Elucidating the distinct roles of T cell-polarized microglia in glioblastoma suppression and progression
NIH
SALK INSTITUTE FOR BIOLOGICAL STUDIES
Project Summary/Abstract Glioblastoma is a grade IV diffuse astrocytoma, the deadliest and most common form of adult brain cancer. Standard of care extends survival by approximately 1-18 months, with the poorest benefits being seen by elderly patients (>70yrs). New forms of immune-based therapies, including immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), may turn the corner in treatments for primary and recurrent glioblastoma. Unfortunately, no clinical trial so far has shown major benefits in either survival or immune engagement for these patients. Recent findings suggest that gliomas harbor multiple and intertwined cellular sources of immune suppression that dampen ICI-initiated responses. Thus, one solution may be to not only enhance effector T cells by blocking checkpoints such as CTLA-4 and PD- 1, but to also target the immune suppressive niches in glioblastoma, the largest of which is comprised of glioma- associated microglia and macrophages (GAMs). In fact, GAMs are a highly attractive target and have been depleted in pre-clinical and clinical studies via CSF1R inhibition (PLX3397). This approach, however, yielded mixed responses in models and no response in patients. Another path may be to reprogram GAMs, but we lack insights into the pathways that promote anti-tumor GAMs. Therefore, identifying the cellular and molecular regulators of pro- and anti-tumor GAM states is the next step in unlocking new therapeutic avenues. Recent work by the Kaech lab showed that CTLA-4 blockade in orthotopic mouse models of glioblastoma reduced regulatory T cell (Treg) infiltration, increased ‘helper’ Th1 cell infiltration, and microglia exposed to Th1 cell-derived IFNg were reprogrammed into an antigen presenting (MHCII+), tumor-phagocytosing (AXL+/MER+) state; in concert, these effects significantly increased survival. This proposal will investigate how GAMs, especially the brain resident microglia, acquire and maintain distinct functional states with the hypothesis that Treg-specific signaling sustains tumor-promoting GAMs during glioblastoma progression while Th1 T cells induce tumor-killing GAMs during an effective ICI-initiated response. Two specific aims are proposed to interrogate this hypothesis. The first aim will employ single-cell spatial transcriptomics to address whether Tregs and Th1 cells are extrinsic regulators of GAM states through direct contact and/or secretory signaling, and whether these interaction axes exist in human glioblastoma. The second aim will define the intrinsic AXL/MER and related pathways regulating GAM state ‘switching’. In summary, this work will better inform GAM-targeting interventions by defining how infiltrating T cells and GAM-intrinsic signaling pathways coordinate the dynamic biology underlying pro- and anti-tumor GAM states. This application outlines the applicant’s proposed training plan, which includes diverse and multidisciplinary research mentorship, training in cutting-edge and advanced techniques, and development of broader scientific skills such as collaboration and effective communication. The research and training outlined in this proposal will prepare the applicant to conduct innovative, rigorous, and impactful research. Project Narrative Glioblastoma is the most common adult brain cancer and has remained incurable since it was first identified over two centuries ago. A central reason for this failure in treatment lies in the heterogenous and immunosuppressive nature of these malignancies, and its ability to evade the immune system from destruction. This proposal will identify how microglia and macrophages, the largest non-tumor component of the microenvironment, can adopt opposing “tumor killing/tumor promoting” activation states and how manipulation of these different states may redirect progressing glioblastoma toward regression.
Training, Individual