





_UpperCAmelCase             =							8.314_462  # Unit - J mol-1 K-1






def 	_SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE		(      SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE		:float   ,   SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE		:float   ,   SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE		:float   )      ->   float:
 if moles < 0 or kelvin < 0 or volume < 0:
  raise ValueError("""Invalid inputs. Enter positive value."""   )
 return moles * kelvin * UNIVERSAL_GAS_CONSTANT / volume






def 	_SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE		(      SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE		:float   ,   SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE		:float   ,   SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE		:float   )      ->   float:
 if moles < 0 or kelvin < 0 or pressure < 0:
  raise ValueError("""Invalid inputs. Enter positive value."""   )
 return moles * kelvin * UNIVERSAL_GAS_CONSTANT / pressure


if __name__ == "__main__":
      from doctest import testmod

      testmod()






import random






def 	_SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE		(      SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE		:list   ,   SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE		:Dict   )      ->   tuple:
 __lowerCAmelCase ,					__lowerCAmelCase ,					__lowerCAmelCase					:	List[str]      =       [], [], []
 for element in data:
  if element < pivot:
   less.append(SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE   )
  elif element > pivot:
   greater.append(SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE   )
  else:
   equal.append(SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE   )
 return less, equal, greater







def 	_SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE		(      SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE		:list   ,   SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE		:int   )      ->   Dict:
 # index = len(items) // 2 when trying to find the median
 #   (value of index when items is sorted)

 # invalid input
 if index >= len(SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE   ) or index < 0:
  return None

 __lowerCAmelCase					:	Union[str, Any]      =       items[random.randint(0   ,   len(SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE   ) - 1   )]
 __lowerCAmelCase					:	int      =       0
 __lowerCAmelCase ,					__lowerCAmelCase ,					__lowerCAmelCase					:	Tuple      =       _partition(SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE   ,   SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE   )
 __lowerCAmelCase					:	Optional[int]      =       len(SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE   )
 __lowerCAmelCase					:	List[str]      =       len(SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE   )

 # index is the pivot
 if m <= index < m + count:
  return pivot
 # must be in smaller
 elif m > index:
  return quick_select(SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE   ,   SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE   )
 # must be in larger
 else:
  return quick_select(SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE   ,   index - (m + count)   )