w^{}}{}}(t_\alpha q^{\pm \alpha ^{},\mu +\rho _k}){\displaystyle \underset{\alpha ^{}R_+^{}R_w^{}}{}}(1t_\alpha q^{\pm \alpha ^{},\mu +\rho _k})}{{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha R_+}{}}(1q^{\pm \alpha ^{},\mu +\rho _k})}}.`$
Thus we obtain the following relation:

$`{\displaystyle \underset{wW}{}}{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha ^{}R_w^{}}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{t_\alpha (1t_\alpha ^1q^{\pm \alpha ^{},\mu +\rho _k})}{1t_\alpha q^{\pm \alpha ^{},\mu +\rho _k}}}=W(t){\displaystyle \underset{\alpha R_+}{}}{\displaystyle \frac{1q^{\pm \alpha ^{},\mu +\rho _k}}{1t_\alpha q^{\pm \alpha ^{},\mu +\rho _k}}}.`$ (A.4)
We show that the sum on the left-hand side of the above equation can be replaced by the sum on $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }W(\mu )`$. Consider the isotropy group $`W_\mu =\{wW|w(\mu )=\mu \}`$ for the dominant weight $`\mu P_+`$ ($`W_\mu =\{1\}`$ for $`\mu P_{++}`$). Since an element $`wW_\mu \{1\}`$ can be written by a product of simple reflections fixing $`\mu `$, $`\{s_i|iJI\}`$ (see ), there exists at least one simple root $`\alpha _i^{}\mathrm{\Pi }^{}`$ associated with the reflection $`s_i`$ in the set $`R_w^{}`$. Hence, for $`wW_\mu \{1\}`$, we have

$`{\displaystyle \underset{\alpha ^{}R_w^{}}{}}t_\alpha (1t_\alpha ^1q^{\alpha ^{},\mu +\rho _k})`$ $`=t_i(1t_i^1q^{\alpha _i^{},\rho _k}){\displaystyle \underset{\alpha ^{}R_w^{}\{\alpha _i^{}\}}{}}t_\alpha (1t_\alpha ^1q^{\alpha ^{},\mu +\rho _k})`$
$`=t_i(1t_i^1t_i){\displaystyle \underset{\alpha ^{}R_w^{}\{\alpha _i^{}\}}{}}t_\alpha (1t_\alpha ^1q^{\alpha ^{},\mu +\rho _k})=0.`$
Define $`W^\mu :=\{wW|l(ws_i)>l(w)\text{ for all }iJ\}`$. For $`wW`$, there is a unique $`uW^\mu `$ and a unique $`vW_\mu `$ such that $`w=uv`$. We obtain the above lemma since the sum on $`wW`$ on the left-hand side of (A.4) can be replaced by that on $`wW^\mu `$ which is equivalent to that on $`\stackrel{~}{\mu }W(\mu )`$. ∎

In the formal limit $`q1`$ under the restriction $`t_\alpha =q^{k_\alpha }`$, we have the relation (4.11) in Lemma 4.2.

## Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Dr. H. Ujino and Dr. Y. Komori for valuable discussions. One of the authors (AN) would like to express his gratitude to Prof. M. J. Ablowitz, Prof. H. Segur, Prof. L. Vinet and their colleagues in Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Colorado and Centre de Recherches Mathématique, Université de Montréal for giving kind hospitality and helpful comments during his stay in Boulder and Montreal.